Jogendra Nath Mandal

2021-12-22T17:28:30Z

202.8.117.125: /* Early life */

{{Short description|Founding father of Pakistan}}{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=February 2012}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Jogendranath Mandal
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Jogendra Nath Mandal.jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage = 
| alt = Jogendra Ali Mulla
| caption = Jogendra Nath Mondal Portrait
| order = [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and]] [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]]
| office =
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 8 October 1950
| alongside = 
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| monarch = [[George VI]]
| president =
| primeminister = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| governor_general = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<br />[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
| succeeding = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency =
| majority =
| order2 = [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Minister of Labour]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 15 August 1947
| term_end2 = 8 October 1950
| alongside2 = 
| vicepresident2 = 
| viceprimeminister2 = 
| deputy2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| monarch2 = George VI
| president2 = Liaquat Ali Khan
| primeminister2 = 
| governor_general2 = Muhammad Ali Jinnah<br />[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
| governor2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
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| order3 = [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions|Minister of Commonwealth and Kashmir Affairs]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 = 1 October 1949
| term_end3 = 8 October 1950
| alongside3 = 
| vicepresident3 = 
| viceprimeminister3 = 
| deputy3 = 
| lieutenant3 = 
| monarch3 = George VI
| primeminister3 = Liaquat Ali Khan
| governor_general3 = Khawaja Nazimuddin
| governor3 = 
| succeeding3 = 
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 = 
| constituency3 = 
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|01|29}}
| birth_place = [[Barisal district|Barisal]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1968|10|5|1904|01|29}}
| death_place = [[Bangaon]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname = Jogendra Nath mandal
| citizenship = British Indian (1904–1947)<br />Pakistani (1947–1950)<br />Indian (1950-1968)
| nationality =
| party = [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
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| alma_mater = [[Calcutta law College]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
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'''Jogendranath Mandal''' (29 January 1904 – 5 October 1968), was one of the [[Pakistan Movement|founding fathers]]<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop">{{cite book|last=Heyworth-Dunne|first=James|year=1952|title=Pakistan: the birth of a new Muslim state|location=Cairo|publisher=Renaissance Bookshop|page=79|oclc=558585198}}</ref> of modern state of [[Pakistan]], and legislator serving as country's first [[Law Minister of Pakistan|minister of law]] and [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|labour]], and also was second minister of [[Ministry of States and Frontier Regions|Commonwealth and Kashmir affairs]]. An Indian and later Pakistani statesman who served as the first minister of law and labour in [[Pakistan]]. As a leader of the ''Scheduled Castes'' ([[Dalit]]s), Jogendranath had made common cause with the Muslim League in their demand{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} for Pakistan, hoping that the Scheduled Castes would be benefited from it and joined the first cabinet in Pakistan as the Minister of Law and Labour. He migrated to [[India]] a few years after [[Partition of India|partition]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uttar-prdesh-assembly-election-bjp-dalit-votes-jogendra-nath-mandal-amit-shah-2880221/|title=Eye on Uttar Pradesh polls, BJP showcases Pakistan Dalit minister who 'came back disillusioned'|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> after submitting his resignation to [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the then [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], citing the [[anti-Hindu]] bias of Pakistani administration.<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/896339/5-noted-personalities-that-left-pakistan-for-india/|title=5 noted personalities who left Pakistan for India|work=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref name="en.wikisource.org">{{cite web |url=https://wikilivres.org/wiki/Resignation_letter_of_Jogendra_Nath_Mandal |title=Resignation letter of Jogendra Nath Mandal |last=Mandal |first=Jogendra Nath |date=8 October 1950 |website=Wikilivres }}</ref>

==Early life==

Jogendra Nath Mandal was born in the [[Barisal]] district of what was then [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]], later [[East Bengal]] and [[East Pakistan]], presently [[Bangladesh]] in 1904. He belonged in the [[Namasudra]] Community. The Namasudras were considered to be outside the [[Hindu Caste System]]; thus similar to untouchables/[[Dalits]] or [[avarna]] within Hindu ranks.

==Political career in India (1937-1947)==

[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar with Jogendra Nath Mandal and Consitituent Assembly members.jpg|thumb|262x262px|[[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] (front row, second from left), Jogendra Nath Mandal (front row, third from right), and others.<ref>{{Cite web|last=विस्वास|first=A. K. Biswas एके|date=2016-09-29|title=Hindu casteism led to the creation of East Pakistan|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/09/hindu-casteism-led-to-the-creation-of-east-pakistan/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Forward Press|language=en-US}}</ref>|left]]

Mandal began his political career as an independent candidate in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|Indian provincial assembly elections of 1937]]. He contested [[Bakarganj, Bangladesh|Bakharganj North East Rural]] constituency for a seat in the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly|Bengal legislative assembly]] and defeated Saral Kumar Dutta, the president of the district committee of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and nephew of the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi leader]], [[Ashwini Kumar Dutta]].<ref name="sharma">{{cite news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/jogendra-nath-mandal-bjp-bsp-up-election-2017|title=Selective Memory : The historical figure both the BJP and the BSP tried to claim during the Uttar Pradesh election|last=Sharma|first=Arnav Das|date=1 April 2017|work=[[The Caravan]]|access-date=10 June 2017|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Mandal was considerably influenced around this time by both [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]. When the former was expelled from the INC in 1940, Mandal became involved with the Muslim League (ML), which was the only other significant national party, and became a minister in the cabinet of the ML chief minister, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]].<ref name="sharma"/>

Mandal was a follower of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]], the father of the [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mahamanav Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|last=Gaikwad|first=Dr. Dnyanraj Kashinath|publisher=Riya Publication|year=2016|pages=301|language=mr}}</ref> It was also around this time that Mandal and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] established the Bengal branch of the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]], which itself aspired to political power. While the Namasudra community was being courted by the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], and politics in the province was dominated by the oppressed Dalit and Muslim people, Mandal saw a distinction between communal affairs and political disputes involving the INC and ML. When rioting broke out in 1946, he traveled around [[East Bengal]] to urge Dalit people not to participate in violence against Muslims, as Muslims were perceived to have been as oppressed by the upper caste Hindus as the Dalits were. He argued that the Dalits would be better off with the Muslims than with the high caste Hindus; thus, he supported ML.<ref name="sharma"/>

When the Muslim League joined the [[Interim Government of India]] in October 1946, Jinnah nominated Mandal as one of the League's five representatives. King [[George VI]] duly appointed Mandal to the body, where he took over the law portfolio.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA77 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=APH Publishing Co. |page=77 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}</ref>

==Political career in Pakistan (1947-1950)==

Mandal was one of the 96 founding fathers of Pakistan, as he supported the ML. At their inaugural session, days before the 15 August 1947 [[partition of India]], they elected him their temporary chairman.<ref name="Routledge Publishing Co.">{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Tai Yong |author-link=Tan Tai Yong |last2=Kugaisya |first2=Gyanes |year=2000 |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |publisher=Routledge |page=45 |isbn=978-0-415-17297-4 |quote=On 10 August ... the Pakistan Constituent Assembly held its inaugural session where it elected Jogendranath Mandal ... as its temporary chairman ... he came forward to sign the roll as a founder-member ... In all the Assembly had sixty-nine members.}}</ref> He was appointed Pakistan's first Minister for Law and Labor. However, when Muslim rioters with the support of the police committed atrocities against his constituents, the Dalits, he protested. That caused strife between he and the Pakistani prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Fleeing to India (1950)==

In 1950, Mandal had to flee to India due to an arrest warrant against him in Pakistan, submitting his resignation to [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the then [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], citing inaction of the Pakistani administration against the rioters who committed atrocities against his people.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="tribune.com.pk"/><ref name="en.wikisource.org"/> He mentioned incidents related to social injustice and biased attitude towards non-Muslim minorities in his resignation letter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forgotten hero|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/234965-Forgotten-hero|access-date=13 January 2018|work=The News|language=en}}</ref> He died on 5 October 1968 in exile in West Bengal, India.

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Patel: A life|year=1992|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Azad |first=Abul Kalam |author-link=Abul Kalam Azad |year=1960 |title=India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative |publisher=Longmans, Green |pages=193–194 |oclc=411337}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.archives.lib.soton.ac.uk/mbindex/index32.shtml University of Southampton archives]
* [http://www.sacw.net/HateEducation/1985HoodbhoyNayyar06022005.html SACW]

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Jogendra Nath}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Barisal District]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Ambedkarites]]
[[Category:First Pakistani Cabinet]]
[[Category:All India Muslim League members]]
[[Category:Law Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954]]

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Jogendra Nath Mandal