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Rajaraja II

2026-09-09T18:45:06Z

2401:4900:258F:6D44:D005:84FF:FEE0:60A3: Information concerning the literary accounts of Rajaraja Chola II’s campaign in Kuntala has been added. The sources cited include Tamil Navalar Charitai, verse 128; Takkayaga Parani, verse 774; and the Emavathi pillar inscription. The information has been presented neutrally based on N. Rajendran (Chief Editor), Tamil Nadu History Congress (2004), p. 26.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajaraja Chola II
| title = KoParakesarivarman
| image = rajaraja2 territories.png
| alt =
| caption = ''Chola territories during 1170''
| reign = 1146–1173
| predecessor = [[Kulothunga Chola II]]
| successor = [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]]
| spouse = Avanimulududaiyal<br />Bhuvanimulududiyal<br />Ulagudai Mukkokilan
| spouse-type =
| issue =
| father = [[Kulothunga Chola II]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1173
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion =
}}
{{Chola history}}
'''Rajaraja Chola II''' succeeded his father [[Kulothunga Chola II]] to the [[Chola]] throne in 1150. He was made his heir apparent and coregent in 1146 and so the inscriptions of Rajaraja II count his reign from 1146. Rajaraja's reign began to show signs of the coming end of the dynasty.
==War against Chalukyas==
Some Tamil literary sources contain accounts concerning Rajaraja Chola II’s campaign in Kuntala. A verse in the Tamil Navalar Charitai, while describing the power of Rajaraja Chola, states that the gates of Madurai, the capital of the Pandyas, the capital of Lanka, and Kalyanapura, the capital of the Western Chalukyas, were always open to him. Another verse in the concluding section of the Takkayaga Parani states that Rajaraja, referred to as “Rajagambhira”, removed the crown of his opponent and installed a Ratta ruler on the throne. However, this episode is not mentioned in Rajaraja Chola’s meykkirttis, which are available up to his 18th regnal year. On this basis, historians have suggested that the campaign in Kuntala may have taken place after his 18th regnal year. An inscription from Draksharama dated to 1163 CE records the conquest of Kuntala by the Velanadu Chola chief Rajendrachodaya; at that time, the Kalachuri ruler Bijjala was exercising authority in the Kuntala region.<ref>{{cite book
|editor=N. Rajendran
|title=Tamil Nadu History Congress: Proceedings of the Eleventh Session
|date=5–7 November 2004
|location=Kanchipuram
|page=26 |url=https://www.tnhc.org.in/docs/proceedings/Kanchipuram-2004.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last=Shastri
|first=Hirananda
|title=Emavati Pillar Inscription of Kulottungachola (III), Year 2
|journal=Epigraphia Indica
|volume=31
|page=273
|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://jainqq.org/pagetext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_31/032585/384
}}</ref>

==Growing weakness==
{{refimprove section|date=August 2017}}
The extent of the Chola territories remained as it was during Rajaraja's predecessors. The Vengi country was still firmly under the Chola rule.

The Chola central administration did show weaknesses with regard to their control and effective administration over the outlying parts of the empire, which became pronounced towards the end of Raja Raja-II's reign. However, Raja Raja-II regained adequate control of provinces like Vengi, Kalinga, Pandya and Chera territories. He probably even invaded Sri Lanka as is explained in one of the Tamil poems written during his time. This is borne out by the fact that not just Raja Raja-II, but also his successors like Kulothunga-III bore titles like Tribhuvana Chakravartin attesting to their military capabilities and cultural achievements.

During the last years of Rajaraja's reign, a civil unrest as a result of a succession dispute convulsed the [[Pandya]] country, further weakening Chola influence there. This was only to be expected as even though the Pandyas were subjugated by the Cholas since the time of Aditya I and were firmly controlled until the time of Virarajendra, the Madurai kingdom nevertheless kept making efforts from time to time, for gaining their independence from their occupiers. Later Pandyas like Maravarman or Maravaramban Sundara Pandyan, Jatavarman Vira Pandyan and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan steadily went on increasing their power and prestige and were to emerge as the most powerful kingdom in South India during the period 1200–1300. These developments were to slowly but surely weaken the Chola kingdom, though there was a minor revival during the fairly steady rule of Kulothunga-III (1178–1218).

Inasmuch as the cholas during his time were dominant militarily is noted by some literature that mention Raja Raja's conquest and his innovative management initiatives.
Here is excerpt from an inscription of his from the Rajagopala Perumal temple:
{{Cquote|''..Having won the heart (of the goddess) of the earth for countless ages, (he) was pleased to be seated on the throne of heroes, (made) of pure gold..<br />while the Villavar (Cheras), Telungar, Minavar (Pandyas),..and other kings prostrated themselves (before him). In the 8th year (of the reign) of (this) king Parakesarivarman, alias the emperor of the three worlds, Sri-Rajarajadeva.''<ref name="South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2), page 81">''South Indian Inscriptions: Miscellaneous inscriptions in Tamil (4 pts. in 2), page 81''</ref>}}

==Death and succession==
The last regnal year cited in Rajaraja's inscription is 26. That makes the last year of his reign 1173. Rajaraja Chola II was not destined to live long. Rajaraja Chola II did not have any suitable direct descendant to ascend the Chola throne so he chose Rajadhiraja Chola II a grandson of [[Vikrama Chola]] as his heir. According to the Pallavarayanpettai inscription, Rajaraja Chola II died four years after he made [[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] as heir-apparent.<ref name="pallavarayanpettai">{{cite book|title=A Sourcebook of Indian Civilization|author1=Niharranjan Ray|author2=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|publisher=Orient Blackswan, 2000 - History - 673 pages|page=470}}</ref> Since, Rajadhiraja himself was quite young, he would require the help of Pallavarayar to usher the young sons of Rajaraja Chola II to safety.<ref name="History of South India, page 158">''History of South India, page 158''</ref><ref name="The Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 127">''The Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology, page 127''</ref> According to the inscription, Pallavarayar took steps immediately after the death of Rajaraja Chola II for the protection of the king's children, aged one and two years.<ref name="History of South India, page 158"/> According to historian Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Kulothunga Chola III who is widely considered as the last great [[Chola]] sovereign was the son of Rajaraja II.<ref name="South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders, page 11">''South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders, page 11''</ref>

== Socio-Religious Achievements ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}
[[File:A different view of Airavatesvara Temple.jpg|left|thumb|Airavateswarar Temple, Darasuram c. 1200]]
One of the most important achievements of Raja Raja-II was that despite being considered a weak king, it appears that he did enjoy periods of calm and peace especially during the later half of his 26-year rule. It was during this period that he initiated construction of the very famous [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at Darasuram near Kumbakonam. This royal Siva temple, which is one of the trinity of the [[Great Living Chola Temples]] along with the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] Temples at [[Thanjavur]] and [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] all of which are [[World Heritage Sites]]. The Airavateswarar (pictured above)Temple was begun later than at least the Halebidu Temple but was completed earlier, either by the time the rule of Raja Raja-II ended or during the initial period of his successor, Rajadhiraja-II. The Airavateswarar Temple is considered an architectural marvel of the Later Chola period and this tradition was carried on by Kulothunga-III who built the Kampahareswarar Temple at Tribhuvanam in commemoration of his conquest of Madurai, Kalinga, Karuvur and his defeat of the [[Hoysala]] King Veera Ballala II. This temple contains innumerable miniature freezes containing stories from Ramayanam, Periya Puranam and other stories devoted to Siva-Parvati, Vinayagar, Karthikeya etc. The temple is also a symbol of continuing architectural tradition of the Chola craftsmen for it also has musical stairs called the Saptasvaras near a small shrine for Ganapati. The Muhamandapam or the Mukhyamandapam of this temple is a real architectural marvel containing many great architectural specimen and was a continuation of the Later Chola tradition of building temples in the shape of giant elephant-driven Rathas or Chariots as like as in [[Melakadambur]] siva temple built by kulothunga I, which was also carried on not just by later Chola kings such as Kulothunga-III but also by the kings of Kalinga and culminated in construction of the Sun Temple of Konarak by Eastern Ganga king Narasinghdeo. This is one of the later Chola temples which have remained unparalleled in terms of architectural excellence to date, that left a lasting impression on the succeeding dynasties to the Chola rule.

Raja Raja-II also made numerous grants to the temples at Tanjore, Chidambaram, Kanchi, Srirangam, Tiruchy as well as to the temples at Madurai. He was also believed to be a regular visitor to the temples in Parasurama's country (Kerala), which were also recipients of his grants. During his time the chola navies did remain dominant in the western sea as well as eastern sea.

Overall he was a benevolent king who did putup good management processes, as evidenced by his relief measures to the people during the times of both the famine and civil unrest, which though did take some effort to subdue, but which finally ensured that he retained the loyalty and respect of his ministers, commanders and the general sections of the populace.

==Extent of the Empire and Summary of the rule and legacy of Raja Raja-II ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}
Even though there was a famine which further caused a civil disturbance, Raja Raja-II nevertheless, kept most of his adversaries under control and also succeeded in largely maintaining the Chola territories consisting of their possessions in Tamizhagam including Kongunadu, Madurai and Thirunelveli, Nellore-Guntur areas (with Renandu and Telugu Cholas having allegiance to Raja Raja-II but controlling their areas with more authority than before), Visaiyavadai(Vijayawada)-Eluru-Rajahmundry-Prakasham (Draksharama) areas traditionally controlled by Vengi kings, Kalinga (whose King was a tribute paying subordinate and a supportive feudatory to Chola overlordship).. up to the banks of Hooghly. In addition, he also had Northern Sri Lanka (as was the case during the time of his illustrious predecessor, Raja Raja-I) under his loose control while as compared to before, even though he had subdued Chera kings, due to the re-emergence of Pandya power, he was forced to allow more autonomy to Malainadu kings with whom he was believed to be having marital relations. But somehow, Raja Raja-II proved not strong enough to regain control of the eastern Gangavadi province, which was lost to the Hoysalas by his predecessor, the great Vikrama Chola. Possibly, the Hoysalas themselves were trying to free themselves from the control of Western Chalukyas and other rapidly growing adversaries like Kalachuris and Kakatiyas, who were as hostile to the Chalukyas and Hoysalas, as they were to the Cholas and even the Pandyas, as would be evidenced in the later years.

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Chola]]|before=[[Kulothunga Chola II]]|after=[[Rajadhiraja Chola II]] |years=1146–1173}}
{{s-end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* History of South India By Pran Nath Chopra, T. K. Ravindran, N. Subrahmanian
* The Cholas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology By N. Sethuraman
* South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders By Krishnaswami S. Aiyangar
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chola II, Rajaraja}}
[[Category:Chola kings]]
[[Category:1173 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Kopperunchinga II

2026-09-09T17:03:33Z

2401:4900:258F:6D44:D005:84FF:FEE0:60A3: Added sources and refrence

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Kopperunchinga II''' (reigned c. 1243-1279 CE) was a [[Kadava]] chieftain, who succeeded his father [[Kopperunchinga I]] and continued his successes against the [[Hoysalas]]. Since the [[Chola]] power no longer constituted a threat, Kopperunchinga II acted as the ''de facto'' protector of the Chola king and helped him maintain his position on the throne. As he expanded his territorial holdings, Kopperunchinga II assumed such titles as ''Maharajasimha'', ''Khadgamalla'', ''Kadava Pallava'', ''Alappirandan'', ''Avaniyalappirandan'', ''Kanakasabhapathy'', etc. He has left numerous inscriptions mainly in the present [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] districts, and a few have also been found in the erstwhile [[North Arcot]] district and [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] district. Ultimately, however, the resurgence of the power of the [[Pandya]] kingdom of [[Madurai]] ended Kopperunchinga's reign and the Kadava dynasty.

==Expansion of Kadava power==

Kopperunchinga II followed his father to the throne in the early months of 1243 CE. His residence was at [[Sendamangalam]], where his father had established the Kadava capital. At the outset of his reign, his lands extended from [[Kanchipuram]] in the north to near [[Kumbakonam]] in the south. The territories north of Kanchipuram and the remaining parts of ancient Tondaimandalam up to Tiruvenkadam (modern day [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupathi]]) were conquered during his reign. (In an inscription Kopperunchinga claims to have created a sea of blood from the bodies of his slain enemies.)

The political situation of the Tamil country was at first very favourable for Kopperunchinga II not only to continue the consolidation of the Kadava territories but to expand them. The Kadavas' main adversary, the Hoysalas, had fought the Kadava army in many battles during Kopperunchinga I's reign; but in Kopperunchinga II's time, his Hoysala contemporary Somesvara II stayed away from the Tamil country, as he was busy maintaining his own precarious position at home.

The success of Kōpperuñjinga II's political career has been attributed to his political, military, diplomatic, and administrative abilities, his military strength, the wealth mentioned in Pandya records, and the support of subordinate rulers. Based on his victories against Telugu and Kannada rulers, he is said to have referred to himself as “Tamil Nadu-kātta Perumāḷ” (“the one who protected Tamil Nadu”).<ref>{{cite book
|last=Govindasamy
|first=M. S.
|title=The Role of Feudatories in Later Chōḷa History
|publisher=Annamalai University
|year=1979
|page=147 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Role_of_Feudatories_in_Later_Ch%C5%8D%E1%B8%B7.html?id=MPECAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref>

During the reign of Rajendra III Chola, Chola–Kadava relations are said to have improved further. The Battle of Sevur, won by Kōpperuñjinga II, is considered to have been fought probably against other Chola feudatories; this victory may have further strengthened his political position. Kōpperuñjinga II is said to have supported Rajendra III Chola in conflicts against the Hoysalas and Pandyas. However, following the digvijaya of Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I, Kōpperuñjinga II, like Rajendra III Chola, is said to have become a ruler under Pandya overlordship.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Govindasamy
|first=M. S.
|title=The Role of Feudatories in Later Chōḷa History
|publisher=Annamalai University
|year=1979
|page=167 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Role_of_Feudatories_in_Later_Ch%C5%8D%E1%B8%B7.html?id=MPECAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref>

In 1279, the conquest of the Chola country, [[Tirumunaippadi Nadu]], and other territories by [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] and their incorporation into his dominion is said to have brought Kōpperuñjinga's rule to an end. The Kadava dynasty's rule also came to an end around this period.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Govindasamy
|first=M. S.
|title=The Role of Feudatories in Later Chōḷa History
|publisher=Annamalai University
|year=1979
|pages=102–167
|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Role_of_Feudatories_in_Later_Ch%C5%8D%E1%B8%B7.html?id=MPECAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref>

==Relationship with Cholas and Pandyas==

Meanwhile, Kopperunchinga actively assisted [[Rajendra Chola III]] to ascend the Chola throne and acted as his protector. The Chola territories were now confined to the area around Thanjavur and portions of [[Tiruchi]]. Kopperunchinga was much the stronger ruler, and as a result the Chola king was practically his feudatory. The former would continue to issue records under his own name. [[Chidambaram]], the temple town favoured by the Cholas, now lay within the Kadava territories. As some of Rajendra Chola III's inscriptions are found in places under Kopperunchinga's control, we may assume that these two rulers were acting as allies both against the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] and against the Pandyas to the south, who historically had been enemies to both Pallavas and Cholas.

Kopperunchinga's relationship with the [[Pandya]] king [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]], though by no means cordial, somehow never led to outright war. This is because Kopperunchinga at the time was engaged in prolonged wars against other rulers of Karnataka and the Telugu chiefs, and his repeated successes against them indirectly helped the Pandya king. An inscription of Kopperunjinga in Chidambaram describes his war against Sundara Pandyan referred to therewith as sundarattol.

==The End of the Kadavas==

Kopperunchinga's fortunes changed in 1268 CE, when [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] ascended the Pandya throne. Under his leadership the Pandya armies swept across the Tamil country, extending Pandya rule over the entire South Indian peninsula up to the River Krishna in the north. During this process Kopperunchinga II, along with his Chola ally, evidently were completely sidelined. We hear no more of the Kadavas or the Cholas after 1279 CE. All the painstaking efforts at recovery and their continual wars to "tame the excessive pride of age of kali" unfortunately led to their going down fighting while their opportunistic foes like the [[Pandya]]ns gaining for their efforts. .

==See also==
*[[Pallava dynasty]]
*[[Chola dynasty]]

== References ==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955, reprinted 2002). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi.
* South Indian Inscriptions - http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/
* Marco Polo, ''Travels'' (many editions).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kopperunchinga Ii}}
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Pallava kings]]

Kopperunchinga I

2026-09-09T16:58:52Z

2401:4900:258F:6D44:D005:84FF:FEE0:60A3: Added citation

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Kopperunchinga I''' (reigned c. 1216–1242 CE) was a [[Kadava]] chieftain. He played a major role in the political affairs of Tamil country. Once an official in the service of the [[Chola]] king [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (1178-1218), Kopperunchinga utilized the opportunity arising out of the [[Pandyan]] invasion of the Chola country to become an independent king. Inscriptions of Kopperunchinga I are few since his kingdom was still forming during most of his life, while he was actively engaged in conflict with other powers.

==Life==
Kopperunchinga I, who is referred to variously as ''Jiya-Mahipati'', ''Alagiyasiyan'', ''Sakalbhuvana-chakravartin Kopperunjinga'' and ''Manavalapperumal'', was a subordinate of Kulothunga Chola III between 1191 and 1195. During this period the Chola empire was declining after many years of glory. During the final years of Kolothunga III's rule, the Pandya Maravarman Sundara Pandya defeated his son Rajaraja III and made the Chola subordinate to Pandya rule; thus marking the beginning of the final demise of the Cholas. Kopperunchinga I, though related to the Chola king by marital ties and an officer in his government until c. 1213, took advantage of the confusion, by strengthening his personal position. He garrisoned the town of Sendamangalam in the present [[Viluppuram district|Vilupuram]] district, converting it into a military stronghold.

==Consolidation==

===Conflicts with Yadavas and Hoysalas===
Kopperunchinga's ambition brought him into conflict with [[Yadava Dynasty|Yadava]] king Singhana II, with whom he fought a battle at Uratti in 1222 or 1223 CE. Soon after this he fought Hoysala king [[Vira Narasimha II]] in 1224. The Hoysala king won this battle and the Kadavas were suppressed for a while. On re-establishing the supremacy previously exercised by the Cholas, the Hoysala king assumed the titles ''Establisher of the Chola country'' and ''Destroyer of the demon Kadavaraya''.

===Defeat of the Cholas===
Kopperunchinga's defeat at the hands of the Hoysalas did not hold him back long. He defeated the Chola king [[Rajaraja Chola III]] at the battle of Tellaru and imprisoned the king and his ministers at Sendamangalam in 1231-1232. [[Rajaraja Chola III]] immediately ''appealed'' to the Hoysala king for help. A Chola inscription states that Kopperunchinga was helped by the [[Lanka]] king Parakrama Bahu II in the battle. To signify his victory Kopperunchinga I assumed the title ''Sakalabhuvanachakravartin'' (Emperor of the Universe) and the epithet ''Solanai-sirai-yittu-vaittu Solanadu-konda Alagiyasiyan'' (Alagiasiyan who imprisoned the Chola and conquered the Chola country).

===Defeat of the Hoysalas===
While the Hoysala king was preparing to lay siege to Kopperunchinga's capital of Sendamangalam to counter the Kadava's rise, Kopperunchinga engaged the Hoysala armies at [[Perambalur|Perumbalur]] near [[Tiruchi]] in 1241 and killed the Hoysala generals Kesava, Harihara-Dandanayaka,Tikkanaip-perumal and others and seized their women and property. To protect against further attacks from the Hoysalas, Kopperunchinga built a fort at Tiruvenkadu on the banks of the river [[Kaveri]]. At the time of his death in 1242, he left his kingdom in a strong position. The king informs through an inscription as to how prior to his expedition against both Sundara Pandyan and Hosal. In a dream he was ordered by Goddess Mother Earth to destroy the evil kingdoms that were burdening her.<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Shastri
|first=Hirananda
|title=Epigraphia Indica
|volume=27
|year=1947
|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India
|page=92 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032581/139
|access-date=2026-09-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Govindasamy
|first=M. S.
|title=The Role of Feudatories in Later Chōḷa History
|publisher=Annamalai University
|year=1979
|page=136 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Role_of_Feudatories_in_Later_Ch%C5%8D%E1%B8%B7.html?id=MPECAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref>

====Extent of influence====
The Pallava king seems to have had extensive influence over the Deccan and other parts of subcontinent. A festival in his honor was conducted in ancient temples at Sree Kalahasti (now in Andrha Pradesh), Draksharama coincided with the king's natal asterism of Tiruvonam. This is evidenced in epigraphs. The Pallava chief seems to have had extensive influence in the Asian region as traders from kingdoms on banks of river ganga namely radha desam (southern UP) visited the country to trade. An official called Kambujattu Acharya from Kambujadesam (Vietnam), came and took charge as a priestly official at Srirangam temple during his time. This is evidenced by epigraphs that register an order of the officer Solakon, an officer of Kopperunjingan. It exempted from taxes lands given for the maintenance of gardeners looking after ‘Tiruchchirrambalamudaiyan-tirunandavanam’ garden. It was formed by Gangayar (meaning from banks of ganga) Tiruchchirrambalamudaiyar alias Udaiyar Isvarasivar of Savarnna-gotra and belonging to the Southern Radha country in Uttarapatha (UP). The garden provided garlands to the god Udaiyar Tiruchchirrambalamudaiyar and the goddess Tirukkamakkottamudaiya-Periyanachchiyar.

==Charitable endowments==
Kopperunchinga I was a patron of [[Tamil literature]]. He was addressed by his officials as Devar Tirumeni. A great devotee of the god [[Nataraja]] at [[Chidambaram]], he constructed the southern and eastern ''gopura'' (towers) of the temple there; he greatly improved the ancient temples at Vennainallur and Vriddhachalam. At this [[Kripapureeswarar temple|ancient temple at Tiruvennainallur]] he presented the deity with a necklace containing 2,088 gems, reportedly a personal gift to the king's ancestor by lord Indran, the king of gods, seeking his blessing for victory in war. The temple for goddess [[Bhagawati]] (''durga'') at Chidambaram, which is still a cynosure for the eye was built by him in 1231 A.D. By this the Pallava chieftain marked his victory over the Hoysalas. He undertook many infrastructure activities, laying roads, opening schools and colleges, building water tanks and ponds and canals and improving agricultural infrastructure. He built a library consisting of several stories on the banks of Pennai river. He performed deeds of munificence during a pilgrimage to sacred places on the southern bank of the [[Kaveri|Kaveri river]] in Solamandalam.

==See also==
*[[Pallava dynasty]]
*[[Chola dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955, reprinted 2002). ''A History of South India''. OUP, New Delhi.
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/|title=Inscriptions of India, South-Indian Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com|website=www.whatisindia.com|access-date=2019-05-24}}

[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Pallava kings]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]