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All India Kurmi Kshatriya Mahasabha

2026-09-07T09:38:47Z

2401:4900:3132:7875:3C33:C8FF:FE88:108D:

{{Short description|Indian caste organisation}}
The '''All India Kurmi shudra Mahasabha''' (AIKM) is an organisation that was established in 1910 to promote the interests of the [[Kurmi]] community.'''Kurmi caste''' is a [[Shudra]] community living in the [[Terai]] districts of [[Nepal]]. This community is mainly concentrated in [[Madhesh Province]] and districts of [[Lumbini Province]]. The population of Kurmis in Nepal is around 231,000. Kurmis are considered lower in status than the [[Koeri]] community, but some Kurmis associate themselves with Koiris in an attempt to gain higher social recognition. Traditionally, Kurmis worked as household servants, while Koiris were regarded as landlord farmers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=National Population and Housing Census 2021
|url=[https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Final_Population_compostion_12_2.pdf](https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Final_Population_compostion_12_2.pdf)
|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal
|year=2021
}}</ref>

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Kurmi<br>
|image = [[File:Kurmi caste womens (house servants).png|thumb|Kurmi caste women (house servants)]]
|caption = Kurmi community in Nepal
|religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]]
|languages = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Hindi]]
}}

The Kurmi community traditionally worked as agricultural laborers and household servants. In the social structure of South Asia, they have often been categorized within the lower middle strata or the [[Shudra]] class.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Kurmi
|url=https://://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi
|publisher=Wikipedia
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Shudra
|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra)
|publisher=Wikipedia
}}</ref>

Historically, Kurmis were known as skilled vegetable growers and market-oriented farmers. For example, during much of the 18th century in western and northern Awadh, Muslim landlords provided Kurmis with land at very low rents in order to clear forests and convert them into cultivable farmland. However, once the land became permanently productive, rents were often increased by around 30 to 80 percent above the standard rate. Later, British revenue officials explained these high rents as a result of the reluctance of higher caste rural groups to engage in plough agriculture, although the real reason was the high productivity of the Kurmis, particularly their advanced knowledge and efficient use of manure and fertilizers.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Peasant History of Late Pre-Colonial and Colonial India
|author=Irfan Habib
|url=[https://books.google.com.np/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com.np/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ)
|publisher=Oxford University Press
}}</ref>

== Origin ==

The Kurmi agriculturist community had a reputation as a hard-working [[caste system in India|caste]] by the authorities of the [[British Raj]]. They were at one time classified as a [[Criminal Tribes Act |criminal tribe]] and had a reputation for being violent and ruthless in their attempts to dominate [[untouchability|untouchable]] communities.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA35|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2008|isbn=9781843317098|page=35}}</ref> Desiring recognition as a caste, the first Kurmi community association was formed in 1894 at [[Lucknow]] to protest against the recruitment policy that debarred them from entry to the police service. This was followed by an organisation in [[Awadh]] that sought to draw other communities such as the [[Patidar]]s, [[Maratha]]s, Kudumbars, [[Velama]], [[Vokkaliga]], [[Kamboj]]

In the 1940s and after, following the [[independence of India]], the position of the AIKKM as a focal point for the community changed. In common with many other caste associations, it had been concerned primarily with resolving disputes among members of the community and with maintaining cohesion but a new breed of educated, youthful Kurmi activists sought a more politicised agenda. They appealed to the upwardly-mobile landowning members of the community to support their goal of recognition for [[Chhattisgarh]] as an independent state within the Republic of India. Some of these people, who included [[Purushottam Kaushik]], formed organisations such as the Nau Yuvak Sangh (1946), while [[Khubchand Bagel]] was elected as head of the AIKKM in 1948 but, like Kaushik, was primarily interested the Chhattisgarh issue.<ref>{{cite book |title=Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins |first=Louise |last=Tillin |publisher=Hurst Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9781849042291 |pages=119–120, 154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abENAQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhumi Sena]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 1910]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

All India Kurmi Kshatriya Mahasabha

2026-09-07T09:38:01Z

2401:4900:3132:7875:3C33:C8FF:FE88:108D: Reverting Vandalism

{{Short description|Indian caste organisation}}
The '''All India Kurmi shudra Mahasabha''' (AIKM) is an organisation that was established in 1910 to promote the interests of the [[Kurmi]] community.'''Kurmi caste''' is a [[Shudra]] community living in the [[Terai]] districts of [[Nepal]]. This community is mainly concentrated in [[Madhesh Province]] and districts of [[Lumbini Province]]. The population of Kurmis in Nepal is around 231,000. Kurmis are considered lower in status than the [[Koeri]] community, but some Kurmis associate themselves with Koiris in an attempt to gain higher social recognition. Traditionally, Kurmis worked as household servants, while Koiris were regarded as landlord farmers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=National Population and Housing Census 2021
|url=[https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Final_Population_compostion_12_2.pdf](https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Final_Population_compostion_12_2.pdf)
|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal
|year=2021
}}</ref>

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Kurmi<br>
|image = [[File:Kurmi caste womens (house servants).png|thumb|Kurmi caste women (house servants)]]
|caption = Kurmi community in Nepal
|religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]]
|languages = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Hindi]]
}}

The Kurmi community traditionally worked as agricultural laborers and household servants. In the social structure of South Asia, they have often been categorized within the lower middle strata or the [[Shudra]] class.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Kurmi
|url=https://://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi
|publisher=Wikipedia
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Shudra
|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra)
|publisher=Wikipedia
}}</ref>

Historically, Kurmis were known as skilled vegetable growers and market-oriented farmers. For example, during much of the 18th century in western and northern Awadh, Muslim landlords provided Kurmis with land at very low rents in order to clear forests and convert them into cultivable farmland. However, once the land became permanently productive, rents were often increased by around 30 to 80 percent above the standard rate. Later, British revenue officials explained these high rents as a result of the reluctance of higher caste rural groups to engage in plough agriculture, although the real reason was the high productivity of the Kurmis, particularly their advanced knowledge and efficient use of manure and fertilizers.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Peasant History of Late Pre-Colonial and Colonial India
|author=Irfan Habib
|url=[https://books.google.com.np/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com.np/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ)
|publisher=Oxford University Press
}}</ref>

== Origin ==

The Kurmi agriculturist community had a reputation as a hard-working [[caste system in India|caste]] by the authorities of the [[British Raj]]. They were at one time classified as a [[Criminal Tribes Act |criminal tribe]] and had a reputation for being violent and ruthless in their attempts to dominate [[untouchability|untouchable]] communities.<ref name="Kumar" /> Desiring recognition as a caste, the first Kurmi community association was formed in 1894 at [[Lucknow]] to protest against the recruitment policy that debarred them from entry to the police service. This was followed by an organisation in [[Awadh]] that sought to draw other communities such as the [[Patidar]]s, [[Maratha]]s, Kudumbars, [[Velama]], [[Vokkaliga]], [[Kamboj]], under the umbrella of the Kurmi name. This body then campaigned for Kurmis to classify themselves as [[Kshatriya]] but there's no valid proof to support this statement in the 1901 census and, according to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], this led to the formation of the All India Kurmi Mahasabha in 1910.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-29}}</ref> Other sources agree with this general history, which reflected a wider trend among Indian communities for social and political recognition, but consider the AIKKM to have formed in 1894.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |isbn=9781843317098 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA35 |page=35}}</ref>

In the 1940s and after, following the [[independence of India]], the position of the AIKKM as a focal point for the community changed. In common with many other caste associations, it had been concerned primarily with resolving disputes among members of the community and with maintaining cohesion but a new breed of educated, youthful Kurmi activists sought a more politicised agenda. They appealed to the upwardly-mobile landowning members of the community to support their goal of recognition for [[Chhattisgarh]] as an independent state within the Republic of India. Some of these people, who included [[Purushottam Kaushik]], formed organisations such as the Nau Yuvak Sangh (1946), while [[Khubchand Bagel]] was elected as head of the AIKKM in 1948 but, like Kaushik, was primarily interested the Chhattisgarh issue.<ref>{{cite book |title=Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins |first=Louise |last=Tillin |publisher=Hurst Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9781849042291 |pages=119–120, 154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abENAQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhumi Sena]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 1910]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Ramachandra Deva I

2026-09-07T09:13:09Z

2401:4900:3132:7875:3C33:C8FF:FE88:108D: Better

{{short description|Ruler of Odisha (r. 1568-1607)}}{{Distinguish|Ramachandra Deva}}{{Infobox royalty
| type = Emperor
| name = Gajapati Ramachandra Deva I
| succession = King of Utkala
| reign =1568–1607
| coronation =1568
| predecessor =[[Mukunda Deva]]
| successor = Purushottama Deva II
| full name =
| house = [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yaduvansh]]
| father = Danai Vidyadhar
| death_place = Khurda
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Gajapati Rāmachandra Deva I''' (1568–1607; popularly called '''Abhinava Indradyumna''') was the founder of the [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhoi dynasty of Khurda]] in [[Odisha]], India.<ref name="Das2010">{{cite book|author=Suryanarayan Das|title=Lord Jagannath|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&pg=PA54&dq=Ramachandradeva-I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjakfictO7wAhV9zDgGHeskA084ChDoATAIegQICBAD#v=onepage&q=Ramachandradeva-I&f=false|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|pages=54–}}</ref><ref name="Mahtab1959">{{cite book|author=Harekrushna Mahtab|title=The History of Orissa|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SD_3oESVSBYC&dq=gajapati+ramachandra+deva+i+%281568-1607%29+KHURDA+FAMILY|year=1959|publisher=Prajatantra Prachar Samity}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty2009">{{cite book|author=Jagannath Mohanty|title=Encyclopaedia of Education, Culture and Children's Literature: v. 3. Indian culture and education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T2Ph_SmjtoC&pg=PA63|year=2009|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-150-6|pages=63–}}</ref> He became the ruler of [[Utkal]] after defeating [[Mukunda Deva]] in 1568.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rituals as Popular Culture: Towards Historico-anthropological Understanding of Modern Indian Society|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q5jXAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra+1568|year=1999|publisher=Institute of Oriental Culture}}</ref><ref name="Pradhan2000">{{cite book|author=Atul Chandra Pradhan|title=History, Culture, and Economy: Prof. Karuna Sagar Behera Felicitation Volume|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OSBuAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramchandra|year=2000|publisher=Post-graduate Department of History (SAP), Utkal University|isbn=978-81-901303-0-1}}</ref> He claimed descent from the [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yaduvamsa]] of [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Panigrahi1981">{{cite book|author=[[Krishna Chandra Panigrahi]]|title=History of Orissa: Hindu Period|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VhFuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ramachandra+Yaduvamsa+Gopalas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjM5q383tfwAhXUX3wKHcrYClcQ6AEwBnoECAkQAw|year=1981|publisher=Kitab Mahal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0B5uAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra+yaduvamsa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVyabf2tfwAhUXH7cAHVaoDFsQ6AEwAHoECAUQAw|year=1982|publisher=Superintendent, Research and Museum, Orissa}}</ref> The Odia populace gave him the title of "Thākura Rājā" as a mark of respect for renovating the damaged [[Hindu temple]]s that were destroyed by the invasion of [[Kalapahad]].<ref name="Miśra1985">{{cite book|author=Nīḷamaṇi Miśra|title=Sālabega|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BSwuAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra+deva+I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0vdC-r-fwAhVM7XMBHaq4BiQ4KBDoATAJegQIChAD|year=1985|publisher=Rạshtrabhasha Samavaya Prakashan}}</ref><ref name="Behera2002">{{cite book|author=Subhakanta Behera|title=Construction of an Identity Discourse: Oriya Literature and the Jagannath Cult (1866-1936)|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hbVjAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ramachandra+deva+Thakura+Raja&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXstjQyu7wAhXHzDgGHTvsAHoQ6AEwBHoECAwQAw|year=2002|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=978-81-215-1041-7}}</ref> He was titled as ''Vira Sri Gajapati Viradhi Viravara Pratapi Ramachandra Deva''.<ref name="Nayak">{{cite book|author=Pabitra Mohan Nayak|title=Inscriptions of Orissa: With Special Reference to Subarnapur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9MJ-4SGuNEC&pg=PA15|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-93-5018-108-9|pages=15–}}</ref>{{Not English inline}}

==Early life==
The Ramachandra Deva belonged to the Khandayat caste and associated himself with [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yaduvamsa]] of Mahabharata.<ref name="History of Odisha">{{cite web
|author=Dr.Manas Kumar Das
|title=History of Odisha |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-17.pdf |publisher=DDCE Utkal University|accessdate=2021-07-22|page=41}}</ref><ref name="Panigrahi1981" /> He was the son of Danai Vidyadhara (a lieutenant of [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhoi]] king [[Govinda Vidyadhara]]).[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aKTXAAAAMAAJ&q=Gobinda+bidyadhar+Khandayat&dq=Gobinda+bidyadhar+Khandayat&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQucirj9yWAxUlm-EIHRx8NTQQ6AF6BAgIEAM] He gained the kingdom of Utkala (North Kalinga) by defeating the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king, Mukunda Deva.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0B5uAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra+yaduvamsa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVyabf2tfwAhUXH7cAHVaoDFsQ6AEwAHoECAUQAw|year=1982|publisher=Superintendent, Research and Museum, Orissa}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J P Das|title=A Time Elsewhere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXFyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT299|date=13 October 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-340-6|pages=299–}}</ref><ref name="(India)1966">{{cite book|author=Orissa (India)|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Puri|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0S9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra++Bidyadhar|year=1966|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Francesco Brighenti|title=Śakti Cult in Orissa|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0179-2}}</ref><ref name="History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History 2015">{{cite web | title=History of Orissa: Top 14 Things to Know About the History of Orissa | website=History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History | date=2015-08-25 | url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-orissa/history-of-orissa-top-14-things-to-know-about-the-history-of-orissa/5831 | access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> [[Firishta|Ferishta]] mentioned him as "a Prince of great fame and Power".<ref>{{cite book|title=Crafts and Commerce in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybX1-CqEXPkC&pg=PA179|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=179–|id=GGKEY:4EYA3F6QHL9}}</ref> As [[Kharavela]] was the morning star when the forward march of the Odias began, Ramachandra Deva was the midnight star; he came to the throne when complete darkness engulfed the people towards the end of the century.<ref name="Sahu1964">{{cite book|author=N. K. Sahu|title=History of Orissa from the Earliest Time Up to 500 A.D.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a8MBAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ramachandra+Deva+mornind+star+Kharavela&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRvp_5ze7wAhUslEsFHRfbBTkQ6AEwAHoECAUQAw|year=1964|publisher=Utkal University}}</ref>

==Administration==
Due to the sustained invasion of Afghans over Orissa, Ramachandra Deva accepted the [[suzerainty]] of [[Akbar]] and defeated them with Mughal support. The Mughals took control over Utkala and Ramachandra Deva continued as a subordinate king. In the settlement of 1592, Ramachandra Deva was granted the principality of Khurda by the Mughal emperor. His territory was called Qila Khurda, alienated from the Khalisa and its domain extended from the river [[Mahanadi]] to [[Ganjam]]. The 31 subordinate Zamindars in his control including all the later tributary Mahalas of [[Cuttack]] and south of the river Mahanadi and seven principal Zamindars, which were not styled or titled Rajas. These important chiefs were the [[Zamindar|zamindars]] of [[Keonjhar]], [[Mayurbhanj]], Bishnupur, Fatehbad, Narayangarh, Karrangarh and Nag or Bagbhum.<ref name="SadangiMohapatra2017">{{cite book|author1=Chandan Kumar Sadangi|author2=Sanjay Mohapatra|title=Change Management for Organizations: Lessons from Political Upheaval in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csqODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|date=3 April 2017|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-1-78714-119-3|pages=13–}}</ref>

==Activities==
The invasion of [[Kalapahad]] brought an immense loss of wealth that was stored in various ancient temples of the region. The reconstruction of these temples was promptly taken up by Ramachandra Deva.<ref>{{cite book|title=Crafts and Commerce in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybX1-CqEXPkC&pg=PA22|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=22–|id=GGKEY:4EYA3F6QHL9}}</ref> He was able to present himself as the successor to the culture and tradition of the former Gajapati kings. He renovated the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in Puri and reinstalled the idols of the trinity by droving out the muslim forces from the city in 1575 A.D.<ref name="KimuraTanabe2006">{{cite book|author1=Masaaki Kimura|author2=Akio Tanabe|title=The State in India: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aUtuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ramachandra+Deva+bhoi|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567277-0}}</ref> He continued the [[Ratha Yatra|Gundicha Yatra]], eight years after the installation of the deities, which was discontinued after the destruction caused by Kalapahad.

For his remarkable work, the king was popularly known as the ''Second Indradymna'' or ''Abhinava Indradyumna'', which is an honorable comparison to the legendary founder of the temple, Maharaja [[Indradyumna]].<ref name="Dash">{{cite book|author=Trilochan Dash|title=Story of Lord Sri Jagannatha in Srimandira at Sri Purusottam Kshetra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hd0rnGa72PsC&pg=PA263|publisher=Trilochan Dash|pages=263–|id=GGKEY:Y2TR84PZ0DD}}</ref><ref name="Mahapatra1993">{{cite book|author=Sitakant Mahapatra|title=Beyond the Word: The Multiple Gestures of Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpweSxFyXSQC&pg=PA191|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1108-9|pages=191–}}</ref> He established sixteen villages of [[Brahmin]]s by giving endowments of land and established some forts in the [[Pipili]] area - Bhuinmul, Sahajpal, Kharagarh and Kahnan, which are identified with the present Bhuinmulgarh, Sahajpani, Aragarh and Garh Kurki respectively.<ref name="Dāsa2005">{{cite book|author=Jagannātha Prasāda Dāsa|title=Puri Paintings: The Chitrakara and His Work|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RvzVAAAAMAAJ&dq=gajapati+ramachandra+deva&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieydbS7OnwAhVM3jgGHT1YA0k4ggEQ6AEwBXoECAEQAw|year=2005|publisher=Prafulla|isbn=978-81-901589-7-8}}</ref><ref name="Pattanayak2007">{{cite book|author=Amiya Kumar Pattanayak|title=History with a Difference: Reflections on the Works of Jagannath Patnaik|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uI4MAQAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra+deva+Khurda&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiepNO4y-fwAhVg73MBHdK2DGA4HhDoATAFegQIAxAD|year=2007|publisher=Indian Publishers' Distributors|isbn=978-81-7341-451-0}}</ref>

==Amusement==
The rulers like Kapilendra Deva, Purushottama Deva, Prataparudra Deva of Suryavansha dynasty and Ramachandra Deva of Bhoi dynasty patronised art and music in Orissa. During his reign classical music, dance and other forms of art reached an apex.<ref name="Sahu1997">{{cite book|author=Bhagabana Sahu|title=Cultural History of Orissa, 1435-1751|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sTduAAAAMAAJ&dq=gajapati+ramachandra+deva+Kapilendra|year=1997|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7488-654-5}}</ref> In his reign, the young boys were dressed as girls and performed under the guide of Odissi, called the [[Gotipua|''Gotipua Nrutya'']]. [[Devadasi]]s were originally intended for temple service only but during the time of Ramachandra Deva they were engaged in providing entertainment to the royal court.<ref name="Patnaik2006">{{cite book|author=Sujata Patnaik|title=Folk Legend Bhagaban Sahu|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=R9yBAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra+deva+I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXjZSetefwAhW1oekKHRfpC8E4UBDoATAFegQIBxAD|year=2006|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=978-81-230-1342-8}}</ref><ref name="Institute2005">{{cite book|author=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m29jAAAAMAAJ&dq=ramachandra+deva+I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXjZSetefwAhW1oekKHRfpC8E4UBDoATAEegQIBRAD|year=2005|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Bisara Mohanty]]
*[[Indradyumna]]
*[[Nabakalebara]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]

Govinda Vidyadhara

2026-09-07T09:10:35Z

2401:4900:3132:7875:3C33:C8FF:FE88:108D: Better

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|Founder of the Bhoi Dynasty}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Emperor
| name = Govinda Vidyadhara
| title = [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]]<br/>Suvarnakeshari<br/>Vira Govinda Deva
| succession = Gajapati Emperor
| reign = 1541 CE–1548 CE
| coronation = 1541 CE
| predecessor = Kakharua Deva
| successor = Chakrapratapa
| full name =
| house = [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhoi]]
| father =
| death_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Govinda Vidyadhara'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS_HAAAAMAAJ&q=vira+govinda+deva |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1927 |language=en}}</ref> was the founder of [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhoi Dynasty]]<ref name="Panigrahi1981">{{cite book|author=Krishna Chandra Panigrahi|title=History of Orissa: Hindu Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Govinda+Vidyadhara|year=1981|publisher=Kitab Mahal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohapatra|first=Gopinath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhoi+dynasty+Yadodu+vamsa|title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa|date=1982|publisher=Punthi Pustak|pages=109|language=en}}</ref> in Eastern India.

== Early life ==
He belonged to [[Karan (caste)|writer caste]] and came from a community of accountants or Bhoi.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Gautami Ganga -Himmat Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt4nbp1VIhsC&pg=PA2687|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-266-9|pages=2687–}}</ref><ref name="Reddy2005">{{cite book|author=Reddy|title=General Studies History 4 Upsc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWfeU9eQd5YC&pg=SL2-PA32|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-060447-6|pages=2–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL2-PA175|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-06323-7|pages=2–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Prabhat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o8BAAAAMAAJ&q=accountant|title=The History of the Gajapati Kings of Orissa and Their Successors|date=1953|publisher=General Trading Company|pages=108|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohapatra|first=Gopinath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH4cAAAAMAAJ&q=govinda+vidyadhara+accountant|title=Jagannātha in History & Religious Traditions of Orissa|date=1982|publisher=Punthi Pustak|pages=87|language=en}}</ref>
According to Historian Bhoi rulers belonged to [[Khandayat]] caste.[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aKTXAAAAMAAJ&q=Gobinda+bidyadhar+Khandayat&dq=Gobinda+bidyadhar+Khandayat&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQucirj9yWAxUlm-EIHRx8NTQQ6AF6BAgIEAM] Historian [[Hermann Kulke]] while quoting [[Krishna Chandra Panigrahi|KC. Panigrahi]] mentions the lineage of Govinda Vidyadhara's ancestors and their ancestral occupation, according to him Govinda Vidyadhara's ancestors were [[Karan (caste)|Khandayats]] who were employed as Administrator in [[Gajapati Empire]] and had received land grants in [[Rajahmundry]] in Gajapati administration. Govinda Vidyadhara's younger son was also the founder of [[Peddapuram]] Zamindari of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIzXAAAAMAAJ&q=karanas+(+scribes+) |title=Jagannath Revisited: Studying Society, Religion, and the State in Orissa |last2=Schnepel |first2=Burkhard |date=2001 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-386-4 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hermann Kulke|Kulke]] also mentions that there was an attempt made by later poets to connect the Bhoi rulers with other dynasties despite them being of [[Karan (caste)|writer caste]] lineage.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPlUEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhoi+dynasty+writer&pg=PA408 |title=The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India |last2=Sahu |first2=Bhairabi Prasad |date=2022-01-13 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-48514-1 |language=en}}</ref> Other historians like [[Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava]] and Francesco Brighenti have also affirmed that Bhoi rulers were of [[Karan (caste)|Khandayat]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce61AAAAIAAJ&q=bhoi+writer+ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age (711 - 1526 A.D.) |date=1959 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}</ref> Govinda Vidyadhara had usurped the Gajapati throne by killing 16 sons or heirs of [[Prataparudra Deva]] through treachery and after ascending the throne he took the regnal title of "Suvarnakeshari" as per [[Madala Panji]], his rule was short-lived that for seven years only followed by his son Chakrapratapa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subrahmanyam|first=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xhFAAAAIAAJ|title=The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa|date=1957|publisher=Andhra University|pages=129|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Balraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2owAQAAIAAJ|title=The Beautiful India - Orissa|date=2006|publisher=Reference Press|isbn=978-81-8405-005-9|pages=62|language=en}}</ref> Govinda Vidyadhara founded the Vira-Govindapur Sasana for [[Utkala Brahmin|Brahmins]] and his son Chakrapratapa was the founder of RaiChakrapur Sasana for Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-dHAAAAMAAJ&q=chakrapratapa |title=The Journal of Orissan History |date=1987 |publisher=Orissa History Congress |language=en}}</ref>

== Not recognised as Gajapati ==
After ascending the throne Govinda Vidyadhara was not recognised as [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] by the feudatory [[Orissa Tributary States|Gadajat]] states of Odisha as the rightful ruler as evident from his own "Jagamohana" inscription of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] in which he warned the feudatory states to stay loyal to him or else they will incur the wrath of Lord [[Jagannath]] for the sin of killing a Brahmana.<ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&dq=govinda+vidyadhara&pg=PT340 |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=2023-01-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Conflict with Golconda Sultanate ==
Immediately after ascending the throne Govinda Vidyadhara came into conflict with the Sultan of [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda Sultanate]] who had invaded southern Odisha, Govinda Vidyadhara had to spend eight months in fighting the Sultan in southern Odisha meanwhile Raghu Bhanja Chhottaraya a nephew of [[Prataparudra Deva]] started a rebellion in North Odisha with the help of an individual named Abdul Shah and managed to capture [[Cuttack]], Govinda Vidyadhara rushed back to his capital after hearing the news of rebellion and defeated Raghu Bhanja driving him out of Cuttack, Raghu Bhanja wanted to get revenge for the murder of the sons of Gajapati by capturing Cuttack.<ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&q=kc+panigrahi |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=2023-01-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ramachandra Deva I]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&dq=ramachandra+deva&pg=PT185 |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=2023-01-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Bisara Mohanty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]

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<ref>Suryavanshi Khandayat</ref>The Suryavanshi Khandayat is an elite branch of the Khandayat community, which is the prominent traditional Kshatriya (martial and warrior-ruling) caste of Odisha, East India. They trace their mythological lineage to the Solar Dynasty (Suryavamsha) and are historically recognized as the kings, military commanders, and landowners who defended ancient Kalinga (modern-day Odisha). Suryavanshi Khandayat refers to Khandayat families and lineages in Odisha who traditionally associate their ancestry with the Suryavamsha (Solar Dynasty) of Hindu genealogical tradition. The Suryavanshi designation is primarily a traditional lineage identity and occurs within the broader historical and social framework of the Khandayat community of Odisha.

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The Suryavanshi Khandayat is an elite branch of the Khandayat community, which is the prominent traditional Kshatriya (martial and warrior-ruling) caste of Odisha, East India. They trace their mythological lineage to the Solar Dynasty (Suryavamsha) and are historically recognized as the kings, military commanders, and landowners who defended ancient Kalinga (modern-day Odisha).

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2401:4900:3132:7875:3C33:C8FF:FE88:108D: Created page with " The Suryavanshi Khandayat is an elite branch of the Khandayat community, which is the prominent traditional Kshatriya (martial and warrior-ruling) caste of Odisha, East India. They trace their mythological lineage to the Solar Dynasty (Suryavamsha) and are historically recognized as the kings, military commanders, and landowners who defended ancient Kalinga (modern-day Odisha)."