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Qassab

2022-01-16T14:14:47Z

2401:4900:30D6:4380:559:739B:4BF1:10F: /* In Maharashtra */

{{about||the villages in Iran|Qassab, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Qassab, Iran|the Muslim warrior-scholar|Al-Qassab|the town in Syria|Al-Qassabin|the Syrian footballer|Jihad Qassab}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Qassab
| image = Badhak or Qassab, the caste of butcher - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.320v - BL Add. 27255.jpg
| caption =
| total = 963,000
| total_ref = <ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=17919&rog3=IN Qassab of India Ethnic People Profile]</ref>
| popplace = {{flagcountry|India}}, {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Haryanvi]]
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px|alt=]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Qureshi]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Qassab''' ({{lang-ur|قصاب}}; from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|خصب}} (''Khasab''), are members of a north Indian community or ''biradari''. Occasionally most Quresh caste members are referred to as the '''Qassab'''.

==History and origin==
The community is entirely [[Sunni]], and in [[North India]] speaks [[Urdu]].<ref>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 736</ref>

For their participation in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], fine Rs. 63,000 was imposed on the people of [[Rohtak]] who were mostly [[Ranghar]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]]s and Muslim Qassab.<ref name=balidan1>Satish Chandra Mittal, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC Haryana, a Historical Perspective], p58.</ref>

==Present circumstances==

===In North India===
The community remains associated with the slaughtering of animals. Apart from selling meats, they are also involved in the sale and purchase of animals, as well as trading in hides. The [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa of Awadh are also involved in the selling of hides. In terms of distribution, they are found throughout [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. They are strictly [[endogamy|endogamous]], which marriages preferred within a small kinship circle. Most towns include distinct quarters where the community lives, such as Kanpur, Allahabad, Aligarh, Banaras, Fatehpur, Qureshnagar in [[Delhi]].<ref name=autogenerated1>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 741</ref>

The Anjuman Quresh is an India-wide association, and is the oldest Muslim organization. The community belong to both the Sunni and [[Shia]] sects of [[Islam]], but the majority are Sunnis. The Chikwa speak [[Awadhi]], while the Qureshi Qassab speak Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In [[Rajasthan]], the Qassab are found in the districts of [[Ajmer District|Ajmer]], [[Jaipur District|Jaipur]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Jodhpur District|Jodhpur]] and Pali. The Qassab speak [[Mewari language|Mewari]] among themselves, and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] with outsiders. They have two sub-divisions, the Barakasab, who slaughter ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chhotaqasab, who slaughter goats. The Qassab have local [[caste]] associations, known as jamats, in each of their settlements, which deal with disputes within the community.<ref>''People of India Rajasthan'' Volume XXXVIII Part Two, edited by B.K. Lavania, D.K. Samanta, S.K. Mandal and N.N. Vyas, page 501 to 504, Popular Prakashan</ref>

In [[Bihar]], the Qassab are a class of Muslim butchers, and are generally known as Qureshis. They are found throughout [[Bihar]], and are one of the few [[Bihari Muslim]] communities that speaks Urdu. The Qassab consist of two sub-groups, the Bara Karbar, who were involved in the slaughtering of ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chota Karbar, who slaughtered goats. Closely related to the Qassab are the Chik, a caste also associated with the slaughtering of goats. The Anjuman Quresh has a [[Bihar]] branch, which acts as a welfare association. They are entirely Sunni Muslims, and are fairly orthodox. They were one of the earliest groups to shift towards the [[Deobandi]] sect.<ref>''People of India Bihar'' Volume XVI Part One, edited by S. Gopal & Hetukar Jha, pages 501 to 505, Seagull Books</ref>

===In Maharashtra===

The Qassab of [[Maharashtra]] are said to have come over from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to [[Amravati]], and were soldiers in the army of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], and still speak the Dakhani dialect of Urdu. They were initially divided into two groups, the Gai Qassab (ox, bulls and buffaloes butchers) and Bakar Qassab (mutton butchers). The community is further divided into three groups, the Chaudhary, the Saudagor and Sikku. They speak the [[Dakhani]] dialect of Urdu among themselves, and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] with outsiders. The Qassab are Sunni, and strictly endogamous. They practice both [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross cousin]] and parallel cousin marriages. In [[Maharashtra]], the community are found in the cities of [[Amravati]], [[Buldhana]], [[Akola]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Pune]], [[Bhiwandi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>''People of India Maharashtra'' Volume XXX Part Two, edited by B.V. Bhanu, B.R. Bhatnagar, D.K. Bose, V.S. Kulkarni and J Sreenath, pages 766 to 769, Popular Prakashan</ref>

===In Pakistan===
In Pakistan, the Qassab are found in the province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]. They have Eight major divisions, Arbi, Bhatti, Khokhar, Goraha and Suhal. The [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Qassab claim descent from a number of [[Rajput]] tribes, such as the [[Bhatti clan|Bhatti]] or [[Khokhar]], in which an ancestor is said to have taken up the occupation of butchering. In addition to butchering, the Qassab of Punjab have been involved with cotton cleaning. The [[Penja tribe|Penja]] community is of Qaasab extraction.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Pakistan is also home to communities, which originate from [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]]. They are an Urdu-speaking community found mainly in the cities of [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]] and [[Faisalabad]], Dera Ghazi Khan, [[Muzaffar Garh]], [[Vehari]] Like their Indian counterparts, the Qureshi Qassab also have a caste association or anjuman. They are also called Sheikh Qureshi.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===In Jammu and Kashmir===
The Qassab of the Kashmir valley are known as the Ganai. But not all Ganai are butchers or Qassab. Many sociologists and anthropologists believe that the Kashmiri Ganai were originally Brahmins, and butchers of Kashmir steadily assumed the caste name "Ganai" only recently, with the advent of Islam in the 14th century.

They assumed this high-sounding surname to escape the social stigma associated with the butchery profession in traditional Hindu society. Presently many butchers use the surname Ganai but only some of them are in the butchery profession.<ref>''Valley of Kashmir Races and Tribes'' Chapter XII, Walter R. Lawrence, pages 306 to 307, 1895</ref> Like other Qassab groups, many are also involved in the buying and selling of hides, which has made the Ganai a wealthy community. The traditional caste council has been replaced by the Ganai association.<ref>''People of India Jammu and Kashmir'' Volume XXV, edited by K.N. Pandita, S.D.S. Charak & B.R. Rizvi, pages 347 to 350, Manohar 2003</ref>

Ganai, as a title, was used by highly educated and spiritual people until last century and there are still number of families in North and South Kashmir using this title as their caste. Few of the most renowned personalities associated with this title which later they used as their caste are Sheikh Abdul Wahab Noori bin Khawaja Rashid Ganai, Mir Hasan Ganai, Haji Mulla Feroz Ganai, Mulla Mohsin Ganai Faani (the teacher of Ustad Gani Malik Al-Ashraiye). The well-known religious scholar of Srinagar Mulla Inayat Allah Shawl and the wealthy landlord Khawaja Sanaullah Shawl were also Ganai. And, they belonged to the clan that came to Kashmir from Turkistan or Khurasaan [present-day Afghanistan]. Khawaja Saad-ud-din Shawl is from their progenies.

==The All India Jamiatul Quresh==

Like many Muslim communities in India, the Qassab have set up the All India Jamiatil Quresh, which was established in [[Meerut]] in 1927. The Jamiat was set up by Bhaiyya Rasheeduddin Ahmed, MLC, Landlord, a wealthy merchant and philanthropist. He has established under 3700 schools . It has a federal structure, with each state having its own chapter. Its headquarters are in Kothi Khan Bahadur, [[Meerut]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Any male member of the community can take up membership. As a caste association, the Jamait campaigns on behalf of the community as well as acting as a welfare organization, and running schools and hospitals.<ref>Taleem, Tanzeen aur Tijarat: The Changing role of the AIJQ, by Zarin Ahmed, in Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India, Editor Vinod K. Jairath, Routledge 2011.</ref>

==Bawarchi of Uttar Pradesh==

The Bawarchi are a sub-group within the Qassab, and get their name from the Urdu word ''bawarchi'', which means "a cook". A split from the wider Qassab community is said to have taken place when a group of [[Lucknow]] Qassab changed their occupation from butchering to cooking. There is no intermarriage now between the Bawarchi and neighbouring Qassab communities. They are still found mainly in the city of Lucknow, in the localities of Sadar, Husainganj, Fatehganj and Chowk. The Bawarchi prefer to be known as Qureshi or Ahl-e-Quresh.<ref name=autogenerated2>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII Part One, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 220 to 223, Manohar Publications</ref>

The Bawarchi speak Urdu and belong to the Sunni sect. They are a community of professional cooks, who historically were employed by wealthy Awadh [[taluqdar]]s. With the disappearance of their traditional patrons at the time of the independence of [[India]], the community are now employed in restaurants and hotels, and specialise in [[Awadhi cuisine]].

The Bawarchi and Rakabdars of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|dum style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm ''The Sunday Tribune'' - Spectrum - Lead Article]</ref> Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like [[kebabs]], [[korma]]s, [[biryani]], kaliya, [[Kulcha|nahari-kulchas]], zarda, sheermal, [[Roti|roomali rotis]] and [[Paratha|warqi parathas]]. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], [[paneer]], and rich [[spices]] including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

Like other Muslim artisans, many have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, and are now petty businessmen. The Bawarchi have no formal caste association, but each of their settlements contains a [[panchayat]], an informal [[caste]] association. Each settlement panchayat is headed by a chaudhary, a post which was traditionally heredity. The panchayat deals with intra community disputes and punishes any social transgressions. Some Bawarchi are also involved with the Anjuman Quraish.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Bawarchi of Gujarat==
In [[Gujarat]], the Bawarchi are said to have been soldiers in the army of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur|Babar]], and settled in Gujarat some five centuries ago. Once in Gujarat, these soldiers changed their occupation and took up cooking, hence becoming known as Bawarchi. The Bawarchi are now found in the cities of [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Surat]], and [[Baroda]], and a few villages in [[Kheda District]]. They speak a dialect which is a mixture of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated3>''People of India Gujarat'' Volume XXII Part One, edited by R.B. Lal, S.V. Padmanabham & A. Mohideen, page 147 to 149, Popular Prakashan</ref>

Like most [[Gujarati Muslim]]s, the Bawarchi have a caste association, the Ahmedabad Bawarchi Jamat. The jamat acts as both a community welfare association as well as an instrument of social control. Like other Qassab sub-groups, the Gujarat Bawarchi are strictly endogamous. Most prefer marrying close kin, and practice both parallel cousin and cross cousin marriages. The Bawarchi are entirely Sunni, but also incorporate some folk beliefs.

Like most Muslim artisan castes, the Bawarchi have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, which involved being employed as cooks in wealthier Muslim families. Other were owners of caravanserais. Very few Bawarchis have taken up higher education, as the community is extremely economically marginalized. Many are now employed as daily wage labourers.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

==Notable Qureshi People ==
* [[Huma Qureshi (actress)|Huma Qureshi]], Bollywood Actress
*[[Saqib Saleem|Saqib Saleem Qureshi]], Bollywood Actor
*
*
*[[S. M. Qureshi|S M Qureshi]], Pakistani Academic
*[[Yaqub Qureishi]], Indian Politician
*[[S. Y. Quraishi]], Former Chief Election Commissioner
*[[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]], Pakistani Politician
*[[Ahsaan Qureshi]], Indian Stand-up comedian
*[[Aziz Qureshi]] ,15th Governor of Mizoram India
*[[Dulari Qureshi]], Indian art historian
*[[Fazal Qureshi]], Indian Tabla Player
*[[Hashim Qureshi]], Kashmiri sepratist leader from India
*[[Iqbal Hussain Qureshi]], Pakistani Nuclear chemist
*[[Kamran Qureshi]], British Filmmaker
*[[Uzair Qureshi]], English Cricketer
*[[Shah Abdul Majid Qureshi]], Bangladeshi restaurateur and social reformer

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Bihar]]

Qassab

2022-01-16T14:12:58Z

2401:4900:30D6:4380:559:739B:4BF1:10F: /* In North India */

{{about||the villages in Iran|Qassab, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Qassab, Iran|the Muslim warrior-scholar|Al-Qassab|the town in Syria|Al-Qassabin|the Syrian footballer|Jihad Qassab}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Qassab
| image = Badhak or Qassab, the caste of butcher - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.320v - BL Add. 27255.jpg
| caption =
| total = 963,000
| total_ref = <ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=17919&rog3=IN Qassab of India Ethnic People Profile]</ref>
| popplace = {{flagcountry|India}}, {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Haryanvi]]
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px|alt=]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Qureshi]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Qassab''' ({{lang-ur|قصاب}}; from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|خصب}} (''Khasab''), are members of a north Indian community or ''biradari''. Occasionally most Quresh caste members are referred to as the '''Qassab'''.

==History and origin==
The community is entirely [[Sunni]], and in [[North India]] speaks [[Urdu]].<ref>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 736</ref>

For their participation in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], fine Rs. 63,000 was imposed on the people of [[Rohtak]] who were mostly [[Ranghar]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]]s and Muslim Qassab.<ref name=balidan1>Satish Chandra Mittal, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC Haryana, a Historical Perspective], p58.</ref>

==Present circumstances==

===In North India===
The community remains associated with the slaughtering of animals. Apart from selling meats, they are also involved in the sale and purchase of animals, as well as trading in hides. The [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa of Awadh are also involved in the selling of hides. In terms of distribution, they are found throughout [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. They are strictly [[endogamy|endogamous]], which marriages preferred within a small kinship circle. Most towns include distinct quarters where the community lives, such as Kanpur, Allahabad, Aligarh, Banaras, Fatehpur, Qureshnagar in [[Delhi]].<ref name=autogenerated1>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 741</ref>

The Anjuman Quresh is an India-wide association, and is the oldest Muslim organization. The community belong to both the Sunni and [[Shia]] sects of [[Islam]], but the majority are Sunnis. The Chikwa speak [[Awadhi]], while the Qureshi Qassab speak Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In [[Rajasthan]], the Qassab are found in the districts of [[Ajmer District|Ajmer]], [[Jaipur District|Jaipur]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Jodhpur District|Jodhpur]] and Pali. The Qassab speak [[Mewari language|Mewari]] among themselves, and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] with outsiders. They have two sub-divisions, the Barakasab, who slaughter ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chhotaqasab, who slaughter goats. The Qassab have local [[caste]] associations, known as jamats, in each of their settlements, which deal with disputes within the community.<ref>''People of India Rajasthan'' Volume XXXVIII Part Two, edited by B.K. Lavania, D.K. Samanta, S.K. Mandal and N.N. Vyas, page 501 to 504, Popular Prakashan</ref>

In [[Bihar]], the Qassab are a class of Muslim butchers, and are generally known as Qureshis. They are found throughout [[Bihar]], and are one of the few [[Bihari Muslim]] communities that speaks Urdu. The Qassab consist of two sub-groups, the Bara Karbar, who were involved in the slaughtering of ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chota Karbar, who slaughtered goats. Closely related to the Qassab are the Chik, a caste also associated with the slaughtering of goats. The Anjuman Quresh has a [[Bihar]] branch, which acts as a welfare association. They are entirely Sunni Muslims, and are fairly orthodox. They were one of the earliest groups to shift towards the [[Deobandi]] sect.<ref>''People of India Bihar'' Volume XVI Part One, edited by S. Gopal & Hetukar Jha, pages 501 to 505, Seagull Books</ref>

===In Maharashtra===

The Qassab of [[Maharashtra]] are said to have come over from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to [[Amravati]], and were soldiers in the army of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], and still speak the Dakhani dialect of Urdu. They were initially divided into two groups, the Gai Kasai (ox, bulls and buffaloes butchers) and Bakar Kasai (mutton butchers). The community is further divided into three groups, the Chaudhary, the Saudagor and Sikku. They speak the [[Dakhani]] dialect of Urdu among themselves, and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] with outsiders. The Qassab are Sunni, and strictly endogamous. They practice both [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross cousin]] and parallel cousin marriages. In [[Maharashtra]], the community are found in the cities of [[Amravati]], [[Buldhana]], [[Akola]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Pune]], [[Bhiwandi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>''People of India Maharashtra'' Volume XXX Part Two, edited by B.V. Bhanu, B.R. Bhatnagar, D.K. Bose, V.S. Kulkarni and J Sreenath, pages 766 to 769, Popular Prakashan</ref>

===In Pakistan===
In Pakistan, the Qassab are found in the province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]. They have Eight major divisions, Arbi, Bhatti, Khokhar, Goraha and Suhal. The [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Qassab claim descent from a number of [[Rajput]] tribes, such as the [[Bhatti clan|Bhatti]] or [[Khokhar]], in which an ancestor is said to have taken up the occupation of butchering. In addition to butchering, the Qassab of Punjab have been involved with cotton cleaning. The [[Penja tribe|Penja]] community is of Qaasab extraction.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Pakistan is also home to communities, which originate from [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]]. They are an Urdu-speaking community found mainly in the cities of [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]] and [[Faisalabad]], Dera Ghazi Khan, [[Muzaffar Garh]], [[Vehari]] Like their Indian counterparts, the Qureshi Qassab also have a caste association or anjuman. They are also called Sheikh Qureshi.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===In Jammu and Kashmir===
The Qassab of the Kashmir valley are known as the Ganai. But not all Ganai are butchers or Qassab. Many sociologists and anthropologists believe that the Kashmiri Ganai were originally Brahmins, and butchers of Kashmir steadily assumed the caste name "Ganai" only recently, with the advent of Islam in the 14th century.

They assumed this high-sounding surname to escape the social stigma associated with the butchery profession in traditional Hindu society. Presently many butchers use the surname Ganai but only some of them are in the butchery profession.<ref>''Valley of Kashmir Races and Tribes'' Chapter XII, Walter R. Lawrence, pages 306 to 307, 1895</ref> Like other Qassab groups, many are also involved in the buying and selling of hides, which has made the Ganai a wealthy community. The traditional caste council has been replaced by the Ganai association.<ref>''People of India Jammu and Kashmir'' Volume XXV, edited by K.N. Pandita, S.D.S. Charak & B.R. Rizvi, pages 347 to 350, Manohar 2003</ref>

Ganai, as a title, was used by highly educated and spiritual people until last century and there are still number of families in North and South Kashmir using this title as their caste. Few of the most renowned personalities associated with this title which later they used as their caste are Sheikh Abdul Wahab Noori bin Khawaja Rashid Ganai, Mir Hasan Ganai, Haji Mulla Feroz Ganai, Mulla Mohsin Ganai Faani (the teacher of Ustad Gani Malik Al-Ashraiye). The well-known religious scholar of Srinagar Mulla Inayat Allah Shawl and the wealthy landlord Khawaja Sanaullah Shawl were also Ganai. And, they belonged to the clan that came to Kashmir from Turkistan or Khurasaan [present-day Afghanistan]. Khawaja Saad-ud-din Shawl is from their progenies.

==The All India Jamiatul Quresh==

Like many Muslim communities in India, the Qassab have set up the All India Jamiatil Quresh, which was established in [[Meerut]] in 1927. The Jamiat was set up by Bhaiyya Rasheeduddin Ahmed, MLC, Landlord, a wealthy merchant and philanthropist. He has established under 3700 schools . It has a federal structure, with each state having its own chapter. Its headquarters are in Kothi Khan Bahadur, [[Meerut]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Any male member of the community can take up membership. As a caste association, the Jamait campaigns on behalf of the community as well as acting as a welfare organization, and running schools and hospitals.<ref>Taleem, Tanzeen aur Tijarat: The Changing role of the AIJQ, by Zarin Ahmed, in Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India, Editor Vinod K. Jairath, Routledge 2011.</ref>

==Bawarchi of Uttar Pradesh==

The Bawarchi are a sub-group within the Qassab, and get their name from the Urdu word ''bawarchi'', which means "a cook". A split from the wider Qassab community is said to have taken place when a group of [[Lucknow]] Qassab changed their occupation from butchering to cooking. There is no intermarriage now between the Bawarchi and neighbouring Qassab communities. They are still found mainly in the city of Lucknow, in the localities of Sadar, Husainganj, Fatehganj and Chowk. The Bawarchi prefer to be known as Qureshi or Ahl-e-Quresh.<ref name=autogenerated2>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII Part One, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 220 to 223, Manohar Publications</ref>

The Bawarchi speak Urdu and belong to the Sunni sect. They are a community of professional cooks, who historically were employed by wealthy Awadh [[taluqdar]]s. With the disappearance of their traditional patrons at the time of the independence of [[India]], the community are now employed in restaurants and hotels, and specialise in [[Awadhi cuisine]].

The Bawarchi and Rakabdars of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|dum style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm ''The Sunday Tribune'' - Spectrum - Lead Article]</ref> Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like [[kebabs]], [[korma]]s, [[biryani]], kaliya, [[Kulcha|nahari-kulchas]], zarda, sheermal, [[Roti|roomali rotis]] and [[Paratha|warqi parathas]]. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], [[paneer]], and rich [[spices]] including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

Like other Muslim artisans, many have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, and are now petty businessmen. The Bawarchi have no formal caste association, but each of their settlements contains a [[panchayat]], an informal [[caste]] association. Each settlement panchayat is headed by a chaudhary, a post which was traditionally heredity. The panchayat deals with intra community disputes and punishes any social transgressions. Some Bawarchi are also involved with the Anjuman Quraish.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Bawarchi of Gujarat==
In [[Gujarat]], the Bawarchi are said to have been soldiers in the army of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur|Babar]], and settled in Gujarat some five centuries ago. Once in Gujarat, these soldiers changed their occupation and took up cooking, hence becoming known as Bawarchi. The Bawarchi are now found in the cities of [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Surat]], and [[Baroda]], and a few villages in [[Kheda District]]. They speak a dialect which is a mixture of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated3>''People of India Gujarat'' Volume XXII Part One, edited by R.B. Lal, S.V. Padmanabham & A. Mohideen, page 147 to 149, Popular Prakashan</ref>

Like most [[Gujarati Muslim]]s, the Bawarchi have a caste association, the Ahmedabad Bawarchi Jamat. The jamat acts as both a community welfare association as well as an instrument of social control. Like other Qassab sub-groups, the Gujarat Bawarchi are strictly endogamous. Most prefer marrying close kin, and practice both parallel cousin and cross cousin marriages. The Bawarchi are entirely Sunni, but also incorporate some folk beliefs.

Like most Muslim artisan castes, the Bawarchi have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, which involved being employed as cooks in wealthier Muslim families. Other were owners of caravanserais. Very few Bawarchis have taken up higher education, as the community is extremely economically marginalized. Many are now employed as daily wage labourers.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

==Notable Qureshi People ==
* [[Huma Qureshi (actress)|Huma Qureshi]], Bollywood Actress
*[[Saqib Saleem|Saqib Saleem Qureshi]], Bollywood Actor
*
*
*[[S. M. Qureshi|S M Qureshi]], Pakistani Academic
*[[Yaqub Qureishi]], Indian Politician
*[[S. Y. Quraishi]], Former Chief Election Commissioner
*[[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]], Pakistani Politician
*[[Ahsaan Qureshi]], Indian Stand-up comedian
*[[Aziz Qureshi]] ,15th Governor of Mizoram India
*[[Dulari Qureshi]], Indian art historian
*[[Fazal Qureshi]], Indian Tabla Player
*[[Hashim Qureshi]], Kashmiri sepratist leader from India
*[[Iqbal Hussain Qureshi]], Pakistani Nuclear chemist
*[[Kamran Qureshi]], British Filmmaker
*[[Uzair Qureshi]], English Cricketer
*[[Shah Abdul Majid Qureshi]], Bangladeshi restaurateur and social reformer

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Bihar]]

Qassab

2022-01-16T14:10:55Z

2401:4900:30D6:4380:559:739B:4BF1:10F: /* History and origin */

{{about||the villages in Iran|Qassab, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Qassab, Iran|the Muslim warrior-scholar|Al-Qassab|the town in Syria|Al-Qassabin|the Syrian footballer|Jihad Qassab}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Qassab
| image = Badhak or Qassab, the caste of butcher - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.320v - BL Add. 27255.jpg
| caption =
| total = 963,000
| total_ref = <ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=17919&rog3=IN Qassab of India Ethnic People Profile]</ref>
| popplace = {{flagcountry|India}}, {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Haryanvi]]
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px|alt=]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Qureshi]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Qassab''' ({{lang-ur|قصاب}}; from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|خصب}} (''Khasab''), are members of a north Indian community or ''biradari''. Occasionally most Quresh caste members are referred to as the '''Qassab'''.

==History and origin==
The community is entirely [[Sunni]], and in [[North India]] speaks [[Urdu]].<ref>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 736</ref>

For their participation in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], fine Rs. 63,000 was imposed on the people of [[Rohtak]] who were mostly [[Ranghar]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]]s and Muslim Qassab.<ref name=balidan1>Satish Chandra Mittal, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC Haryana, a Historical Perspective], p58.</ref>

==Present circumstances==

===In North India===
The community remains associated with the slaughtering of animals. Apart from selling meats, they are also involved in the sale and purchase of animals, as well as trading in hides. The [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa of Awadh are also involved in the selling of hides. In terms of distribution, they are found throughout [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. They are strictly [[endogamy|endogamous]], which marriages preferred within a small kinship circle. Most towns include distinct quarters where the community lives, such as Kanpur, Allahabad, Banaras, Fatehpur, Qureshnagar in [[Delhi]].<ref name=autogenerated1>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 741</ref>

The Anjuman Quresh is an India-wide association, and is the oldest Muslim organization. The community belong to both the Sunni and [[Shia]] sects of [[Islam]], but the majority are Sunnis. The Chikwa speak [[Awadhi]], while the Qureshi Qassab speak Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In [[Rajasthan]], the Qassab are found in the districts of [[Ajmer District|Ajmer]], [[Jaipur District|Jaipur]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Jodhpur District|Jodhpur]] and Pali. The Qassab speak [[Mewari language|Mewari]] among themselves, and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] with outsiders. They have two sub-divisions, the Barakasab, who slaughter ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chhotakasab, who slaughter goats. The Qassab have local [[caste]] associations, known as jamats, in each of their settlements, which deal with disputes within the community.<ref>''People of India Rajasthan'' Volume XXXVIII Part Two, edited by B.K. Lavania, D.K. Samanta, S.K. Mandal and N.N. Vyas, page 501 to 504, Popular Prakashan</ref>

In [[Bihar]], the Qassab are a class of Muslim butchers, and are generally known as Qureshis. They are found throughout [[Bihar]], and are one of the few [[Bihari Muslim]] communities that speaks Urdu. The Qassab consist of two sub-groups, the Bara Karbar, who were involved in the slaughtering of ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chota Karbar, who slaughtered goats. Closely related to the Qassab are the Chik, a caste also associated with the slaughtering of goats. The Anjuman Quresh has a [[Bihar]] branch, which acts as a welfare association. They are entirely Sunni Muslims, and are fairly orthodox. They were one of the earliest groups to shift towards the [[Deobandi]] sect.<ref>''People of India Bihar'' Volume XVI Part One, edited by S. Gopal & Hetukar Jha, pages 501 to 505, Seagull Books</ref>

===In Maharashtra===

The Qassab of [[Maharashtra]] are said to have come over from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to [[Amravati]], and were soldiers in the army of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], and still speak the Dakhani dialect of Urdu. They were initially divided into two groups, the Gai Kasai (ox, bulls and buffaloes butchers) and Bakar Kasai (mutton butchers). The community is further divided into three groups, the Chaudhary, the Saudagor and Sikku. They speak the [[Dakhani]] dialect of Urdu among themselves, and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] with outsiders. The Qassab are Sunni, and strictly endogamous. They practice both [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross cousin]] and parallel cousin marriages. In [[Maharashtra]], the community are found in the cities of [[Amravati]], [[Buldhana]], [[Akola]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Pune]], [[Bhiwandi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>''People of India Maharashtra'' Volume XXX Part Two, edited by B.V. Bhanu, B.R. Bhatnagar, D.K. Bose, V.S. Kulkarni and J Sreenath, pages 766 to 769, Popular Prakashan</ref>

===In Pakistan===
In Pakistan, the Qassab are found in the province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]. They have Eight major divisions, Arbi, Bhatti, Khokhar, Goraha and Suhal. The [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Qassab claim descent from a number of [[Rajput]] tribes, such as the [[Bhatti clan|Bhatti]] or [[Khokhar]], in which an ancestor is said to have taken up the occupation of butchering. In addition to butchering, the Qassab of Punjab have been involved with cotton cleaning. The [[Penja tribe|Penja]] community is of Qaasab extraction.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Pakistan is also home to communities, which originate from [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]]. They are an Urdu-speaking community found mainly in the cities of [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]] and [[Faisalabad]], Dera Ghazi Khan, [[Muzaffar Garh]], [[Vehari]] Like their Indian counterparts, the Qureshi Qassab also have a caste association or anjuman. They are also called Sheikh Qureshi.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===In Jammu and Kashmir===
The Qassab of the Kashmir valley are known as the Ganai. But not all Ganai are butchers or Qassab. Many sociologists and anthropologists believe that the Kashmiri Ganai were originally Brahmins, and butchers of Kashmir steadily assumed the caste name "Ganai" only recently, with the advent of Islam in the 14th century.

They assumed this high-sounding surname to escape the social stigma associated with the butchery profession in traditional Hindu society. Presently many butchers use the surname Ganai but only some of them are in the butchery profession.<ref>''Valley of Kashmir Races and Tribes'' Chapter XII, Walter R. Lawrence, pages 306 to 307, 1895</ref> Like other Qassab groups, many are also involved in the buying and selling of hides, which has made the Ganai a wealthy community. The traditional caste council has been replaced by the Ganai association.<ref>''People of India Jammu and Kashmir'' Volume XXV, edited by K.N. Pandita, S.D.S. Charak & B.R. Rizvi, pages 347 to 350, Manohar 2003</ref>

Ganai, as a title, was used by highly educated and spiritual people until last century and there are still number of families in North and South Kashmir using this title as their caste. Few of the most renowned personalities associated with this title which later they used as their caste are Sheikh Abdul Wahab Noori bin Khawaja Rashid Ganai, Mir Hasan Ganai, Haji Mulla Feroz Ganai, Mulla Mohsin Ganai Faani (the teacher of Ustad Gani Malik Al-Ashraiye). The well-known religious scholar of Srinagar Mulla Inayat Allah Shawl and the wealthy landlord Khawaja Sanaullah Shawl were also Ganai. And, they belonged to the clan that came to Kashmir from Turkistan or Khurasaan [present-day Afghanistan]. Khawaja Saad-ud-din Shawl is from their progenies.

==The All India Jamiatul Quresh==

Like many Muslim communities in India, the Qassab have set up the All India Jamiatil Quresh, which was established in [[Meerut]] in 1927. The Jamiat was set up by Bhaiyya Rasheeduddin Ahmed, MLC, Landlord, a wealthy merchant and philanthropist. He has established under 3700 schools . It has a federal structure, with each state having its own chapter. Its headquarters are in Kothi Khan Bahadur, [[Meerut]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Any male member of the community can take up membership. As a caste association, the Jamait campaigns on behalf of the community as well as acting as a welfare organization, and running schools and hospitals.<ref>Taleem, Tanzeen aur Tijarat: The Changing role of the AIJQ, by Zarin Ahmed, in Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India, Editor Vinod K. Jairath, Routledge 2011.</ref>

==Bawarchi of Uttar Pradesh==

The Bawarchi are a sub-group within the Qassab, and get their name from the Urdu word ''bawarchi'', which means "a cook". A split from the wider Qassab community is said to have taken place when a group of [[Lucknow]] Qassab changed their occupation from butchering to cooking. There is no intermarriage now between the Bawarchi and neighbouring Qassab communities. They are still found mainly in the city of Lucknow, in the localities of Sadar, Husainganj, Fatehganj and Chowk. The Bawarchi prefer to be known as Qureshi or Ahl-e-Quresh.<ref name=autogenerated2>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII Part One, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 220 to 223, Manohar Publications</ref>

The Bawarchi speak Urdu and belong to the Sunni sect. They are a community of professional cooks, who historically were employed by wealthy Awadh [[taluqdar]]s. With the disappearance of their traditional patrons at the time of the independence of [[India]], the community are now employed in restaurants and hotels, and specialise in [[Awadhi cuisine]].

The Bawarchi and Rakabdars of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|dum style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm ''The Sunday Tribune'' - Spectrum - Lead Article]</ref> Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like [[kebabs]], [[korma]]s, [[biryani]], kaliya, [[Kulcha|nahari-kulchas]], zarda, sheermal, [[Roti|roomali rotis]] and [[Paratha|warqi parathas]]. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], [[paneer]], and rich [[spices]] including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

Like other Muslim artisans, many have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, and are now petty businessmen. The Bawarchi have no formal caste association, but each of their settlements contains a [[panchayat]], an informal [[caste]] association. Each settlement panchayat is headed by a chaudhary, a post which was traditionally heredity. The panchayat deals with intra community disputes and punishes any social transgressions. Some Bawarchi are also involved with the Anjuman Quraish.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Bawarchi of Gujarat==
In [[Gujarat]], the Bawarchi are said to have been soldiers in the army of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur|Babar]], and settled in Gujarat some five centuries ago. Once in Gujarat, these soldiers changed their occupation and took up cooking, hence becoming known as Bawarchi. The Bawarchi are now found in the cities of [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Surat]], and [[Baroda]], and a few villages in [[Kheda District]]. They speak a dialect which is a mixture of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated3>''People of India Gujarat'' Volume XXII Part One, edited by R.B. Lal, S.V. Padmanabham & A. Mohideen, page 147 to 149, Popular Prakashan</ref>

Like most [[Gujarati Muslim]]s, the Bawarchi have a caste association, the Ahmedabad Bawarchi Jamat. The jamat acts as both a community welfare association as well as an instrument of social control. Like other Qassab sub-groups, the Gujarat Bawarchi are strictly endogamous. Most prefer marrying close kin, and practice both parallel cousin and cross cousin marriages. The Bawarchi are entirely Sunni, but also incorporate some folk beliefs.

Like most Muslim artisan castes, the Bawarchi have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, which involved being employed as cooks in wealthier Muslim families. Other were owners of caravanserais. Very few Bawarchis have taken up higher education, as the community is extremely economically marginalized. Many are now employed as daily wage labourers.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

==Notable Qureshi People ==
* [[Huma Qureshi (actress)|Huma Qureshi]], Bollywood Actress
*[[Saqib Saleem|Saqib Saleem Qureshi]], Bollywood Actor
*
*
*[[S. M. Qureshi|S M Qureshi]], Pakistani Academic
*[[Yaqub Qureishi]], Indian Politician
*[[S. Y. Quraishi]], Former Chief Election Commissioner
*[[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]], Pakistani Politician
*[[Ahsaan Qureshi]], Indian Stand-up comedian
*[[Aziz Qureshi]] ,15th Governor of Mizoram India
*[[Dulari Qureshi]], Indian art historian
*[[Fazal Qureshi]], Indian Tabla Player
*[[Hashim Qureshi]], Kashmiri sepratist leader from India
*[[Iqbal Hussain Qureshi]], Pakistani Nuclear chemist
*[[Kamran Qureshi]], British Filmmaker
*[[Uzair Qureshi]], English Cricketer
*[[Shah Abdul Majid Qureshi]], Bangladeshi restaurateur and social reformer

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Bihar]]

Qassab

2022-01-16T14:10:10Z

2401:4900:30D6:4380:559:739B:4BF1:10F:

{{about||the villages in Iran|Qassab, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Qassab, Iran|the Muslim warrior-scholar|Al-Qassab|the town in Syria|Al-Qassabin|the Syrian footballer|Jihad Qassab}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Qassab
| image = Badhak or Qassab, the caste of butcher - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.320v - BL Add. 27255.jpg
| caption =
| total = 963,000
| total_ref = <ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=17919&rog3=IN Qassab of India Ethnic People Profile]</ref>
| popplace = {{flagcountry|India}}, {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Haryanvi]]
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px|alt=]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Qureshi]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Qassab''' ({{lang-ur|قصاب}}; from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word {{lang|ar|خصب}} (''Khasab''), are members of a north Indian community or ''biradari''. Occasionally most Quresh caste members are referred to as the '''Qassab'''.

==History and origin==
The community is entirely [[Sunni]], and in [[North India]] speaks [[Urdu]].<ref>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 736</ref>

For their participation in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], fine Rs. 63,000 was imposed on the people of [[Rohtak]] who were mostly [[Ranghar]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]]s and Muslim Kasai.<ref name=balidan1>Satish Chandra Mittal, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC Haryana, a Historical Perspective], p58.</ref>

==Present circumstances==

===In North India===
The community remains associated with the slaughtering of animals. Apart from selling meats, they are also involved in the sale and purchase of animals, as well as trading in hides. The [[Chik (social group)|Chik]]wa of Awadh are also involved in the selling of hides. In terms of distribution, they are found throughout [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. They are strictly [[endogamy|endogamous]], which marriages preferred within a small kinship circle. Most towns include distinct quarters where the community lives, such as Kanpur, Allahabad, Banaras, Fatehpur, Qureshnagar in [[Delhi]].<ref name=autogenerated1>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 741</ref>

The Anjuman Quresh is an India-wide association, and is the oldest Muslim organization. The community belong to both the Sunni and [[Shia]] sects of [[Islam]], but the majority are Sunnis. The Chikwa speak [[Awadhi]], while the Qureshi Qassab speak Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In [[Rajasthan]], the Qassab are found in the districts of [[Ajmer District|Ajmer]], [[Jaipur District|Jaipur]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Jodhpur District|Jodhpur]] and Pali. The Qassab speak [[Mewari language|Mewari]] among themselves, and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] with outsiders. They have two sub-divisions, the Barakasab, who slaughter ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chhotakasab, who slaughter goats. The Qassab have local [[caste]] associations, known as jamats, in each of their settlements, which deal with disputes within the community.<ref>''People of India Rajasthan'' Volume XXXVIII Part Two, edited by B.K. Lavania, D.K. Samanta, S.K. Mandal and N.N. Vyas, page 501 to 504, Popular Prakashan</ref>

In [[Bihar]], the Qassab are a class of Muslim butchers, and are generally known as Qureshis. They are found throughout [[Bihar]], and are one of the few [[Bihari Muslim]] communities that speaks Urdu. The Qassab consist of two sub-groups, the Bara Karbar, who were involved in the slaughtering of ox, bulls and buffaloes, and Chota Karbar, who slaughtered goats. Closely related to the Qassab are the Chik, a caste also associated with the slaughtering of goats. The Anjuman Quresh has a [[Bihar]] branch, which acts as a welfare association. They are entirely Sunni Muslims, and are fairly orthodox. They were one of the earliest groups to shift towards the [[Deobandi]] sect.<ref>''People of India Bihar'' Volume XVI Part One, edited by S. Gopal & Hetukar Jha, pages 501 to 505, Seagull Books</ref>

===In Maharashtra===

The Qassab of [[Maharashtra]] are said to have come over from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to [[Amravati]], and were soldiers in the army of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], and still speak the Dakhani dialect of Urdu. They were initially divided into two groups, the Gai Kasai (ox, bulls and buffaloes butchers) and Bakar Kasai (mutton butchers). The community is further divided into three groups, the Chaudhary, the Saudagor and Sikku. They speak the [[Dakhani]] dialect of Urdu among themselves, and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] with outsiders. The Qassab are Sunni, and strictly endogamous. They practice both [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross cousin]] and parallel cousin marriages. In [[Maharashtra]], the community are found in the cities of [[Amravati]], [[Buldhana]], [[Akola]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Pune]], [[Bhiwandi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>''People of India Maharashtra'' Volume XXX Part Two, edited by B.V. Bhanu, B.R. Bhatnagar, D.K. Bose, V.S. Kulkarni and J Sreenath, pages 766 to 769, Popular Prakashan</ref>

===In Pakistan===
In Pakistan, the Qassab are found in the province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]. They have Eight major divisions, Arbi, Bhatti, Khokhar, Goraha and Suhal. The [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Qassab claim descent from a number of [[Rajput]] tribes, such as the [[Bhatti clan|Bhatti]] or [[Khokhar]], in which an ancestor is said to have taken up the occupation of butchering. In addition to butchering, the Qassab of Punjab have been involved with cotton cleaning. The [[Penja tribe|Penja]] community is of Qaasab extraction.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Pakistan is also home to communities, which originate from [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]]. They are an Urdu-speaking community found mainly in the cities of [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]] and [[Faisalabad]], Dera Ghazi Khan, [[Muzaffar Garh]], [[Vehari]] Like their Indian counterparts, the Qureshi Qassab also have a caste association or anjuman. They are also called Sheikh Qureshi.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===In Jammu and Kashmir===
The Qassab of the Kashmir valley are known as the Ganai. But not all Ganai are butchers or Qassab. Many sociologists and anthropologists believe that the Kashmiri Ganai were originally Brahmins, and butchers of Kashmir steadily assumed the caste name "Ganai" only recently, with the advent of Islam in the 14th century.

They assumed this high-sounding surname to escape the social stigma associated with the butchery profession in traditional Hindu society. Presently many butchers use the surname Ganai but only some of them are in the butchery profession.<ref>''Valley of Kashmir Races and Tribes'' Chapter XII, Walter R. Lawrence, pages 306 to 307, 1895</ref> Like other Qassab groups, many are also involved in the buying and selling of hides, which has made the Ganai a wealthy community. The traditional caste council has been replaced by the Ganai association.<ref>''People of India Jammu and Kashmir'' Volume XXV, edited by K.N. Pandita, S.D.S. Charak & B.R. Rizvi, pages 347 to 350, Manohar 2003</ref>

Ganai, as a title, was used by highly educated and spiritual people until last century and there are still number of families in North and South Kashmir using this title as their caste. Few of the most renowned personalities associated with this title which later they used as their caste are Sheikh Abdul Wahab Noori bin Khawaja Rashid Ganai, Mir Hasan Ganai, Haji Mulla Feroz Ganai, Mulla Mohsin Ganai Faani (the teacher of Ustad Gani Malik Al-Ashraiye). The well-known religious scholar of Srinagar Mulla Inayat Allah Shawl and the wealthy landlord Khawaja Sanaullah Shawl were also Ganai. And, they belonged to the clan that came to Kashmir from Turkistan or Khurasaan [present-day Afghanistan]. Khawaja Saad-ud-din Shawl is from their progenies.

==The All India Jamiatul Quresh==

Like many Muslim communities in India, the Qassab have set up the All India Jamiatil Quresh, which was established in [[Meerut]] in 1927. The Jamiat was set up by Bhaiyya Rasheeduddin Ahmed, MLC, Landlord, a wealthy merchant and philanthropist. He has established under 3700 schools . It has a federal structure, with each state having its own chapter. Its headquarters are in Kothi Khan Bahadur, [[Meerut]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Any male member of the community can take up membership. As a caste association, the Jamait campaigns on behalf of the community as well as acting as a welfare organization, and running schools and hospitals.<ref>Taleem, Tanzeen aur Tijarat: The Changing role of the AIJQ, by Zarin Ahmed, in Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India, Editor Vinod K. Jairath, Routledge 2011.</ref>

==Bawarchi of Uttar Pradesh==

The Bawarchi are a sub-group within the Qassab, and get their name from the Urdu word ''bawarchi'', which means "a cook". A split from the wider Qassab community is said to have taken place when a group of [[Lucknow]] Qassab changed their occupation from butchering to cooking. There is no intermarriage now between the Bawarchi and neighbouring Qassab communities. They are still found mainly in the city of Lucknow, in the localities of Sadar, Husainganj, Fatehganj and Chowk. The Bawarchi prefer to be known as Qureshi or Ahl-e-Quresh.<ref name=autogenerated2>''People of India Uttar Pradesh'' Volume XLII Part One, edited by A. Hasan & J.C. Das, page 220 to 223, Manohar Publications</ref>

The Bawarchi speak Urdu and belong to the Sunni sect. They are a community of professional cooks, who historically were employed by wealthy Awadh [[taluqdar]]s. With the disappearance of their traditional patrons at the time of the independence of [[India]], the community are now employed in restaurants and hotels, and specialise in [[Awadhi cuisine]].

The Bawarchi and Rakabdars of Awadh gave birth to the [[Dum Pukht|dum style of cooking]] or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030713/spectrum/main2.htm ''The Sunday Tribune'' - Spectrum - Lead Article]</ref> Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like [[kebabs]], [[korma]]s, [[biryani]], kaliya, [[Kulcha|nahari-kulchas]], zarda, sheermal, [[Roti|roomali rotis]] and [[Paratha|warqi parathas]]. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like [[mutton]], [[paneer]], and rich [[spices]] including [[cardamom]] and [[saffron]].

Like other Muslim artisans, many have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, and are now petty businessmen. The Bawarchi have no formal caste association, but each of their settlements contains a [[panchayat]], an informal [[caste]] association. Each settlement panchayat is headed by a chaudhary, a post which was traditionally heredity. The panchayat deals with intra community disputes and punishes any social transgressions. Some Bawarchi are also involved with the Anjuman Quraish.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Bawarchi of Gujarat==
In [[Gujarat]], the Bawarchi are said to have been soldiers in the army of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur|Babar]], and settled in Gujarat some five centuries ago. Once in Gujarat, these soldiers changed their occupation and took up cooking, hence becoming known as Bawarchi. The Bawarchi are now found in the cities of [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Surat]], and [[Baroda]], and a few villages in [[Kheda District]]. They speak a dialect which is a mixture of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and Urdu.<ref name=autogenerated3>''People of India Gujarat'' Volume XXII Part One, edited by R.B. Lal, S.V. Padmanabham & A. Mohideen, page 147 to 149, Popular Prakashan</ref>

Like most [[Gujarati Muslim]]s, the Bawarchi have a caste association, the Ahmedabad Bawarchi Jamat. The jamat acts as both a community welfare association as well as an instrument of social control. Like other Qassab sub-groups, the Gujarat Bawarchi are strictly endogamous. Most prefer marrying close kin, and practice both parallel cousin and cross cousin marriages. The Bawarchi are entirely Sunni, but also incorporate some folk beliefs.

Like most Muslim artisan castes, the Bawarchi have seen a decline in their traditional occupation, which involved being employed as cooks in wealthier Muslim families. Other were owners of caravanserais. Very few Bawarchis have taken up higher education, as the community is extremely economically marginalized. Many are now employed as daily wage labourers.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

==Notable Qureshi People ==
* [[Huma Qureshi (actress)|Huma Qureshi]], Bollywood Actress
*[[Saqib Saleem|Saqib Saleem Qureshi]], Bollywood Actor
*
*
*[[S. M. Qureshi|S M Qureshi]], Pakistani Academic
*[[Yaqub Qureishi]], Indian Politician
*[[S. Y. Quraishi]], Former Chief Election Commissioner
*[[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]], Pakistani Politician
*[[Ahsaan Qureshi]], Indian Stand-up comedian
*[[Aziz Qureshi]] ,15th Governor of Mizoram India
*[[Dulari Qureshi]], Indian art historian
*[[Fazal Qureshi]], Indian Tabla Player
*[[Hashim Qureshi]], Kashmiri sepratist leader from India
*[[Iqbal Hussain Qureshi]], Pakistani Nuclear chemist
*[[Kamran Qureshi]], British Filmmaker
*[[Uzair Qureshi]], English Cricketer
*[[Shah Abdul Majid Qureshi]], Bangladeshi restaurateur and social reformer

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Bihar]]