Demographics of India

2022-08-29T12:39:52Z

2401:4900:1F34:4ED6:8017:E68B:27A7:6378: /* Census of India: sample registration system */

{{short description|Aspect of human geography in India}}
{{About|the people from India||Indian (disambiguation){{!}}Indian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = April 2019}}

{{Infobox place demographics
| place = [[India]]
|image=India single age population pyramid 2020.png
|image_size=350
|caption = India [[population pyramid]] in 2020
|size_of_population = {{increase}} 1,369,000,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/india/population |title=India Population |date= |website=CEIC Data}}</ref>
(2021 est.)
|density = 426 people per.km2 (2011 est.)
|growth = 0.98% (2021 est.)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
|birth = 17.1 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)<ref name="CIAWFIN">{{cite web |title=SOUTH ASIAN :: INDIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |website=CIA.gov |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
|death = 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
|life = 70.19 years (2022 est.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Life Expectancy 1950–2022 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IND/india/life-expectancy |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
|life_male = 68.93 years (2022 est.)
|life_female = 71.57 years (2022 est.)
|infant_mortality = 29.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=IND.CME_MRY0.&startPeriod=1970&endPeriod=2020|title = Data Warehouse}}</ref>
|fertility = {{decrease}} 1.99 children born per woman (2021)

|age_0-14_years = 28.6% (male 190,075,427/female 172,799,553)<ref name=NFHS_IV>{{cite web|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/factsheet_NFHS-4.shtml|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS) IV (2015–2016)|publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|year=2016}}</ref>
|age_15-64_years = 63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.)
|age_65_years = 5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.)
|total_mf_ratio = 1.079 male(s)/female (2020)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
|sr_at_birth = 1.11 male(s)/female (2020)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
|sr_0-4_years = 1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|sr_under_15 = 0–14 years: 1.13 male(s)/female (2020)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
|sr_15-64_years = 1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|sr_65_years_over = 0.89 male(s)/female (2020)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
|major_ethnic = See [[Ethnic groups of India]]
|official = See [[Languages of India]]
|spoken = {{plainlist|
*Hindi 43.6%{{refn|group=note|English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language}}
*Bengali 8%
*Marathi 6.9%
*Telugu 6.8%
*Tamil 6.7%
*Gujarati 4.6%
*Urdu 4.2%
*Kannada 3.6%
*Odia 3.1%
*Malayalam 2.9%
*Punjabi 2.7%
*Assamese 1.3%
*Maithili 1.1%
*other 5.6%
*(2011)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>}}
}}
[[File:Historical population of India and China.svg|thumb|Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100]]
[[India]] is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|second most populated]] country in the world with a sixth of the [[World population|world's population]]. According to {{UN Population|source}} the population stood at {{UN Population|India}}.

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 1998. India is projected to surpass [[Demographics of China|China]] to become the [[List of countries by past and projected future population#Estimates between the years 2020 and 2050 (in thousands)|world's most populous country]] by 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-population-to-surpass-that-of-chinas-around-2024-un/articleshow/59257045.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 January 2018|title=India's population to surpass that of China around 2024: UN|date=21 June 2017}}</ref> It is expected to become the first country to be home to more than 1.5 billion people by 2030, and its population is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/india-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/india-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html |archive-date=2022-01-03 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Rick Gladstone|access-date=7 November 2016|date=29 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php |title=United States Census Bureau – International Data Base (IDB) |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625055059/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php |archive-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its population growth rate is 0.98%, down from 2.3% from 1972 to 1983, ranking [[List of countries by population growth rate|112th]] in the world in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW |title=Population growth (annual %) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. In 2022, the average age of an Indian is 28.7 years,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median age – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/median-age/country-comparison |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> compared to 38.4 for China and 48.6 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's [[dependency ratio]] will be just over 0.4.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu |first=Kaushik |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911544.stm |title=India's demographic dividend |work=BBC News|date=25 July 2007 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> However, the number of [[Youth in India|children in India]] peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's population growth will come to an end: the number of children has already peaked|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indias-population-growth-will-come-to-an-end|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Our World in Data}}</ref>

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups,<ref>{{cite web|title=Background Note: India|author=US Department of State|date=17 April 2012|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm}}</ref> and every major [[Religion in India|religion]] is represented, as are four major [[Language family|families]] of [[languages of India|languages]] ([[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]) as well as two [[language isolate]]s: the [[Nihali language]],<ref name="isolate">{{cite web| url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90087| title=Ethnologue report for Language Isolate| author=SIL International| access-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> spoken in parts of [[Maharashtra]], and the [[Burushaski]] language, spoken in parts of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. 1,000,000 people in India are [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]] and 700,000 [[United States]] citizens are living in India.<ref name="whitehouse.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|title=The United States and India — Prosperity Through Partnership | The White House|date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026022035/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |title=Country Profile: India|publisher=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324214217/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-24}}</ref>

The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.<ref name="2011 Provisional population tables">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|title=Population|work=Government of India (2011)|publisher=Census of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110115944/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the last century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://opengovernanceindia.org/eonthqb/sex-ratio-trend-over-century-in-india|title=Sex Ratio Trend over Century in India – Open Governance India|work=Knoema|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140119/http://opengovernanceindia.org/eonthqb/sex-ratio-trend-over-century-in-india|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Economic history of India}}

===Prehistory to early 19th century===
The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with [[Interpolation|interpolated]] estimates and overall [[Aggregate data|aggregate]] averages derived from their estimates.{{Citation needed|reason=These estimations of India's and world's population before 1700 are wildly overblown and inconsistent with every single other article on those topics on Wikipedia. Please provide sources.|date=May 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Aggregate data|Aggregate]] average
! rowspan="2" | Period
! rowspan="2" | Average % growth / century
|-
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % of World population
|-
| [[10,000 BC]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.83%
| rowspan="2" | [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]]
| rowspan="2" | 30.28
|-
| 4000 BC
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.83%
|-
| 2000 BC
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.143%
| [[Bronze Age India|Bronze Age]]
| 26.25
|-
| 500 BC
| style="text-align: right;" | 83,400,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 41.70%
| rowspan="2" | [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| 400 BC
| style="text-align: right;" | 102,600,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.96%
|-
| 200 BC
| style="text-align: right;" | 142,900,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.63%
| [[Maurya Empire|Maurya era]]
|
|-
| 1 AD
| style="text-align: right;" | 166,700,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.56%
| rowspan="4" | [[Classical India|Classical era]]
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| 200
| style="text-align: right;" | 200,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.15%
|-
| 400
| style="text-align: right;" | 250,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 40%
|-
| 500
| style="text-align: right;" | 285,800,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.58%
|-
| 600
| style="text-align: right;" | 333,400,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 48.83%
| rowspan="5" | [[Middle kingdoms of India|Early medieval era]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
| 700
| style="text-align: right;" | 400,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 56.67%
|-
| 800
| style="text-align: right;" | 390,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 55%
|-
| 900
| style="text-align: right;" | 380,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 53.34%
|-
| 1000
| style="text-align: right;" | 360,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" | 30%
|-
| 1100
| style="text-align: right;" | 330,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |35%
| rowspan="5" | [[Medieval India|Late medieval era]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
| 1200
| style="text-align: right;" | 280,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |36.67%
|-
| 1300
| style="text-align: right;" | 230,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |38.34%
|-
| 1400
| style="text-align: right;" | 180,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |30%
|-
| 1500
| style="text-align: right;" | 130,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |21.67%
|-
| 1600
| style="text-align: right;" | 140,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |23.33%
| rowspan="6" | [[Early modern period|Early modern era]]
| rowspan="6" |
|-
| 1650
| style="text-align: right;" | 170,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26.15%
|-
| 1700
| style="text-align: right;" | 140,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |20%
|-
| 1750
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" |21.53%
|-
| 1800
| style="text-align: right;" | 200,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |20%
|-
| 1820
| style="text-align: right;" | 210,000,000
| style="text-align: right;" |19.09%
|}

The population grew from the [[South Asian Stone Age]] in 10,000 BC to the [[Maurya Empire]] in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,<ref name="mcevedy184">{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |title=Atlas of World Population History |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=184–185 |author-link1=Colin McEvedy}}</ref> before population growth slowed down in the [[Classical India|Early Medival Era]] up to 700 AD, and then started decreasing the up to 1500 AD.<ref name="maddison">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 pages 241–242], [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref><ref name="maddison236">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 page 236], [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref>

Under Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,<ref name="mcevedy184" /> due to Mughal [[agrarian reform]]s that intensified agricultural production.<ref name="richards">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 190], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century [[British India]]<ref name="eraly">[[Abraham Eraly]] (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&pg=PA5 ''The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age'', page 5], [[Penguin Books]]</ref> and contemporary Europe<ref name="eraly" /> up until the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries)|author=Paolo Malanima|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2009|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1Ej4VEPwSgC&pg=PA244|isbn=978-9004178229|author-link=Paolo Malanima}}</ref> Those estimates were criticized by [[Tim Dyson]], who considers them exaggerations. According to Dyson, urbanization of the Mughal empire was less than 9%<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tim|first=Dyson|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day.|year=2018|pages=63–65}}</ref>

Under the reign of [[Akbar]] (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.<ref name="habib170">{{cite book|author=[[Irfan Habib]], [[Dharma Kumar]], [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=170|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=186}}</ref> By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|title=Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/indiangdppre1870v4.pdf#page=23|page=23|publisher=[[Warwick University]]|year=2010|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.<ref name="eraly" /> A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,<ref name="eraly" /> with larger cities including [[Agra]] (in [[Agra Subah]]) with up to 800,000 people<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Irfan Habib]], [[Dharma Kumar]], [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=171|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=187}}</ref> and [[Dhaka]] (in [[Bengal Subah]]) with over 1 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKIlAQAAMAAJ|title=Social Science Review|date=24 July 1997|publisher=Registrar, Dhaka University|via=Google Books}}</ref> Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of [[Aurangzeb]] (reigned 1658–1707).<ref name="habib170" />

=== Late 19th century to early 20th century ===
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: [[Our World in Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate|title=Fertility Rate|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1880!!1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890!!1902<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.95|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.92 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.86||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.75
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1921!!1922!!1923!!1924!!1925!!1926!!1927!!1928!!1929!!1930<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.761 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.77||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.78||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.8||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.81||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.83||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.85||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.86
|}

[[Life expectancy]] from 1881 to 1950

{| class="wikitable"
!Years
!1881
!1891
!1901
!1905
!1911
!1915
!1921
!1925
!1931
!1935
!1941
!1950<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=2018-08-28}}</ref>
|-
|Life expectancy in India
|25.4
|24.3
|23.5
|24.0
|23.2
|24.0
|24.9
|27.6
|29.3
|31.0
|32.6
|35.4
|}

The population of India under the [[British Raj]] (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | [[Census of India|Census year]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | [[List of states in India by past population|Population]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Growth (%)
|-
| 1871<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408000302/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |archive-date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:238830958}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 1881<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of the British empire: 1901|publisher=[[Census in the United Kingdom|Great Britain Census Office]]|year=1906|page=xviii|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030396067#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253896330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
|-
| 1891<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287223431}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.1
|-
| 1901<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293550310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.2
|-
| 1911<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190625/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:315156396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
|-
| 1921<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:318942480}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.2
|-
| 1931<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:352837778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
|-
| 1941<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:388997955}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
|}

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Khan J.H. | year = 2004 | title = Population growth and demographic change in India | journal = Asian Profile | volume = 32 | issue = 5| pages = 441–460 }}</ref>

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief… that… late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation…".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Klein Ira | year = 1990 | title = The demographic revolution | journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 33–63 | doi = 10.1177/001946469002700102 | s2cid = 144517813 }}</ref>

== Salient features ==
[[File:IndiaIBRdata.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Crude [[birth rate]] trends in India (per 1000 people, national average)<ref name=npc1>{{cite web|title=Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate: India and States|publisher=National Commission on Population, Govt of India|year=2010|url=http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091741/http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|archive-date=19 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins|publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/Bulletins.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins |publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2013 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Reports_2013.html}}</ref>]]
[[File:IndiaIMRates.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|[[Infant mortality]] rate trends in India (per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)]]

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population<ref name="censusindia2001">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/rural.aspx Rural-Urban distribution] ''Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Rural-Urban Distribution.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> lived in about 638,000 villages<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Number_of_Village.htm Number of Villages] ''Census of India: Number of Villages'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> and the remaining 27.8%<ref name="censusindia2001" /> lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 [[urban agglomerations]].<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Urban_agglomerations.htm Urban Agglomerations and Towns] ''Census of India: Urban Agglomerations and Towns.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref>

India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision|publisher=United Nations|date=28 June 2011|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|access-date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607213118/http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|archive-date=7 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

=== Comparative demographics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparative demographics
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Category
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Global ranking
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | References
|-
| Area
| 7th
|<ref name=ciawfb>{{cite web|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, USA|access-date=1 January 2012|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=India – the World Factbook}}</ref>
|-
| Population
| 2nd
|<ref name=ciawfb />
|-
| [[Population growth#Population growth rate|Population growth rate]]
| 102nd of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012>{{cite web|title=World Bank Indicators Databank, by topic|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=1 January 2012|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator}}</ref>
|-
| Population density
| 24th of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012 />
|-
| Male to Female ratio, at birth
| 12th of 214
| in 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Statistics Highlights from 2012 World Development Report|publisher=World DataBank, a compilation of databases by the World Bank|date=February 2012|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do}}</ref>
|}

=== List of states and union territories by demographics ===
{{Main|List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population#List|l1=List of States and Union Territories by demographics}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population growth of India per decade<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Census year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Change (%)
|-
| 1951
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:361088003}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 1961
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:439235000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
|-
| 1971
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:548160000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:683329000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.7
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:846387888}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.9
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1028737436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,210,193,422
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.7
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! scope="col" style="text-align: left; width: 120px;" | [[States and territories of India|State/UT]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php | title = List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 | publisher = 2011 Census of India | access-date = 23 January 2013 }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percent (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference between male and female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural<ref name="Rural Urban distribution">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_india.html|title=Provisional Population Totals|work=Government of India (2011)|publisher=Census of India|access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban<ref name="Rural Urban distribution" />
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Area<ref name="Area of India/state/district">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Administrative_Divisions/Area_of_India.aspx|title=Area of India/state/district|work=Government of India (2001)|publisher=Census of India|access-date=27 October 2008}}</ref> (km2)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Density (per km2)
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199812341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.50
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104480510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95331831}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9148679}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 930
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155111022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44470455}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:828}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| [[Maharashtra]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112374333}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.28
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58243056}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54131277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4111779}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 929
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61545441}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50827531}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307713}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:365}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| [[Bihar]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104099452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.60
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54278157}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49821295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4456862}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 918
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92075028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11729609}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94163}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1102}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| [[West Bengal]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:91276115}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46809027}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44467088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2341939}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 950
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62213676}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29134060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88752}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1030}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72626809}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.00
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37612306}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35014503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2597803}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52537899}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20059666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308245}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:236}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72147030}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.96
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36137975}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36009055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128920}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37189229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34949729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130058}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| [[Rajasthan]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:68548437}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.66
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35550997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32997440}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2553557}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 928
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51540236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17080776}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342239}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:201}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| [[Karnataka]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61095297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30966657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30128640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:838017}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37552529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23578175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:191791}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:319}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| [[Gujarat]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60439692}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31491260}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28948432}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2542828}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 919
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34670817}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25712811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:196024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49386799}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.08
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24738068}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24648731}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:89337}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34776389}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14610410}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160205}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 11
| [[Odisha]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41974218}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.47
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21212136}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20762082}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:450054}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 979
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34951234}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6996124}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:269}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
| [[Telangana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35193978}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.91
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17704078}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17489900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:214178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 988
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21585313}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13608665}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114840}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| [[Kerala]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33406061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.76
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16027412}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17378649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-1351237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1084
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17445506}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15932171}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38863}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:859}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| [[Jharkhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32988134}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.72
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16930315}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16057819}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:872496}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 948
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25036946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7929292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79714}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:414}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| [[Assam]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31205576}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.58
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15939443}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15266133}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:673310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 958
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26780526}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4388756}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:78438}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 16
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27743338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14639465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13103873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1535592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 895
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17316800}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10387436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50362}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 17
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25545198}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12832895}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12712303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19603658}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5936538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135191}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
| [[Haryana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25351462}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13494734}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11856728}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1638006}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 879
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16531493}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8821588}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| [[Delhi]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16787941}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8887326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7800615}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1086711}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 868
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:944727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12905780}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1484}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11297}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12541302}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.04
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6640662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5900640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:740022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 889
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9134820}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3414106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:222236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10086292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.83
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5137773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4948519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 963
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7025583}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3091169}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53483}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6864602}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.57
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3481873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3382729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99144}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 972
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6167805}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:688704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55673}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:123}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| [[Tripura]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3673917}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1874376}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1799541}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:74835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 960
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2710051}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:960981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10486}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| [[Meghalaya]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2966889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.25
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1491832}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1475057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 989
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368971}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:595036}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22429}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| [[Manipur]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2855794}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1438687}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1417107}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 985
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1899624}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:822132}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 26
| [[Nagaland]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1978502}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.16
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1024649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:953853}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70796}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1406861}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573741}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16579}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:119}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| [[Goa]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1458545}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:739140}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:719405}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:551414}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:906309}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3702}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1383727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:713912}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:669815}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44097}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 938
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1069165}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:313446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83743}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1247953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:612511}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:635442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-22931}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1037
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2598}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| [[Mizoram]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1097206}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555339}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:541867}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13472}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 976
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:529037}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:561997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21081}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| [[Chandigarh]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:580663}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:474787}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:105876}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 818
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1025682}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9252}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| [[Sikkim]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:610577}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:323070}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287507}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35563}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 890
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:455962}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:151726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:86}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:380581}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202871}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:177710}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25161}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 876
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244411}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135533}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8249}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:343709}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:193760}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 774
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:159829}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:491}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:698}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 35
| [[Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:243247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.02
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150301}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57355}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 618
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60331}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2169}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
| [[Lakshadweep]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64473}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.01
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31350}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 946
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14121}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2013}}
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623724248}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:586469174}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35585741}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 943
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:833087662}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:377105760}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3287240}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:382}}
|}

=== Religious demographics ===
{{Main|Religion in India}}

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of [[Senapati District]] of [[Manipur]] state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding [[Assam]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

{| style="width:100%" align="centre"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious populations' numbers (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India – India at a Glance : Religious Compositions|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Religion
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Percent (%)
|-
| All
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 100.00
|-
| style="background:#FFE0C0;"| Hindus
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:966378868}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 79.80
|-
| style="background:#E0FFC0;"| Muslims
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172245158}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.23
|-
| style="background:#E0F0FF;"| Christians
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27819588}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.30
|-
| style="background:#F0F0C0;"| Sikhs
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20833116}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.72
|-
| style="background:#FFFFC0;"| Buddhists
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8442972}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.70
|-
| style="background:#FFE0E0;"| Jains
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4451753}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.37
|-
| style="background:#F0E0F0;"| Others
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7937734}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.66
|-
| Not Stated
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2867303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.24
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+ Changes in religious demographics over time
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Religious group
! Population % '''1951'''
! Population % '''1961'''
! Population % '''1971'''
! Population % '''1981'''
! Population % '''1991'''
! Population % '''2001'''
! Population % '''2011'''<ref name="census_2011_religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=Population by religious community – 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#FFE0C0;"| Hinduism
| 84.1% || {{decrease}}83.45% || {{decrease}}82.73% || {{decrease}}82.30% || {{decrease}}81.53% || {{decrease}}80.46% || {{decrease}}79.80%
|-
! style="background:#E0FFC0;"| Islam
| 9.8% || {{increase}}10.69% || {{increase}}11.21% || {{increase}}11.75% || {{increase}}12.61% || {{increase}}13.43% || {{increase}}14.23%
|-
! style="background:#E0F0FF;"| Christianity
| 2.3% || {{increase}}2.44% || {{increase}}2.60% || {{decrease}}2.44% || {{decrease}}2.32% || {{increase}}2.34% || {{decrease}}2.30%
|-
! style="background:#F0F0C0;"| Sikhism
| 1.79% || {{decrease}}1.79% || {{increase}}1.89% || {{increase}}1.92% || {{increase}}1.94% || {{decrease}}1.87% || {{decrease}}1.72%
|-
! style="background:#FFFFC0;"| Buddhism
| 0.74% || {{decrease}}0.74% || {{decrease}}0.70% || {{Nochange}}0.70% || {{increase}}0.77% || {{Nochange}}0.77% || {{decrease}}0.70%
|-
! style="background:#FFE0E0;"| Jainism
| 0.46% || {{decrease}}0.46% || {{increase}}0.48% || {{decrease}}0.47% || {{decrease}}0.40% || {{increase}}0.41% || {{decrease}}0.37%
|-
! style="background:#F0E0C0;"| Zoroastrianism
| 0.13% || {{decrease}}0.09% || {{Nochange}}0.09% || {{Nochange}}0.09% || {{decrease}}0.08% || {{decrease}}0.06% || n/a
|-
! style="background:#F0E0F0;"| Others/Religion Not Specified
| 0.43% || {{Nochange}}0.43% || {{decrease}}0.41% || {{increase}}0.42% || {{increase}}0.44% || {{increase}}0.72% || {{increase}}0.9%
|}
|}

;Characteristics of religious groups<ref name="census_2011_religion" />

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Religious group
! Population (2011) %
! [[Population growth|Growth]] (2001–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslim-population-grows-marginally-faster-census-2011-data/story-yAhd2F6z57ezaFWiwwYU7H.html|title=Muslim population grows marginally faster: Census 2011 data|author=Aloke Tikku|access-date=18 October 2016|date=26 August 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indias-population-121-09-crores-hindus-79-8-pc-muslims-14-2-pc-census/|title=Census 2011: Hindus dip to below 80 per cent of population; Muslim share up, slows down|date=26 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] (2011) (total)<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-census-2011-sikhs-jains-have-the-worst-sex-ratio-2161061|title=Census 2011: Sikhs, Jains have the worst sex ratio & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=31 December 2015|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! Sex ratio (2011) (rural)
! Sex ratio (2011) (urban)
! Sex ratio (2011) (child)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|title=The Times Group|access-date=20 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512160719/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|archive-date=12 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! [[Literacy]] (2011) (%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jains-most-literate-in-north-muslims-the-least/story-iKno2PywCvEZbGmguNFg2N.html|title=Jains most literate in North, Muslims the least|date=4 January 2016|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! [[Labour force|Work participation]] (2011) (%)<ref name="dnaindia.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Only-33-of-Muslims-work-lowest-among-all-religions/articleshow/50433358.cms|title=Only 33% of Muslims work, lowest among all religions|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#FFE0C0;"| Hinduism
| ! style="background:#A0F040; | 79.80% || 16.8% || 939 || 946 || 921 || 913 || 73.3% || 41.0%
|-
! style="background:#E0FFC0;"| Islam
| 14.23% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |24.6% || 951 || 957 || 941 || 943 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |68.5% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |32.6%
|-
! style="background:#E0F0FF;"| Christianity
| 2.30% || 15.5% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1023 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1008 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1046 || 958 || 84.5% || 41.9%
|-
! style="background:#F0F0C0;"| Sikhism
| 1.72% || 8.4% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |903 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |905 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |898 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |828 || 75.4% || 36.3%
|-
! style="background:#FFFFC0;"| Buddhism
| 0.70% || 6.1% || 965 || 960 || 973 || 933 || 81.3% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |43.1%
|-
! style="background:#FFE0E0;"| Jainism
| ! style="background:#FF6040; |0.37% ||! style="background:#FF6040;| 5.4% || 954 || 935 || 959 || 889 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |94.9% || 35.5%
|-
! style="background:#F0E0F0;"| Others/Religion Not Specified
| 0.90% || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || 959 || 947 || 975 || ! style="background:#A0F040; | 974 || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a
|}
{{Clear}}

=== Neonatal and infant demographics ===
[[File:India Male to Female Sex Ratio 1941 1951 1961 1981 1991 2001 2011.png|thumb|390px|Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.<ref>"Sex Composition of the Population", Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (2013)</ref> The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.]]
The table below represents the [[infant mortality rate]] trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Female
!Total
|-
| 1998<ref>{{cite web|title=SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM, REGISTRAR GENERAL, Volume 33, No. 1|date=April 2000|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletins_links/Bulletin_2000_Vol_33_No_1.pdf}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | 69.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 73.5
|71.6
|-
| 2005<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=2005–06 National Family Health Survey, Infant and Child Mortality|year=2006|publisher=NFHS, a Government of India Organisation|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/07Chapter07.pdf}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | 56.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
|57<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf|title=NFHS – 4 Factsheet}}</ref>
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM, REGISTRAR GENERAL, Volume 45, No. 1|date=January 2011|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|access-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209165040/http://nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | 49
| style="text-align: right;" | 52
| –
|-
|2014<ref>{{Cite journal|title=National Report NFHS – 4|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf|journal=National Family Household Survey – 4|pages= 196}}</ref>
|43.7
|37.90
|40.7<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2018<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=IND.CME_TMM0+CME_MRY1T4+CME_MRY5T14+CME_TMY0T4+CME_TMY5T14+CME_TMY0+CME_MRY0+CME_TMY1T4+CME_MRY0T4..&startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2020|title=Data Warehouse|website=UNICEF DATA|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref>
|29.95
|29.88
|29.94<ref name=":3" />
|}

Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female [[fetus]]es may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|title=India's unwanted girls|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13264301|work=BBC News|access-date=23 May 2011|date=23 May 2011}}</ref> These claims are controversial. Scientists who study [[human sex ratio]]s and demographic trends suggest that birth sex ratio between 1.08 and 1.12 can be because of natural factors, such as the age of mother at baby's birth, age of father at baby's birth, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, etc.<ref name="James-JournalofEndocrinology">{{cite journal|author=James W.H.|title=Hypothesis:Evidence that Mammalian Sex Ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormonal levels around the time of conception|journal=Journal of Endocrinology|volume=198|pages=3–15|date=July 2008|doi= 10.1677/JOE-07-0446|issue=1|pmid=18577567|doi-access=free}}</ref> The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to 870–930 girls to 1000 boys birth sex ratios observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 and 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios below 900 girls to 1000 boys observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States.<ref name=NCHS>{{cite web|title=Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_20.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Amy Branum, Jennifer Parker and Kenneth Schoendorf|year= 2009|title= Trends in US sex ratio by plurarity, gestational age and race/ethnicity, see page 2941 – Figure 2|journal= Reproductive Epidemiology|volume= 24|issue= 11 |pages= 2936–2944|doi= 10.1093/humrep/dep255|pmid= 19654108|doi-access= free}}</ref>

=== Population within the age group of 0–6 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511035603/http://censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2008670}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1080662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:927982}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:152680}}
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:763864}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:400681}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:363183}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37498}}
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2941570}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1593262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1348308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244954}}
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63187}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54766}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8421}}
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1328844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:704769}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:624075}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80694}}
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3297724}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1802047}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1495677}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:306370}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1970510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:914775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140960}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10504916}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5580212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4924004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:656208}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29728235}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15653175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14075060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1578115}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18582229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9615280}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8966949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:648331}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61077}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31418}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29659}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103430}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:285981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:147111}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:138870}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8241}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:353237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12131}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165536}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81571}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2394}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:444055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:227354}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:216701}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10653}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555822}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:282189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:273633}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8556}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4511307}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2305088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2206219}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:98869}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10112599}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5187264}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4925335}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:261929}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5237582}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2695921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2541661}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:154260}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5035650}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2603208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2432442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170766}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3584028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1824987}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759041}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65946}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10548295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5516957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5031338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:485619}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7564464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3974286}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3519890}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:454396}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25880}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13556}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12314}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1242}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49196}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25575}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1954}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12848375}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6822262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6026113}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:796149}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8642686}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4448330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4194356}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253974}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6855801}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3527844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3327957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199887}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:139495}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72669}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66826}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5843}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3715}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3373}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3322247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1695889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1626358}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69531}}
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6894821}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3542351}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3352470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189881}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:127610}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64932}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62678}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2254}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39497}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20094}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19403}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:691}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158789287}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:82952135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75837152}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7114983}}
|}

=== Population above the age of 7 ===
[[File:2011-2016 Life Expectancy map for India by states.svg|thumb|390px|Life expectancy map of India, 2011–2016.<ref>(a) Ponnapalli et al. (2013), Aging and the Demographic Transition in India and Its States: A Comparative Perspective, International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(1), pp. 171–193; (b) [http://www.prb.org/pdf07/futurepopulationofindia.pdf The Future Population of India] Population Research Bureau and Population Fund of India.</ref>]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population above the age of 7 by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22055357}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11703083}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10352274}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14782725}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7920675}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6862050}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58116096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30039874}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28076222}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:169853242}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88943240}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80910002}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85222408}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44570067}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40652341}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:546611}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:290243}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:256368}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1179852}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:616802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:563050}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1694621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:878596}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:816025}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1187080}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1181439}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:925478}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:468374}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:457104}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3226977}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1644513}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1582464}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2408185}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1197706}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26657965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13649839}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13008126}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81235137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41740125}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39495012}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27728656}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14235767}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13492889}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36911708}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18598470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18313238}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21956168}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11002928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10953240}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62049270}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32095963}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29953307}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52889452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27507996}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25381456}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:217031}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:136544}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80487}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:167603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126054}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99524597}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51539135}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:47985462}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:76022847}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38061551}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37961296}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54274903}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27529898}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26745005}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1318228}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:668042}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:650186}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29391}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27950}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65244137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32616520}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32627617}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1116854}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:545553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:571301}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:340447}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158211}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1051404135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:540772113}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:510632022}}
|}

=== Literacy rate ===
[[File:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg|thumb|390px|Literacy rate map of India, 2011.<ref name="literacy">{{cite web |title=Literacy Rate – 7+years (%) |url=https://niti.gov.in/content/literacy-rate-7years |website=NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608053107/https://niti.gov.in/content/literacy-rate-7years |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Literacy rate by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Overall (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female (%)
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | 68.74
| style="text-align: right;" | 76.75
| style="text-align: right;" | 58.01
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 83.78
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.83
| style="text-align: right;" | 76.60
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.60
| style="text-align: right;" | 81.48
| style="text-align: right;" | 71.34
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.43
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.54
| style="text-align: right;" | 81.38
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 79.63
| style="text-align: right;" | 88.33
| style="text-align: right;" | 70.70
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | 76.64
| style="text-align: right;" | 85.38
| style="text-align: right;" | 66.77
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.34
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.03
| style="text-align: right;" | 80.93
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | 67.06
| style="text-align: right;" | 80.51
| style="text-align: right;" | 52.66
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 69.72
| style="text-align: right;" | 79.24
| style="text-align: right;" | 59.26
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | 63.82
| style="text-align: right;" | 73.39
| style="text-align: right;" | 53.33
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | 82.20
| style="text-align: right;" | 87.29
| style="text-align: right;" | 76.43
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 66.95
| style="text-align: right;" | 73.69
| style="text-align: right;" | 59.57
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | 80.11
| style="text-align: right;" | 83.29
| style="text-align: right;" | 76.69
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | 79.85
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.49
| style="text-align: right;" | 73.17
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.58
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.72
| style="text-align: right;" | 89.40
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | 87.75
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.18
| style="text-align: right;" | 83.15
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | 75.48
| style="text-align: right;" | 77.17
| style="text-align: right;" | 73.78
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | 73.18
| style="text-align: right;" | 78.81
| style="text-align: right;" | 67.27
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | 77.08
| style="text-align: right;" | 82.67
| style="text-align: right;" | 71.16
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 67.63
| style="text-align: right;" | 78.45
| style="text-align: right;" | 56.21
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | 72.90
| style="text-align: right;" | 82.40
| style="text-align: right;" | 64.36
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 71.04
| style="text-align: right;" | 81.45
| style="text-align: right;" | 60.59
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 70.63
| style="text-align: right;" | 80.53
| style="text-align: right;" | 60.02
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | 79.31
| style="text-align: right;" | 87.23
| style="text-align: right;" | 70.73
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | 87.07
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.48
| style="text-align: right;" | 79.59
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | 77.65
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.46
| style="text-align: right;" | 65.93
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | 83.20
| style="text-align: right;" | 89.82
| style="text-align: right;" | 75.48
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh, 2018 |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203236/https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2020 |website=CORE Dashboard |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |location=[[Gollapudi, Vijayawada|Gollapudi]], [[Vijayawada]] |page=II }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | 67.35
| style="text-align: right;" | 74.77
| style="text-align: right;" | 59.96
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | 75.60
| style="text-align: right;" | 82.85
| style="text-align: right;" | 68.13
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | 87.40
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.81
| style="text-align: right;" | 81.84
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.28
| style="text-align: right;" | 96.11
| style="text-align: right;" | 88.25
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | 93.91
| style="text-align: right;" | 96.02
| style="text-align: right;" | 91.98
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | 80.33
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.81
| style="text-align: right;" | 73.86
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.55
| style="text-align: right;" | 92.12
| style="text-align: right;" | 81.22
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | 86.27
| style="text-align: right;" | 90.11
| style="text-align: right;" | 81.84
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Overall (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | 74.03
! style="text-align: right;" | 82.14
! style="text-align: right;" | 65.46
|}

=== Linguistic demographics ===
{{Main|List of languages by number of native speakers in India}}
41.03% of the Indians speak [[Hindi]] while the rest speak [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Oriya language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages are [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule]] of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] and 100 non-specified languages.

The table immediately below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and [[Purul]] subdivisions of [[Senapati District]] of [[Manipur]] state due to cancellation of census results.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Languages of India by number of native speakers at the [[2001 Census of India#Language demographics|2001 census]]<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|date=6 February 2012}}, Census of India, 2001</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Language
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Percentage (%)
|-
| 1
| [[Hindi]]<ref>includes [[Bihari languages]], [[Rajasthani languages|Bajri Rajasthani languages]], [[Pahari language (name)|Pahari]], [[Awadhi language]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language]], [[Banjar language|Banjari Language]]. A total of 12 types.</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:422048642}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 41.030
|-
| 2
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83369769}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.110
|-
| 3
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:74002856}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.190
|-
| 4
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:71936894}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.990
|-
| 5
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60793814}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.910
|-
| 6
| [[Urdu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51536111}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.010
|-
| 7
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46091617}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.480
|-
| 8
| [[Kannada]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37924011}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.690
|-
| 9
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33066392}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.210
|-
| 10
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33017446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.210
|-
| 11
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29102477}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.830
|-
| 12
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13168484}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.280
|-
| 13
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12179122}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.180
|-
| 14
| [[Bhili language|Bhili/Bhilodi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9582957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.930
|-
| 15
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6469600}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.630
|-
| 16
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5527698}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.540
|-
| 17
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2871749}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.280
|-
| 18
| [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2713790}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.260
|-
| 19
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2535485}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.250
|-
| 20
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2489015}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.240
|-
| 21
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2282589}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.220
|-
| 22
| [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2075258}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.200
|-
| 23
| [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1751489}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.170
|-
| 24
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1722768}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.170
|-
| 25
| [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1466705}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.140
|-
| 26
| [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1350478}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.130
|-
| 27
| [[Khasi language|Khasi – Garo]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1128575}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.112
|-
| 28
| [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1061352}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.105
|-
| 29
| [[Ho language|Ho]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1042724}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.103
|-
|30
| [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1011294}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.103
|}

== Largest cities of India ==
{{main list|List of cities in India by population}}
{{Largest cities
| country = India
| stat_ref = [[2011 Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=India Census 2011|date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
| div_name = State/UT
| div_link = States and territories of India{{!}}State/UT

| city_1 = Mumbai| div_1 = Maharashtra
| pop_1 = 12,478,447 | img_1 = Mumbai 03-2016 10 skyline of Lotus Colony.jpg
| city_11 = Kanpur | div_11 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_11 = 2,920,067

| city_2 = Delhi | div_2 = Delhi | pop_2 = 11,007,835 | img_2 = Skyscrapers connaught place New Delhi.JPG
| city_12 = Lucknow | div_12 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_12 = 2,901,474

| city_3 = Bangalore| div_3 = Karnataka | pop_3 = 8,425,970 | img_3 = Bangalore skyline (7121517855).jpg
| city_13 = Nagpur | div_13 = Maharashtra | pop_13 = 2,405,421

| city_4 = Hyderabad | div_4 = Telangana | pop_4 = 6,809,970 | img_4 = Hyderabad Financial district,India.jpg
| city_14 = Indore | div_14 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_14 = 1,960 521

| city_5 = Ahmedabad | div_5 = Gujarat| pop_5 = 5,570,585
| city_15 = Thane | div_15 = Maharashtra | pop_15 = 1,818,872

| city_6 = Chennai| div_6 = Tamil Nadu | pop_6 = 4,681,087
| city_16 = Bhopal | div_16 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_16 = 1,795,648

| city_7 = Kolkata | div_7 = West Bengal | pop_7 = 4,486,679
| city_17 = Visakhapatnam | div_17 = Andhra Pradesh | pop_17 = 1,730,320

| city_8 = Surat | div_8 = Gujarat | pop_8 = 4,462,002
| city_18 = Pimpri-Chinchwad | div_18 = Maharashtra | pop_18 = 1,729,359

| city_9 = Pune | div_9 = Maharashtra | pop_9 = 3,115,431
| city_19 = Patna | div_19 = Bihar | pop_19 =1,683,200

| city_10 = Jaipur | div_10 = Rajasthan | pop_10 = 3,073,350
| city_20 = Ludhiana | div_20 = Punjab, India{{!}}Punjab | pop_20 = 1,613,878
}}

== Vital statistics ==
=== UN estimates ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2019 revision – India<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=population.un.org}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left; width: 40pt;" | Period
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Births per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" | CBR1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" | CDR1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" | NC1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" | TFR1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" | IMR1
|-
| 1950–1955
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16832000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9928000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6904000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 43.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.90
| style="text-align: right;" | 165.0
|-
| 1955–1960
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17981000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9686000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8295000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 42.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.90
| style="text-align: right;" | 153.1
|-
| 1960–1965
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19086000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9358000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9728000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 40.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.82
| style="text-align: right;" | 140.1
|-
| 1965–1970
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20611000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9057000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11554000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 39.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.69
| style="text-align: right;" | 128.5
|-
| 1970–1975
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22022000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8821000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13201000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 37.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.26
| style="text-align: right;" | 118.0
|-
| 1975–1980
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24003000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8584000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15419000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.89
| style="text-align: right;" | 106.4
|-
| 1980–1985
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25577000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8763000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16814000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 34.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.47
| style="text-align: right;" | 95.0
|-
| 1985–1990
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26935000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9073000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17862000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.11
| style="text-align: right;" | 85.1
|-
| 1990–1995
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27566000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18166000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.72
| style="text-align: right;" | 76.4
|-
| 1995–2000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27443000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9458000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17985000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.31
| style="text-align: right;" | 68.9
|-
| 2000–2005
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27158000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9545000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17614000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.14
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2005–2010
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27271000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9757000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17514000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.80
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2010–2015
| style="text-align: right;" |{{formatnum:27243000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.40
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2015–2020
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.24
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2020–2025
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.14
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2025–2030
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.05
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| colspan="9"| 1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births
|}

=== Census of India: sample registration system ===
[[File:2012 Fertility rate map of India, births per woman by its states and union territories.svg|thumb|390px|Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by states and union territories, 2012<ref>Table in [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Report_2012/10_Chap_3_2012.pdf Chapter 3] Vital Statistics of India, Estimates of Fertility Indicators, Census of India, Government of India (2013), page 48</ref>]]
[[File:India TFR regions 2011.png|thumb|390px|Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Census of India: sample registration system<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/Bulletins.aspx|title=Census of India : Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletins|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/Annual_Report.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavan |first=Nirman |date=2015 |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015–16 |url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |pages=2–5 |format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Average population 
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Live births1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude death rate (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Total fertility rate
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | 716,493,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24289000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8956000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15333000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.52
|-
| 1982
| style="text-align: right;" | 733,152,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24781000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8725000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16056000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align: right;" | 750,034,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25276000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8925000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16351000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1984
| style="text-align: right;" | 767,147,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26006000}}
| style="text-align: right; | {{formatnum:9666000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16340000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align: right;" | 784,491,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25810000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9257000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16553000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.3
|-
| 1986
| style="text-align: right;" | 802,052,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26147000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8903000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17244000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.15
|-
| 1987
| style="text-align: right;" | 819,800,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26316000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8936000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17380000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.1
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align: right;" | 837,700,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17173000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.0
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align: right;" | 855,707,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26185000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8814000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17371000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.9
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align: right;" | 873,785,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8476000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17912000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.8
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | 891,910,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8741000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.64
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align: right;" | 910,065,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9192000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.6
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align: right;" | 928,226,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26640000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8633000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18007000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align: right;" | 946,373,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27161000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8801000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18360000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align: right;" | 964,486,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27295000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8680000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18615000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align: right;" | 982,553,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26824000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8745000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18079000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.40
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,000,558,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8905000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18310000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.3
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,018,471,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26989000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9166000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17823000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,036,259,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26943000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9015000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17928000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,053,898,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27191000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8958000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18233000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,071,374,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.10
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,088,694,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27217000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8818000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18399000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,105,886,000
| style="text-align: right; color:blue" | {{formatnum:27426000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8847000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18579000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,122,991,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27064000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8422000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18642000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,140,043,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8664000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18469000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,157,039,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27190000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8678000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18512000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.79
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,134,024,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26195954}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8391778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17804176}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.7
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,150,196,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26224469}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17713019}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,166,228,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26240130}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8513464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17726666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,182,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26124587}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17613409}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,197,658,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26108944}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8503372}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17605572}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.44
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,212,827,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26197063}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8489789}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17707274}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.38
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,227,012,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26258057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8589084}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17668973}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.34
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,243,542,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25904377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8264730}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17639647}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.32
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,259,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26189446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8184202}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18005244}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.27
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align: right;" |1,273,986,000
| style="text-align: right;" |25,989,314
| style="text-align: right;" |8,153,510
| style="text-align: right;" |17,835,804
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.26
|-
| 2017<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/declining-fertility-rate-may-shrink-india-population-300-million-80-years-1703598-2020-07-23|title = Declining fertility rate may shrink India's population by 300 million in 80 years}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,288,522,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,028,144
| style="text-align: right;" |8,117,689
| style="text-align: right;" |17,910,455
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.18
|-
| 2018
| style="text-align: right;" |1,324,609,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,492,180
| style="text-align: right;" |8,212,576
| style="text-align: right;" |18,279,604
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.15
|-
| 2019
| style="text-align: right;" |1,338,995,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,779,900
| style="text-align: right;" |8,301,769
| style="text-align: right;" |18,478,131
| style="text-align: right; | 19.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.08 <ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CRS_2019/CRS2019_report.pdf| title = Statement 1: Civil Registration System: At A Glance, VITAL STATISTICS OF INDIA BASED ON THE CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|style="text-align: right;" |1,353,378,000
|style="text-align: right;" |24,222,444
|style="text-align: right;" |8,115,882
|style="text-align: right;" |16,106,562
|style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
|style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
|style="text-align: right;" | 13.1
|style="text-align: right;" | 2.06
|-
| colspan="9"| 1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.
|}
[[File:Life expectancy development in India.svg|thumb|Life expectancy development in India]]

=== Life expectancy ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Period
!Life expectancy in Years
|-
|1950–1955
|36.6
|-
|1955–1960
|39.7
|-
|1960–1965
|42.7
|-
|1965–1970
|46.0
|-
|1970–1975
|49.4
|-
|1975–1980
|52.5
|-
|1980–1985
|54.9
|-
|1985–1990
|56.7
|-
|1990–1995
|59.1
|-
|1995–2000
|61.5
|-
|2000–2005
|63.5
|-
|2005–2010
|65.6
|-
|2010–2015
|67.6

|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|access-date=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Structure of the population ===

Structure of the population (9 February 2011) (Census) age wise are shown below:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population by age group
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Age group
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percentage (%)
!Cumulative Percentage
|-
| 0–4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58632074}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54174704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112806778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.32
|9.32
|-
| 5–9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300466}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60627660}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126928126}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.48
|19.8
|-
| 10–14
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69418835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63290377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132709212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.96
|30.76
|-
| 15–19
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63982396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56544053}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120526449}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.95
|40.71
|-
| 20–24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57584693}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53839529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:111424222}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.20
|49.91
|-
| 25–29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51344208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50069757}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:101413965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.38
|58.29
|-
| 30–34
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44660674}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43934277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88594951}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.32
|65.61
|-
| 35–39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42919381}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42221303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85140684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.03
|72.64
|-
| 40–44
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37545386}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34892726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72438112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.98
|78.62
|-
| 45–49
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32138114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30180213}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62318327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.15
|83.77
|-
| 50–54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25843266}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23225988}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49069254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.05
|87.82
|-
| 55–59
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19456012}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19690043}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39146055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.23
|91.05
|-
| 60–64
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18701749}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18961958}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37663707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.11
|94.16
|-
| 65–69
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12944326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13510657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26454983}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.18
|96.34
|-
| 70–74
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9651499}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9557343}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19208842}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.59
|97.93
|-
| 75–79
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4490603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4741900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9232503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.76
|98.69
|-
| 80–84
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2927040}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3293189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6220229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.51
|99.2
|-
| 85–89
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1263061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2383167}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.20
|99.4
|-
| 90–94
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:652465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:794069}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1446534}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
|99.52
|-
| 95–99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:294759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:338538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:633297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
|99.57
|-
| 100+
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:289325}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:316453}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:605778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
|99.62
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2372881}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2116921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4489802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.37
|99.99
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Total
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623270258}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:587584719}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100.00
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 194 351 375
| align="right" | 178 092 741
| align="right" | 372 444 116
| align="right" | 30.76
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 394 175 879
| align="right" | 373 559 847
| align="right" | 767 735 726
| align="right" | 63.40
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 32 370 123
| align="right" | 33 815 210
| align="right" | 66 185 333
| align="right" | 5.47
|-
|}

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2020 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |place=New York |access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 664 184 000
| align="right" | 626 890 000
| align="right" | 1 291 074 000
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 62 872 000
| align="right" | 56 038 000
| align="right" | 118 910 000
| align="right" | 9.21
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 61 499 000
| align="right" | 56 969 000
| align="right" | 118 468 000
| align="right" | 9.18
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 65 142 000
| align="right" | 59 682 000
| align="right" | 124 824 000
| align="right" | 9.67
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 67 223 000
| align="right" | 60 871 000
| align="right" | 128 094 000
| align="right" | 9.92
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 63 521 000
| align="right" | 57 356 000
| align="right" | 120 877 000
| align="right" | 9.36
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 57 272 000
| align="right" | 53 357 000
| align="right" | 110 629 000
| align="right" | 8.57
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 50 782 000
| align="right" | 49 250 000
| align="right" | 100 032 000
| align="right" | 7.75
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 45 318 000
| align="right" | 44 787 000
| align="right" | 90 105 000
| align="right" | 6.98
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 41 280 000
| align="right" | 40 497 000
| align="right" | 81 777 000
| align="right" | 6.33
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 36 602 000
| align="right" | 35 107 000
| align="right" | 71 709 000
| align="right" | 5.55
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 30 738 000
| align="right" | 29 016 000
| align="right" | 59 754 000
| align="right" | 4.63
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 24 403 000
| align="right" | 23 307 000
| align="right" | 47 710 000
| align="right" | 3.70
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 19 133 000
| align="right" | 19 288 000
| align="right" | 38 421 000
| align="right" | 2.98
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 15 198 000
| align="right" | 16 114 000
| align="right" | 31 312 000
| align="right" | 2.43
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 11 002 000
| align="right" | 11 723 000
| align="right" | 22 725 000
| align="right" | 1.76
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 7 703 000
| align="right" | 8 367 000
| align="right" | 16 070 000
| align="right" | 1.24
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 4 496 000
| align="right" | 5 161 000
| align="right" | 9 657 000
| align="right" | 0.75
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 189 513 000
| align="right" | 172 689 000
| align="right" | 362 202 000
| align="right" | 28.05
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 436 272 000
| align="right" | 412 836 000
| align="right" | 849 108 000
| align="right" | 65.77
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 38 399 000
| align="right" | 41 365 000
| align="right" | 79 764 000
| align="right" | 6.18
|-
|}

=== Fertility rate ===
From the Demographic Health Survey:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/Survey-Search.cfm|title=The DHS Program – Survey Search|website=www.dhsprogram.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Total1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Urban1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Rural1
|-
| 1992–1993
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.39 (2.64)
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.70 (2.09)
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.67 (2.86)
|-
| 1998–1999
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.85 (2.13)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.27 (1.73)
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.07 (2.28)
|-
| 2005–2006
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.68 (1.90)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.06 (1.60)
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.98 (2.10)
|-
| 2015–2016
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.18 (1.8)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.75 (1.5)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.41 (1.9)
|-
| 2019–2021
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.99 (1.6)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.63 (1.4)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.14 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7"| CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Hindu
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Muslim
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Christian
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Sikh
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Jain
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Other
|-
| 2019–2021
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.94 (1.6)
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.36 (1.8)
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.88 (1.7)
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.61 (1.4)
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.39 (1.2)
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.60 (1.5)
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.15 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7"| CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State (Population 2011)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Total1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Urban1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Rural1
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] (199 812 341)
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.74 (2.06)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.08 (1.62)
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.99 (2.22)
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] (112 374 333)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.87 (1.57)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.68 (1.41)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.06 (1.73)
|-
| [[Bihar]] (104 099 452)
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.41 (2.48)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.42 (1.83)
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.56 (2.58)
|-
| [[West Bengal]] (91 276 115)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.77 (1.53)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.57 (1.38)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.85 (1.58)
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] (72 626 809)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.32 (1.82)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.95 (1.61)
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.48 (1.91)
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] (72 147 030)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.70 (1.51)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.54 (1.38)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.86 (1.63)
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] (68 548 437)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.40 (1.81)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.94 (1.52)
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.56 (1.91)
|-
| [[Karnataka]] (61 095 297)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.81 (1.42)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.65 (1.30)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.92 (1.50)
|-
| [[Gujarat]] (60 439 692)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.03 (1.54)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.82 (1.39)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.19 (1.64)
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] (49 386 799)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.83 (1.64)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.53 (1.39)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.96 (1.75)
|-
| [[Odisha]] (41 974 218)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.05 (1.69)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.73 (1.50)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.12 (1.72)
|-
| [[Telangana]] (35 193 978)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.79 (1.59)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.67 (1.53)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.88 (1.64)
|-
| [[Kerala]] (33 406 061)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.56 (1.47)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.57 (1.47)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.55 (1.46)
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] (32 988 134)
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.55 (2.06)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.78 (1.47)
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.83 (2.27)
|-
| [[Assam]] (31 205 576)
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.21 (1.78)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.45 (1.25)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.34 (1.87)
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (27 743 338)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.62 (1.37)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.59 (1.32)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.63 (1.39)
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] (25 545 198)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.23 (1.88)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.78 (1.58)
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.37 (1.97)
|-
| [[Haryana]] (25 351 462)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.05 (1.63)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.78 (1.44)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.22 (1.75)
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (12 541 302)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.01 (1.67)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.58 (1.39)
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.18 (1.77)
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] (10 086 292)
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.07 (1.60)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.80 (1.43)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.24 (1.71)
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] (6 864 602)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.88 (1.55)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.43 (1.15)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.92 (1.59)
|-
| [[Tripura]] (3 673 917)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.69 (1.55)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.40 (1.34)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.80 (1.62)
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] (2 966 889)
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.04 (2.79)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.67 (1.57)
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.47 (3.18)
|-
| [[Manipur]] (2 855 794)
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.61 (2.33)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.14 (1.96)
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.92 (2.57)
|-
| [[Nagaland]] (1 978 502)
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.74 (2.35)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.78 (1.58)
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.38 (2.86)
|-
| [[Goa]] (1 458 545)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.66 (1.37)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.72 (1.37)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.55 (1.37)
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (1 383 727)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.12 (1.64)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.69 (1.26)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.29 (1.79)
|-
| [[Mizoram]] (1 097 206)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.26 (2.15)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.97 (1.89)
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.71 (2.54)
|-
| [[Sikkim]] (610 577)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.17 (0.88)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.11 (0.82)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.21 (0.91)
|-
| colspan="7" |CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021 <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr374-dhs-final-reports.cfm|title=India national family health survey NFHS-5 2019–21|date=15 March 2022|via=dhsprogram.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State (Population 2011)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Total1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Urban1
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | CBR – Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | TFR – Rural1
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] (199 812 341)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.35 (1.8)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] (112 374 333)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.71 (1.43)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.50 (1.27)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.89 (1.58)
|-
| [[Bihar]] (104 099 452)
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.98 (2.2)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[West Bengal]] (91 276 115)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.64 (1.4)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] (72 626 809)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.99 (1.61)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.61 (1.34)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.12 (1.69)
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] (72 147 030)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.76 (1.59)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.61 (1.50)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.89 (1.66)
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] (68 548 437)
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.01 (1.61)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.67 (1.42)
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.11 (1.65)
|-
| [[Karnataka]] (61 095 297)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.67 (1.4)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Gujarat]] (60 439 692)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.86 (1.53)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.65 (1.39)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.0 (1.60)
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] (49 386 799)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.68 (1.55)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.47 (1.36)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.78 (1.64)
|-
| [[Odisha]] (41 974 218)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.82 (1.5)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Telangana]] (35 193 978)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.75 (1.55)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.75 (1.57)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.74 (1.54)
|-
| [[Kerala]] (33 406 061)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.79 (1.68)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.82 (1.71)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.76 (1.65)
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] (32 988 134)
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.26 (1.9)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Assam]] (31 205 576)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.87 (1.56)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.50 (1.37)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.93 (1.59)
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (27 743 338)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.63 (1.3)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] (25 545 198)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.82 (1.6)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Haryana]] (25 351 462)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.91 (1.5)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (12 541 302)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.41 (1.3)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] (10 086 292)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.85 (1.5)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] (6 864 602)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.66 (1.4)
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
| style="text-align: right;" |
|-
| [[Tripura]] (3 673 917)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.70 (1.49)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.39 (1.29)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.81 (1.56)
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] (2 966 889)
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.91 (2.66)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.57 (1.43)
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.31 (3.04)
|-
| [[Manipur]] (2 855 794)
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.17 (1.98)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.84 (1.73)
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.38 (2.13)
|-
| [[Nagaland]] (1 978 502)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.72 (1.57)
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.21 (1.13)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.00 (1.82)
|-
| [[Goa]] (1 458 545)
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.30 (1.21)
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.26 (1.19)
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.36 (1.24)
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (1 383 727)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.80 (1.49)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.44 (1.24)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.88 (1.54)
|-
| [[Mizoram]] (1 097 206)
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.87 (1.78)
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.63 (1.56)
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.19 (2.08)
|-
| [[Sikkim]] (610 577)
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.05 (0.85)
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.71 (0.54)
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.32 (1.11)
|-
| [[Delhi]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.62 (1.29)
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.60 (1.27)
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.47 (2.06)
|-
| colspan="7" |CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.
|}

=== Regional vital statistics ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state or UT(2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |title= |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131102919/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2" | State or UT
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Birth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Death rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Natural growth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Infant mortality rate
|-

! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
|-
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
|-
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 46
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
|-
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 60
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
|-
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 49
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
|-
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 52
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 40
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 45
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
|-
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
|-
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 62
| style="text-align: right;" | 67
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
|-
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
|-
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 47
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 63
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
|-
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
|-
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 64
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|-
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|}

== CIA World Factbook demographic statistics ==
[[File:2011 Census India population density map, states and union territories.svg|thumb|390px|Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.<ref>(a) [http://censusindia.gov.in/ Census 2011 Final], Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (may need subscription); (b) The data is mirrored here: [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011chapter7.pdf Density of Population], Chapter 7, Census of India (2013)</ref>]]

The following demographic statistics are from the [[CIA World Factbook]], unless otherwise indicated.

;Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA World Factbook – ''India'' |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> 1,210 million (2011 census),<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter3.pdf| title = Census India, 2011, chapter 3}}</ref> 1,389,637,446 (May 2022 est.)<ref>{{Citation |title=India |date=2022-05-03 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Rural population:</nowiki>

62.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755

;<nowiki>Age structure:</nowiki>

''0–14 years:'' 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
 ''15–24 years:'' 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
 ''25–54 years:'' 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
 ''55–64 years:'' 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
 ''65+ years:'' 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)

;<nowiki>Median age:</nowiki>

Total: 28.7 years

Male: 28 years

female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=India – The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov|date=14 December 2021}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Population growth rate :</nowiki>

0.67% (2022 est)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population growth rate – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population-growth-rate/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>

;Literacy rate:

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in 2">[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011] Census of India Report (2013)</ref>
 81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)<ref>{{cite web|title=National Youth Literacy Rates|publisher=UNESCO Institute of Statistics|year=2009|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx|access-date=26 January 2012|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104117/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Per cent of population below poverty line:</nowiki>

22% (2006 est.)

;<nowiki>Unemployment rate:</nowiki>

7.8%

;<nowiki>Net migration rate:</nowiki>

0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)<ref name=":1" />

;<nowiki>Sex ratio:</nowiki>

''At birth:''
1.12 male(s)/female
 ''Under 10 years:''
1.13 male(s)/female
 ''15–24 years:''
1.13 male(s)/female
 ''24–64 years:''
1.06 male(s)/female
 ''65 years and over:''
0.9 male(s)/female
 ''Total population:''
1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

;[[Life expectancy]]<nowiki> at birth:</nowiki>

''Total population:'' 69.7 years
 ''Male:'' 68.4 years
 ''Female:'' 71.2 years (2020 est.)<ref name=":1" />

;<nowiki>Total fertility rate:</nowiki>

2.35 (2020 est.)<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |work=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)|year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/total-fertility-rate-in-india-on-decline/722989/ |title=Total Fertility Rate in India on decline |work=The Indian Express |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was: Hindus, 2.7; Muslims, 3.1; Christians, 2.4; and Sikhs, 2.0.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM-Fertility2009/P12_Haub.pdf|title=Future Fertility Prospects for India|last=Haub|first=Carl|date=17 November 2009|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Religious Composition:</nowiki>

Hindus 79.5%, Muslims 15%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)<ref name=":1" /><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx Religious Composition] ''Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Religious Composition.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref><ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90228.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007 — India] ''International Religious Freedom Report 2007.'' U.S. Department of State.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA's The World Factbook – India |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm|title=India|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Scheduled castes and tribes:</nowiki>

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf|title=2011 Census Primary Census Abstract}}</ref><ref name="CensusDalit">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/half-of-indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|title=Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

;Languages

See [[Languages of India]] and [[List of Indian languages by total speakers]]. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is [[Hindi]] with some 337 million, and the second largest is [[Bengali language|Bengali]] with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as [[National languages of India|official languages]]. In India, there are 1,652 languages and [[dialect]]s in total.<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html|title=Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census|publisher=Languageinindia.com|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref><ref>[[Rupert Goodwins]].[http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,39268336,00.htm Smashing India's language barriers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714201655/http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,39268336,00.htm |date=14 July 2009 }}. ZDNet UK</ref>

== Caste ==
Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (''SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.''

There has not yet been a proper consensus on contemporary figures.

The following data are from the Mandal report:<ref name="Mandal Commission">{{Citation|title=Mandal Commission|date=2020-01-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandal_Commission&oldid=935422720|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=February 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+caste demographics (1983)
!caste
!population
!percentage
!notes
|-
|'''Total population'''
|'''731,000,000'''
|'''100%'''
|*Margin of error 0.34%
|-
|'''Scheduled castes and tribes'''
|'''164,913,600'''
|'''22.56%'''
|
|-
|Scheduled castes
|110,015,500
|15.05%
|
|-
|Scheduled tribes
|54,898,100
|7.51%
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
|'''Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities'''
|'''128,509,800'''
|'''17.58%'''
|
|-
|Brahmin (including Bhumihar)
|40,351,200
|5.52%
|
|-
|Kshtriya (Rajput)
|28,509,000
|3.90%
|
|-
|Maratha
|16,155,100
|2.21%
|
|-
|Jats
|7,310,000
|1%
|
|-
|Vaishya, Bania, etc.
|13,742,800
|1.88%
|
|-
|Kayasthas
|7,821,700
|1.07%
|
|-
|Others
|14,620,000
|2%
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
|'''Non-Hindu communities and groups'''
|'''121,346,000'''
|'''16.6%'''
|'''Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC'''
|-
|Muslim (Non S.T)
|81,798,900
|11.19%
|0.02%
|-
|Christian (Non S.T)
|15,789,600
|2.16%
|0.44%
|-
|Sikh (Non scheduled)
|12,207,700
|1.67%
|0.22%
|-
|Buddhist (Non S.T)
|4,897,700
|0.67%
|0.03%
|-
|Jain (Non scheduled)
|3,435,700
|0.47%
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
|'''Other backward classes and communities (OBC)'''
|'''380,120,000'''
|'''52%'''
|'''*OBC is a derived figure'''
|-
|Hindu OBC
|318,716,000
|43.60%
|
|-
|Non-Hindu OBC
|61,404,000
|8.40%
|'''*52% of Non-Hindus'''
|}

== Population projections ==
India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf|title=United Nations World Population Prospects 2019|date=2019}}</ref> These projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower than China's.

=== 2020 estimate ===
In millions
{|class="wikitable"
|+Future projections<ref>Based on P.N. Mari Bhat, "Indian Demographic Scenario 2025", Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi, Discussion Paper No. 27/2001.</ref>
|-
!Year||Under 15||15–64||65+||Total
|-
|2000||361||604||45||1010
|-
|2005||368||673||51||1093
|-
|2010||370||747||58||1175
|-
|2015||372||819||65||1256
|-
|2020||373||882||76||1332
|}

== Ethnic groups ==
{{See also|South Asian ethnic groups|Ethnic relations in India|Caste system in India|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|Languages of India}}

The national Census of India does not recognise [[Racial groups of India|racial]] or ethnic groups within India,<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]</ref> but recognises many of the tribal groups as [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] (see [[list of Scheduled Tribes in India]]).

According to a 2009 study published by Reich ''et al.''., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nature |title=Reconstructing Indian population history : Abstract |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/nature08365 |pages=489–494|pmc=2842210 |pmid=19779445 |year=2009 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |title=Abstract/Presentation |publisher=Ichg2011.org |date=2011-10-12 |access-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424050419/http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 700,000 people from the [[United States]] of any race live in India.<ref name="whitehouse.gov"/> Between 300,000 and 1 million [[Anglo-Indians]] live in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2007-007|title=Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|date=1 August 2007|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|volume=27|issue=2|pages=303–314|via=Silverchair|doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-007}}</ref>

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries) see [[ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent]].

{{Pie chart
| thumb =
| caption = Linguistic groups in India chart<ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages">{{cite web|title=Indo-Aryan languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages">{{cite web|title=Dravidian languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171083/Dravidian-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]
| value1 = 75
| color1 = blue
| label2 = [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = Red
| label3 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai-Kadai]] and others
| value3 = 5
| color3 = Yellow
}}

== Genetics ==
{{See also|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}}

=== Y-chromosome DNA ===
<ref>{{cite journal|title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |date= January 2006|doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |pmid=16415161 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pmc=1347984 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |pages=843–8 |vauthors=Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G|display-authors=et al|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi-access= free}}</ref>

Y-Chromosome DNA [[Y-DNA]] represents the male lineage, The Indian [[Y-chromosome]] pool may be summarised as follows where [[haplogroup]]s [[Haplogroup R-M420 (Y-DNA)|R-M420]], [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]], [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] and [[Haplogroup NOP (Y-DNA)|NOP]] comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.<ref>Hammer ''et al.''. 2005, S. Sahoo ''et al.''. 2006, R. Trivedi ''et al.''. 2007, Zhao ''et al.''. 2008</ref>
* [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]] ~ 30%
* [[Haplogroup R-M420 (Y-DNA)|R1a]] ~ 34%
* [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]] ~ 15%
* [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] ~ 10%
* [[Haplogroup NOP (Y-DNA)|NOP]] ~ 10% (Excluding R)
* Other Haplogroups 15%

=== Mitochondrial DNA ===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-5-26.pdf |title=1471-2148-5-26.fm |access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>

Mitochondrial DNA [[mtDNA]] represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M]]<ref>Semino ''et al.''. 2000, Kivisild ''et al.''. 2003, Metspalu ''et al.''. 2004, Rajkumar ''et al.''. 2005, Chandrasekar ''et al.''. 2007, Gonzalez ''et al.''. 2007</ref>
* [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M]] ~ 60%
* [[Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)|Haplogroup UK]] ~ 15%
* [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|Haplogroup N]] ~ 25% (Excluding UK)

=== Autosomal DNA ===
[[File:Cropped Tripuri.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.]]
Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.
* In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder ''et al''. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from [[mtDNA]], [[Y-chromosome]] and [[autosomal]] markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/10/2277.full |title=Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure |year=2003 |publisher=Genome.cshlp.org |doi=10.1101/gr.1413403 |access-date=16 June 2013|last1=Basu |first1=A. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=N. |last3=Roy |first3=S. |last4=Sengupta |first4=S. |last5=Banerjee |first5=S. |last6=Chakraborty |first6=M. |last7=Dey |first7=B. |last8=Roy |first8=M. |last9=Roy |first9=B. |last10=Bhattacharyya |first10=N. P. |last11=Roychoudhury |first11=S. |last12=Majumder |first12=P. P. |journal=Genome Research |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=2277–2290 |pmid=14525929 |pmc=403703 }}</ref>
* In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins ''et al''., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.<ref name=mj1>{{cite journal|title=The Human Genetic History of South Asia: A Review|author=Majumder|journal=Current Biology|volume=20|date=23 February 2010|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.053|pmid=20178765|issue=4|pages=R184-7|s2cid=1490419|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=w1>{{cite journal|title=Genetic variation among world populations: inferences from 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms|author=Watkins|journal=Genome Res.|date=July 2003|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1607–18|pmid=12805277|pmc=403734|doi=10.1101/gr.894603|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins ''et al''. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic [[fixation index]] data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.<ref name=w1 />
* In 2006, Sahoo ''et al''. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sahoo|title= A prehistory of Indian Y-chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=103|issue=4|pages=843–848|year=2006|doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103|pmid=16415161|pmc=1347984|display-authors=etal|bibcode= 2006PNAS..103..843S|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Artis Zelmenis|title=Immigration for Indians to Europe; history & law|journal=Immigration World Guru|volume=1|issue=1|pages=10–24|year=2014}}</ref>
* The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.<ref name=mj1 />

== Charts ==
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = million
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020

| y1 = 716,733,750,767,784,802,820,838,856,874,892,910,928,946,964,983,1001,1018,1036,1054,1071,1089,1106,1123,1140,1157,1134,1150,1166,1182,1198,1213,1227,1244,1259,1274,1289,1303

| y1Title = population (million)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = ‰
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine =
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020

| y1 = 21.4,21.9,21.8,21.3,21.1,21.5,21.2,20.5,20.3,20.5,19.5,18.9,19.4,19.4,19.3,18.4,18.3,17.5,17.3,17.3,17.0,16.9,16.8,16.6,16.2,16.0,15.7,15.4,15.2,14.9,14.7,14.6,14.4,14.3,14.3,14.0,13.9,13.8

| y1Title = Natural growth ‰
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = TFR
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine = 2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021

| y1 =
4.52,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.3,4.15,4.1,4.0,3.9,3.8,3.64,3.6,3.5,3.5,3.5,3.4,3.3,3.2,3.2,3.2,3.10,3.0,3.0,2.9,2.9,2.79,2.7,2.6,2.6,2.5,2.44,2.38,2.34,2.32,2.27,2.26,2.18,2.15,2.08,2.06,1.99

| y1Title = Total fertility rate
}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Census of India prior to independence]]
* [[Culture of India]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India]]
* [[Demographics of Central Asia]]
* [[Female foeticide in India]]
* [[Human population planning]]
* [[Hinduism in India]]
* [[Jainism in India]]
* [[Sikhism in India]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
*[[History of the Jews in India|Judaism in India]]
* [[Zoroastrianism in India]]
* [[Irreligion in India]]
{{div col end}}

=== Government ===
* [[2011 Census of India]]
* [[National Commission on Population]]

=== Lists ===
* [[List of states and union territories of India by fertility rate]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population]]
* [[List of cities in India by population]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in India]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Citation
| last1=Chamie | first1=Joseph
| last2=Mirkin | first2=Barry
| title=Busting at the seams: India is unprepared for a near future when it will be the world's most populous country
| url=https://qz.com/1051533/india-is-unprepared-for-a-near-future-when-it-will-be-the-worlds-most-populous-country/
| date= August 2017}}. Joseph Chamie is former director of the [[United Nations Population Division]] and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.

;Historical
*Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
*Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Census of India]; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
* [http://www.censusindia2011.com/ Population of India as per Census India 2011]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225091939/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/ Census of India map generator]; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
* [http://www.demographie.net/demographicdata/ Demographic data for India]; provides sources of demographic data for India
* [http://www.demographie.net/atlas2001 2001 maps]; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
* [https://archive.today/20121225224231/populationindia.wordpress.com/2011/04/10/population-of-india-2011-image/ Population of India 2011 map]; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
* [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=195 India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends]
* "[https://www.newsmic.com/countries/India.php World Population Prospects]": Country Profile – India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131114074733/http://www.quandl.com/demography/india-all-demographic-indicators Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/demographics_and_society/key_indicators_13/population/population_annual_total%7Cchart/line$countries=india&sorting=list//title Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics]
* [https://archive.today/20150220095949/http://itbulk.org/population/population-projection-by-country/ India comparing with China population projection graph] Based on data from database of UN Population Division

{{Life in India}}
{{Economy of India topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Census of India}}

[[Category:Demographics of India| ]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]

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Demographics of India