Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Murder of Umesh Kolhe

2023-11-28T14:57:52Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1:

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{short description|Murder in Amravati, Maharashtra, India, June 2022}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Murder of Umesh Kohle
| location = [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|21}}
| time = 22:00
| timezone = [[Indian standard time|IST]]
| type = Stabbing
| fatalities = 1
| weapon = Knife
| accused = Several men
| motive = Under investigation
}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

The '''murder of Umesh Kolhe''', a [[pharmacist]] from [[Amravati]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India, was carried out by two men by stabbing on 21 June 2022.<ref name="NDTV.com 2022">{{cite web | title=Amravati Chemist's Killers On CCTV, Had Supported Nupur Sharma: 10 Points | website=NDTV.com | date=2022-07-01 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-udaipur-anti-terror-probe-in-maharashtra-mans-killing-3121022 | access-date=2022-07-03}}</ref> The police arrested several people, who according to them, admitted to killing Kolhe for what he posted about [[Nupur Sharma (politician)|Nupur Sharma]], who was involved in the [[2022 Prophet remarks row]]. The police released CCTV footage that showed the assailants following Kolhe around 10 p.m. on June 21.<ref name="NDTV.com 2022"/> The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) had take over the probe of the killing to assess any possible links to the [[Murder of Kanhaiya Lal|Udaipur murder]].<ref name="Ahuja 2022">{{cite web | last=Ahuja | first=Namrata Biji | title=NIA probing possible links between Udaipur, Amravati killings | website=The Week | date=2022-07-02 | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/07/02/nia-probing-possible-links-between-udaipur-amravati-killings.html | access-date=2022-07-03}}</ref>

==Murder==
On June 21, 2022, pharmacist Umesh Prahladrao Kolhe was stabbed to death while returning home on his scooter after closing his pharmacy ‘Amit Medical Store’ near [[Ghantaghar]] in Shyam chowk area of Amravati, Maharashtra.<ref name="India.Com 2022">{{cite web | title=Amravati Murder: Gruesome Details Emerge; Chemist's Brother Says Umesh, Accused 'Good Friends' Since 2006 | website=India.Com | date=2022-07-03 | url=https://www.india.com/maharashtra/amravati-murder-gruesome-details-emerge-chemist-brother-statement-umesh-prahladrao-kolhe-good-friends-accused-since-2006-5490171/ | access-date=2022-07-03}}</ref> Kolhe's son Sanket and his wife Vaishnavi were accompanying him on another scooter.<ref name="Naidu 2022">{{cite web | last=Naidu | first=Jayprakash S | title=Shop owner in Amravati likely killed for post supporting Nupur Sharma | website=The Indian Express | date=2022-07-02 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shop-owner-in-amravati-likely-killed-for-post-supporting-nupur-sharma-udaipur-killing-8004116/ | access-date=2022-07-03}}</ref> Kolhe was taken to a nearby hospital but died while receiving medical treatment.<ref name="Naidu 2022"/>

==Investigation==
The police arrested seven men, including prime accused Irfan Khan, for Kolhe's murder all of whom are residents of Amravati.<ref name="NDTV.com 2022"/> The police was able to locate the knife allegedly used to kill Kolhe.<ref name="NDTV.com 2022"/>

Investigators are also investigating his social media post supporting BJP’s Nupur Sharma who had made [[2022 Muhammad remarks controversy|controversial comments about Muhammad]].<ref name="ThePrint 2022">{{cite web | title=Amravati: Six held for shop owner Umesh Kolhe's brutal killing | website=ThePrint | date=2022-07-02 | url=https://theprint.in/india/amravati-six-held-for-shop-owner-umesh-kolhes-brutal-killing/1021874/ | access-date=2022-07-03}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Murder of Rinku Sharma]]
* [[Kamlesh Tiwari]]
* [[Murder of Samuel Paty]]
* [[Murder of Kishan Bharvad]]
* [[Murder of Kanhaiya Lal]]
* [[2022 Muhammad remarks controversy]]
* [[Islam and blasphemy]]
* [[Islam and violence]]
* [[List of Islamist terrorist attacks]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolhe, Umesh}}
[[Category:2022 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Amravati]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:June 2022 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:June 2022 events in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2022]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2022]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2022]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in Asia]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Hindus in India]]

{{AfC submission|||ts=20231128202752|u=2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1|ns=118}}

Murder of Umesh Kolhe

2023-11-28T14:56:55Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1: New page

Sexuality in Islam

2023-11-28T14:54:42Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1:

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Short description|Islamic views and laws on sexuality}}
{{Too few opinions|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Atai (Walters MS 666) - A Juriconsult Giving Sexual Advice (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[mufti]] advises a woman whose [[son-in-law]] cannot consummate his marriage (Ottoman illustration, 1721).]]
{{Fiqh |sexual}}
'''[[Sexuality]] in [[Islam]]''' contains a wide range of views and laws, which are largely predicated on the [[Quran]], and the sayings attributed to [[Muhammad]] (''[[hadith]]'') and the rulings of religious leaders (''[[fatwa]]'') confining sexual activity to marital relationships between men and women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rassool |first1=G. Hussein |title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44125-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&q=islamic+sexual+jurisprudence&pg=PA75 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence |date=2016 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-853-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB29DwAAQBAJ&q=editions%3AISBN1851684565 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> '''Sexual jurisprudence''' ({{lang-ar|الفقه الجنسي}}{{efn|{{IPA-ar|fiqhu'l dʒin'siːu'l ʔis'laːmiː}}; {{transliteration|ar|Al-fiqh al-jinsi}}}}) and '''marital jurisprudence''' ({{lang-ar|فقه النكاح}}{{efn|{{IPA-ar|fiqhu'n nikah}}; {{transliteration|ar|Fiqh al-nikah}}}})
are the codifications of Islamic scholarly perspectives and rulings on sexuality, which both in turn also contain components of [[Islamic family jurisprudence]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence]], [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|hygienical]], [[Islamic criminal jurisprudence|criminal]] and [[Islamic bioethics|bioethical]] [[fiqh|jurisprudence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallat |first1=Chibli |last2=Connors |first2=Jane Frances |title=Islamic Family Law |date=1990 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-1-85333-301-9 |pages=55, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goEwYQVb6HIC&q=sexual&pg=PA31 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohn-Sherbok |first1=Dan |last2=Chryssides |first2=George D. |last3=El-Alami |first3=Dawoud |title=Love, Sex and Marriage: Insights from Judaism, Christianity and Islam |date=2013 |publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd |isbn=978-0-334-04405-5 |pages=XX, 88, 182, 196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-b2FxcBswC&q=Islam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Aftab |title=Sex & Sexuality in Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Nashriyat |isbn=978-969-8983-04-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRTYAAAAMAAJ&q=islam+family+sex |access-date=26 May 2020 |page=296|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Christie S. |title=Islamic Criminal Law: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-980604-1 |pages=10, 11, 12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFnZtem-HTQC&q=islamic+sexual+jurisprudence&pg=PA10 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zia |first1=Afiya Shehrbano |title=Sex Crime in the Islamic Context: Rape, Class and Gender in Pakistan |date=1994 |publisher=ASR |isbn=978-969-8217-23-5 |pages=7, 9, 32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=islam+sex+criminal |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=IB/> All instructions regarding sex in Islam are considered parts of, firstly, [[Taqwa]] or obedience and secondly, [[Iman (Islam)|Iman]] or faithfulness to [[Allah|God]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halstead |first1=Mark |last2=Reiss |first2=Michael |title=Values in Sex Education: From Principles to Practice |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-57200-7 |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaaCAgAAQBAJ&dq=sex+taqwa&pg=PA99 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Edward E. |title=The Columbia Sourcebook of Muslims in the United States |date=18 May 2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13957-1 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToXGAgAAQBAJ&dq=sex+taqwa&pg=PA226 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Sensitivity to gender difference and [[haya (Islam)|modesty]] outside of marriage can be seen in current prominent aspects of Muslim cultures, such as interpretations of [[list of types of sartorial hijab|Islamic dress]] and degrees of [[sex segregation and Islam|gender segregation]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Saeeda |title=Education, Leadership and Islam: Theories, discourses and practices from an Islamic perspective |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-05254-6 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afUWCgAAQBAJ&q=sex+segregation+islam&pg=PA96 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Islamic marital jurisprudence allows Muslim men to be married to multiple women (a practice known as [[polygyny]]).

The Quran and the ''hadiths'' allow only sex with [[marriage in Islam|married]] (''nikāḥ'') and "what the right hand owns".<ref>Abd al-Ati, Hammudah. The family structure in Islam. Baltimore, MD: American Trust Publications, 1977.</ref> which historically permitted men to have extramarital sex with concubines and sex slaves. Contraceptive use is permitted for birth control. Homosexual acts are [[Haram|strictly forbidden]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Rita James |last2=Brooks |first2=Alison |title=Gay and Lesbian Communities the World Over |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-4364-3 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGlGTAXlAcsC&q=homosexuality+islam&pg=PA17 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|the source mostly focuses on the controversies and issues for gay people around the world. The Islam section is very short and one-sided; it only points at the laws of Muslim majority states with the justification by some references to Quran and Hadiths used. This is no general Islamic view elaborated. There is much more extensive literature on that matter, including the historical, traditional, and exegetical enviroment, as well as nuances, which this source lacks, and should be considered instead.|date=November 2023}}

==Legal prescriptions==
===Modesty===
{{Main|Haya (Islam)|Islam and clothing}}
{{see also|Awrah|Purdah|Gender segregation in Islam|Gender roles in Islam|Mahram}}
Islam has strongly emphasized the concept of decency and modesty (''[[Haya (Islam)|haya]]'') and chastity; besides the lawful sexuality, priority is given to modesty and chastity both inside and outside the marital relationships. The Quran warns against immoral lust (''[[fahisha]]''),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqAYCn1O5WwC&q=fahisha&pg=PT307|title=Reading the Qur'an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam|date= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-991149-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ṣallābī|first=ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rU11lVnBWOwC&q=fahishah&pg=PA309|title=The Noble Life of the Prophet|publisher=Darussalam|year=2005|isbn=978-9960-9678-7-5|location=Riyadh, Saudu Arabia|pages=309, 310|language=en}}</ref> and the [[hadith|hadith literature]], modesty has been described as "a part of faith".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://40hadithnawawi.com/index.php/the-hadiths/hadith-20 | title=Hadith 20 :: Modesty is from Faith | publisher=40hadithnawawi.com | access-date=27 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810122508/http://40hadithnawawi.com/index.php/the-hadiths/hadith-20 | archive-date=10 August 2015 }}</ref> Islam strictly discourages nudity and public nakedness,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Akbar S. |title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92417-2 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ARFh_D9pzEC&q=nudity+in+Islam&pg=PA89 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Aftab |title=Sex & Sexuality in Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Nashriyat |isbn=978-969-8983-04-8 |pages=312, 320, 414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRTYAAAAMAAJ&q=nakedness+in+Islam |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and it is also forbidden for spouses to spread the secrets of what happens between them in their private marital life.<ref name="Marital privacy">{{cite web | url=http://www.quran.mu/marital-privacy-in-islam.html | title=Marital privacy in Islam | access-date=1 December 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211244/http://www.quran.mu/marital-privacy-in-islam.html | archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>

===Education===
====Adult====
Islam has a long tradition of pragmatism with respect to sex education, with sex being readily discussed and not subject or taboo as long as the topics under discussion were Islamically permissible. A [[hadith]] attributed to Muhammad's wife [[Aisha]] states that the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] women in particular were not shy about asking questions regarding sexual matters as long as they are halal.<ref>Bukhari, Book 3, Number 0649.</ref>{{Better source needed|this is just original research|date=November 2023}} From as early as the 14th-century, entire manuscripts devoted to Islamic sexual education were being written in Arabic in Baghdad, which at that time was a great literary centre within the Muslim world.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Women and Men in al-Suyūṭī's Guides to Sex and Marriage |last=Myrne |first=Pernilla |date=2018 |publisher=The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC) at the University of Chicago |issn=1947-2404 |doi=10.25846/26hn-gp87 |pages=47–67 |journal=Mamlūk Studies Review |volume=XXI |url=https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1253?ln=en}}</ref>

''[[The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight]]'' ([[Arabic]]: الروض العاطر في نزهة الخاطر) is a fifteenth-century Arabic Islamic sex manual and work of erotic literature by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as "Nefzawi". The book presents opinions on what qualities men and women should have to be attractive and gives advice on sexual technique, warnings about [[sexual health]], and recipes to remedy sexual maladies. It gives lists of names for the [[Human penis|penis]] and [[vulva]], and has a section on the interpretation of dreams. Interspersed with these there are a number of stories which are intended to give context and amusement.

====Children====
Accoring to [[Abdullah Nasih Ulvan]] sex education is not recommended until the approach of puberty, children are expected to be taught the signs of this and the characteristics which distinguish men from women.<ref name=CEII>{{cite book |last1=Alwan |first1=Abdullah Nasih |last2=Ghali |first2=Mahmoud |last3=Ghani |first3=Kamal Abdul |last4=Elkhatib |first4=Shafiq |last5=Shaban |first5=Ali Ahmad |last6=Al-Gindi |first6=Ash-Shahhat |last7=Zeid |first7=Khalifa Ezzat |first8=Selma |last8=Cook |title=Child Education in Islam |date=2004 |publisher=Dar-Us Salam |location=Cairo |isbn=977-342-000-0 |pages=186–214 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk685SYzgOIC&q=child+education+in+islam&pg=PA14 |access-date=19 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Islamic tradition also encourages that sexual education be entwined with morality, explaining Islamic rules involving the covering the intimate parts of the body, [[Intimate parts in Islam|‘''awrah'']], and the Islamic positions on modesty, chastity and avoiding [[promiscuity]].<ref name=CEII/>

===Circumcision===
{{See also|Khitan (circumcision)|Khafd}}
''Khitan'' or ''Khatna'' ({{lang-ar|ختان}}, {{lang-ar|ختنة}}) is the term for male [[circumcision]] carried out as a [[Islamic culture|cultural rite]] by Muslims and is considered a sign of belonging to the wider [[Islam]]ic community.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |title=Circumcision of boys |access-date=29 July 2008 |work=Religion & ethics – Islam |publisher=BBC |date=24 March 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305204605/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=5 March 2008 }}</ref> Whether or not it should be carried out after [[converting to Islam]] is debated among Islamic scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://convertingtoislam.com/circum.html |title=Male circumcision – the Islamic View |publisher=www.convertingtoislam.com |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217175325/http://convertingtoislam.com/circum.html |archive-date=17 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicinvitationcentre.com/FAQ/converts/FAQ_converts.html#Anchor-34662circumcision|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227151507/http://islamicinvitationcentre.com/FAQ/converts/FAQ_converts.html#Anchor-34662circumcision|archive-date=27 December 2010 |title=Is Circumcision obligatory after conversion? |publisher=Islamicinvitationcentre.com |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> The Quran does not mention circumcision, either explicitly or implicitly, in any verse, while some [[hadith]]s mention circumcision in a list of practices known as ''[[fitra]]'' (acts considered to be of a refined person). However, different hadiths contradict on whether circumcision is part of fitra or not. According to some traditions Muhammad was born without a [[foreskin]] ([[Aposthia|aposthetic]]), while others maintain that his grandfather [[Abdul-Muttalib]] circumcised him when he was seven days old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |title=Religions – Islam: Circumcision of boys |publisher=BBC |date=13 August 2009 |access-date=26 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629074142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>Al-Halabi, Ali Ibn-Burhan-al-Din. Alsirah al-halabiyyah. Vol.1 Beirut: Al-maktabah al-islamiyyah. (n.d.): 54-5.</ref> Islamic sources that advocate for circumcision also do not fix a particular time for circumcision, which can depend on family, region and country. The preferred age is usually seven although some Muslims are circumcised as early as the seventh day after birth and as late as the commencement of [[puberty]].<ref name="bbc" />

=== Puberty ===
{{Main|Baligh}}
''[[Bāligh]]'' or ''bulūgh'' ({{lang-ar|بالغ or بُلوغ}}) refers to a person who has reached [[puberty]] or [[adulthood]], and has full responsibility under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. In Islam, human life is divided into two parts, the first is before adolescence or childhood, when man is considered innocent, and the second is after adolescence (''bulugiyat'') or adulthood, when the Islamic law is fully applied to man and the hereafter is judged. If a person dies before he becomes an adult, he is considered to be in heaven.<ref name="mi">{{cite book |last1=Meri |first1=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 |page=150url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA150 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ei">{{cite book |title=Elementary Education and Motivation in Islam |date=2010 |publisher=Cambria Press |isbn=978-1-62196-932-7 |pages=21, 25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdaLbLKJ9CkC&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA25 |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The minimum age for puberty in boys is approximately 12 lunar years, and in the absence of symptoms, approximately 15 lunar years to maximum 18 lunar years, or may vary by geographical region; in the case of boys, the characteristics or signs of puberty, pubic hair growth and semen discharge (wet dreams).
The minimum age of puberty for girls is approximately 9 lunar years and if absence of no symptoms are found, it can be considered as approximately 15 lunar years to maximum 17 lunar years or 18 lunar years, or may vary by geographical region in case of girls. The characteristics or signs of puberty in girls are pubic hair, menstruation, wet dreams and the ability to conceive.<ref name="ei"/><ref name="doi">{{cite book|last1=Hughes |first1=Thomas Patrick |title=A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtbAAAAQAAJ&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA476 |access-date=24 May 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Torab |first1=Azam |title=Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15295-3 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsWorLT4p3UC&q=puberty+islam&pg=PA169 |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In issues pertaining to [[Marriage in Islam|marriage]], ''baligh'' refers to the legal expression ''hatta tutiqa'l-rijal'', which means a wedding may not take place until a girl is physically fit for [[sexual intercourse]]. This can also, though not necessarily, coincide with the reaching of [[sexual maturity]] manifested by [[menses]] or [[nocturnal emission]].<ref name=Masud1996>Masud, ''Islamic Legal Interpretation, Muftis and Their Fatwas'', [[Harvard University]] Press, 1996.</ref> Only after a separate condition called ''rushd'', or intellectual maturity to handle one's own property, is reached can a wife receive her [[bridewealth]].<ref name=Masud1996/>
==== Menstruation ====
{{main|Menstruation in Islam}}
The Qur'an makes specific mention of menstruation in [[Quran 2:222]] that instructs Muslims to "keep aloof from the women during the menstrual discharge and do not go near them until they have become clean; then when they have cleansed themselves, go in to them as Allah has commanded you",<ref>{{cite quran|2|222|t=s|s=ns}}</ref> language that is taken to clearly imply that sexual relations during menstruation are prohibited.<ref name="Joseph2007">{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures |year=2007 |publisher=Brill |page=531}}</ref> Ibn Kathīr, a [[muhaddith]], narrated a hadith that describes Muhammad's habits with his menstruating wives. This hadith demonstrates that Muhammad gave licence to all forms of spousal intimacy during the period of menstruation with the exception of vaginal intercourse. Women are required to perform ritual cleansing (''ghusl'') before resuming religious duties or sexual relations upon completion of their menstruation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baugh |first=Carolyn |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0965 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908190008/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0965 |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}</ref>

Sexual intercourse is also prohibited during menstruation,<ref name="Joseph2007"/> for forty days after childbirth ([[puerperium]]), during the daylight hours of the month of [[Ramadan]] (i.e. while fasting) and on pilgrimage. While in the sanctuary (in Ahram) at Mecca, pilgrims are not allowed to have intercourse, and marriages performed during the pilgrimage are invalid.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500093&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

====Nocturnal emissions====
{{main|Nocturnal emission#Islamic}}
Nocturnal emission is not a sin in Islam. Moreover, whereas a person fasting (in [[Ramadan]] or otherwise) would normally be considered to have broken their fast by ejaculating on purpose (during either masturbation or intercourse), nocturnal emission is not such a cause. They are still required to bathe prior to undergoing some rituals in the religion. Muslim scholars consider ejaculation something that makes one temporarily ritually impure, a condition known as [[junub]]; meaning that a [[Muslim]] who has had an orgasm or ejaculated must have a ''[[ghusl]].''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith-Hefner |first1=Nancy J. |title=Islamizing Intimacies: Youth, Sexuality, and Gender in Contemporary Indonesia |date=2019 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location= |isbn=978-0-8248-7811-5 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVnGDwAAQBAJ&q=nocturnal+emission+islam&pg=PA128 |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
===Legal relationships===
====Marriage====
{{main|Marriage in Islam|Islamic marital jurisprudence}}
In [[Islam]] and [[Sharia|Islamic law]] (''sharia''), [[marriage]] (''nikāḥ'' نکاح) is a legal and social [[Islamic marriage contract|contract]] between two individuals that outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom and bride.<ref name="marriage1">{{cite web | url=http://www.al-islam.org/islamic-marriage-syed-athar-husain-sh-rizvi/importance-marriage-islam | title=Importance of Marriage in Islam | date=22 October 2012 | publisher=al-islam.org | access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> [[Polygny in Islam|Polygyny is permitted in Islam]] under some conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article308231.ece |title=Women in polygamous marriages suffering psychological torture – Arab News |access-date=2011-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311202547/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article308231.ece |archive-date=2011-03-11 }}</ref> Both the groom and the bride are to consent to the marriage of their own free wills. Marriage is an act of [[Islam]] and is strongly recommended.<ref name="marriage1"/> In Islamic jurisprudence, the primary purpose of sex between marriage and concubinage is [[procreation]]. Islam recognizes the strong sexual urge and desire for reproduction and supports a [[natalism|pro-natalist]] view of procreation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Rita James |last2=Brooks |first2=Alison |title=Gay and Lesbian Communities the World Over |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-4364-3 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGlGTAXlAcsC&q=homosexuality+islam&pg=PA17 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Divorce in Islam]] can take a variety of forms, some executed by a husband personally and some executed by a religious court on behalf of a plaintiff wife who is successful in her legal divorce petition for valid cause.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nikah101.com/getting_married.html |title=Getting Married |access-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225955/https://nikah101.com/getting_married.html |archive-date=2018-10-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to ''nikah'', there is a different fixed-term marriage known as {{transliteration|ar|[[Nikah mut'ah|zawāj al-mut'ah]]}} ("temporary marriage")<ref>Wehr, Hans. [http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1058,ll=2783,ls=38,la=4127,sg=968,ha=718,pr=145,vi=350,mgf=779,mr=647,mn=1306,aan=617,kz=2459,ulq=1576,uqa=389,uqw=1523,umr=1012,ums=848,umj=778,uqq=365,bdw=829,amr=594,asb=911,auh=1501,dhq=525,mht=842,msb=221,tla=92,amj=766,ens=287,mis=2024,br=890 ''Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: a compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition'']. Ed. JM Cowan. New York: Spoken Language Services, Inc., 1994. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619052549/http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1058,ll=2783,ls=38,la=4127,sg=968,ha=718,pr=145,vi=350,mgf=779,mr=647,mn=1306,aan=617,kz=2459,ulq=1576,uqa=389,uqw=1523,umr=1012,ums=848,umj=778,uqq=365,bdw=829,amr=594,asb=911,auh=1501,dhq=525,mht=842,msb=221,tla=92,amj=766,ens=287,mis=2024,br=890 |date=2017-06-19 }}. Print.</ref>{{rp|page=1045}} permitted only by the [[Twelver]] branch of [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] for a pre-fixed period.<ref name="IslamicOrigins">Berg, H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SxPyHsFzNMIC&q=Mutah+of+marriage&pg=PA165 "Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509211138/https://books.google.com/books?id=SxPyHsFzNMIC&pg=PA165&dq=Mutah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=Mutah%20of%20marriage&f=false |date=2016-05-09 }} Brill 2003 {{ISBN|9004126023}}, 9789004126022. Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014.</ref><ref name="IslamDictionary">Hughes, T. [https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&dq=Mutah&pg=PA424 "A Dictionary of Islam."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423230922/https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&pg=PA424&dq=Mutah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAw&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Mutah&f=false |date=2016-04-23 }} Asian Educational Services 1 December 1995. Accessed 15 April 2014.</ref>{{rp|page=242}}<ref name="Pohl (2010)">Pohl, F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&dq=Mutah&pg=PA50 "Muslim world: modern Muslim societies"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624115230/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA50&dq=Mutah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l0VdUeCnM4ajiAfXnoCgCQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=Mutah&f=false |date=2016-06-24 }} Marshall Cavendish, 2010. {{ISBN|0761479279}}, 1780761479277. pp. 47–53.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last = İlkkaracan |first = Pınar |title = Deconstructing sexuality in the Middle East: challenges and discourses |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGwP9-FhxYC&pg=PA36 |publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year = 2008 |page = 36 |isbn = 978-0-7546-7235-7 |url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030194344/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGwP9-FhxYC&pg=PA36&dq |archive-date = 30 October 2015}}
</ref> There is also [[Nikah Misyar]], a non-temporary marriage with the removal of some conditions such as living together, permitted by some Sunni scholars.<ref>{{cite web|quote=In a misyar marriage the woman waives some of the rights she would enjoy in a normal marriage. Most misyar brides don't change their residences but pursue marriage on a visitation basis. |url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/642991 |title=Misyar now a widespread reality |work=Arab News |date=12 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218025556/http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/642991 |archive-date=2017-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first= Elie |last= Elhadj|title=The Islamic Shield: Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious Reforms| year=2006|publisher=Universal Publishers|isbn=978-1599424118| page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Al-Raida |issue=92–99|page=58|title=Misyar Marriage|publisher=Beirut University College, Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World |year=2001}}</ref>

In Islam, the husband should have intercourse with his wife according to what satisfies her, so long as that does not harm him physically or keep him from earning a living. The husband is obliged to treat his wife in a kind and reasonable manner. Part of that kind and reasonable treatment is intercourse, with tradition stipulating that couples should not forego intercourse for longer than four months,<ref name="Pmc">{{cite book |last1=Busaq |first1=Muhammad Al-Madani |last2=Ahmed |first2=Zubair |title=perspectives on modern criminal policy & islamic sharia |date=2005 |publisher=Naif Arab University |location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabiya |isbn=978-9960-853-17-8 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LD8yVhn_WB4C&q=omar+hafsa+husband+wife+four+month&pg=PA117 |access-date=30 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> though some prominent scholars have prescribed a more stringent minimum frequency of sexual intercourse as a religious obligation for husbands; [[Ibn Hazm]] prescribed once a month and [[Al-Ghazali]] prescribed once every four days.<ref>{{cite book |last= Al-Kawthari|first=Muhammad ibn Adam |author-link= Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari |date=August 19, 2020 |title= Islamic Guide to Sexual Relations|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WFdoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39&dq=islamic+scholars+sex+once+a+month&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimraj5jbqCAxWROn0KHRCvDfYQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=islamic%20scholars%20sex%20once%20a%20month&f=false |location= |publisher= Turath Publishing|page= |isbn=9781906949617}}</ref> According to other scholars, there is no time limit.<ref>Ibn Qudaamah, Malik, [[Al-Mughni]], 7/30, Al-Jassaas, Ahkaam al-Qur’aan, 1/374, Shaykh al-Islam, Al-Ikhtiyaaraat al-Fiqhiyyah, p. 246.</ref> However, most scholars say that it is obligatory on women alike not to refuse their husbands if they call them, so long as the woman who is called is not menstruating or sick in such a way that intercourse will be harmful to her, or observing an obligatory fast. If she refuses with no excuse, then she is cursed.<ref>al-Fataawa al-Islamiyyah, 3/145, 146, Kashf al-Qinaa’, 5/189, [[Al-Muhalla]], 10/40, Kashf al-Qinaa’, 5/189.</ref>

=====Interfaith marriage=====
[[File:Icon Iakovos Moskos.jpg|thumb|300px|An icon depicting the treaty signing between [[Muhammad]] and [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] allowing interfaith marriage between Muslims and Christians, as discussed in the [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]]<ref name="Ahmed2013"/>]]
[[Interfaith marriage]]s are recognized between Muslims and Non-Muslim "[[People of the Book]]" (usually [[Jews]], [[Christians]], and [[Sabians]]).<ref name=ODI>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl al-Kitab|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada|df=dmy-all|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=9780195125580}}</ref> According to the traditional interpretation of Islamic law (''sharīʿa''), a Muslim man is allowed to marry a Christian or Jewish woman but this ruling does not apply to women who belong to [[Islam and other religions|other Non-Muslim religious groups]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |year=2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>{{rp|755}} whereas a Muslim woman is not allowed to marry a Non-Muslim man of any Non-Muslim religious group.{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=755}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Elmali-Karakaya |author-first=Ayse |year=2020 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |editor1-last=Hood |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor2-first=Sariya |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |volume=31 |pages=388–410 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |s2cid=234539750 |issn=1046-8064}}</ref> However, marriage with an [[idolatress]] or [[Idolatry|idolater]] is forbidden,<ref name="go.galegroup.com">{{cite web |last=Kassam |first=Zayn |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500164&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

In the case of a Muslim-Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the Christian spouse is not to be prevented from [[Church service|attending church]] for prayer and worship, according to the [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]], a treaty between Muslims and Christians recorded between [[Muhammad]] and [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]].<ref name="Ahmed2013">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Akbar S. |title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92417-2 |page=62 |language=en |quote=The Quran speaks favourably of the people of the Book. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the people of the Book irrespective of their religious label—Christian, Jew or Muslim. Muslims can marry with the people of the Book,}}</ref><ref name="TimaniAshton2019">{{cite book |last1=Timani |first1=Hussam S. |last2=Ashton |first2=Loye Sekihata |title=Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology |date=29 November 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-27308-8 |page=196 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Concubinage ====
[[File:Slaves Zadib Yemen 13th century BNF Paris.jpg|thumb|200px|A depiction of a 13th-century slave market in Yemen, where concubines might be bought]]
{{main|Islamic views on concubinage|History of concubinage in the Muslim world}}
Before the abolition of slavery, [[concubinage]] existed alongside marriage as a permitted relationship in Islamic law that allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Kecia|date=February 2017|title=Concubinage and Consent|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=148–152|doi=10.1017/S0020743816001203|issn=0020-7438|doi-access=free}}</ref> Concubinage, which was a sexual relationship between a Muslim man and an unmarried female slave whom he owned, was the only legal sexual relationship outside marriage in Islamic law.

"Concubine" (''surriyya'') refers to the female slave (''[[Jarya|jāriya]]''), whether Muslim or non-Muslim, with whom her master engages in sexual intercourse. The word ''surriyya'' is not mentioned in the Quran. However, the expression "[[Ma malakat aymanukum]]" (that which your right hands own), which occurs fifteen times in the sacred book, refers to slaves and therefore, though not necessarily, to concubines. Concubinage was a pre-Islamic custom that was allowed to be practised under Islam through some reform with Jews and non-Muslim people. Muhammad also inspired to free "converted pious" concubines and marry them.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | title=Al-Adab Al-Mufrad / Book-9 / Hadith-48 | publisher=quranx.com | access-date=7 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062833/http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | archive-date=17 February 2017 }}</ref>

Islamic jurisprudence sets limits on the master's right to sexual intercourse with his female slave. A man's ownership of his unmarried slave-girl gave him an exclusive right to have sex with her under the condition that he could not sell her to others (in order to prevent prostitution of slaves) and neither harm her.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asy-Syafi'i R. A., Al-Imam.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950516509|title=Al-Umm = Kitab induk|date=1989|publisher=Victory Agencie|others=Sh-Ma Ismail Yakub.|isbn=983-9581-50-3|location=Kuala Lumpur|oclc=950516509}}</ref> A man could own a limitless number of concubines that he could afford and maintain their upkeep, but could not have access to the slave-girls owned by his wife. Marriage between the master and his concubine was only possible if she was granted free status first. To avoid pregnancies, the master had the right to practice [[coitus interruptus]]. The birth of progeny would change the legal status of the concubine to that of ''[[umm al-walad]]'' ("mother of the child"); as such, the concubine could not then be sold and her child would be seen as legitimate and free. On the (lawful) death of her master, she would automatically acquire free status.<ref name="Joseph 2006"/>

==== Purification and hygiene ====
Sexual hygiene in Islam is a prominent topic in [[Islam]]ic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'') due to its everyday nature. After sexual intercourse or seminal discharge, individuals enter a state known as ''junub'' ({{lang|ar|جنب}}) meaning [[ritually impure]] due to sexual intercourse or seminal discharge.

This state prevents a person from offering [[salat]], and a person in such a state must perform a full-body [[Ablution in Islam|ablution]] known as ''[[ghusl]]'' to regain the state of ritual purity necessary to once again perform [[salat|prayers]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Malcolm |title=Islam for Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT145 |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |location=[[Indiana]] |page=145|isbn=9781118053966 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}</ref> or touching a copy of the Quran.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |title=Islām |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref>

====Ramadan====
During [[Ramadan]], sexual activity is only permitted at night.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Anis |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113623/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Although this passage is explicitly addressed to men, the regulations on sex in regard to fasting are universally taken to apply equally to both male and female Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik |url-access=limited |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik/page/n156 128]}}</ref>

==== Family planning ====
=====Contraception=====
The Quran does not contain explicit text regarding contraception. Muslims refer to the hadith on the question of contraception. According to Muslim scholars, birth control is permitted, when it is temporary and for a valid reason.<ref name="amjaonline">
{{cite web |author1=Dr. Hatem al-Haj |title=Fatwa-76792 – Getting my tubes tied: female sterilization |url=http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |website=www.amjaonline.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=6 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413031826/http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sachedina |first=Zulie |title=Islam, Procreation and the Law |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=107–111 |jstor=2133308 |doi=10.2307/2133308 }}</ref> As such, the withdrawal method of contraception—[[Coitus interruptus|'Azll]]—is allowed according to the hadith. Muslim jurists concur with its permissibility<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}</ref> and use analogical deduction to approve other forms of contraception (e.g., [[condom]] usage).<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230901/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}</ref>

Under normal circumstances, sterilization is not considered to be permitted in Shari’ah. The irreversible nature associated with both the male and female sterilizations contradicts one of the primary purposes of marriage which is to have children, as mentioned by [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazali]] in his [[Ihya’ Ulum al-Din]]. Furthermore, sterilization is considered a form of self-mutilation (''muthla''), which is forbidden.<ref name="DI">
{{cite web |author1=Muhammad ibn Adam |title=Permanent Contraception (Female Sterlisation) – Does Intention affect Permissibility? |url=http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |website=[[Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah|Darul Ifta]] |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=2 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092820/http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> While sterilization as a form of permanent contraception is primarily forbidden in Islam, sterilization is allowed for specific health indications such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart disease, or congenital abnormalities [[incompatible with life]].<ref name=IB/> In such cases, patients may be sterilized after they have given their free, informed consent.<ref name=IB>{{cite book |last1=Bagheri |first1=Alireza |last2=Al-ali |first2=Khalid Abdulla |title=Islamic Bioethics: Current Issues And Challenges |date=30 August 2017 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78326-751-4 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpA4DwAAQBAJ&dq=sterilization+permitted+Islam&pg=PA239 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=====IVF treatment=====
As early as 1980, authoritative fatwas issued from Egypt's famed Al-Azhar University suggested that [[in vitro fertilisation]] (IVF) and similar technologies are permissible In Islam as long as they do not involve any form of third-party donation (of sperm, eggs, embryos, or uteruses).<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | last = Inhorn | first = MC | title = Making Muslim babies: IVF and gamete donation in Sunni versus Shi'a Islam | journal = Cult Med Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 427–450 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17051430 | pmc = 1705533 | doi = 10.1007/s11013-006-9027-x | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624121701/http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | archive-date = 24 June 2009 }}</ref>

===Intersexuality===
{{further|Intersex people and religion#Islam}}
[[Intersex people and religion#Islam|Intersex persons in Islam]] are referred to as ''Khunthaa'' in the books of Fiqh.<ref name="Ar"/>

An [[intersex]] person may have [[sex characteristics]] or [[sex organ|organs]] that are not typically male or female. This person is called a ''Khunthaa'' in the books of Fiqh.<ref name="Ar"/> There are three types of Khunthaa:

1. A person has aspects of both organs, and urinates from the male organ. This person will be included among the males and the laws regarding males will fall on him.

2. The person urinates from the female organ so will be included among the females. The laws related to females will fall on this person. This applies before the person reaches maturity. After maturity, the person will be rechecked. If he experiences wet dreams like a male then he will be counted as a male. On the other hand, if the person develops breasts and other signs of being feminine the she will be included among the females.

3. When both masculine and feminine signs are equal and it cannot be determined whether the person is more male or more female then such a person is termed Khunthaa Mushkil. There are different laws regarding such a person, a few examples: It is not permissible for a Khunthaa Mushkil to wear silk and jewellery. Both these are permissible for females. But because this person's condition cannot be ascertained, so precaution demands that such a person not wear silk and jewellery, because of the possibility that the person may be more male. Such a person cannot travel without a Mahram because of the possibility of being more female.

[[Intersex medical interventions]] are considered permissible to achieve agreement between a person's exterior, [[chromosomal]] make-up or sex organs. They are regarded as treatment and not the altering of Allah's creation or imitation of the opposite sex.<ref name=islamtoday>{{cite web|url=http://en.islamtoday.net/node/1334|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107021853/http://en.islamtoday.net/node/1334|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-07|title=Sex change operation – IslamToday – English|website=en.islamtoday.net}}</ref><ref name="Ar"/>

==Legal ambiguations==
=== Masturbation ===
There are varying scholarly views of [[masturbation]] ({{lang-ar-at|استمناء|istimnā’}}) in [[Islam]], largely because the Qur'an does not specifically mention the subject. There are some references to it in the ''[[hadith]]s'', but these are [[Hadith terminology|classified as unreliable]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/Login.html?url=%2Fapp%3Fservice%3Dexternalpagemethod%26page%3DArticleViewDispatch%26method%3Dview%26uri%3D%2Fopr%2Ft349%2Fe0011&failReason=|title=Sexuality and Law|last=Omar|first=Sara|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402145942/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref> The hadith regarding masturbation are, too, not considered to take a definitive stance on the subject. As such, positions on masturbation vary widely.<ref name="oxfordislamicstudies.com">{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153420/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref>

Masturbation has nevertheless been considered ''[[haram]]'' or prohibited by many jurists historically,<ref name="Yusuf">The Lawful And The Prohibited In Islam, Yusuf Al-Qardawi – 1997.</ref><ref name="TNAM">The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East, p 168, Marcia C. Inhorn – 2012.</ref> though often with the caveat that it may be permissible if done out of necessity. For example, one scholar notably permitted masturbation as a means whereby soldiers, far away from their wives on a tour of duty might remain chaste.<ref>Islam, Gender, and Social Change, p. 28, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, John L. Esposito – 1998.</ref> At the same time, in certain points in history, masturbation has also been considered among the great sins,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Biḥār al-Anwār|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_000000127|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopaedia Islamica|date=16 October 2015|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_000000127}}</ref> and subject to discretionary punishments ''[[Tazir|ta'zir]]'' under Islamic law,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=al-MUFĪD|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/_eifo_sim_5316|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|date=October 2010|doi=10.1163/_eifo_sim_5316}}</ref> with stronger punishments in case of repeat offense.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=ḤAMZA b. al-Ḥasan [Ibn] al-Muʾaddib al-IṢFAHĀNĪ|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_2697|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|date=October 2010|doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_2697}}</ref>

The four [[Sunni]] schools of [[fiqh|jurisprudence]] or ''[[fiqh]]'' ([[Hanafi]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Maliki]] and [[Hanbali]]), have differing stances on the issue. Some see it forbidden in certain cases (i.e. if it leads a man/woman to ignore their spouse sexually) but recommended it when they see it as a lesser evil to illicit sex. In the Maliki and Shafi'i schools, masturbation is typically fully prohibited,<ref>[http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp Marriage in Islam – Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127060711/http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp |date=27 November 2010 }} by Hussein Khalid Al-Hussein, Ph.D. Refer to: Section Al-`Alaqat Al-Mubahah (Allowed Relationships)</ref><ref name="TNAM" /> while in the Hanafi and Hanbali schools, it is typically prohibited unless one spouse is unattainable and one fears adultery or fornication (i.e. in a state of extreme sexual desire), in which case, it is permissible to seek a relief through masturbation.<ref name="surrogate">Ebrahim, A.F.M., 1990. Islamic Teachings and Surrogate Motherhood. Journal for the Study of Religion, 3(1), p36. "'Abd al-Rahman al-Juzayri states: The author of Subul al-Salam says that some of the Hanbali and Hanafi jurists are of the opinion that masturbation may be permissible in the event that one fears \[that his not engaging in it\] would lead to his committing adultery or fornication. But he cautions that such a view is weak and is not to be relied on."</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Starling|first=John|title=My Husband won't stop Masturbating|url=https://www.hanbalidisciples.com/post/2018/04/25/my-husband-wont-stop-masturbating|website=Hanbali Disciples|date=25 May 2018|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714110609/https://www.hanbalidisciples.com/post/2018/04/25/my-husband-wont-stop-masturbating|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ibrahim bin Muhammad ibn Dawyan|title=Manar as-Sabeel|page=1012}}</ref><ref>Çakmak, S., 2010. ''Hanefî mezhebinde mekruh kavramı, gelişimi ve tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh ayrımı'' (Master's thesis, Uludağ Üniversitesi).</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fatawa – Is masturbation prohibited in Islam as some people claim that it is normal and even healthy?|url=https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=5944|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324222747/https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=5944|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Waseem|title=Masturbation if excited, but away from one's spouse|url=https://darululoomtt.net/masturbation-if-excited-but-away-from-ones-spouse/|website=DarulUloomTT|date=26 October 2015|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714015440/https://darululoomtt.net/masturbation-if-excited-but-away-from-ones-spouse/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Hanafi scholar, Ibn Nujaym wrote, "It is mentioned in the collection of fatawa Al-Walwaljiya that there is no harm [in masturbating] if one only seeks to relieve sexual desire (i.e. excessive sexual desire that distracts a person from religious and worldly matters). Also if one is spouseless or has a spouse, yet it is difficult to reach her/him due to certain circumstances. This opinion is also stated in Al-Siraj Al-Wahaj."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.37542/iq|title=IQ (Ilmu Al-qur'an): Jurnal Pendidikan Islam|year=2020 |publisher=Fakultas Tarbiyah, Institut PTIQ Jakarta|doi=10.37542/iq}}</ref>}}{{efn|The Hanafi jurists have two words for the ruling that the other Sunni schools and Islamic denominations would refer to as simply "Haram" (forbidden) - 1) "Makruh Tahrimi", 2) "Haram". The difference is that what is "Haram" in their terminology is that which is established definitively, whilst the evidence for something labelled "Makruh Tahrimi" is not definitive (e.g. it is based on a [[Hadith]] that is [[Hadith terminology#Ahaad|Khabar Ahad]].) "Makruh Tahrimi" should not be confused with what other schools generally refer to as [[Makruh]] – which in the Hanafi school is known as "Makruh Tanzihi" (Categorically Disliked). The Hanafi scholars view the sin of committing a "Makruh Tahrimi" act as lesser than the sin of committing what they call a "Haram" act, though both are forbidden and so incur sin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fatwa #16088|last1=Moosa|first1=Ismail|last2=Desai|first2=Ebrahim|authorlink2=Ebrahim Desai|url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16088|date=23 January 2008|website=[[Askimam]]|publisher=Darul Iftaa Mahmudiyya|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726073733/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16088|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

The Maliki and Shafi'i position stem from it being considered prohibited by both Imam [[Malik ibn Anas]] and Imam [[Al-Shafi’i]], the latter stating that verses in the Qur'an about guarding one's chastity and private parts applied to masturbation.<ref name="Yusuf"/><ref name="TNAM"/> At the same, there is a minority opinion within the Maliki school that allows masturbation if done in private and without the use of illicit materials such as pornography and drugs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abdul-wahid|first1=Ibn Ashir|title=The Guiding HelperThe Guiding Helper The Guiding Helper Main Text & Explanatory Notes|publisher=The Guiding Helper Foundation|page=190|url=https://www.abc.se/home/m9783/ir/d/gh_e.pdf|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126153059/http://www.abc.se/home/m9783/ir/d/gh_e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Hanbali jurists meanwhile also excuse that those under the desire pressure from not being married, and [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] also said it is permissible for prisoners, travellers and for men and women who have difficulty in finding a lawful spouse.<ref>Sayfuddin, M. and Muhametov, A.R., 2004. ''Love & sex in Islam.'' Booktango. p. 44.</ref><ref name="TNAM"/> In Hanafi scholarship, a wife masturbating her husband is meanwhile disliked, but not prohibited, meaning it would be preferable not to do so but doing so will not incur sin.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rabbani|first=Faraz|title=Mutual masturbation between spouses|url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/hanafi-fiqh/mutual-masturbation-between-spouses/|website=SeekersGuidance|date=8 May 2014|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714015448/https://seekersguidance.org/answers/hanafi-fiqh/mutual-masturbation-between-spouses/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zia al-Qadri|first=Qasim|title=IS IT PERMISSIBLE FOR A MAN TO BE MASTURBATED BY HIS WIFE?|url=https://www.seekerspath.co.uk/question-bank/physical-relations/q-id0254-is-it-permissible-for-a-man-to-get-masturbated-by-his-wife/|website=SeekersPath|date=8 March 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714015440/https://www.seekerspath.co.uk/question-bank/physical-relations/q-id0254-is-it-permissible-for-a-man-to-get-masturbated-by-his-wife/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Shia Islam|Shia]] jurisprudence, masturbation is generally considered prohibited, though there has always been a view to permit masturbation as the lesser of two evils (so as to ward off falling into fornication).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Inhorn |first=Marcia |title=Masturbation, Semen Collection and Men's IVF Experiences: Anxieties in |journal=Body & Society |year=2007 |volume=13 |issue=37|pages=37–53 |doi=10.1177/1357034X07082251 |s2cid=72428852 }}</ref> Those jurists who permit masturbation in different cases distinguish between those who masturbate out of necessity and those who have these means yet still masturbate to gratify their lust.<ref name="oxfordislamicstudies.com"/> [[Ja'far as-Sadiq]] also cited the Quran'ic verses on guarding one's chastity and private parts.<ref>Hoseini, S.S., 2017. Masturbation: Scientific evidence and Islam's view. Journal of religion and health, 56(6), pp.2078.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Risāla ilā aḥad fuqahāʾ al-muslimīn|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877-8054_cmr_com_25094|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History|doi=10.1163/1877-8054_cmr_com_25094}}</ref> The modern Iranian jurist [[Ali al-Sistani]] has stated that masturbation, while emphasising that it is haram in all other circumstances, is permissible in case of medical necessity, provided there was no lawful means to achieve ejaculation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Sistani|first=Ali|title=Masturbation|url=https://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01244/|website=Sistani.org|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320083410/https://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01244/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Oral sex===
In [[Sunni Islam]], [[oral sex]] between a husband and wife is considered "Makruh Tahrimi"<ref>{{cite web|title=Ask The Scholar: What is meant by makruh?|url=http://askthescholar.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=1750|work=Shaik Ahmad Kutty|publisher=Ahmad Kutty|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120709204156/http://askthescholar.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=1750|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> or highly undesirable by some Islamic jurists when the act is defined as mouth and tongue coming in contact with the genitals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oral Sex in Islam|url=http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/OralSexInIslam.htm|work=The Majlis|publisher=JamiatKZN, Central-Mosque.com|access-date=7 July 2012|location=Vol. 6 No. 8|date=14 June 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614230937/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/OralSexInIslam.htm|archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Moulana Ismail Desai">{{cite web|title=Are partners allowed to lick each other's private parts?|url=http://www.askimam.org/public/question_detail/21483#_ftnref1|work=Mawlana Saeed Ahmed Golaub|publisher=Moulana Ismail Desai|access-date=9 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004191016/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/21483#_ftnref1|archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> The reason behind considering this act as not recommended is manifold, the foremost being the issue of modesty, purification ([[Ritual purity in Islam|Taharat]]) and cleanliness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Questions On Sexuality, Oral sex|url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e92.html#2|work=Living Islam|publisher=GF Haddad|access-date=7 July 2012|author=Hajj Gibril|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620140054/http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e92.html#2|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> In [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]], oral sex is permitted as long as [[Najis|najasah]] (impurity) is not consumed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is oral sex between married couples allowed according to Shia teachings? If so, what is the evidence for it from the teachings of the Prophet (s) and the Imams (s)? |url=https://www.al-islam.org/ask/is-oral-sex-between-married-couples-allowed-according-to-shia-teachings-if-so-what-is-the-evidence-for-it-from-the-teachings-of-the-prophet-s-and-the-imams-s |website=Al-Islam.org|date=17 May 2020 }}</ref>

The most common argument states<ref name="Moulana Ismail Desai"/> that the mouth and tongue are used for recitation of the Quran and for the remembrance of Allah ([[Dhikr]]).<ref name="rem allah 1">{{cite web|title=Remembrance of Allaah|url=http://www.islaam.net/main/display.php?id=391&category=134|work=Islamic Network.|access-date=7 July 2012|author='Alî Abd-ur-Rahmân al-Hudhaifî|date=4 May 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415032643/http://www.islaam.net/main/display.php?id=391&category=134|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> The status of contact between genitals and mouth and genital secretions is also debated among the [[four Sunni schools]], some scholars viewing them as impure and others not.

=== Abortion ===
{{main|Islam and abortion}}
Islamic schools of law have differing opinions on abortion, though it is prohibited or discouraged by most.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sachedina |first=Zulie |title=Islam, Procreation and the Law |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=111}}</ref> However, abortion is allowed under certain circumstances, such as if the mother's health is threatened. If the abortion is necessary to save the woman's life, Muslims universally agree that her life takes precedence over the life of the fetus.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donna Lee |last=Bowen |chapter=Contemporary Muslim Ethics of Abortion |editor-first=Jonathan E. |editor-last=Brockopp |title=Islamic ethics of life: abortion, war, and euthanasia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC |year=2003 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185028/https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC&PA=88 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |isbn=978-1570034718 }}</ref>

Muslim views on abortion are also shaped by the [[Hadith]] as well as by the opinions of legal and religious scholars and commentators. In Islam, the fetus is believed to become a living soul after four months of gestation,<ref>"''(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then Allah sends an angel who is ordered to write four things...then the soul is breathed into him''"<br />{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|54|430}}</ref> and abortion after that point is generally viewed as impermissible. Many Islamic thinkers recognize exceptions to this rule for certain circumstances; indeed, [[Azizah Y. al-Hibri]] notes that "the majority of Muslim scholars permit abortion, although they differ on the stage of fetal development beyond which it becomes prohibited."<ref name="USAToday">{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2006-08-13-forum-abortion_x.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |title=Where does God stand on abortion? |first=Tom |last=Ehrich |date=13 August 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627035106/http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2006-08-13-forum-abortion_x.htm |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref>

Some Muslim scholars hold that the child of rape is a legitimate human being and therefore subject to the normal laws of abortion, that it is permitted only if the fetus is less than four months old, or if it endangers the life of its mother.<ref name="VRC"/> Certain contemporary fatwas have also laid out the position that permit abortion if the newborn might suffer from a congenital condition that would make its care exceptionally difficult for the parents.<ref name="VRC">{{cite book |first=Vardit |last=Rispler-Chaim |chapter=The Right Not To Be Born: Abortion of the Disadvantaged Fetus in Contemporary Fatwas |editor-first=Jonathan E. |editor-last=Brockopp |title=Islamic ethics of life: abortion, war, and euthanasia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC |year=2003 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |pages=87–88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185028/https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC&PA=88 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |isbn=978-1570034718 }}</ref>

===Transsexuality, transgender, and ''third gender''===
{{main|LGBT in Islam}}

==== Gender overview ====
According to Islamic tradition, gender can be divided into the following groups: male, female, ''khunsa'', ''mukhannis'' (binary transgender), and ''mukhannas'' (non-binary transgender).<ref name="Ar">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Fran |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |last3=McLelland |first3=Mark |last4=Yue |first4=Audrey |title=AsiaPacifiQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities |date=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09181-0 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PssO1pfKDtwC&q=sex+change+islam&pg=PA91 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> According to the Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour, "in the premodern period, Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the khasi (eunuch), the hijra, the ''mukhannath'', the ''mamsuh'' and the ''khuntha'' (hermaphrodite/intersex)."

The Arabic term for a [[trans woman]] is ''mukhannith'', wheras the term for a [[trans man]] is ''mutarajjilah''. It is generally considered possible to change one's gender according to Islamic law, however, transition is linked to surgery.<ref>Zaharin AAM, Pallotta-Chiarolli M. Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi's and Khomeini's fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint. Int J Transgend Health. 2020 Jun 16;21(3):235-241. doi: 10.1080/26895269.2020.1778238. PMID: 34993508; PMCID: PMC8726683.</ref> Since homosexuality is usually forbidden, some people seek out [[Gender-affirming surgery|sexual reassignment surgery]] to change their gender status.<ref>Sarcheshmehpour, Zahra, and Raihanah Abdullah. "Transsexuality in Iran: Issues and Challenges." Journal of Shariah Law Research 2.1 (2017): 55-74.</ref> Transgender identities usually work within the gender binary, although in some Classical Arabic literature, [[non-binary|gender identities deviating from the gender binary]] have been discussed.

In Islamic literature, the plural term ''mukhannatun'' (مخنثون "effeminate ones", "men who resemble women", singular mukhannath) was a term used to describe gender-variant people, and refers to a person who behaves like a woman in gentleness, speech, appearance, movements and so on.<ref>Rowson, Everett K. (October 1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 671–693. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504. doi:10.2307/603399. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 603399. LCCN 12032032. OCLC 47785421. S2CID 163738149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</ref><ref>Zaharin, Aisya Aymanee M.; Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria (June 2020). "Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi's and Khomeini's fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint". International Journal of Transgender Health. Taylor & Francis. 21 (3): 235–241.</ref> The ''mukhannath'' is to be distinguished from both the ''[[Intersex people in history#Islam|khuntha]]'' (intersex) and the eunuch (castrated).<ref name="Ar"/> Any form of castration is strongly forbidden in Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Favazza |first1=Armando R. |title=Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry |date=1996 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5300-5 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwQT9fdZNdgC&q=castration+in+islam&pg=PA182 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Legal status ====
A ''hadith'' from [[Sahih Bukhari|collection of Bukhari]] (compiled in the 9th century), is often used as example for the legal status of transgender people in general. It includes a report regarding ''mukhannathun'', who were granted access to secluded women's quarters and engaged in other non-normative gendered behavior:<ref>Rowson, Everett K. (October 1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 671–693. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504. doi:10.2307/603399. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 603399. LCCN 12032032. OCLC 47785421. S2CID 163738149. Archived from the original</ref> In ''hadiths'' attributed to Muhammad's wives, the ''mukhannath'' in question expressed his appreciation of a woman's body and described it for the benefit of another man. According to one ''hadith'', this incident was prompted by a ''mukhannath'' servant of Muhammad's wife Umm Salama commenting upon the body of a woman and following that, whereupon Muhammad cursed the ''mukhannathun'' and their female equivalents, ''mutarajjilat'' and ordered his followers to remove them from their homes.<ref>"Sunan Abi Dawud » Book of General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab) » (61) Chapter: The ruling regarding hermaphrodites". Sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018</ref>

These ''hadiths'' have been used by some to oppose the legitimacy of transgender people in general and sometimes, to sanction surgery.<ref name="Ar"/> However, this prohibition is not universal. Since Muhammad did not forbid the ''mukhannatun'' to enter woman's space at first, but only after this specific ''mukhannath'' abused his trust, these ''hadiths'' can be seen as validation of third-gender identities.<ref>Zaharin AAM, Pallotta-Chiarolli M. Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi's and Khomeini's fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint. Int J Transgend Health. 2020 Jun 16;21(3):235-241. doi: 10.1080/26895269.2020.1778238. PMID: 34993508; PMCID: PMC8726683.</ref>

[[Shia Islam|Shii scholar]] [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], as affirmed by [[Ayatollah Khameini]], as well as various Sunni scholars, ruled out that "Sex-reassignment surgery is not prohibited in ''[[Sharia|shari'a law]]'' if reliable medical doctors recommend it."<ref>M. Alipour (2017) Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex-reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas, International Journal of Transgenderism, 18:1, 91-103, DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239</ref> Similarly, scholars from [[Pakistan]] agreed that transsexual people, who took sexual reassignment surgery, would be allowed to marry and be buried according to Islamic funeral law.<ref>https://www.diken.com.tr/din-alimleri-fetva-verdi-transeksuellerin-evlenmesinde-islami-bir-engel-yok/</ref>

Likewise, transgender identities beyond the binary spectrum have been discussed and partly validated. Islamic literary sources mention a ''mukhannath'' named Ṭuwais, but never describe his sexuality or behavior as immoral.<ref>Rowson, Everett K. (October 1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 671–693. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504. doi:10.2307/603399. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 603399. LCCN 12032032. OCLC 47785421. S2CID 163738149. Archived from the original</ref> [[Al-Nawawi]] and [[Shams al-Din al-Kirmani|al-Kirmani]] distinguished ''mukhannathun'' into those whose feminine traits seem unchangeable, despite the person's best efforts to stop them, and those whose traits are changeable but refuse to stop. Only the latter ones are to blame. [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] stated that all ''mukhannathun'' must make an effort to cease their feminine behavior, but if this proved impossible, they were not worthy of punishment. Those who made no effort to become less "effeminate", or seemed to "take pleasure in (his effeminacy)", were worthy of blame.

==Legal prohibitions==
===Immodesty===
{{main|Fahisha|Dayyuth}}
Islam strictly prohibits [[fahisha]], an Arabic word commonly meaning lewdness and indecency.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sardar |first1=Ziauddin |title=Reading the Qur'an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991149-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqAYCn1O5WwC&dq=pornography+islam&pg=PT298 |accessdate=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Qur'an says that [[Salah]] prevents fahisha and forbidden acts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yılmaz |first1=Hakkı |title=WHAT IS SALAH? |publisher=Hakkı Yılmaz |pages=40, 41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McZ2DwAAQBAJ&dq=salah+ankabut+45+fahisha&pg=PA41 |access-date=9 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|(O Messenger!) The Book that has been revealed to you; Recite from it and establish prayer ([[Salah]]). Indeed, Salah prevents one from indecency (fahisha) and evil deeds (munkar). And the remembrance of Allah is the best. Allah knows what you do. - (Surah Ankabut: Verse 45)}} Jurists also warns to move away from acts which may indulge to lead to [[Zina]] and prescribe to hold [[Taqwa]] (abstinence from [[Haram]]) so that a solution must be gotten from [[Allah]] in reward according to Quran.{{efn|And whoever fears Allah - He will make for him a way out. And will provide for him from where he does not expect. And whoever relies upon Allah - then He is sufficient for him.-[[At-Talaq]], 65:2-3<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdul-Rahman |first1=Muhammad Saed |title=Islam: Questions and Answers - Manners (Part 2) |date=1 November 2007 |publisher=MSA Publication Limited |isbn=978-1-86179-341-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g956Y2C2pE4C&dq=zina+65%3A2-3&pg=PA84 |access-date=12 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}

===Zina (non-marital sex)===
[[File:Stoning of woman.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''The Stoning of an Adulteress'', illustration to a manuscript of ''[[1001 Nights]]'' by [[Sani ol molk|Abu'l Hasan Ghaffari]] or his atelier. Tehran, 1853–1857]]
{{main|Zina}}
According to Islamic laws made by [[exegesis]] of the Quran and the [[hadith]]s, all sexual relationships except with a spouse (or a man's concubine) are considered [[zina|zinā]] (fornication).<ref name="Joseph 2006">{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures |year=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Boston}}</ref> ''[[Zina]]'' must also be committed by a person of their own free will.<ref name="Semerdjian">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Elyse|last=Semerdjian|title=Zinah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-access=subscription|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}</ref> According to [[Fiqh|traditional jurisprudence]], ''zina'' can include [[fornication]],<ref name="ill" /><ref name="shahnaz" /><ref name="Habeeb" /> [[adultery]],<ref name="ill" /><ref name="shahnaz">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shahnaz |title=Zina, Transnational Feminism, and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=9780774841184 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IfJl4J7MAgC&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA8 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Habeeb">{{cite book |last1=Akande |first1=Habeeb |title=A Taste of Honey: Sexuality and Erotology in Islam |date=2015 |publisher=Rabaah Publishers |isbn=9780957484511 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKyPCgAAQBAJ&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA145 |language=en}}</ref> [[prostitution]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meri |first1=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415966924 |page=646 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=prostitution+zina&pg=PA646 |language=en}}</ref> [[rape]],<ref name="Semerdjian" /> [[anal sex]],<ref name="ill" /><ref name="sam">{{cite book|last1=Habib|first1=Samar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&q=homosexuality+zina&pg=PA211|title=Islam and Homosexuality|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313379031|edition=1st|page=211|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> [[incest]],<ref name="clarke">{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&q=incest+zina&pg=PA42 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hashim">{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&q=incest+zina&pg=PA94 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and [[bestiality]].<ref name="ill">{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&q=bestiality+zina&pg=PA53 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="law">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Law relating to fornication (Zina) in the Islamic legal system: a comparative study |date=1999 |publisher=Andhra Legal Decisions |page=3,71,142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N24mAQAAIAAJ&q=bestiality+zina |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&q=bestiality+zina&pg=PA53 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

====Prostitution====
According to Abdel Sabour Abdel Qawi Misry, prostitution in Islam is forbidden.<ref name=AS>{{cite book |last1=مصري |first1=عبد الصبور عبد القوي |title=الجرائم الواقعة على العرض والأخلاق: دراسة مقارنة |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500376813 |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9XiDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&pg=PA149 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=ar}}</ref> Daz Austin Endshow says that, Qur'an says about prostitution that female slaves should not be forced into prostitution.<ref name="DAE">{{cite book |last1=إندشو |first1=داج أوستين |title=الجنس والدين: التعاليم والمحظورات في تاريخ الأديان |date=8 January 2020 |publisher=Safsafa Publishing House |isbn=978-977-821-138-2 |page=1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwzeDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&pg=PA1877 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{quote|And compel not your slave-girls to prostitution when they desire to keep chaste, in order to seek the frail goods of this world's life. And whoever compels them, then surely after their compulsion Allah is Forgiving, Merciful..|{{cite quran|24|33|s=ns}}}}</ref> Islamic prophet Muhammad said: There is no prostitution in Islam.<ref name="DAE"/><ref>{{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas, the Prophet said: There is no prostitution in Islam. If anyone practised prostitution in pre-Islamic times, the child will be attributed to the master (of the slave-woman). He who claims his child without a valid marriage or ownership will neither inherit nor be inherited.|{{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|12|2257}}}}</ref> The penalty for prostitution in Islam is one hundred lashes for the adulterer or adulteress.<ref name=AS/> If a married man or woman (married or married) is practicing prostitution, the punishment amounts to death by throwing stones.<ref name=AS/> Despite the severity of the punishments, Islam has established laws that make the practice of punishment against perpetrators of prostitution extremely difficult, as it is required to punish the practitioner of prostitution that he personally confess.<ref name=AS/> By engaging in it, or that there are four witnesses who witnessed the act of having sex, provided that the adulterer has a clear vision beyond doubt, provided that part of his penis (the glans or more) is absent in the adulteress’s vagina, and that none of the four witnesses retract his testimony, otherwise the remaining three or less will become guilty.<ref name=AS/> On charges of slandering a man and a woman, the punishment for slander is imposed on them. Islam also imposes strict punishments on those who accuse women of engaging in prostitution without conclusive evidence, namely four witnesses.”<ref name=AS/>

==== Rape ====
{{main|Rape in Islamic law}}
Rape is considered a serious sexual crime in Islam, and can be defined in Islamic law as: "Forcible illegal sexual intercourse by a man with a woman who is not legally married to him, without her free will and consent".<ref name="Noor">{{cite journal|last1=Noor|first1=Azman Mohd|title=Rape: A Problem of Crime Classification in Islamic Law|journal=Arab Law Quarterly|date=1 January 2010|volume=24|issue=4|pages=417–438|doi=10.1163/157302510X526724}}</ref>

Classical Islamic law defined what today is commonly called "rape" as a coercive form of fornication or adultery (''zināʾ'').<ref name="Kassam">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0075 |title= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law |last=Kassam |first=Zayn |publisher= Oxford Islamic Studies Online |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113724/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0075 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |url-status=live |access-date= 3 May 2013}}</ref> This basic definition of rape as "coercive ''zināʾ''" meant that all the normal legal principles that pertained to ''zināʾ''{{spaced ndash}}its definition, punishment and establishment through evidence{{spaced ndash}}were also applicable to rape; the prototypical act of ''zināʾ'' was defined as sexual intercourse between a man and a woman over whom the man has neither a conjugal nor an ownership right.<ref name="Kassam"/> ''Zināʾ'' was established, according to classical law, through confession by one or both parties as well as proof. A second type of evidence{{spaced ndash}}pregnancy in an unmarried/unowned woman{{spaced ndash}} was contested between the schools. The stringent evidentiary and procedural standards for implementing the zināʾ punishment may have functioned to offset the severity of the punishment itself, an effect that seems to have been intended by legal authorities, who in the early period developed legal maxims encouraging averting the ḥadd punishments as much as possible, whether through claiming ambiguity (shubhah) or a lack of legal capacity (ahliyya).<ref name="Kassam"/>

The requirements for proof of rape, by contrast, are less stringent, and do not require any extraneous witness testimony, eyewitness or otherwise:

<blockquote>Rape charges can be brought and a case proven based on the sole testimony of the victim, providing that circumstantial evidence supports the allegations. It is these strict criteria of proof which lead to the frequent observation that where injustice against women does occur, it is not because of Islamic law. It happens either due to misinterpretation of the intricacies of the Sharia laws governing these matters, or cultural traditions; or due to corruption and blatant disregard of the law, or indeed some combination of these phenomena.<ref name="Leaman78" /></blockquote>

Caliph Umar accepted the testimony of a single individual who heard the rape victim call for help as evidence that rape occurred. Imam Malik accepted physical injuries on the victim as evidence that rape occurred.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abiad|first=Nisrine|title=Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations: A Comparative Study|publisher=BICIL|year=2008|isbn=978-1905221417|pages=136}}</ref> If a woman claims to have been raped or sexually abused under duress, she will be acquitted of adultery in light of Qur'anic verse 24:33, which states that a woman has not sinned when compelled to commit this crime.<ref name="Zakariyah">{{cite book | last=Zakariyah | first=Luqman | title=Legal maxims in Islamic criminal law : theory and applications | publisher=Brill Nijhoff | location=Leiden Boston | year=2015 | isbn=978-90-04-30487-1 | page=141}}</ref>

According to Professor [[Oliver Leaman]], the required testimony of four male [[witness]]es who [[Eyewitness testimony|eyewitnessed]] the actual penetration applies only to consensual illicit sexual relations (whether adultery or fornication), not to the non-consensual crime of rape.<ref name="Leaman78">{{cite book |title=Controversies in Contemporary Islam |last=Leaman |first=Oliver |publisher=Routledge |author-link=Oliver Leaman |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67613-7 |location=New York |pages=78}}</ref>

What distinguished a prototypical act of zināʾ from an act of rape, for the jurists, was that in the prototypical case, both parties act out of their own volition, while in an act of rape, only one of the parties does so. Jurists admitted a wide array of situations as being "coercive" in nature, including the application of physical force, the presence of duress, or the threat of future harm either to oneself or those close to oneself; they also included in their definition of "coercion" the inability to give valid consent, as in the case of minors, or mentally ill or unconscious persons. Muslim jurists from the earliest period of Islamic law agreed that perpetrators of coercive ''zināʾ'' should receive the ''ḥadd'' punishment normally applicable to their personal status and sexual status, but that the ḥadd punishment should not be applied to victims of coercive or nonconsensual ''zināʾ'' due to their reduced capacity.<ref name="Kassam"/>

====Incest====
{{main|Mahram}}
Marriage is not allowed between most relatives with whom relations would typically considered incestuous, including a man marrying his mother, daughter, sister, aunt, niece or mother-in-law. Other prohibited marriages include step-daughters born of women with whom one has had conjugal relations, two or more sisters from the same family.<ref name="go.galegroup.com"/> Incestuous relationships in Islam (''zinā bi'l-mahārim'') are those with any of a person's ''[[mahram]]'', a definition of nuclear and extended family derived from the hadith.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&q=incest+zina&pg=PA42 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&q=incest+zina&pg=PA94 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

====Anal sex====
All Sunni Muslim jurists agree that anal sex is haram (prohibited), based on the hadith of Muhammad.<ref name="ifn">{{cite book |last1=Drissner |first1=Gerald |title=Islam for Nerds: 500 Questions and Answers |date=2016 |publisher=pochemuchka (Gerald Drissner) |isbn=978-3-9819848-4-2 |page=679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odXkDwAAQBAJ&q=anal+islam&pg=PA679 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, according to Twelver Shia Muslim jurists, anal sex is considered [[makruh]] (strongly disliked) but is permissible with the consent of the wife.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Marriage to Parenthood The Heavenly Path – Chapter 2: Sexual Etiquette |url=https://www.al-islam.org/marriage-parenthood-heavenly-path/chapter-2-sexual-etiquette |website=Al-Islam.org|date=30 January 2013 }}</ref>

Many scholars point to the story of [[Lot in Islam|Lot]] in the Quran as an example of sodomy being an egregious sin. However multiple others hold the view that the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was not specifically due to the sodomy practiced in those towns, but as a combination of multiple transgressions. The death by stoning for people of Sodom and Gomorrah is similar to the stoning punishment stipulated for illegal heterosexual sex. There is no punishment for a man who sodomizes a woman because it is not tied to procreation. However, other jurists insist that any act of lust in which the result is the injecting of semen into another person constitutes sexual intercourse.<ref name="Joseph 2006"/>

Sodomy often falls under that same category as sex between an unmarried man and woman. Male-male intercourse is referred to as ''liwat'' while female-female intercourse is referred to as ''sihaq''. Both are considered reprehensible acts but there is no consensus on punishment for either. Some jurists define ''zināʾ'' exclusively as the act of unlawful vaginal penetration, hence categorizing and punishing anal penetration in different ways. Other jurists included both vaginal and anal penetration within the definition of ''zināʾ'' and hence extended the punishment of the one to the other.<ref name="Omar"/>

Religious discourse has mostly focused on such sexual acts, which are unambiguously condemned. The Quran refers explicitly to male-male sexual relations only in the context of the story of Lot, but labels the Sodomites' actions (universally understood in the later tradition as anal intercourse) an "abomination" (female-female relations are not addressed). Reported pronouncements by Muhammad (''hadith'') reinforce the interdiction on male-male sodomy, although there are no reports of his ever adjudicating an actual case of such an offence; he is also quoted as condemning cross-gender behaviour for both sexes and banishing them from local places, but it is unclear to what extent this is to be understood as involving sexual relations. Several early caliphs, confronted with cases of sodomy between males, are said to have had both partners executed, by a variety of means. While taking such precedents into account, medieval jurists were unable to achieve a consensus on this issue; some legal schools prescribed capital punishment for sodomy, but others opted only for a relatively mild discretionary punishment. There was general agreement, however, that other homosexual acts (including any between females) were lesser offences, subject only to discretionary punishment.<ref name="Rowson"/>

==== Homosexuality ====
{{main|Homosexuality and Islam}}
The Quran strictly prohibits [[homosexuality]] through the story of [[Lot (Biblical)|Lot]] (also in the Biblical [[Book of Genesis]]), in Al-Nisa, Al-Araf and possibly verses in other surahs.<ref name=adang>Camilla Adang (2003), Ibn Hazam on Homosexuality, [[:fr:Qantara|Al Qantara]], Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 5–31.</ref><ref name=somwr>Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (1997), Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, {{ISBN|978-0814774687}}, New York University Press, pp. 88–94.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Michaelson|first=Jay|title=God Vs. Gay? The Religious Case for Equality|year=2011|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|isbn=97-80807001592|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68 68–69]|url=https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68}}</ref> For example, Abu Dawud states,<ref name=somwr/><ref name=mohelawa>Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment In Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, {{ISBN|978-0892591428}}</ref> [[Al-Nuwayri]] (1272–1332) in his ''Nihaya'' reports that Muhammad is "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot."<ref name="autogenerated1983">{{Cite encyclopedia|year= 1983 | title=Liwāṭ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill | editor-last = Bearman | editor-first = P. | editor-last2 = Bianquis | editor-first2 = Th. | editor-last3 = Bosworth | editor-first3 = C.E. | editor-last4 = van Donzel | editor-first4 = E. | editor-last5 = Heinrichs | editor-first5 = W.P.| doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677 }}</ref> Classical Islamic jurists did not deal with homosexuality as a sexual orientation, since the latter concept is modern and has no equivalent in traditional law, which dealt with it under the technical terms of liwat and zina.<ref>Habib, Samar (2010). Islam and Homosexuality. ABC-CLIO. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-313-37903-1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2020-10-02</ref> Most legal schools treat homosexual intercourse with penetration similarly to unlawful heterosexual intercourse under the rubric of zina, but there are differences of opinion with respect to methods of punishment.

Islam views same-sex desires as an unnatural temptation; and, sexual relations are seen as a transgression of the natural role and aim of sexual activity.<ref>[http://www.alinaam.org.za/library/homos.htm "Homosexuality in the Light of Islam"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317063348/http://www.alinaam.org.za/library/homos.htm |date=17 March 2008 }}, 20 September 2003.</ref> There is disagreement over what punishments should be administered according to the above Quranic and prophetic orders.<ref name="Moosa">{{cite web |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500144&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA}}</ref> Early [[caliph]]s were known to have had both of the male partners executed in various ways.<ref name="Rowson">{{cite web |last=Rowson |first=Everett |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500196&v=2.1&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Some other jurists believe that there is no punishment that will serve as an effective purgative for this act, and therefore its immorality precludes an earthly punishment.<ref name="Moosa"/> Some jurists are so morally offended by homosexuality that just the discussion around it is cause for excommunication and anathematizing.<ref name="Moosa"/>

The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadith mentioning homosexual behaviour in women.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|author-link1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|title=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|title-link=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|script-title=ar: وسائل الشيعة|trans-title=Things of the followers|language=ar|at=Hadith number 34467-34481}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Atighetchi|first1=Dariusch|title=Islamic bioethics problems and perspectives|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|location=New York|isbn=978-1402049620|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdm9V89lW3IC&pg=PA149|access-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331225354/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdm9V89lW3IC&pg=PA149|archive-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, [[al-Tabari]] records an example of the casual execution of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the [[Harem (household)|harem]] of [[al-Hadi]], in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that Caliph's actions as ruler.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=C.E.|title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169–193|year=1989|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqf1gwM9O58C&q=Tabari+lesbian+Caliph+al-Hadi&pg=PA73|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163939/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqf1gwM9O58C&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Tabari+lesbian+Caliph+al-Hadi&source=bl&ots=BEsfAzmpXj&sig=euUAWk4eDKk4Q0pxtRgx5Uo-ZMo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nooiUr7BGcTxhQff9oGQBQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Tabari%20lesbian%20Caliph%20al-Hadi&f=false|archive-date=24 September 2015|isbn=978-0887065644}}</ref> Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a [[phallus]];<ref name="Omar">{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908183225/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}</ref> hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little of the [[Corona of glans penis|corona of the phallus]] into a partner's orifice.<ref name="Omar"/> Since women do not possess a phallus and cannot have intercourse with one another, they are, in this interpretation, physically incapable of committing [[zina|zinā]].<ref name="Omar"/>

===Castration===
According to Muslim tradition Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] forbade [[castration]]. Muhammad told a follower who asked for permission to castrate himself to avoid the temptation to fornicate, "He who castrates himself or another does not belong to my followers, for castration in Islam may consist only in fasting."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Favazza |first1=Armando R. |title=Bodies under siege : self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry |date=1996 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-5300-5 |page=182 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwQT9fdZNdgC&dq=castration+in+islam&pg=PA182 |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|
* ''[[Marriage in Islam]]''
* ''[[Nikah mut'ah]]'', the Shia fixed-term temporary marriage.
* ''[[Misyar]]'' the Sunni open-ended, negotiated marriage contract.
* ''[[Taqwa]]''
* ''[[Repentance in Islam]]''
* ''[[Al-Wishah fi Fawa'id al-Nikah]]''
* ''[[The Perfumed Garden]]''
* [[Sexual ethics]]
* [[Istihadha]]
* ''[[Wedad Lootah]]'', author.
* [[Gender roles in Islam]]
* [[Aqidah]]
* [[Political aspects of Islam]]
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* Ulwan, Abdullah Nasih (2002), ''Islam and Sex''. Cairo: Darus Salam
* Ulwan, Abdullah Nasih (2004), ''Child Education in Islam''. Cairo: Darus Salam
* Ulwan, Abdullah Nasih (2002), ''Islam and Love''. Cairo: Darus Salam
* Ayubi, Nazih (2004). ''Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World''. New York: Routledge.

'''General'''
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor=Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi |title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Family, Law, and Politics |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2003}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sexuality in Islam}}
{{Wikiquote|Islam and sexuality}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201010701/http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/mus-index.html FSE Project section on Muslim Sexual Ethics]

{{Islam topics |Law |state=collapsed}}
{{sex}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islamic Sexual Jurisprudence}}
[[Category:Islamic criminal jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Islamic family law]]
[[Category:Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Modesty in Islam]]
[[Category:Sexuality in Islam| ]]
[[Category:Intersex in religion and mythology]]
[[Category:Transgender topics and religion]]
[[Category:LGBT and Islam]]

{{AfC submission|||ts=20231128202442|u=2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1|ns=118}}

Sexuality in Islam

2023-11-28T14:53:36Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1: New page

Murder of Kanhaiya Lal

2023-11-28T14:51:40Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1:

{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Short description|Murder case in India, 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| partof = [[2022 Muhammad remarks controversy]]
| title = Murder of Kanhaiya Lal
| location = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2022|06|28}}
| type = [[Murder]], [[Islamic terrorism]]
| fatalities = 1
| injuries = 1
| victim = Kanhaiya Lal
| weapon = [[Cleaver]]
| numparts = 2
| accused = Muhammad Riyaz Attari<br>Muhammad Ghaus
| charges = Charged under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]]<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=29 June 2022 |title=Udaipur tailor murder {{!}} NIA registers UAPA case, says accused wanted to 'strike terror among masses' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/udaipur-tailor-murder-mha-directs-nia-to-take-over-brutal-killing-of-kanhaiya-lal-probe-international-links/article65578904.ece |access-date=2 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
}}
{{Violence against Hindus in independent India}} On 28 June 2022, '''Kanhaiya Lal Teli''', an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Hindu]] tailor was murdered by two Muslim men in [[Udaipur]], in the [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. The attackers captured the attack on camera and circulated the video online.<ref name="nytimes-29Jun22">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/world/asia/india-muslim-hindu-killing-udaipur.html|title=Religious Unrest Spreads in India With Killing of Hindu Man|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=29 June 2022|first1=Suhasini |last1=Raj}}</ref><ref name="CNN-29June22" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61976836 |title=Udaipur: Rajasthan on edge after Prophet Muhammad row beheading |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

Lal was killed for allegedly sharing a [[social media]] post in support of Indian politician and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] spokesperson [[Nupur Sharma (politician)|Nupur Sharma]], whose comments led to the [[2022 Muhammad remarks controversy]].<ref name="nytimes-29Jun22" /> The assailants entered Lal's store posing as customers before killing him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2022 |title=Tailor murdered in Udaipur Rajasthan, accused confessed on social media |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tailor-murdered-in-rajasthans-udaipur-assailants-film-crime/article65576740.ece |access-date=28 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Videos of the murder were posted on the internet,<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=28 June 2022 |title=Tailor murdered in Rajasthan's Udaipur, assailants film crime |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/big-stories/tailor-murdered-in-rajasthans-udaipur-assailants-film-crime-483850 |access-date=2022-06-28 |work=millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> with two alleged assailants holding butcher knives and claiming responsibility for the murder, identifying themselves as Muhammad Riyaz Attari and Muhammad Ghaus.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Udaipur: Tailor beheaded on video over 'social media posts' supporting Nupur Sharma, both accused arrested |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/udaipur-tailor-beheaded-for-social-media-post-supporting-nupur-sharma-video-surfaces/2575719/ |date=28 June 2022 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |language=en}}</ref>

Local authorities announced a curfew and blocked internet access after videos of the attack went viral on social media, triggering mass outrage across India.<ref name="CNN-29June22">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/29/india/india-udaipur-hindu-muslim-killing-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Brutal killing caught on camera stokes India religious tensions |date=29 June 2022 |first1=Swati |last1=Gupta |first2=Rhea |last2=Mogul |first3=Esha |last3=Mitra |first4=Alex |last4=Stambaugh |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

==Background==
Kanhaiya Lal Teli (also reported as Kanhaiya Lal Sahu, born {{circa|1982}}) was a tailor from the Dhanmandi area of Udaipur, the father of two sons who belonged to the Hindu [[Teli]] community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders, Muslim Bodies Condemn Beheading Of Udaipur Tailor Kanhaiya Lal Over Prophet Remarks |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/leaders-muslim-bodies-condemn-beheading-of-udaipur-tailor-kanhaiya-lal-over-prophet-remarks-news-205456 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en |date=29 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kanhaiya Lal Sahu murder case: 7 accused in remand at NIA court |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/udaipur-kanhaiya-lal-sahu-murder-case-7-accused-remand-nia-court-news-7646146/ |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]] |language=hi-IN |date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Misra |first1=Shubhangi |title=Empty streets, 'Jai Shri Ram', RAF – Udaipur prepares for Hindu tailor's funeral |url=https://theprint.in/india/empty-streets-jai-shri-ram-raf-udaipur-prepares-for-hindu-tailors-funeral/1016916/ |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

On June 11, Lal's neighbor Nazim had registered a case against him over a controversial social media post, stating support for Nupur Sharma, which led to Lal's arrest. Subsequently, Lal was released on bail. On June 15, Lal had filed a request for protection with the local police after receiving death threats.<ref name="nytimes-29Jun22"/> In his complaint against Nazim and five others at Dhan Mandi police station, Lal stated that he was receiving threats from Nazim and others and alleged that the group had circulated his photo within their community on social media with a message that Lal should be killed if seen anywhere or if he opens his shop. The police said that they had mediated and resolved the matter between Nazim and Lal. Kanhaiya then gave a statement to police that he does not want any further action in the case. Lal said that the controversial post was shared inadvertently by his son while playing a game on his phone, and that Lal did not know how to operate a phone.<ref name="TheHindu-PTI 29Jun22">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=29 June 2022 |title=Udaipur murder | Kanhaiya Lal had told cops some people were conducting recce of his shop |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/udaipur-murder-kanhaiya-lal-had-told-cops-some-people-were-conducting-recce-of-his-shop/article65581887.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Murder==
Muhammad Riyaz Attari, one of the two accused, had made a video days before the attack on June 17 where he stated his intent for murder for remarks against the prophet Muhammad, to make a "viral" video and his [[Martyrdom video|disregard for further consequences]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaipur murder: Killer announced his plan in 'June 17' video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/udaipur-murder-killer-announced-his-plan-in-june-17-video/articleshow/92557906.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=June 30, 2022}}</ref>

On June 28, two assailants entered Lal's tailor shop posing as customers. When Lal began taking the measurements for one of them, he was attacked with cleavers at 2.45 p.m. The entire attack was caught on video by the assailants. After subduing Lal, the two accused dragged him out of the shop and slit his throat with a makeshift dagger made at their welding workshop.<ref name="TheHindu-29Jun22" /> Lal was stabbed at different parts of the body.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Udaipur Tailor's Killers Attacked At Court, How It Happened: 10 Latest Facts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/udaipur-tailors-killers-attacked-at-court-how-it-happened-10-latest-facts-3121495 |date=2 July 2022 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> A shop assistant of Lal also sustained severe head injuries trying to save him.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |last4= |first4= |title=Family of Kanhaiya Lal's aide struggles to survive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/family-of-kanhaiya-lals-aide-struggles-to-survive/articleshow/92628876.cms |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Times of India |date= 3 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> Other shopkeepers did not make attempts to rescue him. The assailants fled on foot and then drove away on a motorcycle.<ref name="TheHindu-29Jun22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/udaipur-tailor-murder-initial-probe-finds-pakistan-link/article65579452.ece|title=Udaipur tailor murder | Initial probe finds Pakistan link|first=Devesh K.|last=Pandey|date=29 June 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In what seems to be a second video (taken after the attack), they boasted about the murder to [[Islam and blasphemy|avenge the insult to Islam]]<ref>{{Cite news | title=Watch: How Men in Video of Udaipur Murder were caught |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-udaipur-tailor-kanhaiya-lal-murder-accused-overpowered-by-cops-while-fleeing-3110547 |date=June 30, 2022 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> and also made threats against India's [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="news.com.au-30Jun22"/>

==Aftermath==
After the incident, the local markets in the area were shut down and the traders demanded arrest of the accused.<ref>{{cite news |title=Udaipur: Tailor murdered in his shop, assailants film crime |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/udaipur-tailor-murdered-in-his-shop-assailants-film-crime-339574-2022-06-28 |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=[[Business Today (India)]] |date=28 June 2022 |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref> Protests demanding immediate action were staged in various parts of India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2022 |title=Udaipur killing: Protests held in different cities |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/protests-held-across-different-cities-in-the-country-over-udaipur-killing-7999471/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Local authorities of Udaipur imposed a 24-hour curfew and blocked internet access across the state of Rajasthan.<ref name="CNN-29June22"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-udaipur-killing-tailor-video-hindu-muslim-tension-rajasthan-curfew/ |title=Curfew imposed as sectarian tension soars after a brutal murder in India |work=[[CBS News]] |date=29 June 2022 |first1=Arshad R. |last1=Zargar}}</ref> The central government deployed the [[National Investigation Agency]], India's primary counterterrorism unit, to investigate the incident.<ref name="nytimes-29Jun22"/> The police said that the perpetrators had attempted to [[beheading|behead]] Kanhaiya during the attack but had failed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Udaipur Tailor's Killers Attacked At Court, How It Happened: 10 Latest Facts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/udaipur-tailors-killers-attacked-at-court-how-it-happened-10-latest-facts-3121495 |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

On 28 June, the [[Rajasthan government]] announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}} for the family of Kanhaiya. On 6 July, the government announced jobs for Kanhaiya's two sons.<ref>{{cite web | last=Upadhyay | first=Omvesh | title=Udaipur killing: Rajasthan announces govt jobs for Kanhaiya Lal's sons | website=Financial Express | date=2022-07-08 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/udaipur-killing-rajasthan-announces-govt-jobs-for-kanhaiya-lals-sons/2585838/ | access-date=2022-07-12}}</ref>

On 2 June, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Kapil Mishra]] visited the family of Kanhaiya Lal, where he announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}} for the family of Kanhaiya. Further, he announced compensation amounting to {{INRConvert|25|l|lk=on}} for Ishvar, who was also wounded in the attack, and of {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=on}} to a police constable, Sandeep, who had been injured by a violent mob.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bjp-leader-kapil-mishra-meets-udaipur-tailor-s-kins-announces-rs-1-cr-aid-122070200637_1.html|title=BJP leader Kapil Mishra meets Udaipur tailor's kin, announces Rs 1 cr aid|date=July 2, 2022}}</ref>

==Perpetrators==
The assailants were identified as Muhammad Riyaz Attari of [[Asind]] in [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]] and Ghaus Muhammad, both welders (Ghaus also ran a [[chit fund]] and was a broker) who had shifted to Udaipur years back and were residents of the [[Khanjipeer]] locality.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Devesh K. |title=Police search metal factory for clues in Udaipur tailor murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/police-search-metal-factory-for-clues-in-udaipur-tailor-murder-case/article65585923.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=30 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="news.com.au-30Jun22">{{cite news |last1=Backhouse |first1=Andrew |title=Tailor beheaded in India, protests erupt, internet cut off |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/asia/tailor-beheaded-in-india-protests-erupt-internet-cut-off/news-story/f1187e8505724823d3f690dc8739961f |date=30 June 2022 |work=[[news.com.au]]}}</ref><ref name="thewire.in-02Jul22" /> The two belonged to the [[Barelvi]] sect of Sunni Islam and were members of the [[Dawat-e-Islami]], a Barelvi organization based in [[Karachi]], Pakistan and lead by [[Ilyas Qadri|Muhammad Ilyas Attar Qadri]].<ref name="tiwari">{{cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Sanjay |title=कहां से आया "सर तन से जुदा" का नारा? |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/opinion/where-did-the-sar-tan-se-juda-slogan-691915.html |website=[[oneindia.com]] |language=hi |date=4 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="fp"/> Ghaus Mohammad had attended religious sessions organized by Dawat-e-Islami in Karachi in 2014 and the "Attari" surname of Mohammad Riyaz Attari is carried by followers of Muhammad Ilyas ''[[Attar (name)|Attar]]'' Qadri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udaipur killers and Da'wat-e-Islami: the group, its ideology and its growth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-the-dawate-islami-sunni-group-udaipur-kanhaiyalal-murderer-7999387/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=29 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="cadre">{{cite web |title=Kanhaiya Lal's killers tried to infiltrate BJP cadre, reveals probe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-denies-links-to-kanhaiya-lal-s-killers-agencies-deflate-cong-charges-101656754175067.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=2 July 2022}}</ref>

While the Barelvi movement, a subsect of the [[Hanafi]]s which is the most numerous in India, is seen as a less stringent strand of Islam as compared to the [[Deobandi]]s, most vigilante beheadings in the region for alleged [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemers of Islam]] have been linked to the sect. Such as those of Pakistani Punjab governor [[Salman Taseer]] by his bodyguard [[Malik Mumtaz Qadri]] recently in 2011 or of Mahashe Rajpal, publisher of ''[[Rangila Rasul]]'', by [[Ilm-ud-din]] before [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1929.<ref name="tiwari"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani Cleric Describes Executed Assassin Malik Mumtaz Qadri As A 'Hero Of Muslims', Quotes The Koran: 'Those Who Were Martyred In The Path Of Allah, Do Not Even Consider Them Dead, They Are Alive' |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/pakistani-cleric-describes-executed-assassin-malik-mumtaz-qadri-hero-muslims-quotes-koran |website=[[MEMRI]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fp"/> This variance between the Deobandis and Barelvis might be linked to juridical differences between the two groups, where the former believes foremost in achieving an Islamic administration in a country before meting out punishment according to sharia while the latter in 'instant justice'.<ref name="tiwari"/> The recent rise in such lynching cases has been attributed to [[Khadim Hussain Rizvi]], follower of Barelvi founder [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] hence the surname "Rizvi" and leader of the [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan]], who popularized the slogan "Gustakh-e-Rasul/Nabi ki ek hi saza, sar tan se juda" ({{lit|Only one punishment for insult of the prophet [Muhammad], head separated from body}}) against alleged blasphemers.<ref name="tiwari"/><ref name="fp">{{cite web |title=Explained: The Sufi-Barelvi sect linked to the Udaipur killing and the other brands of extremist Islam |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/explained-the-sufi-barelvi-sect-linked-to-the-udaipur-killing-and-the-other-brands-of-extremist-islam-10850071.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en |date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

The assailants were arrested by authorities in the [[Rajsamand district]] of Rajasthan on June 28, reportedly while trying to flee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: How Men In Video Of Udaipur Murder Were Caught |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-udaipur-tailor-kanhaiya-lal-murder-accused-overpowered-by-cops-while-fleeing-3110547 |date=30 June 2022 |editor-first1=Debanish |editor-last1=Achom |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

In a 2020 post on Facebook, Attari had been described by a local [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] leader as a "dedicated worker of the BJP".<ref name="thewire.in-02Jul22">{{cite news |title=As Photos Emerge of Udaipur Killer's Links to BJP Leaders, Party Moves to Damage Control Mode |url=https://thewire.in/security/as-photos-emerge-of-udaipur-killers-links-to-bjp-leaders-party-moves-to-damage-control-mode |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tailor's murder: Congress alleges one accused is a BJP member |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tailors-murder-congress-alleges-one-accused-is-a-bjp-member/cid/1872818 |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Udaipur killer is a BJP karyakarta, claims Congress |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/udaipur-killer-mohammad-riyaz-attari-is-a-bjp-member-claims-congress-11656750986723.html |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=2 July 2022 |language=en |editor-first1=Sounak |editor-last1=Mukhopadhyay}}</ref>

Investigations also revealed that Attari was riding a motorbike with a customized [[number plate]] carrying the number "2611", in reference to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 terrorist attacks]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ojha |first1=Arvind |title=Udaipur murder accused fled in bike with 2611 as number plate, say police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/udaipur-tailor-murder-accused-bike-mumbai-terror-attack-date-number-plate-1969182-2022-07-01 |date=1 July 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Udaipur horror accused paid extra money to get 26/11 Mumbai terror attack date as his motorbike number |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/udaipur-horror-accused-paid-extra-money-to-get-26-11-mumbai-terror-attack-date-as-his-motorbike-number-408806 |date=1 July 2022 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |language=en}}</ref> During interrogations, the assailants described themselves as "self-[[Radicalization|radicalized]]".<ref name="cadre"/> According to police investigation, the duo planned to initially kill Lal at his home.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=TNN |title=Udaipur tailor's murder: Duo planned to kill tailor at his home, couldn't locate address |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/udaipur-tailors-murder-duo-planned-to-kill-tailor-at-his-home-couldnt-locate-address/articleshow/92583042.cms |date=1 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Reactions==
In response to the murder, nearly 7000 people took out silent protest march in the city of Udaipur.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands protest in India's Udaipur after Hindu tailor murdered |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/30/thousands-protest-in-indias-udaipur-after-hindu-tailor-murdered |date=30 June 2022 |work=[[Aljazeera.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[United Nations]] spokesperson [[Stéphane Dujarric]] called for religious harmony and peace globally in response to Kanhaiya Lal's murder.<ref>{{Cite news |others=PTI |date=30 June 2022 |title=Udaipur murder {{!}} 'We call for full respect of all religions, ensuring different communities can live in harmony, peace': U.N. spokesperson |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/udaipur-killing-we-call-for-full-respect-of-all-religions-ensuring-different-communities-can-live-in-harmony-peace-un-spokesperson/article65585529.ece |access-date=2022-07-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2022 |title='We call for full respect of all religions, ensuring different communities can live in harmony, peace': UN spokesperson on Udaipur killing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/udaipur-murder-un-religion-respect-8000210/ |access-date=3 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=IANS |date=30 June 2022 |title=Guterres calls for respecting all religions in aftermath of Udaipur killing |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/guterres-calls-for-respecting-all-religions-in-aftermath-of-udaipur-killing-122062901426_1.html |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

The [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] (AIMPLB) condemned the murder stating, "taking law into your own hands is highly condemnable, regrettable and un-Islamic" and added, "Neither the law nor the Islamic Sharia allow it."<ref name="Tehelka">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sunny |title=Tailor's gruesome murder sparks communal tension |url=http://tehelka.com/tailors-gruesome-murder-sparks-communal-tension/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=[[Tehelka]] |date=2 July 2022}}</ref> Head of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], Maulana [[Mahmood Madani]] stated, "Udaipur incident is a disgrace to humanity; It is disgrace to humanity & an act of defaming Islam. No matter whosoever is a killer, no one has the authority to take the law and order into his own hands." Religious body [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] called the incident "barbaric, Uncivilized and there is no room for Justification of violence in Islam. Peace should not be disturbed. Nobody should try to take advantage of this ugly crime".<ref name="Tehelka" /> [[Shahabuddin Razvi]] of the Barelvi [[All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam]] also condemned the attack, stating "Muslims should not take the law in their own hands, complain to the government, it is the government's job to punish."<ref>{{cite web |title=Barelvi Muslims' fatwa on Udaipur killing: Beheading is crime, slogan from Pak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/barelvi-sect-s-fatwa-on-udaipur-killing-beheading-is-crime-slogan-from-pak-101657172941415.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

Hindu organisations like [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and [[Bajrang Dal]] staged protests and demanded strict action against the culprits. Although the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] remained silent, RSS-linked [[Muslim Rashtriya Manch]] demanded capital punishment for the accused.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=30 June 2022 |title=Udaipur tailor murder: RSS-linked Muslim body demands capital punishment |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/udaipur-tailor-murder-rss-linked-muslim-body-demands-capital-punishment-122062901421_1.html |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]] condemned the incident and cautioned the Indian Hindus against "appeasement of Muslims".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title='Don't appease…': Message from Dutch MP Geert Wilders who supports Nupur Sharma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dont-appease-message-from-dutch-mp-geert-wilders-who-supports-nupur-sharma-101656489382809.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630015005/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dont-appease-message-from-dutch-mp-geert-wilders-who-supports-nupur-sharma-101656489382809.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] condemned the incident and urged the Indian government to take action against killers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/06/india-amnesty-international-condemns-shocking-murder-of-kanhaiya-lal/|title=India: Amnesty International condemns shocking murder of Kanhaiya Lal|date=29 June 2022|work=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/govt-must-ensure-no-impunity-for-those-responsible-for-hate-crimes-amnesty-on-tailor-murder/cid/1872397|title=Govt must ensure no impunity for those responsible for hate crimes: Amnesty on tailor murder|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Murder of Umesh Kolhe]]
* [[Murder of Kishan Bharvad]]
* [[Kamlesh Tiwari]]
* [[Murder of Rinku Sharma]]
* [[Lynching of Priyantha Kumara]]
* [[Murder of Samuel Paty]]
* [[Murder of Lee Rigby]]
* [[Blasphemy in India]]
* [[Internet censorship in India]]
* [[Beheading video]]
* [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Kanhaiya}}
[[Category:2022 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2022 murders in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:June 2022 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:June 2022 events in India]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2022]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Islamism-related beheadings]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in Asia]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:People killed by Islamic terrorism]]
[[Category:People persecuted by Muslims]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:Victims of Islamic terrorism]]
[[Category:Violence against Hindus in India]]
[[Category:Filmed executions]]
[[Category:Filmed killings in Asia]]
[[Category:Beheading videos]]
[[Category:Dawat-e-Islami]]
[[Category:History of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]

{{AfC submission|||ts=20231128202140|u=2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1|ns=118}}

Murder of Kanhaiya Lal

2023-11-28T14:51:10Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1: New page

2022 Muhammad remarks controversy

2023-11-28T14:47:21Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1: Link to Nupur Sharma page fixed

{{Short description|Controversy in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

[[File:Muslims Protest Against Controversial Remarks Of Nupur Sharma And Naveen Jindal - Kolkata 20220614 140202.jpg|thumb|Protests against the remarks by the Muslim community of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]|264x264px]]

The '''2022 Muhammad remarks row''' began on 27 May 2022, when [[Nupur Sharma]], a spokeswoman of India's ruling party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), made controversial remarks about the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], on a [[Times Now]] debate on the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] dispute, against the counterparty called the disputed Shivalinga as Fountain.<ref name="wapo13">{{Cite news |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=2022-06-06 |title=Muslim nations slam India over insulting remarks about Islam |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/muslim-nations-slam-india-over-insulting-remarks-about-islam/2022/06/06/ddad5700-e56c-11ec-a422-11bbb91db30b_story.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2022-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608002629/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/muslim-nations-slam-india-over-insulting-remarks-about-islam/2022/06/06/ddad5700-e56c-11ec-a422-11bbb91db30b_story.html |archive-date=2022-06-08 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Sharma's comments were in reference to Muhammad (53) and [[Aisha#Age at time of marriage|age of his third wife, Aisha]] (6), at the time of their marriage and the consummation of the marriage when Aisha was 9, stating what is written in the [[hadith]] [[Sahih al-Bukhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamil |first=Nabeela |title=Why the debate around the age of Aisha, the Prophet's wife, is irrelevant |url=https://scroll.in/article/1025536/why-the-debate-around-the-age-of-aisha-the-prophets-wife-is-irrelevant |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Scroll.in |date=6 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NewsBharati 2022">{{cite web | title='This is 100% true': Saudi Islamic scholar confirms Nupur Sharma's remarks about Muhammad | website=NewsBharati | date=2022-06-20 | url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2022/6/20/Saudi-Islamic-scholar-confirms-Nupur-Sharma-s-remarks-about-Muhammad.html | access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref name="New Age Islam 2023">{{cite web | title=Nupur Sharma Only Stated What is Written in Hadith; Why Are Muslims So Upset? - Arshad Alam, New Age Islam - Islamic News and Views - Moderate Muslims & Islam | website=New Age Islam | date=2023-04-24 | url=https://www.newageislam.com/islamic-society/arshad-alam-new-age-islam/nupur-sharma-only-stated-written-hadith-muslims-so-upset/d/127139 | access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref> The controversy escalated on 1 June, when Naveen Kumar Jindal, the Delhi BJP media chief, made similar remarks on Twitter. By 4 June, the remarks had been widely shared on social media, and were trending among the top 10 hashtags in all the countries of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) and [[Turkey]].
The comments were strongly condemned by Muslim nations.<ref name="wapo13"/> Within India, dozens of police cases were filed against Sharma and Jindal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jun 6, 2022 |title=Nupur Sharma Statement: Remarks against Prophet; BJP acts against 2 office-bearers Nupur Sharma and Naveen Zindal; Latest developments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/remarks-against-prophet-bjp-acts-against-2-office-bearers-latest-developments/articleshow/92027848.cms |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In some parts of the country, protests turned violent, leading to several deaths and injuries. The violence in Uttar Pradesh led to the punitive demolition of homes of some accused rioters.<ref name=":4" />{{Criticism of religion sidebar}}

Several [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] countries, including allies and partners of India, issued strong condemnations and there were threats of boycotting Indian goods. The Indian government responded to the controversy, by stating that the remarks did not reflect the government's views, but rather came from "fringe elements".<ref name=":5" /> BJP suspended Sharma and expelled Jindal from the party.<ref name="Guardian" />

==Background==
{{See also|Gyanvapi Mosque}}
The controversy emerged amidst intensifying religious tensions in India — a number of scholars increasingly identify [[Hindutva]], the guiding ideology of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], as a strand of [[authoritarian populism]] bulwarked on anti-minority sentiments.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Thomas Blom |title=Saffron Republic: Hindu Nationalism and State Power in India |last2=Roy |first2=Srirupa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781009100489 |pages=1–2, 10 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/saffron-republic/0C0A6E196E91760BE41DA8E9E5E47F2F |via=cambridge.org |url-access=subscription |chapter=What is New about 'New Hindutva'?}}</ref> Many have accused the BJP of instigating violence through divisive rhetoric against the country's Muslim minority.<ref name=forbes>{{cite news|author=Siladitya Ray|title=India's Religious Tensions Spill Over As Middle Eastern Countries Condemn Comments About Islam|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2022/06/06/indias-religious-tensions-spark-diplomatic-row-after-ruling-partys-comments-about-prophet-muhammad--heres-what-to-know/?sh=5d6d9ce66730|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] government has been accused in India of deliberately trying to marginalize the country's [[Islam in India|200 million Muslim citizens]].<ref name="Fury CBS" />

In the run up to the controversy, communal tensions were elevated due to the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] dispute. Scholarly sources agree that the mosque was built by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]], and a pre-existing [[Shiva]] temple was demolished for its construction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |date=May 2020 |title=Making Sense of Temples and Tirthas: Rajput Construction Under Mughal Rule |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=9–49 |doi=10.1177/0971945820905289 |issn=0971-9458 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Madhuri |title=Banaras Reconstructed: Architecture and Sacred Space in a Hindu Holy City |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780295741604 |id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWgmDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> While Hindus maintain that the temple existed at the site before the mosque, some Muslims claim such a shrine never existed.<ref name=lucente>{{cite news|title=Explainer: India BJP Party spokesperson's comments on prophet spark backlash|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/06/explainer-india-bjp-party-spokespersons-comments-prophet-spark-backlash|author=Adam Lucente}}</ref> Tensions surrounding this site have resulted in raucous debates on Indian TV channels.<ref name=cbcnews/><ref name=bbc1/> There has been rampant hate on social media surrounding the mosque controversy.<ref name=bbc1/>

== Comments about Muhammad ==
{{See also|Criticism of Muhammad#Age of third wife|Sexuality in Islam#Puberty}}{{Tweet
| name = Naveen Kumar Jindal 🇮🇳
| username = NaveenJindalBJP
| date = 1 June 2022
| text = नबी के दुलारो से पूछना चाहता हूँ कि तुम्हारा नबी 53 वर्ष की आयु में 6 वर्ष की छोटी बच्ची आयशा के साथ शादी करता है फिर 56 वर्ष की आयु में 9 वर्ष की आयशा के साथ संबंध बनाता है…

क्या वह संबंध बलात्कार की श्रेणी में नहीं आता..?
| translation = I would like to ask the admirers of the Prophet why your Prophet, at the age of 53, marries a young girl named Aisha who is only 6, and then at the age of 56, he consummates his marriage with Aisha, who is then 9...

Doesn't that relationship fall into the category of rape...?
| lang = hi
| ID = 1531951723815632897
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220604144150/https://twitter.com/naveenjindalbjp/status/1531951723815632897
| archive-date = 2022-06-04
}}
On 27 May 2022, Sharma participated in a debate on the Gyanvapi Mosque dispute on the [[Times Now]] television channel. According to Sharma,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/bjp-prophet-muhammad-nupur-sharma-gulf-b2094698.html|title=Prophet Muhammad comments by officials from India's ruling party spark Gulf backlash|work=Independent|date=7 June 2022|accessdate=8 June 2022|first=Stuti|last=Mishra}}</ref> in response to remarks (perceived to be derogatory to [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]]) by her opposition speaker and by many Muslim personalities on social media, she replied regarding [[Muhammad]] and the [[Aisha#Age at marriage and consummation|age]] of one of his wives, [[Aisha]], noting that Aisha was 6-years-old when married, and 9 when the marriage was consummated. However, she was merely quoting from the [[hadith]].<ref name="NewsBharati 2022" /><ref name="New Age Islam 2023" />

A day later, the video clip of her comments were shared by [[Mohammed Zubair (journalist)|Mohammed Zubair]], the co-founder of [[Alt News]], a [[List of fact-checking websites|fact-checking website]], on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Zubair's Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/zoo_bear/status/1530066557191131142 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> Sharma later alleged that it was a "heavily edited and selected video", which was denied by Pratik Sinha, the other co-founder of Alt News. Sinha stated that it was unedited and also included a longer clip which showed the context.<ref name="Scroll 29 May">{{citation |title=FIR filed against BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma for comments about Prophet Mohammad |newspaper=Scroll.in |date=29 May 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1024989/fir-filed-against-bjp-spokesperson-nupur-sharma-for-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605210931/https://scroll.in/latest/1024989/fir-filed-against-bjp-spokesperson-nupur-sharma-for-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wire 1 June">{{citation |title='Remarks on Prophet': After Thane, Hyderabad Police Files FIR Against BJP's Nupur Sharma |newspaper=The Wire |date=1 June 2022 |url=https://thewire.in/government/remarks-on-prophet-after-thane-hyderabad-police-files-fir-against-bjps-nupur-sharma}}
</ref> Times Now deleted the video of the programme from its [[YouTube]] channel the next day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times Now deletes video of Navika Kuamr's debate, issues clarification amidst controversy over derogatory comments on Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) |work=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0 |date=28 May 2022 |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/times-now-deletes-video-navika-kuamrs-debate-issues-clarification-amidst-controversy-over-derogatory-comments-on-prophet-muhammad-pbuh/397937/}}</ref> Nonetheless, Sharma defended her comments and accused Zubair of "heavily [editing]" the clip; she further claimed to have been receiving rape and death threats as a result, prompting [[Delhi Police]] to provide security cover. Alt News denied any responsibility for the reaction from the viewers after watching the video clip.<ref name="Scroll 29 May"/><ref name="Wire 1 June"/><ref name="twitter thread">Pratik Sinha, [https://twitter.com/free_thinker/status/1530474189835993088 twitter thread], 28 May 2022.</ref> ''[[BBC News]]'' refused to publish the remarks, citing their "offensive" nature.<ref name=bbc1/>

Journalists note that Sharma has made similar comments on several TV shows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=The India Fix: How will Nupur Sharma's hate speech change Indian politics? |url=https://scroll.in/article/1026028/the-india-fix-how-will-nupur-sharmas-hate-speech-change-indian-politics |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Scroll.in |date=13 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> As of August 1, 2023, Alt News has not verified the Nupur Sharma's citation.<ref name="New Age Islam 2023" />

On 1 June, Naveen Kumar Jindal tweeted remarks perceived to be derogatory to Muhammed.<ref name="siasat">{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Veena |date=2022-06-05 |title=BJP suspends Nupur Sharma, expels Naveen Jindal amid global backlash |work=The Sisat Daily |url=https://www.siasat.com/bjp-suspends-nupur-sharma-expels-naveen-jindal-amid-global-backlash-2342570/}}</ref> After the tweet attracted backlash in the [[Arab world]], Jindal deleted the tweet and said he did not intend to demean any faith.<ref name="peninsula1">{{cite news|title=Delhi BJP leader suspended after inflammatory tweet causes wide discontent in Arab world|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/05/06/2022/delhi-bjp-leader-suspended-after-inflammatory-tweet-causes-wide-discontent-in-arab-world|publisher=[[The Peninsula (newspaper)|The Peninsula]]}}</ref> Shoaib Daniyal from [[Scroll.in]] and [[Vir Sanghvi]] from [[Hindustan Times]] state that even though there is a history of intense sectarianism in Indian media debates, politicians at a senior level usually refrain from crossing the line of self-restraint and criticising gods, prophets, and religions in televised debates. Nupur Sharma's involvement in such criticism in a debate was unusual according to them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |date=2022-06-13 |title=The India Fix: How will Nupur Sharma's hate speech change Indian politics? |url=https://scroll.in/article/1026028/the-india-fix-how-will-nupur-sharmas-hate-speech-change-indian-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615070013/https://scroll.in/article/1026028/the-india-fix-how-will-nupur-sharmas-hate-speech-change-indian-politics |archive-date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US |quote=.. Communalism has seen a sharp intensification in the past few years. Even taking that into account, what Sharma and Jindal did was quite unprecedented. The abuse of gods and prophets has not been a part of Indian politics – and certainly never at a level as senior as party spokesperson or at a forum with as wide a reach as a national television channel. ..}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=2022-06-13 |title=The Taste With Vir: Did Nupur Sharma do anything wrong? What about free speech? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-taste-with-vir-did-nupur-sharma-do-anything-wrong-what-about-free-speech-101655086572939.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615040441/https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-taste-with-vir-did-nupur-sharma-do-anything-wrong-what-about-free-speech-101655086572939.html |archive-date=2022-06-15 |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |quote=.. b) There is tacit agreement among responsible politicians in India that, in the interests of maintaining communal harmony, nobody will speak contemptuously about religions on public platforms. The likes of Yogi Adityanath come dangerously close to breaking that consensus but they usually stop just short. The anti-Hindu, anti-Muslim, anti-Christian etc remarks are usually made by fringe politicians, not by official spokespersons of the ruling party. ..}}</ref>

==Police cases==
A police [[First Information Report|first information report]] (FIR) was registered against Sharma, in [[Mumbai]]'s [[Pydhonie]] Police Station, on the next day. She was accused of "hurting religious sentiments".<ref>{{citation |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma booked over remark on Prophet Muhammad |newspaper=The Free press Journal |date=29 May 2022 |id={{ProQuest|2671096342}}}}
</ref><ref name="auto">{{citation |title=Mumbai police book BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma for remarks on Prophet |date=29 May 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express |id={{ProQuest|2670791553}}}}</ref> A second FIR was registered in [[Thane]] (a suburb of Mumbai) on 30 May on the same grounds.<ref>{{citation |title=Maharashtra: Second FIR against BJP spokesperson over comments on Prophet Mohammed |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=31 May 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-fir-bjp-spokesperson-comments-prophet-mohammed-7943877/}}</ref> Another FIR was registered by the [[AIMIM]] leader [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], in Hyderabad, for using “abusive, false and hurtful” words against Muhammad and the Islam religion.<ref name="Wire 1 June"/> Several other FIRs were registered at other locations in the country.<ref name="Scroll 29 May"/><ref name="Wire 1 June"/><ref name="twitter thread"/>

Sharma's comments were also widely shared, internationally, on social media. By 4 June, "insult to Prophet Mohammed" was trending among the top 10 hashtags in all the countries of [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) and Turkey.<ref name="Tribune West Asia">
{{citation |title=Remarks against Prophet Mohammed: Did West Asia social media outrage force BJP to take action? |newspaper=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/remarks-against-prophet-mohammed-did-west-asia-social-media-outrage-force-bjp-to-take-action-401250}}</ref>

On 9 June, 2 weeks after the speech and the diplomatic event, [[Delhi Police]] registered cases against BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma and Naveen Kumar Jindal, who served as the party's Delhi media cell head, who was expelled from BJP. The Delhi police have also filed a case against All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) chief and MP, Asaduddin Owaisi, and Hindutva leader, Yati Narsinghanand, who is out on bail in the [[Haridwar hate speeches|Haridwar hate speech]] case.<ref name="9 June NDTV">{{cite news |title=2 Weeks After Prophet Row, Case Against Suspended BJP Leader, A Owaisi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hate-remarks-against-prophet-muhammad-suspended-bjp-leader-journalist-in-delhi-police-fir-3051283 |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=9 June 2022}}</ref> Delhi Police has been accused of omnibus prosecution of many similar cases to make the original offence difficult to prosecute.<ref name="the-hindu-editorial-13-June-2022">{{cite news|title=False equivalence: On Prophet remarks and Delhi Police FIRs|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/false-equivalence-the-hindu-editorial-on-remarks-against-the-prophet-and-delhi-police-firs/article65520235.ece|work=The Hindu Editorial}}</ref>

==Protests and violence==
[[File:Anti BJP Protest in Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Protests in India's neighbouring nation of [[Bangladesh]].]]
Protests and violent incidents were reported from several Indian cities. In Uttar Pradesh, several people were injured in Kanpur and Prayagraj cities. According to the UP Police, a total of 136 people were arrested over the protests in the state.<ref name="Express Remarks" />

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{see also|2022 Kanpur violence}}

On June 3, hundreds of Muslims protested the remarks in [[Kanpur]] after [[Friday prayers]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Clashes in Kanpur over 'insult' to Prophet Mohammed during TV debate|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/religious-body-demands-places-of-worship-act-be-scrapped-1115010.html|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Blasphemous remarks: Hindu-Muslim clashes erupt in India|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/963709-hindu-muslim-clashes-erupt-in-india|publisher=[[The News International]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Kanpur Violence: At Least 40 Injured, Police Register 3 FIRs Against 500 People |url=https://thewire.in/government/violence-breaks-out-in-kanpur-as-police-muslim-protestors-clash |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

Hayat Zafar Hashmi, chief of Maulana Mohammed Ali (MMA) Jauhar Fans Association called for a bandh (shutdown) of local shops in protest of comments from Sharma. They also planned to take out a procession. They forced the local shops to shut down at parade market after which the clash broke out between the business community and the protesters. [[Yogi Adityanath]]'s government came down heavily on the protesters, lodging complaints and putting up posters against hundreds of protestors.<ref>{{citation |author=Geeta Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: The Indian woman behind offensive Prophet Muhammad comments |newspaper=BBC News |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-61716241}}</ref>

The clashes occurred at Nai Sadak, Yateemkana and Parade area of Kanpur. During the clashes, the groups threw bombs and stones on each other.<ref name="Kanpur FIR">{{cite news |title=Kanpur Violence: Police Register 3 FIRs Against 1,000 Unknown Persons; All 55 Named Accused Muslim |url=https://thewire.in/law/kanpur-violence-police-register-3-firs-against-55-people-1000-unknown-person-named-as-accused |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Wire |date=4 June 2022}}</ref>

On 12 June, [[Reuters]] reported that the authorities in [[Uttar Pradesh]] had punitively demolished the homes of individuals accused of rioting in the state over the remarks.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |title=Indian state razes Muslim homes after riots over prophet remarks |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=12 June 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/indian-state-demolish-muslim-homes-riots-prophet-remarks}}</ref> [[BBC]] reported as well.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61777306 | title=Nupur Sharma: Houses of Muslims demolished in Uttar Pradesh after protests | work=BBC News | date=13 June 2022 }}</ref>

===Ranchi===
On 10 June, peaceful protests and human chain were organised in [[Ranchi]] against the controversial comments.<ref name="Ranchi 10 June" /> According to the police the situation had escalated when a vehicle rammed into the group of protestors.<ref name="Express Remarks">{{cite news |title=Remarks against the Prophet: 2 killed in Ranchi as protests erupt across country |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/remarks-against-the-prophet-1-killed-in-ranchi-as-protests-erupt-across-country-7963621/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Incidents of [[stone pelting]] was reported near the Hanuman temple, after which the Police attempted to disperse the crowds and used lathis, later on the police opened gunfire with live rounds.<ref name="Ranchi 10 June">{{cite news |title=Ranchi: Two Allegedly Killed, 10 Injured As Protests Over Remarks on Prophet Turn Violent |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/ranchi-one-suspected-to-have-died-10-injured-as-protests-over-remarks-on-prophet-turn-violent |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=The Wire |date=10 June 2022}}</ref> Two people died and more than 24 were injured. Both the dead had gunshot wounds on the head and neck.<ref name="tribune 11 June">{{cite news |title=Ranchi under heavy police cover as two die of gunshot wounds during Prophet row protest |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/two-dead-in-violence-in-jharkhands-ranchi-over-prophet-remark-402873 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

The family of a victim, 15-year-old Mudassir Alam, said that he was shot in the head while standing on the street near the Hindu Shree Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple. Three men had been firing gun shots and pelting stones at the protesters from the rooftop of the temple. Ranchi Deputy Commissioner said that the police fired after the mob turned violent and that the firing began from the mob. He did not clarify which mob he referred to and said the investigation is ongoing. ''[[CNN]]'' reviewed the video from the incident which showed the police firing indiscriminately on the unarmed protestors. A video from inside the temple showed the protestors throwing stones at the temple.<ref name="Ritchie">{{cite news |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Pratap |first2=Rishabh |last3=Mogul |first3=Rhea |last4=Whiteman |first4=Hilary |title=A Muslim teenager was killed at a protest in India. His family wants answers |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/22/india/muslim-teenager-shot-islam-protest-police-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=CNN |date=23 June 2022}}</ref>

On 11 June, some Hindutva groups in Ranchi called for shutdown of shops in the city.<ref name="tribune 11 June" />

===Howrah===
On 10 June, in different parts of [[Howrah]] district, arson and violence in protest was reported after Friday Muslim prayers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Explained: Friday protests by Muslims against remarks on the Prophet, and their meaning |url=https://www.news9live.com/opinion-blogs/explained-friday-protests-by-muslims-against-remarks-on-the-prophet-and-their-meaning-175627 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref> Railway tracks and highways were blocked by the protestors, causing hours of interruption of traffic. The situation later came under control, after police managed to clear the blockade. Internet services were also suspended in the district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Bengal: Violence erupts during protests over Prophet remarks, Guv appeals for peace |url=https://theprint.in/india/bengal-violence-erupts-during-protests-over-prophet-remarks-guv-appeals-for-peace/992010/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
{{See also|Murder of Umesh Kolhe}}

On 13 June, Saad Ansari, a Muslim youth was assaulted by a Muslim mob in [[Bhiwandi]], [[Thane]] over a social media post allegedly supporting Nupur Sharma.<ref name="Thakur 2022">{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Pradeep | title=Thane: Mob assaults youth for supporting Nupur Sharma, Bhiwandi police to take action - Thane News | website=The Times of India | date=2022-06-13 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/thane-mob-assaults-youth-for-supporting-nupur-sharma-bhiwandi-police-to-take-action/articleshow/92179342.cms | access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Free Press Journal 2022">{{cite web | title=Thane: Muslim youth thrashed for supporting Nupur Sharma on social media in Kesar Bagh area of Bhiwandi | website=Free Press Journal | date=2022-06-13 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/thane-muslim-youth-thrashed-for-supporting-nupur-sharma-on-social-media-in-kesar-bagh-area-of-bhiwandi | access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost 2022">{{cite web | title=Maharashtra Police capitulate to mob, arrest Muslim youth for supporting Nupur Sharma, questioning own religion | website=Firstpost | date=2022-06-13 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/maharashtra-police-capitulate-to-mob-arrest-muslim-youth-for-supporting-nupur-sharma-questioning-own-religion-10788261.html | access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref> In his Instagram, Ansari had written, "A 50-year-old man marrying a 6-9-year-old girl is clearly child abuse. People do not know how to support him. Would you give your 6-year-old daughter to a 50-year-old man (think about it.)". Ansari was later arrested by the police for his post.<ref name="Firstpost 2022"/>

On the night of 21 June 2022, Umesh Kolhe, a chemist in [[Amravati]], was murdered while returning from his shop riding a scooter. He was assaulted with a sharp weapon by three bike-borne attackers, who slit his throat in the presence of his son and daughter-in-law. Five people have been arrested in connection with the murder. According to the police, the accused had committed the murder since Kolhe shared posts on WhatsApp groups, supporting Nupur Sharma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murdered Amravati Man Sent Nupur Sharma Post In Group With Muslims: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/murdered-amravati-chemist-shared-post-on-nupur-sharma-by-mistake-cops-3121793 |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-03 |title=NIA to probe Amravati killing, police say 'mastermind' among 2 new arrests |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/nia-to-probe-amravati-killing-police-say-mastermind-among-2-new-arrests-8005834/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Udaipur ===
{{Main articles|Murder of Kanhaiya Lal}}
In [[Udaipur]], Rajasthan a tailor Kanhaiya Lal posted remarks on social media in support of Nupur Sharma. Police complaint was filed against him and he was arrested. Police-mediated sessions were held between Lal and the complainants after which Lal gave a written assurance that he did not require further assistance from the police. Later he received death threats and informed the police.<ref name="Udaipur Arrest" />

On 28 June, [[Murder of Kanhaiya Lal|Lal was killed]] by two Muslim men who subsequently shared a video of them carrying out the murder.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Udaipur: Youth beheaded days after sharing post for Nupur Sharma, CM Gehlot vows action |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-man-beheaded-udaipur-sharing-post-for-nupur-sharma-cm-gehlot-vows-action-101656420015767.html |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In a second video uploaded by them the two men admitted the murder and showed the [[cleaver]]s they had used.<ref name="Last Days">{{cite news |title=Udaipur Tailor Murder A Terror Attack; Mourning Wife Explains His Last Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/udaipur-tailor-kanhaiya-lals-murder-a-terror-attack-mourning-wife-explains-his-last-days-3110435 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=29 June 2022}}</ref> In the video, they also threatened to kill Prime Minister Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur: Two Arrested for Brutal Murder of Tailor; Prohibitory Orders Across State |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/udaipur-tailor-killed-nupur-sharma |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Both the accused tried to abscond the city on a motorbike but were arrested by the police within hours on the same day.<ref name="Udaipur Arrest">{{cite news |title=Watch: How Men In Video Of Udaipur Murder Were Caught |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/video-udaipur-tailor-kanhaiya-lal-murder-accused-overpowered-by-cops-while-fleeing-3110547 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> Later five more men were detained.<ref name="Pak Links">{{cite news |title=Udaipur Tailor Killer Has Pak Links, Say Cops; 5 More Detained |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kanhaiya-lal-udaipur-murder-isis-udaipur-tailors-murder-being-treated-as-terror-incident-3110017 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

After the incident, curfew was imposed in some parts of the city and internet services to the state were suspended for a day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Udaipur Tailor Kanhaiya Lal Killed On Camera, 2 Arrested: 10 Facts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tension-in-udaipur-after-murder-of-tailor-chief-minister-appeals-for-peace-3108517 |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="Internet" /> Large gathering of people were banned for a month.<ref name="Internet">{{cite news |title=Tailor's Murder: Internet Suspended In Rajasthan For 24 Hours |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/udaipur-tailors-murder-internet-suspended-in-rajasthan-for-24-hours-3109278 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> Additional police force was sent for maintenance of law and order.<ref>{{cite news |title=Don't Watch, Says Rajasthan Cop About Video Of Tailor's Murder |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dont-watch-the-video-its-grisly-advises-top-udaipur-cop-3108741 |access-date=28 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=28 June 2022|quote="There are conflicting reports on whether the tailor was beheaded."}}</ref> The [[Rajasthan government]] announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|31|l}} for the family of the deceased and government jobs for both his sons.<ref name="Udaipur Arrest" />

The assailants were identified as Mohammad Riyaz Attari and Ghouse Mohammad.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1=Backhouse |first1=Andrew |title=Tailor beheaded in India, protests erupt, internet cut off |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/asia/tailor-beheaded-in-india-protests-erupt-internet-cut-off/news-story/f1187e8505724823d3f690dc8739961f |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> It was reported that Attari may have been planning to infiltrate the BJP through its loyalists, after photos of Attari attending BJP functions surfaced. In a 2020 post on Facebook, Attari had been described by a local [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] leader as a "dedicated worker of the BJP". On 2 July 2022, the Indian National Congress, the largest opposition party in India, alleged that Attari was a BJP member, using the social media pictures.<ref>{{cite news|title=Udaipur assailants may have plotted to infiltrate Rajasthan BJP Exclusive|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/udaipur-assailants-plotted-infiltrate-rajasthan-bjp-1969222-2022-07-01|access-date=3 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=As Photos Emerge of Udaipur Killer's Links to BJP Leaders, Party Moves to Damage Control Mode |url=https://thewire.in/security/as-photos-emerge-of-udaipur-killers-links-to-bjp-leaders-party-moves-to-damage-control-mode |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=The Wire |date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tailor's murder: Congress alleges one accused is a BJP member |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tailors-murder-congress-alleges-one-accused-is-a-bjp-member/cid/1872818 |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=telegraphindia.com |date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Udaipur killer is a BJP karyakarta, claims Congress |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/udaipur-killer-mohammad-riyaz-attari-is-a-bjp-member-claims-congress-11656750986723.html |access-date=2 July 2022 |work=Mint |date=2 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kabul ===
On 18 June, militants carried out a [[terrorist attack]] at a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[gurdwara]] in [[Kabul]], the capital of [[Afghanistan]]. The assailants killed a [[Taliban]] security officer before they entered the gurdwara with grenades and firearms and killed a Sikh worshipper and injuring seven others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-19 |title=ISIS says it carried out Sikh temple attack in Kabul |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/2022/06/19/isis-says-it-carried-out-sikh-temple-attack-in-kabul/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-18 |title=Afghanistan gurdwara attack: Sikhs say 'We don't feel safe' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61852956 |access-date=2022-06-19}}</ref> The [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|Khorasan Province]] of the [[Islamic State]] claimed responsibility via the [[Amaq News Agency]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-19 |title=IS claims attack on Sikh temple in Afghan capital of Kabul |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/is-claims-attack-on-sikh-temple-in-afghan-capital-of-kabul-1.5953659 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref> asserting it had been done as "an act of revenge" for the BJP official's remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sahar Akbarzai, Saleem Mehsud and Heather Chen |title=Islamic State says attack on Sikh temple is revenge for Prophet insults |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/19/asia/islamic-state-sikh-gurdwara-temple-attack-kabul-afghanistan-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=CNN|date=19 June 2022 }}</ref>

==International reactions==
Several countries and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], a body of 57 countries, officially condemned remarks made by BJP leaders.<ref name=":6" /> Qatar, Kuwait and Iran summoned India's envoy to register their protest and handed them [[Diplomatic correspondence|protest notes]] while Pakistan issued a [[demarche]] to the Indian [[charge d'affaires]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Naveed |title=Saudi Arabia joins Muslim countries in condemning BJP leaders' derogatory remarks on Prophet |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1693280/saudi-arabia-joins-muslim-countries-in-condemning-bjp-leaders-derogatory-remarks-on-prophet |work=DAWN |date=5 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Reactions to Blasphemy by BJP spokesperson |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.6479108}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{citation |title=Qatar, Kuwait, Iran Summon Indian Envoys Over BJP Leaders' Remarks on Prophet Mohammed |newspaper=The Wire |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/qatar-summons-indian-envoy-seeks-govts-public-apology-over-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet}}</ref> There have been calls for boycott of Indian products in many countries of the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Calls Grow to Boycott Indian Goods as Islam Insult Riles Mideast |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-08/calls-grow-to-boycott-indian-goods-as-islam-insult-riles-mideast#xj4y7vzkg |work=Bloomberg.com |date=8 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's Religious Tensions Prompt Calls for Boycotts |url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/india-s-religious-tensions-prompt-calls-for-boycotts/6617245.html |work=VOA News |date=15 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=Watch: Kuwait store removes Indian products after 'Islamophobic' Prophet remark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kuwait-superstore-removes-indian-products-after-prophet-remark-7956139/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Diplomatic storm over comments against the Prophet by India's ruling party officials|url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/621434|publisher=[[Saudi Gazette]]}}</ref><ref name=cbcnews>{{cite news|title=India facing accusations of blasphemy after top officials make insulting remarks about Islam, Prophet Muhammad|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/indian-prophet-muhammad-muslim-1.6479108}}</ref>


===Qatar===
The [[Prime Minister of Qatar]] discussed the issue in the Qatari Cabinet's regular meeting. In a statement outlining the meeting, Qatar stated that the Cabinet underscored Qatar's condemnation and denunciation of the remarks made by an official in India's ruling party against Muhammad, which "constitute a grave insult to Islam, a violation of its sanctities, and a provocation to the feelings of Muslims all over the world, and completely contradict the values of tolerance, coexistence and civilized behavior".<ref name="Qatari Cabinet" />

The Cabinet called the remarks irresponsible and expressed a categorical rejection. The cabinet called on everyone "to focus on bringing people together, strengthening the bonds of friendship and co-operation between countries, and respecting all religions, and to stay away from everything that would incite hatred, inflame feelings of hostility and sow discord among the peoples".<ref name="Qatari Cabinet">{{cite news |title=Cabinet underscores Qatar's condemnation of remarks against Prophet |url=https://ipad.gulf-times.com/story/718804/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Gulf-Times |date=8 June 2022 |language=ar }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [[Government of Qatar]] summoned the Indian [[ambassador]] and asked for immediate condemnation and an apology for the remarks. The ambassador is reported to have replied that these were the views of "fringe elements" in India and in no way reflect the views of the Government of India.<ref>{{citation |title="Fringe Elements": India Dismisses BJP Leaders' Remarks On Prophet |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/qatar-nupur-sharma-views-of-fringe-elements-says-india-on-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet-3040851 |newspaper=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

The Qatari [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] issued a statement, noting: "These insulting remarks would lead to incitement of religious hatred, and offend more than two billion Muslims around the world." The statement was published during Indian Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu's visit to Doha to meet [[Qatari Prime Minister]].<ref name="Fury CBS">{{cite news |title=India faces fury over officials' "Islamophobic" remarks on Prophet Muhammad |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-islam-anger-muslims-narendra-modi-bjp-prophet-muhammad/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=cbsnews.com |date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="NDTV 6 June 5 point">{{cite news |title=Gulf Nations Outraged By BJP Leaders' Prophet Remarks: 5-Point Explainer |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arab-world-outraged-by-bjp-leaders-prophet-remarks-5-point-explainer-3040812 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=6 June 2022}}</ref>

India's Ambassador to Qatar Deepak Mittal said the comments "do not, in any manner, reflect the views of the [[Government of India]]. These are the views of fringe elements." Mittal was summoned by [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)|Qatar's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], which said it was "expecting a public apology and immediate condemnation of these remarks from the government of India".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gulf-countries-protest-statement-by-bjp-leaders-demand-public-apology-from-government/article65497958.ece | title=Hate remarks against the Prophet | West Asian nations demand public apology from Indian government | newspaper=The Hindu | date=5 June 2022 | last1=Haidar | first1=Suhasini | last2=Bhattacherjee | first2=Kallol }}</ref>

"Allowing such Islamophobic remarks to continue without punishment, constitutes a grave danger to the protection of human rights and may lead to further prejudice and marginalization, which will create a cycle of violence and hate," [[Qatar]] said.<ref name=":0" />

Qatar has also asked for public apology from Indian government, after which Indian social media users started making calls to "boycott [[Qatar Airways]]" while trending #BoycottQatarAirways and #BycottQatarAirways on Twitter. The latter backfired because of the spelling mistake.<ref name="Vashudev">{{cite news |title='Vashudev' Is the Tragic Poster Boy of the Last 8 Years of Modi's Rule |url=https://thewire.in/rights/vashudev-is-the-tragic-poster-boy-of-the-last-8-years-of-modis-rule |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=The Wire |date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boycott Qatar Airways trends on Twitter due to this reason |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/boycott-qatar-airways-trends-on-twitter-due-to-this-reason-2 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2022|title=#BoycottQatarAirways trends on Twitter; a spelling mistake, spoof video make it hilarious|work=DNA INDIA |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/report-hashtag-boycottqatarairways-trends-on-twitter-a-spelling-mistake-spoof-video-make-it-hilarious-2958723}}</ref>

===Other Arab states===
On 6 June, Saudi Arabia condemned the controversial remarks and called for “respect for beliefs and religions.” In a statement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected "prejudice against the symbols of the Islamic religion” and against “all religious figures and symbols.”<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-06-06 |title=Saudi Arabia condemns controversial remarks of BJP leader against Prophet |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/saudi-arabia-condemns-controversial-remarks-of-bjp-leader-against-prophet-122060600132_1.html |access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indonesia, Saudi, UAE and Afghanistan condemn controversial remarks of BJP leader against Prophet |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/saudi-arabia-condemns-controversial-remarks-of-bjp-leader-against-prophet/articleshow/92028345.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> The ministry supported the BJP's suspension of the spokeswoman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prophet Mohammed comment row: Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Afghanistan condemn controversial remarks of BJP leader |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/prophet-mohammed-comment-row-saudi-arabia-bahrain-and-afghanistan-condemn-controversial-remarks-of-bjp-leader |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Saudi Council of Senior Scholars slams Indian ruling party leader's remarks against Prophet |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/article/621454/SAUDI-ARABIA/Saudi-Council-of-Senior-Scholars-slams-Indian-ruling-party-leaders-remarks-against-Prophet |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref>

The [[UAE]]'s foreign ministry condemned what it called "the blasphemous remarks made by India's ruling BJP's spokesperson that insulted Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/uae-condemns-blasphemous-remarks-against-prophet-muhammad-in-india-1.88407533|title=UAE condemns blasphemous remarks against Prophet Muhammad in India|website=gulfnews.com|date=6 June 2022 }}</ref> UAE's decision to join other Muslim-majority countries in condemning the remarks was called "quite significant" by [[BBC News]], given the strength of [[India–United Arab Emirates relations|India's alliance with the UAE]].<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|title=Nupur Sharma: India's diplomatic woes over Prophet Muhammad row deepen|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61701908|publisher=[[BBC News]]|author=Vikas Pandey}}</ref>

[[Kuwait]] demanded a "public apology for these hostile statements, the continuation of which would constitute a deterrent measure or [[punishment]] to increase [[extremism]] and hatred and undermine the elements of moderation".<ref name=":0" /> A Kuwaiti supermarket removed Indian made products in protest.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |title=Indian products pulled by Kuwait supermarket in row over Prophet remarks |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3180641/indian-products-pulled-kuwait-supermarket-row-over-prophet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220606-kuwait-supermarket-pulls-indian-products-as-row-grows-over-prophet-remarks|title=Kuwait supermarket pulls Indian products as row grows over Prophet remarks|date=6 June 2022|website=France 24}}</ref> The Indian embassy in [[Kuwait]] released a statement indicating that the Ambassador had met with the foreign office to share concerns "with regard to some offensive tweets by individuals in India".<ref>{{cite news|author=Mohammed Baleegh|title=Govt penalised culprits for offensive tweets against minorities: Indian embassy in Kuwait|url=https://www.siasat.com/govt-penalised-culprits-for-offensive-tweets-against-minorities-indian-embassy-in-kuwait-2342971/|date=2022-06-06|publisher=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref>

Oman's foreign ministry officials meanwhile met the Indian ambassadors and lodged official protest against India, saying such statements do not serve "peaceful coexistence".<ref>{{cite news |title=Now, Oman raises issue of ex-BJP leaders' remarks on Prophet Mohammed, meets envoy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/now-oman-raises-issue-of-ex-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet-mohammed-meets-envoy-101654524770240.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ahmed bin Hamad al-Khalili]], the [[grand mufti]] of Oman stated that the "obscene" comments of the spokesperson amounted to a "war against every Muslim".<ref>{{cite news |title=More Muslim countries take exception to BJP leaders' derogatory remarks about Holy Prophet |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1693454/more-muslim-countries-take-exception-to-bjp-leaders-derogatory-remarks-about-holy-prophet |work=DAWN |date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Jordan's foreign ministry condemned the remarks of Nupur Sharma by saying "Violations against Islamic and other religious figures, considering it as an act that feeds extremism and hatred". While supporting the decision of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] to suspend Nupur Sharma by saying "step in the right direction".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The Full List of 20 Countries and Bodies That Have Condemned the BJP Leaders' Remarks |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/the-full-list-of-18-countries-and-bodies-that-have-condemned-the-bjp-leaders-remarks |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

The Parliamentary Committee on Awqaf and Tribals of Iraq strongly condemned controversial remarks by BJP leaders and summoned the Indian ambassador. The committee said "These abuses, malicious and disgraceful acts will have serious repercussions and, if not contained, may lead to dire consequences that will have unimaginable consequences for the peaceful coexistence, as well as increase strife and tensions between peoples."<ref name=":6" />

Libya's foreign ministry expressed concern over the "insulting statements" by the spokesperson of the ruling party of India.<ref name=":6" />

===Other countries===

President [[Arif Alvi]] of [[Pakistan]] said "such comments were the reflection of a growing trend of [[Islamophobia]] in India, which is home to millions of Muslims."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan slams BJP for remarks against Holy Prophet|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1693382|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Pakistan also issued a démarche to the Indian Charge d' Affaires in Islamabad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Pakistan issues demarche to India over blasphemous remarks |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2360263/pakistan-issues-demarche-to-india-over-blasphemous-remarks-by-bjp-officials |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> A statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs indicated that the chargé d'affaires was told that "these remarks are totally unacceptable and have not only deeply hurt the sentiments of the people of Pakistan but Muslims across the world".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan sends demarche to Indian diplomat over blasphemy against Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/420921-pakistan-issues-strong-demarche-to-indian-charge-d-affairs-over-blasphemy-against-prophet-pbuh |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref>

[[Chinese Foreign Ministry]] spokesperson [[Wang Wenbin]] said: "We hope the relevant incident can be properly managed. China believes that different civilisations and different religions should respect each other and co-exist on an equal footing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=牛弹琴 |date=2022-06-18 |title=印度最近惹上了两个大麻烦 |trans-title=India has been in two big troubles lately |url=https://news.ifeng.com/c/8Gw6zhdBYsv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618081744/https://news.ifeng.com/c/8Gw6zhdBYsv |archive-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Phoenix Television]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-13 |title=China wades into Nupur Sharma row, hopes incident 'can be properly managed' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-hope-nupur-sharma-row-incident-properly-managed/article65523374.ece |access-date=2022-06-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[United States Department of State|US State Department]] spokesman [[Ned Price]] said "We condemn the offensive comments made by now-suspended BJP officials and we were glad to see that the party publicly condemns those comments" He also said "We regularly engage with the Indian government at senior levels on human rights concerns including freedom of religion or belief and we encourage India to promote respect for human rights."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2022|title=US condemns controversial remarks of suspended BJP leaders on Prophet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-condemns-controversial-remarks-bjp-leaders-prophet-1963372-2022-06-17 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Prophet remark row: US condemns statements by ex-BJP spokespersons |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/prophet-remark-row-united-states-comments-7974433/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The interim [[Taliban]] [[Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|government]] in Afghanistan strongly condemned the remarks by the BJP officials.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-06-06 |title=Saudi, Bahrain and Afghanistan condemn controversial remarks of BJP leader |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/saudi-bahrain-and-afghanistan-condemn-controversial-remarks-of-bjp-leader-122060601082_1.html |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref> The government's spokesperson, [[Zabiullah Mujahid|Zabihullah Mujahid]], wrote on his [[Twitter]] handle, "The [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] strongly condemns the use of derogatory words against the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) by an official of the ruling party in [[India]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kakar |first=Javed Hamim |date=2022-06-06 |title=Kabul condemns blasphemous remarks of BJP official |language=en-GB |url=https://pajhwok.com/2022/06/06/kabul-condemns-blasphemous-remarks-of-bjp-official/ |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref> He also said, "We urge the [[Government of India|Indian government]] not to allow such fanatics to insult the holy religion of Islam and provoke the feelings of [[Muslims]]."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-06 |title=Saudi, Bahrain and Afghanistan condemn controversial remarks of BJP leader |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/saudi-bahrain-and-afghanistan-condemn-controversial-remarks-of-bjp-leader-122060601082_1.html |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)|Indonesian Foreign Ministry]] condemned what it called "unacceptable derogatory remarks" regarding Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uae-condemns-bjp-nupur-sharma-prophet-remarks-1959124-2022-06-06|title=More nations condemn Prophet remarks even as Centre troubleshoots|date=June 6, 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name=bbc1/>

A member of the [[Maldives]]' [[People's Majlis|parliament]], [[Adam Shareef]] filed for a motion that called on the country's president to condemn the remarks about Muhammad. The motion was defeated with 10 votes in favour and 33 votes against.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/maldives-parliament-rejects-motion-that-sought-condemnation-of-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet/985562/|title=Maldives parliament rejects motion that sought condemnation of BJP leaders' remarks on Prophet|date=6 June 2022}}</ref> Later, the Maldives' government expressed "concern" over the remarks, but also welcomed BJP's action taken against the officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uae-jordan-join-list-of-nations-condemning-ex-bjp-leaders-comments-on-prophet-101654527736890.html|title=UAE, Jordan, Maldives join list of nations condemning comments on Prophet|date=6 June 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The Malaysian foreign ministry condemned the remarks by the BJP spokesperson and summoned the Indian high commissioner. Welcomed the decision of the BJP to suspend the officials.<ref name=":6" />

===Organisation of Islamic Cooperation===
The General Secretariat of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], a body of 57 countries had condemned the "abuse of the Prophet Muhammad" by the officials of India's ruling party. In an official statement it expressed "strong condemnation and denunciation of the recent insults issued by an official in the ruling party". "These abuses come in the context of the escalation of hatred and abuse of Islam in India and in the context of the systematic practices against Muslims and restrictions on them, especially in light of a series of decisions banning headscarves in educational institutions in a number of Indian states and demolitions of Muslim property, in addition to the increase in [[Violence against Muslims in India|violence against them]]."<ref name="EAM 6 June">{{cite news |title=Remarks on Prophet Mohammad: As criticism grows, India rejects OIC's comments as 'narrow-minded' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-reponds-oic-comments-remarks-against-prophet-bjp-nupur-sharma-7955091/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Indian government response==
The Indian government responded to international controversy, by stating that the controversial remarks did not reflect government position, but rather came from "fringe elements".<ref name=":5">{{cite news |date=2022-06-06 |title=More Muslim countries take exception to BJP leaders' derogatory remarks about Holy Prophet |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1693454/more-muslim-countries-take-exception-to-bjp-leaders-derogatory-remarks-about-holy-prophet}}</ref> The BJP removed both Sharma and Jindal, and said "strong action has already been taken against those who made the derogatory remarks".<ref name="Guardian">{{citation |author=Hannah Ellis-Petersen |title=Prophet Muhammad remarks embroil India in row with Gulf states |newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/06/prophet-muhammad-remarks-embroil-india-in-row-with-gulf-states |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607161100/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/06/prophet-muhammad-remarks-embroil-india-in-row-with-gulf-states |url-status=live }}</ref> Instructions were issued to several BJP members to be "extremely cautious" when talking about religion on public platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=2022-06-08 |title=Indian police arrest youth leader from Modi's party for anti-Muslim comments |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1693765/indian-police-arrest-youth-leader-from-modis-party-for-anti-muslim-comments |website=[[Dawn.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

On June 6, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) called out the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)]]’s “motivated, misleading, and mischievous” comments on India. [[Arindam Bagchi]], the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]], said India "categorically rejects OIC Secretariat's unwarranted and narrow-minded comments. The government of India accords the highest respect to all religions. The offensive tweets and comments denigrating a religious personality were made by certain individuals. They do not, in any manner, reflect the views of the Government of India. Strong action has already been taken against these individuals by relevant bodies.”<ref>{{Cite web |title="Narrow-Minded": India's Reply To Islamic Nations' Group Amid Gulf Fury |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/islamic-nations-groups-remarks-on-prophet-controversy-unwarranted-and-narrow-minded-says-centre-amid-gulf-backlash-3041625 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India rejects OIC's 'unwarranted & narrow-minded' comments: MEA |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-rejects-oics-unwarranted-narrow-minded-comments-mea/articleshow/92031183.cms |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-06 |title=India rejects OIC's comments over controversial remarks against Prophet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-rejects-oics-comments-over-controversial-remarks-against-prophet/article65499818.ece |access-date=2022-06-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2022 |title='Narrow-minded': India's response to Islamic nations' group after row over BJP leader's Prophet remarks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narrow-minded-india-response-islamic-nations-group-oic-nupur-sharma-prophet-remarks-1958887-2022-06-06 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Bagchi also responded to Pakistan's criticism by saying the world "has been witness to the systemic persecution of minorities including [[Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan|Hindus]], [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhs]], [[Persecution of Christians in Pakistan|Christians]] and [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Ahmadiyyas]] by Pakistan”, calling on the country to "focus on the safety, security and well-being of its minority communities instead of engaging in alarmist propaganda and attempting to foment communal disharmony in India”.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Krishn |last=Kaushik |date=2022-06-07 |title=Row over remarks on the Prophet: UAE and Maldives join Islamic world criticism; India hits back at OIC, Pakistan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gulf-nations-uae-condems-remarks-prophet-bjp-nupur-sharma-7956014/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EAM 6 June" />

==BJP response==
The incident caused a diplomatic row, with protests from several Muslim countries, on 5 June. The BJP responded, by releasing a statement that it respects all religions. The controversy continued to intensify.<ref name="NDTV Ranchi 10 Jan" /> On June 5, Nupur Sharma published an apology on Twitter, but was suspended from the BJP, while Naveen Kumar Jindal was expelled from the party.<ref>{{citation |title=India's ruling party suspends official over comments about Islam |newspaper=CNN |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/06/asia/india-bjp-suspension-islam-comments-intl-hnk/index.html}}</ref><ref name="NDTV Ranchi 10 Jan">{{cite news |title=On Camera, Cops Fire In Air In Ranchi Amid Protests Over Prophet Comments |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cops-injured-amid-protests-over-prophet-remarks-in-ranchi-3055688 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=10 June 2022}}</ref> Some supporters of BJP reacted to these actions with anger, calling them "cowardly".<ref name="Guardian" />

On 7 June, Police security was provided to Sharma and her family, after she complained about receiving death threats and harassment.<ref name="Police security">{{cite news |title=Suspended BJP Spokesperson Nupur Sharma Provided Security by Delhi Police |url=https://thewire.in/government/suspended-bjp-spokesperson-nupur-sharma-provided-security-by-delhi-police |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Wire |date=7 June 2022}}</ref> On 17 June, a police team of Mumbai Police that had come to Delhi to question Sharma, was unable to find her despite camping for 5 days.<ref name="17 June 2022">{{cite news |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma Not Found, Mumbai Cops Hunt For Her In Delhi: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prophet-muhammad-row-bjps-nupur-sharma-untraceable-mumbai-cops-looking-for-her-in-delhi-3075582 |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Delhi BJP Media cell chief Navin Jindal was expelled from the party for his tweets. In the letter announcing the expulsion of Jindal, the Delhi State BJP chief said Jindal's "remarks vitiated communal harmony".<ref>{{cite news |title="My Family Is In Danger": A Plea By BJP Leader Expelled For Prophet Remark |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/my-family-is-in-danger-expelled-bjp-leader-naveen-kumar-jindals-plea-to-social-media-users-3059712 |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

On 11 June, the BJP president JP Nadda met diplomats from Middle East nations, at the BJP headquarters, in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign Envoys Set To Interact With BJP Chief JP Nadda Tomorrow |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/foreign-envoys-set-to-interact-with-bjp-chief-jp-nadda-tomorrow-3056150 |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

All the BJP spokespersons were asked by the party to not make comments in public, on the controversy over Nupur's comments.<ref name="Fallout">{{cite news |title=Nupur Sharma fallout: BJP spokespersons, leaders in states asked to steer clear of rows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nupur-sharma-fallout-bjp-spokespersons-states-contriversies-7967406/ |access-date=13 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Islam}}
* [[Charlie Hebdo issue No. 1011]]
* [[Murder of Samuel Paty]]
* [[Kamlesh Tiwari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad remarks controversy, 2022}}
[[Category:2022 controversies]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2022 in Islam]]
[[Category:2022 riots]]
[[Category:May 2022 events in India]]
[[Category:June 2022 events in India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Twitter controversies]]
[[Category:Blasphemy]]
[[Category:Hate speech]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]

Nupur Sharma

2023-11-28T14:39:57Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1: Link fixed and more details added

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1985)}}
{{for|Nupur J Sharma|OpIndia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nupur Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| office = National Spokesperson of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| termstart = 2020
| termend = 2022
| president = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2005–2022)
| education = {{ubl|[[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]])}}|[[London School of Economics]] {{small|([[Master of Laws|LL.M.]])}}}}
| website =
}}
'''Nupur Sharma''' (born 23 April 1985) is an Indian politician. She was the national spokesperson of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) until June 2022.<ref name="IE bio">{{Citation |last=Abhinav Rajput |title=Nupur Sharma: The BJP firebrand facing party axe |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/nupur-sharma-bjp-mumbai-fir-gyanvapi-remarks-7947790/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> She frequently represented BJP on Indian television debates as an official spokesperson.<ref name="BBC brash ariculate">{{Citation |last=Geeta Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: The Indian woman behind offensive Prophet Muhammad comments |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-61716241 |work=BBC News |quote=Brash and articulate, her ability to argue and put forth her point of view in both English and Hindi won her a place in the BJP's media committee for the 2013 Delhi assembly elections.}}</ref><ref name="TOI energetic brash">{{Citation |title=Who is Nupur Sharma, whose remarks have caused outrage in the Arab world? |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-nupur-sharma-whose-remarks-have-caused-outrage-in-the-arab-world/articleshow/92041021.cms |work=The Times of India |quote=In 2020, the BJP appointed her as a national spokesperson. The 37-year-old was often seen on TV debates energetically arguing with her opponents and was often noted for using brash language.}}</ref> In June 2022, she was suspended from the party due to her comments about [[Muhammad]] and the [[Aisha#Age at time of marriage|age of his third wife, Aisha]], at the time of their marriage and the consummation of the marriage after she provoked by Muslim panelist<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=OpIndia |title=Nupur Sharma Row: Pakistani Maulana speaks about US' hand in the global outcry |url=https://www.opindia.com/2022/06/usa-prophet-muhammad-nupur-sharma-pakistani-maulana-arab-countries/ |website=OpIndia |date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who was making fun of the [[Lingam|Shivling]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Taste With Vir: Did Nupur Sharma do anything wrong? What about free speech? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-taste-with-vir-did-nupur-sharma-do-anything-wrong-what-about-free-speech-101655086572939.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="IE suspend" /><ref name="Nupur Sharma suspended" /><ref name="Scroll debate" />

==Early life and education==
Nupur Sharma was born in New Delhi in 1985.<ref name="OneIndia bio">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma: Biography |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/nupur-sharma-59631.html |work=OneIndia |access-date=6 June 2022}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=June 2022}}</ref> She comes from a family of civil servants and businessmen.<ref name="Print bio">{{Citation |last=Unnati Sharma |title=Who is Nupur Sharma? DUSU ex-president & LSE alum now suspended by BJP for remarks on Prophet |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/who-is-nupur-sharma-dusu-ex-president-lse-alum-now-suspended-by-bjp-for-remarks-on-prophet/985507/ |work=The Print}}</ref> Her mother is from [[Dehradun]].<ref name="Dehradun Post">{{Citation |title=Kejriwal rival Nupur Sharma has Dehradun roots |date=29 January 2015 |work=Dehradun Post |id={{ProQuest|1648819349}}}}</ref>

Sharma studied in the [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]]. Later she graduated from the [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] at [[Delhi University]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in economics. She later completed her [[Bachelor of Laws]] at Delhi University.<ref name="Standard">{{Cite news |title=Who is Nupur Sharma |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-nupur-sharma |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref name="Print bio" /> While a student, she had joined the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), the student wing of the [[Sangh Parivar]], and won the presidency of the Delhi University Students Union in 2008, breaking an eight-year-long dry spell for the ABVP.<ref name="Print bio" /> A notable incident during her stint was the leading of an ABVP mob to heckle [[S.A.R. Geelani|S. A. R. Geelani]] in a faculty seminar on 'Communalism, Fascism and Democracy: Rhetoric and Reality'. After receiving a [[Master of Laws]] degree from the [[London School of Economics]] at the [[University of London]], Sharma became a lawyer.<ref name="FPJ 2022">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma, suspended Spokesperson of BJP, did her Master in Law from this UK University |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/nupur-sharma-suspended-spokesperson-of-bjp-did-her-master-in-law-from-this-uk-university |work=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>
==Political career==
Sharma became a worker of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) after returning from London in 2010–2011.<ref name="BBC bio" /><ref name="Print bio" /> In 2013, she became a member of the Delhi BJP's working committee.<ref name="Print bio" /> She is said to have worked with senior leaders like Arvind Pradhan, [[Arun Jaitley]] and [[Amit Shah]]. In 2015, at age 30, she was given the ticket for contesting against [[Arvind Kejriwal]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) in the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Dehradun Post" /><ref name="DNA 2015">{{Citation |last=Amita Shah |title=At 30, will Nupur Sharma be a giant killer?: BJP has fielded former DU student leader Nupur Sharma against AAP chief Kejriwal from New Delhi seat |date=21 January 2015 |work=Daily News & Analysis |id={{ProQuest|1646878018}}}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |date=21 January 2015 |title=Meet BJP's New Delhi candidate Nupur Sharma: The girl who plans to take on Kejriwal |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/meet-bjps-new-delhi-candidate-nupur-sharma-the-girl-who-plans-to-take-on-kejriwal-2057047.html}}</ref> She lost the contest by 31,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2015 |title=Arvind Kejriwal defeats BJP's Nupur Sharma by over 31,000 votes |work=Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/tpUv0v9pWZzsWjNV1RyVhL/Delhi-election-results-Arvind-Kejriwal-wins-Kiran-Bedi-los.html}}</ref>

Afterwards, she was appointed as an official spokesperson for the BJP's Delhi unit under [[Manoj Tiwari (politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]. In 2020, she was appointed as a national spokesperson of BJP under the presidency of [[J. P. Nadda]]. According to a Delhi BJP leader, even when she was part of the Delhi unit, she was often sent out for TV debates on national issues because of her legal acumen, sound knowledge of national issues, and bilingual skills.<ref name="IE bio" /> She was seen as young and energetic, with regular appearances on television debates.<ref name="BL 2015">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma: impressive past, promising future |date=20 January 2015 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/nupur-sharma-impressive-past-promising-future/article6805666.ece |work=BusinessLine |id={{ProQuest|1646892572}}}}</ref><ref name="BBC bio" /> She is often seen being brusque to opposing panellists, causing outrage on Twitter.<ref name="BBC bio" /><ref name="Print bio" /><ref name="FPJ article">{{Cite news |date=27 July 2020 |title=BJP leader Nupur Sharma called out for profanity on Arnab Goswami's show |work=Free Press Journal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/arey-o-sadak-chaap-buddhe-bjp-leader-nupur-sharma-called-out-for-profanity-on-arnab-goswamis-show}}</ref>

==Comments about Muhammad==
{{Main|2022 Muhammad remarks controversy}}
{{See also|Criticism of Muhammad#Aisha}}
On 26 May 2022, Sharma participated in a debate on the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] dispute on the [[Times Now]] television channel, during which she made remarks regarding the age of [[Muhammad]]'s wife [[Aisha]] at the time of their marriage and consummation of the marriage after a Muslim panelist provoked her<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=OpIndia |title=Nupur Sharma Row: Pakistani Maulana speaks about US' hand in the global outcry |url=https://www.opindia.com/2022/06/usa-prophet-muhammad-nupur-sharma-pakistani-maulana-arab-countries/ |website=OpIndia |date=17 June 2022}}</ref> by making fun of the [[Lingam|Shivling]] an abstract or [[Aniconism|aniconic]] representation of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu deities|god]] [[Shiva]] in [[Shaivism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Taste With Vir: Did Nupur Sharma do anything wrong? What about free speech? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-taste-with-vir-did-nupur-sharma-do-anything-wrong-what-about-free-speech-101655086572939.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=13 June 2022}}</ref>.<ref name="Scroll 29 May" /><ref name="IE suspend">{{Citation |title=After 'respect all religions' statement, BJP suspends spokespersons Nupur Sharma and Naveen Jindal |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-suspends-nupur-sharma-naveen-jindal-7953884/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Nupur Sharma suspended">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma suspended from BJP for her comments about Prophet Muhammad |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1025521/bjp-says-it-respects-all-religions-amid-row-over-spokespersons-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |work=Scroll.in|date=5 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Scroll debate">{{Citation |last=Nabeela Jamil |title=Why the debate around the age of Aisha, the Prophet's wife, is irrelevant |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/article/1025536/why-the-debate-around-the-age-of-aisha-the-prophets-wife-is-irrelevant |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> A day later, the video clip of her comments were shared by [[Mohammed Zubair (journalist)|Mohammed Zubair]], who the co-founder of [[Alt News]], on social media to widespread criticism.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite web |last=Stuti Mishra |date=2022-06-06 |title=Prophet Muhammad comments by officials from India's ruling party spark Gulf backlash |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/bjp-prophet-muhammad-nupur-sharma-gulf-b2094698.html |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Zubair's Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/zoo_bear/status/1530066557191131142 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Times Now deleted the video of the programme from its [[YouTube channel]] the following day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2022 |title=Times Now deletes video of Navika Kumar's debate, issues clarification amidst controversy over derogatory comments on Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) |work=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0 |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/times-now-deletes-video-navika-kuamrs-debate-issues-clarification-amidst-controversy-over-derogatory-comments-on-prophet-muhammad-pbuh/397937/}}</ref> Nonetheless, Sharma defended her comments and exonerated Zubair of heavily editing the original clip. Following this, she began receiving rape and death threats , prompting the [[Delhi Police]] to provide her with a security cover.<ref name="Scroll 29 May">{{Citation |title=FIR filed against BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma for comments about Prophet Mohammad |date=29 May 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1024989/fir-filed-against-bjp-spokesperson-nupur-sharma-for-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="Wire 1 June">{{Citation |title='Remarks on Prophet': After Thane, Hyderabad Police Files FIR Against BJP's Nupur Sharma |date=1 June 2022 |url=https://thewire.in/government/remarks-on-prophet-after-thane-hyderabad-police-files-fir-against-bjps-nupur-sharma |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2022 |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma, Suspended, Gets Security After Death Threat Complaint |work=NDTV News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-nupur-sharma-suspended-gets-security-after-death-threat-complaint-3044783}}</ref> Journalists note that Sharma has made similar comments on several TV shows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=The India Fix: How will Nupur Sharma's hate speech change Indian politics? |url=https://scroll.in/article/1026028/the-india-fix-how-will-nupur-sharmas-hate-speech-change-indian-politics |website=Scroll.in|date=13 June 2022 }}</ref>

A police [[First Information Report|FIR]] (First Information Report) was registered against Sharma in [[Mumbai]] the next day on the grounds of allegedly "hurting religious sentiments".<ref>{{Citation |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma booked over remark on Prophet Muhammad |date=29 May 2022 |work=The Free press Journal |id={{ProQuest|2671096342}}}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mumbai police book BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma for remarks on Prophet |date=29 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |id={{ProQuest|2670791553}}}}</ref> A series of FIRs followed in various towns around the country including one by parliamentarian [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="Wire 1 June" /> A ''bandh'' (shut down) was called by a Muslim organization in [[Kanpur]] to protest the remarks on 3 June, during which violence erupted with 40 people getting injured.<ref>[https://thewire.in/government/violence-breaks-out-in-kanpur-as-police-muslim-protestors-clash Kanpur Violence: At Least 40 Injured, Police Register 3 FIRs Against 500 People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607182513/https://thewire.in/government/violence-breaks-out-in-kanpur-as-police-muslim-protestors-clash |date=7 June 2022 }}, The Wire, 4 June 2022.</ref> In the meanwhile, Sharma's comments continued to be shared on social media especially in the Arab world. By 4 June, "insult to Prophet Mohammed" was among the top 10 trending hashtags in all the countries of [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) and Turkey.<ref name="Tribune West Asia">{{Citation |title=Remarks against Prophet Mohammed: Did West Asia social media outrage force BJP to take action? |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/remarks-against-prophet-mohammed-did-west-asia-social-media-outrage-force-bjp-to-take-action-401250 |work=The Tribune (Chandigarh)}}</ref>

On 5 June, the Grand Mufti of Oman became the first significant figure from outside India to take issue with Sharma. Describing the remarks as "insolent and obscene rudeness", he called for a boycott of all Indian products and confiscation of all Indian investments in Oman.<ref name="Tribune West Asia" /><ref name="CNN firestorm">{{Citation |last=Helen Regan |title=India is facing a firestorm over ruling party officials' comments about Islam. Here's what you need to know |date=10 June 2022 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/10/asia/india-nupur-sharma-islam-comments-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref> The [[Government of Qatar]] summoned the Indian ambassador and asked for an immediate condemnation and apology; The ambassador remarked Sharma to be a "fringe element" who did not reflect the views of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Citation |title="Fringe Elements": India Dismisses BJP Leaders' Remarks On Prophet |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/qatar-nupur-sharma-views-of-fringe-elements-says-india-on-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet-3040851 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The same day, Kuwait and Iran had the Indian envoys summoned and gave them protest notes.<ref>{{Citation |title=Qatar, Kuwait, Iran Summon Indian Envoys Over BJP Leaders' Remarks on Prophet Mohammed |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/qatar-summons-indian-envoy-seeks-govts-public-apology-over-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Citation |last=Hannah Ellis-Petersen |title=Prophet Muhammad remarks embroil India in row with Gulf states |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/06/prophet-muhammad-remarks-embroil-india-in-row-with-gulf-states |work=The Guardian}}</ref>{{efn|Other Muslim nations followed suit on the following days: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE, and Indonesia.<ref name="PTI condemn">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-06 |title=Saudi, Bahrain and Afghanistan condemn controversial remarks of BJP leader |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/saudi-bahrain-and-afghanistan-condemn-controversial-remarks-of-bjp-leader-122060601082_1.html}}</ref>}}

By the evening of 5 June, Sharma was suspended from the BJP. The party statement said, "The BJP strongly denounces insults of any religious personalities of any religion."<ref name="PTI withdraws">{{Citation |last=PTI |title=Nupur Sharma withdraws controversial statement after suspension from BJP |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/nupur-sharma-withdraws-controversial-statement-after-suspension-from-bjp-122060500610_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Guardian" />{{efn|Another BJP official of the Delhi unit, Navin Kumar Jindal, was also expelled from the party for similar remarks on social media.<ref name="Guardian" />}} Afterwards, Sharma withdrew her remarks "unconditionally". However, reiterated that they were in response to the "continuous insult and disregard" towards the Hindu deity Lord [[Shiva]], who was often insulted by other panelists.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name="BBC bio">{{Citation |last=Geeta Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: The Indian woman behind offensive Prophet Muhammad comments |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-61716241 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Many BJP supporters, including some BJP politicians, rallied behind her and criticised the party and the government for abandoning her and buckling under international pressure. Hashtags such as "#ShameOnBJP" and "#ISupportNupurSharma" trended on Twitter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2022-06-06 |title=Suspension of spokesperson sets off internal churn in BJP |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/suspension-of-spokesperson-sets-off-internal-churn-in-bjp/article65500077.ece}}</ref><ref name="WP supporters">{{Citation |last=Sheikh Saaliq (AP) |title=Muslim nations slam India over insulting remarks about Islam |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/muslim-nations-slam-india-over-insulting-remarks-about-islam/2022/06/06/ddad5700-e56c-11ec-a422-11bbb91db30b_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Modi’s party also faced anger from some of its own supporters, but it was for a different reason. Many Hindu nationalists posted comments on social media saying the government was buckling under international pressure.}}</ref><ref name="BBC supporters">{{Citation |last=Geeta Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: The Indian woman behind offensive Prophet Muhammad comments |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-61716241 |work=BBC News |quote=But since her suspension, support has also been growing for the beleaguered former BJP spokesperson - hashtags such as #ISupportNupurSharma and #TakeBackNupurSharma have trended daily on social media, with tens of thousands praising her.}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph ecosystem">{{Citation |title=Right-wing ecosystem turns on BJP for suspending Nupur Sharma |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/right-wing-ecosystem-turns-on-bjp-for-suspending-nupur-sharma/cid/1868699 |work=The Telegraph (India) |quote=While many young BJP cadres and leaders expressed their disgust privately at the action against Sharma, Delhi leader Kapil Mishra — accused of delivering hate speeches in the run-up to the February 2020 riots — expressed his displeasure in public.}}</ref>

In June, a police team of [[Mumbai Police]] that had come to Delhi to question Sharma, was unable to find her despite camping for 5 days.<ref name="17 June 2022">{{Cite news |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma Not Found, Mumbai Cops Hunt For Her In Delhi: Sources |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prophet-muhammad-row-bjps-nupur-sharma-untraceable-mumbai-cops-looking-for-her-in-delhi-3075582 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> On 20 June, in an email, she requested for a four-week extension to appear before the [[Kolkata Police]] due to threats against her life, after a complaint was lodged against her at the [[Narkeldanga]] police station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/-threat-to-life-nupur-sharma-seeks-4-weeks-to-appear-before-kolkata-police-in-prophet-row-case-1964506-2022-06-20|title='Threat to life': Nupur Sharma seeks 4 weeks to appear before Kolkata Police in Prophet row case|first=Rajesh|last=Saha|newspaper= India Today|date=2022-06-20|access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

On January 2023, she received a [[gun license]] following the death threats received after her remarks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prophet-remark-row-suspended-bjp-leader-nupur-sharma-gets-personal-gun-license-2320552-2023-01-12|title=Suspended BJP leader Nupur Sharma gets gun licence, was threatened over Prophet remark|first=Arvind|last=Ojha|newspaper=India Today|date=2023-01-12|access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Pratik Sinha, [https://twitter.com/free_thinker/status/1530474189835993088 twitter thread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605210931/https://twitter.com/free_thinker/status/1530474189835993088 |date=5 June 2022 }}, 28 May 2022.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwwcOAD3D8w Nupur Sharma Prophet Row: What happened on Times Now & why it will continue | TV Newsance 174] (in Hindi and English, satirical), Newslaundry, 11 June 2022.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Nupur}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Nupur Sharma

2023-11-28T14:37:51Z

2001:67C:2628:647:D:0:0:1D1: Add that she was provoked

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1985)}}
{{for|Nupur J Sharma|OpIndia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nupur Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| office = National Spokesperson of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| termstart = 2020
| termend = 2022
| president = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2005–2022)
| education = {{ubl|[[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]])}}|[[London School of Economics]] {{small|([[Master of Laws|LL.M.]])}}}}
| website =
}}
'''Nupur Sharma''' (born 23 April 1985) is an Indian politician. She was the national spokesperson of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) until June 2022.<ref name="IE bio">{{Citation |last=Abhinav Rajput |title=Nupur Sharma: The BJP firebrand facing party axe |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/nupur-sharma-bjp-mumbai-fir-gyanvapi-remarks-7947790/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> She frequently represented BJP on Indian television debates as an official spokesperson.<ref name="BBC brash ariculate">{{Citation |last=Geeta Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: The Indian woman behind offensive Prophet Muhammad comments |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-61716241 |work=BBC News |quote=Brash and articulate, her ability to argue and put forth her point of view in both English and Hindi won her a place in the BJP's media committee for the 2013 Delhi assembly elections.}}</ref><ref name="TOI energetic brash">{{Citation |title=Who is Nupur Sharma, whose remarks have caused outrage in the Arab world? |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-nupur-sharma-whose-remarks-have-caused-outrage-in-the-arab-world/articleshow/92041021.cms |work=The Times of India |quote=In 2020, the BJP appointed her as a national spokesperson. The 37-year-old was often seen on TV debates energetically arguing with her opponents and was often noted for using brash language.}}</ref> In June 2022, she was suspended from the party due to her comments about [[Muhammad]] and the [[Aisha#Age at time of marriage|age of his third wife, Aisha]], at the time of their marriage and the consummation of the marriage after she provoked by Muslim panelist<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=OpIndia |title=Nupur Sharma Row: Pakistani Maulana speaks about US' hand in the global outcry |url=https://www.opindia.com/2022/06/usa-prophet-muhammad-nupur-sharma-pakistani-maulana-arab-countries/ |website=OpIndia |date=17 June 2022}}</ref> who was making fun of the [[Shivling]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Taste With Vir: Did Nupur Sharma do anything wrong? What about free speech? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-taste-with-vir-did-nupur-sharma-do-anything-wrong-what-about-free-speech-101655086572939.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="IE suspend" /><ref name="Nupur Sharma suspended" /><ref name="Scroll debate" />

==Early life and education==
Nupur Sharma was born in New Delhi in 1985.<ref name="OneIndia bio">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma: Biography |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/nupur-sharma-59631.html |work=OneIndia |access-date=6 June 2022}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=June 2022}}</ref> She comes from a family of civil servants and businessmen.<ref name="Print bio">{{Citation |last=Unnati Sharma |title=Who is Nupur Sharma? DUSU ex-president & LSE alum now suspended by BJP for remarks on Prophet |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/who-is-nupur-sharma-dusu-ex-president-lse-alum-now-suspended-by-bjp-for-remarks-on-prophet/985507/ |work=The Print}}</ref> Her mother is from [[Dehradun]].<ref name="Dehradun Post">{{Citation |title=Kejriwal rival Nupur Sharma has Dehradun roots |date=29 January 2015 |work=Dehradun Post |id={{ProQuest|1648819349}}}}</ref>

Sharma studied in the [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]]. Later she graduated from the [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] at [[Delhi University]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in economics. She later completed her [[Bachelor of Laws]] at Delhi University.<ref name="Standard">{{Cite news |title=Who is Nupur Sharma |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-nupur-sharma |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref name="Print bio" /> While a student, she had joined the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), the student wing of the [[Sangh Parivar]], and won the presidency of the Delhi University Students Union in 2008, breaking an eight-year-long dry spell for the ABVP.<ref name="Print bio" /> A notable incident during her stint was the leading of an ABVP mob to heckle [[S.A.R. Geelani|S. A. R. Geelani]] in a faculty seminar on 'Communalism, Fascism and Democracy: Rhetoric and Reality'. After receiving a [[Master of Laws]] degree from the [[London School of Economics]] at the [[University of London]], Sharma became a lawyer.<ref name="FPJ 2022">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma, suspended Spokesperson of BJP, did her Master in Law from this UK University |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/nupur-sharma-suspended-spokesperson-of-bjp-did-her-master-in-law-from-this-uk-university |work=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>
==Political career==
Sharma became a worker of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) after returning from London in 2010–2011.<ref name="BBC bio" /><ref name="Print bio" /> In 2013, she became a member of the Delhi BJP's working committee.<ref name="Print bio" /> She is said to have worked with senior leaders like Arvind Pradhan, [[Arun Jaitley]] and [[Amit Shah]]. In 2015, at age 30, she was given the ticket for contesting against [[Arvind Kejriwal]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) in the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Dehradun Post" /><ref name="DNA 2015">{{Citation |last=Amita Shah |title=At 30, will Nupur Sharma be a giant killer?: BJP has fielded former DU student leader Nupur Sharma against AAP chief Kejriwal from New Delhi seat |date=21 January 2015 |work=Daily News & Analysis |id={{ProQuest|1646878018}}}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |date=21 January 2015 |title=Meet BJP's New Delhi candidate Nupur Sharma: The girl who plans to take on Kejriwal |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/meet-bjps-new-delhi-candidate-nupur-sharma-the-girl-who-plans-to-take-on-kejriwal-2057047.html}}</ref> She lost the contest by 31,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2015 |title=Arvind Kejriwal defeats BJP's Nupur Sharma by over 31,000 votes |work=Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/tpUv0v9pWZzsWjNV1RyVhL/Delhi-election-results-Arvind-Kejriwal-wins-Kiran-Bedi-los.html}}</ref>

Afterwards, she was appointed as an official spokesperson for the BJP's Delhi unit under [[Manoj Tiwari (politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]. In 2020, she was appointed as a national spokesperson of BJP under the presidency of [[J. P. Nadda]]. According to a Delhi BJP leader, even when she was part of the Delhi unit, she was often sent out for TV debates on national issues because of her legal acumen, sound knowledge of national issues, and bilingual skills.<ref name="IE bio" /> She was seen as young and energetic, with regular appearances on television debates.<ref name="BL 2015">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma: impressive past, promising future |date=20 January 2015 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/nupur-sharma-impressive-past-promising-future/article6805666.ece |work=BusinessLine |id={{ProQuest|1646892572}}}}</ref><ref name="BBC bio" /> She is often seen being brusque to opposing panellists, causing outrage on Twitter.<ref name="BBC bio" /><ref name="Print bio" /><ref name="FPJ article">{{Cite news |date=27 July 2020 |title=BJP leader Nupur Sharma called out for profanity on Arnab Goswami's show |work=Free Press Journal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/arey-o-sadak-chaap-buddhe-bjp-leader-nupur-sharma-called-out-for-profanity-on-arnab-goswamis-show}}</ref>

==Comments about Muhammad==
{{Main|2022 Muhammad remarks controversy}}
{{See also|Criticism of Muhammad#Aisha}}
On 26 May 2022, Sharma participated in a debate on the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] dispute on the [[Times Now]] television channel, during which she made remarks regarding the age of [[Muhammad]]'s wife [[Aisha]] at the time of their marriage and consummation of the marriage after a Muslim panelist provoked her<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=OpIndia |title=Nupur Sharma Row: Pakistani Maulana speaks about US' hand in the global outcry |url=https://www.opindia.com/2022/06/usa-prophet-muhammad-nupur-sharma-pakistani-maulana-arab-countries/ |website=OpIndia |date=17 June 2022}}</ref> by making fun of the [[Shivling]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Taste With Vir: Did Nupur Sharma do anything wrong? What about free speech? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-taste-with-vir-did-nupur-sharma-do-anything-wrong-what-about-free-speech-101655086572939.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=13 June 2022}}</ref>.<ref name="Scroll 29 May" /><ref name="IE suspend">{{Citation |title=After 'respect all religions' statement, BJP suspends spokespersons Nupur Sharma and Naveen Jindal |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-suspends-nupur-sharma-naveen-jindal-7953884/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Nupur Sharma suspended">{{Citation |title=Nupur Sharma suspended from BJP for her comments about Prophet Muhammad |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1025521/bjp-says-it-respects-all-religions-amid-row-over-spokespersons-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |work=Scroll.in|date=5 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Scroll debate">{{Citation |last=Nabeela Jamil |title=Why the debate around the age of Aisha, the Prophet's wife, is irrelevant |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/article/1025536/why-the-debate-around-the-age-of-aisha-the-prophets-wife-is-irrelevant |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> A day later, the video clip of her comments were shared by [[Mohammed Zubair (journalist)|Mohammed Zubair]], who the co-founder of [[Alt News]], on social media to widespread criticism.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite web |last=Stuti Mishra |date=2022-06-06 |title=Prophet Muhammad comments by officials from India's ruling party spark Gulf backlash |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/bjp-prophet-muhammad-nupur-sharma-gulf-b2094698.html |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Zubair's Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/zoo_bear/status/1530066557191131142 |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Twitter}}</ref> Times Now deleted the video of the programme from its [[YouTube channel]] the following day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2022 |title=Times Now deletes video of Navika Kumar's debate, issues clarification amidst controversy over derogatory comments on Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) |work=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0 |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/times-now-deletes-video-navika-kuamrs-debate-issues-clarification-amidst-controversy-over-derogatory-comments-on-prophet-muhammad-pbuh/397937/}}</ref> Nonetheless, Sharma defended her comments and exonerated Zubair of heavily editing the original clip. Following this, she began receiving rape and death threats , prompting the [[Delhi Police]] to provide her with a security cover.<ref name="Scroll 29 May">{{Citation |title=FIR filed against BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma for comments about Prophet Mohammad |date=29 May 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1024989/fir-filed-against-bjp-spokesperson-nupur-sharma-for-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="Wire 1 June">{{Citation |title='Remarks on Prophet': After Thane, Hyderabad Police Files FIR Against BJP's Nupur Sharma |date=1 June 2022 |url=https://thewire.in/government/remarks-on-prophet-after-thane-hyderabad-police-files-fir-against-bjps-nupur-sharma |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2022 |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma, Suspended, Gets Security After Death Threat Complaint |work=NDTV News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-nupur-sharma-suspended-gets-security-after-death-threat-complaint-3044783}}</ref> Journalists note that Sharma has made similar comments on several TV shows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=The India Fix: How will Nupur Sharma's hate speech change Indian politics? |url=https://scroll.in/article/1026028/the-india-fix-how-will-nupur-sharmas-hate-speech-change-indian-politics |website=Scroll.in|date=13 June 2022 }}</ref>

A police [[First Information Report|FIR]] (First Information Report) was registered against Sharma in [[Mumbai]] the next day on the grounds of allegedly "hurting religious sentiments".<ref>{{Citation |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma booked over remark on Prophet Muhammad |date=29 May 2022 |work=The Free press Journal |id={{ProQuest|2671096342}}}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mumbai police book BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma for remarks on Prophet |date=29 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |id={{ProQuest|2670791553}}}}</ref> A series of FIRs followed in various towns around the country including one by parliamentarian [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="Wire 1 June" /> A ''bandh'' (shut down) was called by a Muslim organization in [[Kanpur]] to protest the remarks on 3 June, during which violence erupted with 40 people getting injured.<ref>[https://thewire.in/government/violence-breaks-out-in-kanpur-as-police-muslim-protestors-clash Kanpur Violence: At Least 40 Injured, Police Register 3 FIRs Against 500 People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607182513/https://thewire.in/government/violence-breaks-out-in-kanpur-as-police-muslim-protestors-clash |date=7 June 2022 }}, The Wire, 4 June 2022.</ref> In the meanwhile, Sharma's comments continued to be shared on social media especially in the Arab world. By 4 June, "insult to Prophet Mohammed" was among the top 10 trending hashtags in all the countries of [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) and Turkey.<ref name="Tribune West Asia">{{Citation |title=Remarks against Prophet Mohammed: Did West Asia social media outrage force BJP to take action? |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/remarks-against-prophet-mohammed-did-west-asia-social-media-outrage-force-bjp-to-take-action-401250 |work=The Tribune (Chandigarh)}}</ref>

On 5 June, the Grand Mufti of Oman became the first significant figure from outside India to take issue with Sharma. Describing the remarks as "insolent and obscene rudeness", he called for a boycott of all Indian products and confiscation of all Indian investments in Oman.<ref name="Tribune West Asia" /><ref name="CNN firestorm">{{Citation |last=Helen Regan |title=India is facing a firestorm over ruling party officials' comments about Islam. Here's what you need to know |date=10 June 2022 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/10/asia/india-nupur-sharma-islam-comments-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref> The [[Government of Qatar]] summoned the Indian ambassador and asked for an immediate condemnation and apology; The ambassador remarked Sharma to be a "fringe element" who did not reflect the views of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Citation |title="Fringe Elements": India Dismisses BJP Leaders' Remarks On Prophet |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/qatar-nupur-sharma-views-of-fringe-elements-says-india-on-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet-3040851 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The same day, Kuwait and Iran had the Indian envoys summoned and gave them protest notes.<ref>{{Citation |title=Qatar, Kuwait, Iran Summon Indian Envoys Over BJP Leaders' Remarks on Prophet Mohammed |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/qatar-summons-indian-envoy-seeks-govts-public-apology-over-bjp-leaders-remarks-on-prophet |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Citation |last=Hannah Ellis-Petersen |title=Prophet Muhammad remarks embroil India in row with Gulf states |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/06/prophet-muhammad-remarks-embroil-india-in-row-with-gulf-states |work=The Guardian}}</ref>{{efn|Other Muslim nations followed suit on the following days: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE, and Indonesia.<ref name="PTI condemn">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-06 |title=Saudi, Bahrain and Afghanistan condemn controversial remarks of BJP leader |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/saudi-bahrain-and-afghanistan-condemn-controversial-remarks-of-bjp-leader-122060601082_1.html}}</ref>}}

By the evening of 5 June, Sharma was suspended from the BJP. The party statement said, "The BJP strongly denounces insults of any religious personalities of any religion."<ref name="PTI withdraws">{{Citation |last=PTI |title=Nupur Sharma withdraws controversial statement after suspension from BJP |date=5 June 2022 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/nupur-sharma-withdraws-controversial-statement-after-suspension-from-bjp-122060500610_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Guardian" />{{efn|Another BJP official of the Delhi unit, Navin Kumar Jindal, was also expelled from the party for similar remarks on social media.<ref name="Guardian" />}} Afterwards, Sharma withdrew her remarks "unconditionally". However, reiterated that they were in response to the "continuous insult and disregard" towards the Hindu deity Lord [[Shiva]], who was often insulted by other panelists.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name="BBC bio">{{Citation |last=Geeta Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: The Indian woman behind offensive Prophet Muhammad comments |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-61716241 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Many BJP supporters, including some BJP politicians, rallied behind her and criticised the party and the government for abandoning her and buckling under international pressure. Hashtags such as "#ShameOnBJP" and "#ISupportNupurSharma" trended on Twitter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2022-06-06 |title=Suspension of spokesperson sets off internal churn in BJP |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/suspension-of-spokesperson-sets-off-internal-churn-in-bjp/article65500077.ece}}</ref><ref name="WP supporters">{{Citation |last=Sheikh Saaliq (AP) |title=Muslim nations slam India over insulting remarks about Islam |date=6 June 2022 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/muslim-nations-slam-india-over-insulting-remarks-about-islam/2022/06/06/ddad5700-e56c-11ec-a422-11bbb91db30b_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Modi’s party also faced anger from some of its own supporters, but it was for a different reason. Many Hindu nationalists posted comments on social media saying the government was buckling under international pressure.}}</ref><ref name="BBC supporters">{{Citation |last=Geeta Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: The Indian woman behind offensive Prophet Muhammad comments |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-61716241 |work=BBC News |quote=But since her suspension, support has also been growing for the beleaguered former BJP spokesperson - hashtags such as #ISupportNupurSharma and #TakeBackNupurSharma have trended daily on social media, with tens of thousands praising her.}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph ecosystem">{{Citation |title=Right-wing ecosystem turns on BJP for suspending Nupur Sharma |date=7 June 2022 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/right-wing-ecosystem-turns-on-bjp-for-suspending-nupur-sharma/cid/1868699 |work=The Telegraph (India) |quote=While many young BJP cadres and leaders expressed their disgust privately at the action against Sharma, Delhi leader Kapil Mishra — accused of delivering hate speeches in the run-up to the February 2020 riots — expressed his displeasure in public.}}</ref>

In June, a police team of [[Mumbai Police]] that had come to Delhi to question Sharma, was unable to find her despite camping for 5 days.<ref name="17 June 2022">{{Cite news |title=BJP's Nupur Sharma Not Found, Mumbai Cops Hunt For Her In Delhi: Sources |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prophet-muhammad-row-bjps-nupur-sharma-untraceable-mumbai-cops-looking-for-her-in-delhi-3075582 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> On 20 June, in an email, she requested for a four-week extension to appear before the [[Kolkata Police]] due to threats against her life, after a complaint was lodged against her at the [[Narkeldanga]] police station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/-threat-to-life-nupur-sharma-seeks-4-weeks-to-appear-before-kolkata-police-in-prophet-row-case-1964506-2022-06-20|title='Threat to life': Nupur Sharma seeks 4 weeks to appear before Kolkata Police in Prophet row case|first=Rajesh|last=Saha|newspaper= India Today|date=2022-06-20|access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

On January 2023, she received a [[gun license]] following the death threats received after her remarks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prophet-remark-row-suspended-bjp-leader-nupur-sharma-gets-personal-gun-license-2320552-2023-01-12|title=Suspended BJP leader Nupur Sharma gets gun licence, was threatened over Prophet remark|first=Arvind|last=Ojha|newspaper=India Today|date=2023-01-12|access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Pratik Sinha, [https://twitter.com/free_thinker/status/1530474189835993088 twitter thread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605210931/https://twitter.com/free_thinker/status/1530474189835993088 |date=5 June 2022 }}, 28 May 2022.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwwcOAD3D8w Nupur Sharma Prophet Row: What happened on Times Now & why it will continue | TV Newsance 174] (in Hindi and English, satirical), Newslaundry, 11 June 2022.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Nupur}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]