Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

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{{Short description|British Viceroy of India, diplomat and author (1831–1891)}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Lytton
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB||GCIE|PC}}
| image = Robert Bulwer-Lytton by Nadar.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Earl of Lytton, {{circa|1900}} (photograph by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]]).
| order1 = [[List of ambassadors from the United Kingdom to France|British Ambassador to France]]
| term_start1 = 1887
| term_end1 = 1891
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| predecessor1 = [[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons|The Viscount Lyons]]
| successor1= [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava]]
| order2 = [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start2 =12 April 1876
| term_end2 = 8 June 1880
| monarch2 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| predecessor2 = [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|The Earl of Northbrook]]
| successor2 = [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|The Marquess of Ripon]]

| birth_date = {{birth-date|8 November 1831 }}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1891|11|24|1831|11|8}}
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]
| education = [[Harrow School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Bonn]]
| spouse = [[Edith Villiers]]
| children = 7
| parents = [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton]]<br />[[Rosina Bulwer Lytton|Rosina Doyle Wheeler]]
}}

'''Edward Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCSI|GCIE|PC}} (8 November 1831{{snd}}24 November 1891) was an English statesman, [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and poet who used the pseudonym '''Owen Meredith'''. He served as [[Viceroy of India]] between 1876 and 1880{{mdash}}during his tenure, Queen Victoria was proclaimed [[Empress of India]]{{mdash}}and as [[List of ambassadors from the United Kingdom to France|British Ambassador to France]] from 1887 to 1891.

His tenure as Viceroy was controversial for its ruthlessness in both domestic and foreign affairs, especially for his handling of the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] and the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. His policies were alleged to be informed by his [[Social Darwinism]]. His son [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton]], who was born in India, later served as [[Governor of Bengal]] and briefly as acting Viceroy. The senior earl was also the father-in-law of the architect [[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edwin Lutyens]], who designed [[New Delhi]].

Lytton was a protégé of [[Benjamin Disraeli]] in domestic affairs, and of [[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons]], who was his predecessor as Ambassador to France, in foreign affairs. His tenure as Ambassador to Paris was successful, and Lytton was afforded the rare tribute – especially for an Englishman – of a French [[state funeral]] in [[Paris]].

==Childhood and education==
[[File:The Old Schools, Harrow School.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.15|[[Harrow School]]]]

Lytton was the son of the novelists [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton]] and [[Rosina Bulwer Lytton|Rosina Doyle Wheeler]] (who was the daughter of the early [[women's rights]] advocate [[Anna Wheeler (author)|Anna Wheeler]]). His uncle was [[Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer|Sir Henry Bulwer]]. His childhood was spoiled by the altercations of his parents,<ref name="Birch">{{cite book|last1=Birch|first1=Dinah|title=The Oxford Companion to English Literature; Seventh Edition|publisher=OUP|page=614}}</ref> who separated acrimoniously when he was a boy. However, Lytton received the patronage of [[John Forster (biographer)|John Forster]] – an influential friend of [[Leigh Hunt]], [[Charles Lamb]], [[Walter Savage Landor]], and [[Charles Dickens]] – who was generally considered to be the first professional biographer of 19th century England.<ref name="Birch Forster">{{cite book|last1=Birch|first1=Dinah|title=The Oxford Companion to English Literature; Seventh Edition|publisher=OUP|page=385}}</ref>

Lytton's mother, who lost access to her children, satirised his father in her 1839 novel ''Cheveley, or the Man of Honour''. His father subsequently had his mother placed under restraint, as a consequence of an assertion of her insanity, which provoked public outcry and her liberation a few weeks later. His mother chronicled this episode in her memoirs.<ref name="LadyLytton1880">{{cite book|title=A Blighted Life |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Blighted_Life| author=Lady Lytton | year=1880| publisher=The London Publishing Office| location=London|access-date=28 November 2009}} Online text at wikisource.org</ref><ref name="Devey1887">{{Cite book|title=Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton, with Numerous Extracts from her Ms. Autobiography and Other Original Documents, published in vindication of her memory |url=https://archive.org/details/liferosinaladyl00devegoog|last=Devey |first=Louisa |year=1887 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co |location=London |access-date=28 November 2009}} Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)</ref>

After being taught at home for a while, he was educated in schools in [[Twickenham]] and [[Brighton]] and thence [[Harrow School|Harrow]],<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl|volume=17|pages=186–187|first=Herbert|last=Stephen}}</ref> and at the [[University of Bonn]].<ref name="Birch"/>

==Diplomatic career==
Lytton entered the Diplomatic Service in 1849, when aged 18, when he was appointed as attaché to his uncle, [[Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer|Sir Henry Bulwer]], who was Minister at [[Washington, DC]].<ref name="NYT 1891">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0DE1DD133AE533A25756C2A9679D94609ED7CF The New York Times, 25 November 1891, Wednesday, Death of Lord Lytton{{snd}}A Sudden Attack of Heart Disease in Paris{{snd}}No Time for Assistance{{snd}}His Long Career as a Diplomat in England's Service{{snd}}His Literary Work as Owen Meredith]</ref> It was at this time he met [[Henry Clay]] and [[Daniel Webster]].<ref name="NYT 1891"/> He began his salaried diplomatic career in 1852 as an attaché to [[Florence]], and subsequently served in Paris, in 1854, and in [[The Hague]], in 1856 .<ref name="NYT 1891"/> In 1858, he served in [[St Petersburg]], [[Constantinople]], and [[Vienna]].<ref name="NYT 1891"/> In 1860, he was appointed British Consul General at [[Belgrade]].<ref name="NYT 1891"/>

In 1862, Lytton was promoted to Second Secretary in Vienna, but his success in Belgrade made [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord Russell]] appoint him, in 1863, as Secretary of the Legation at [[Copenhagen]], during his tenure as which he twice acted as [[Chargé d'Affaires]] in the [[Schleswig-Holstein]] conflict.<ref name="NYT 1891"/> In 1864, Lytton was transferred to the Greek {{More footnotes}}court to advise the young Danish Prince. In 1865, he served in [[Lisbon]], where he concluded a major commercial treaty with [[Portugal]],<ref name="NYT 1891"/> and subsequently in [[Madrid]]. He subsequently became Secretary to the Embassy at Vienna and, in 1872, to [[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons]], who was Ambassador to Paris.<ref name="NYT 1891"/> By 1874, Lytton was appointed British Minister [[Plenipotentiary]] at Lisbon where he remained until being appointed [[Governor-General of India|Governor General and Viceroy of India]] in 1876.<ref name="NYT 1891"/>

==Viceroy of India (1876–1880)==
[[Image:Lord Lytton by Lock & Whitfield c1860.png|thumb|Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]]
[[Image:Delhi Durbar 1877.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1877 at [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]]. The [[Viceroy of India]], Lord Lytton is seated on the dais to the left]]

<blockquote>''Midway on his journey [to India] he met, by prearrangement, in Egypt, the [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]], then returning from his tour through India. Immediately on his arrival in [[Calcutta]] he was sworn in as Governor General and Viceroy, and on 1 January 1877, surrounded by all the Princes of [[Hindustan]], he presided at a spectacular ceremony on the plains of [[Delhi]], which marked the Proclamation of her Majesty, [[Queen Victoria]], as Empress of India. After this the Queen conferred upon him the honor of the Grand Cross of the civil division of the [[Order of the Bath]]. In 1879 an attempt was made to assassinate Lord Lytton, but he escaped uninjured. The principal event of his viceroyalty was the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan war]]''. (''The New York Times'', 1891)<ref name="NYT 1891"/></blockquote>

After turning down an appointment as governor of Madras,<ref name="EB1911"/> Lytton was appointed [[Viceroy of India]] in 1875 and served from 1876 to 1880.<ref name="Birch"/> His tenure was controversial for its ruthlessness in both domestic and foreign affairs.<ref name="Birch"/> In 1877, Lord Lytton convened a ''[[durbar (court)|durbar]]'' (imperial assembly) in Delhi that was attended by around 84,000 people, including Indian princes and noblemen. In 1878, he implemented the Vernacular Press Act, which enabled the Viceroy to confiscate the press and paper of any Indian Vernacular newspaper that published content that the Government deemed to be "seditious", in response to which there was a public protest in Calcutta that was led by the [[Indian Association]] and [[Surendranath Banerjee]].

Lytton's son-in-law, Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]], planned and designed New Delhi.

===Indian famine===
{{main|Great Famine of 1876–78}}

Lord Lytton began serving [[Viceroy of India]] in 1876. The rains had been failing in parts of the Madras Presidency since 1875, and the colonial administration's poor response to the famine has been held by some as having contributed to the overall death toll of between 6.1 million and 10.3 million.<ref name=mikedavis>Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts. 1. Verso, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85984-739-0}} p. 7</ref>

Lord Lytton's implementation of the relief efforts of the colonial administration has been blamed for increasing the severity of the famine.

===Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878–1880===
{{main|European influence in Afghanistan}}

Britain was deeply concerned throughout the 1870s about Russian attempts to increase its influence in Afghanistan, which provided a Central Asian [[buffer state]] between the [[Russian Empire#Second half of the nineteenth century|Russian Empire]] and [[Presidencies and provinces of British India#British India (1700–1947)|British India]]. Lytton had been given express instructions to recover the friendship of the [[Emir|Amir]] of Afghanistan, [[Sher Ali Khan]], who was perceived at this point to have sided with Russia against Britain, and made every effort to do so for eighteen months.<ref name="EB1911"/> In September 1878, Lytton sent General [[Neville Bowles Chamberlain|Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain]] as an emissary to Afghanistan, but he was refused entry. Considering himself left with no real alternative, in November 1878, Lytton ordered an invasion which sparked the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]. The British won virtually all the major battles of this war, and in the final settlement, the [[Treaty of Gandamak]], saw a government installed under a new amir which was both by personality and law receptive to British demands; however, the human and material costs of the conflict provoked extensive controversy, particularly among the nascent [[Media of India|Indian press]], which questioned why Lytton spent so much money prosecuting the conflict with Afghanistan instead of focusing on [[famine relief]].<ref name="Birch"/> This, along with [[Siege of the British Residency in Kabul|the massacre]] of British diplomat [[Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari|Sir Louis Cavagnari]] and his staff by mutinying Afghan soldiers,<ref name="EB1911"/> contributed to the defeat of [[Benjamin Disraeli|Disraeli]]'s Conservative government by [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]]'s Liberals in 1880.<ref>David Washbrook, 'Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer-, first earl of Lytton (1831–1891)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17315, accessed 29 September 2008]</ref>

The war was seen at the time as an ignominious but barely acceptable end to the "[[Great Game]]", closing a long chapter of conflict with the Russian Empire without even a proxy engagement. The [[pyrrhic victory]] of British arms in India was a quiet embarrassment which played a small but critical role in the nascent [[scramble for Africa]]; in this way, Lytton and his war helped shape the contours of the 20th century in dramatic and unexpected ways. Lytton resigned at the same time as the [[Second Disraeli ministry|Conservative government]]. He was the last Viceroy of India to govern an open frontier.

===Commemoration===
A permanent exhibition in [[Knebworth House]], Hertfordshire, is dedicated to his diplomatic service in India. There is a monument dedicated in his name at [[Nahan|Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India]], domestically called Delhi Gate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Negi |first1=Dhir |title=Lytton Memorial |url=http://www.google.com/maps/uv?pb=!1s0x390f0c0fa1c855c1%3A0x62ef9a5cecf3af33!3m1!7e115!4shttps%3A%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPiIeJeQWgpLMWOlzTP_FKieh23uPIN7Jjp6-hh%3Dw568-h320-k-no!5slytton%20memorial%20-%20Google%20Search!15sCgIgAQ&imagekey=!1e10!2sAF1QipPiIeJeQWgpLMWOlzTP_FKieh23uPIN7Jjp6-hh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv3uTbiun1AhVFT98KHQ3YCywQoip6BAguEAM |website=google.com/maps |access-date=22 April 2023 }}</ref>

==Domestic politics==
In 1880, Lytton resigned his Viceroyalty at the same time that [[Benjamin Disraeli]] resigned the premiership. Lytton was created '''Earl of Lytton''', in the County of Derby, and '''Viscount Knebworth''', of Knebworth in the County of Hertford.<ref name="NYT 1891"/> On 10 January 1881, Lytton made his maiden speech in the [[House of Lords]], in which he censured in Gladstone's devolutionist Afghan policy. In the summer session of 1881, Lytton joined others in opposing Gladstone's [[Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881|second Irish Land Bill]].<ref name="Balfour1906pp225-226">{{cite book|year=1906| title=Personal & Literary Letters of Robert First Earl of Lytton| editor=Balfour, Lady Betty|volume=2 of 2|edition=2nd| publisher=Longmans, Green & Co| location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/personalliterary00lyttuoft/page/225 225]–226 |url=https://archive.org/details/personalliterary00lyttuoft|access-date=27 November 2009}} Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)</ref> As soon as the summer session was over, he undertook "a solitary ramble about the country". He visited [[Oxford]] for the first time, went for a trip on the Thames, and then revisited the [[Hydrotherapy|hydropathic establishment]] at [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]], where he had been with his father as a boy".<ref name="Balfour1906p234">Balfour, Lady Betty (1906) p.234</ref> He saw this as an antidote to the otherwise indulgent lifestyle that came with his career, and used his sojourn there to undertake a critique of a new volume of poetry by his friend [[Wilfrid Blunt]].<ref name="Balfour1906pp236-238">Balfour, Lady Betty (1906) pp.236–238</ref>

==Ambassador to Paris: 1887–1891==
Lytton was Ambassador to France from 1887 to 1891. During the second half of the 1880s, before his appointment as Ambassador in 1887, Lytton served as Secretary to the Ambassador to Paris, [[Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons|Lord Lyons]].<ref name="Jenkins Lyons">{{cite book|title=Lord Lyons: A Diplomat in an Age of Nationalism and War|author=Jenkins, Brian|publisher=McGill-Queen’s Press, 2014}}</ref> He succeeded Lyons, as Ambassador, subsequent to the resignation of Lyons in 1887.<ref name="Jenkins Lyons"/><ref name="NYT 1891"/> Lytton had previously expressed an interest in the post and enjoyed himself "once more back in his old profession".<ref name="Balfour1906pp329-330">Balfour, Lady Betty (1906) pp. 329–320</ref>

Lord Lytton died in Paris on 24 November 1891, where he was given the rare honour of a [[state funeral]]. His body was then brought back for interment in the private family mausoleum in Knebworth Park.

There is also a memorial to him in [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's Cathedral, London]].<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] p. 462: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</ref>

==Writings as "Owen Meredith"==
[[Image:2nd Baron Lytton.jpg|thumb|The Right Honourable The Lord Lytton]]
When Lytton was twenty-five years old, he published in London a volume of poems under the name of '''Owen Meredith'''.<ref name="Birch"/> He went on to publish several other volumes under the same name. The most popular is ''[[Lucile (poem)|Lucile]]'', a story in verse published in 1860. His poetry was extremely popular and critically commended in his own day. He was a great experimenter with form. His best work is beautiful, and much of it is of a melancholy nature, as this short extract from a poem called "A Soul's Loss" shows, where the poet bids farewell to a lover who has betrayed him:

{{poemquote|1=
Child, I have no lips to chide thee.
Take the blessing of a heart
(Never more to beat beside thee!)
Which in blessing breaks. Depart.
Farewell! I that deified thee
Dare not question what thou art.
}}

Lytton underesteemed his poetic ability: in his ''Chronicles and Characters'' (1868), the poor response to which distressed him, Lytton states, 'Talk not of genius baffled. Genius is master of man./Genius does what it must, and Talent does what it can'.<ref name="Birch"/> However, Lytton's poetic ability was highly esteemed by other literary personalities of the day, and [[Oscar Wilde]] dedicated his play ''[[Lady Windermere's Fan]]'' to him.

Lytton's publications included:<ref name="NYT 1891"/>
* ''Clytemnestra'', ''The Earl's Return'', ''The Artist and Other Poems'' (1855)<ref name="Birch"/>
* ''The Wanderer'' (1859), a Byron-esque lyric of Continental adventures that was popular on its release<ref name="Birch"/>
* ''Lucile'' (1860). Lytton was accused of plagiarizing [[George Sand]]'s novel [[:fr:Lavinia (nouvelle)|Lavinia]] for the story.<ref>{{cite book
|title = The Life of Edward Bulwer: First Lord Lytton
|volume = 2
|last = Bulwer-Lytton |first = V.A.G.R.
|year = 1913
|publisher = Macmillan and Company
|page = 392
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_2wHAQAAIAAJ&q=robert+bulwer-lytton+plagiarism&pg=PA393
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|title = Mr. Owen Meredith's "Lucile"
|periodical = The Literary Gazette
|location = London
|volume = 140
|issue = 2300
|date = March 2, 1861
|pages = 201–204
|series = New Series
|url = http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/lucile/Reviews/LiteraryGazette.htm
}}</ref>
* ''Serbski Pesme'' (1861). Plagiarized from a French translation of Serbian poems.<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Owen Meredith
|periodical = The Illustrated American
|volume = 9
|date = December 12, 1891
|page = 165
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3QrnAAAAMAAJ&q=Serbski+Pesme+plagiarize&pg=PA165
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title = Robert Bulwer Lytton
|work = The Brownings' Correspondence
|url = https://www.browningscorrespondence.com/biographical-sketches/?id=1746
}}</ref>
* ''The Ring of Ainasis'' (1863)
* ''Fables in Song'' (1874)
* ''Speeches of Edward Lord Lytton with some of his Political Writings, Hitherto unpublished, and a Prefactory Memoir by His Son'' (1874)
* ''The Life Letters and Literary Remains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton'' (1883)
* ''Glenaveril'' (1885)
* ''After Paradise, or Legends of Exile'' (1887)
* ''King Poppy: A Story Without End'' (partially composed in early 1870s: only first published in 1892),<ref name="Birch"/> an allegorical romance in blank verse that was Lytton's favourite of his verse romances<ref name="Birch"/>

Based on the French translation, in 1868 he published a drama titled ''Orval, or the Fool of Time'' which has been inspired by Krasiński's ''[[The Undivine Comedy]]'' to the point it has been discussed in scholarly literature as an example of a "rough translation",<ref name="Gardner2015-134">{{cite book|author=Monica M. Gardner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBBEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|title=The Anonymous Poet of Poland|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-46104-8|page=134}}</ref> [[paraphrase]]<ref name="ClasseAC02468681]2000-775">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myLDA0_brhcC&pg=PA775|title=Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2000|isbn=978-1-884964-36-7|editor=O. Classe|page=775}}</ref> or even [[plagiarism]].<ref name="Budrewicz">{{Cite journal|last=Budrewicz|first=Aleksandra|title=Przekład, parafraza czy plagiat? "Nie-Boska komedia" Zygmunta Krasińskiego po angielsku|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=646292|journal=Wiek XIX. Rocznik Towarzystwa Literackiego Im. Adama Mickiewicza|language=pl|volume=XLIX|issue=1|pages=23–44|issn=2080-0851}}</ref>

===Further reading===
There is a detailed biography of Lytton by A. B. Harlan (1946).<ref name="Birch"/>

=={{anchor|Marriage and children}} Marriage and children==


[[File:Edith Villiers, later Countess of Lytton by George Frederic Watts.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edith Villiers]], Countess of Lytton]]
On 4 October 1864 Lytton married [[Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton|Edith Villiers]]. She was the daughter of Edward Ernest Villiers (1806–1843) and Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell and the granddaughter of [[George Villiers (1759–1827)|George Villiers]].<ref name=robdnd/>

They had at least seven children:
* Edward Rowland John Bulwer-Lytton (1865–1871)
* [[Elizabeth Balfour, Countess of Balfour|Lady Elizabeth Edith "Betty" Bulwer-Lytton]] (1867–1942).<ref name=robdnd/> Married [[Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour]], brother of Prime Minister [[Arthur Balfour]].
* [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton]] (1869–1923)<ref name=robdnd/>
* Hon. Henry Meredith Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1872–1874)
* [[Emily Lutyens|Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]] (1874–1964). Married [[Edwin Lutyens]]. Associate of [[Jiddu Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti]]
* [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton]] (1876–1947)<ref name=robdnd>David Washbrook, 'Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer-, first earl of Lytton (1831–1891)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17315, accessed 2 Nov 2015]</ref>
* [[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton]] (1879–1951)<ref name=robdnd/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-edward-bulwer-lytton | the Earl of Lytton }}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Lytton,+Edward+Robert+Bulwer+Lytton,+Earl+of}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Bulwer Lytton}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2947}}
* [http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/lucile/ The LUCILE Project] an academic effort to recover the publishing history of Lucile (which went through at least 2000 editions by nearly 100 publishers).
* [http://awt.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=conqueror&id=I5616&ti=5538 His profile in ancestry.com]

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{{Edward Bulwer-Lytton|state=collapsed}}

{{Viceroys of India}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lytton, Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of}}
[[Category:1831 births]]
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[[Category:19th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
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[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Portugal]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Diplomatic peers]]
[[Category:Earls of Lytton|101]]
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[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Burials at Knebworth]]
[[Category:Lytton family|Robert]]
[[Category:Eldest sons of British hereditary barons]]
[[Category:Edward Bulwer-Lytton]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]

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Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton