Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express

2026-05-08T10:52:58Z

1muhammet237823: made a place more to come - done

{{Short description|Express train in northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Siliguri Junction - Dhubri Intercity Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|03|27}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Siliguri Junction}}
| stops = 17
| end = {{rws|Dhubri}}
| distance = {{convert|261|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 8 hours 02 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = general unreserved/Second Sitting
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 15765 / 15766
| speed = {{convert|35|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 15765 / 66 '''Siliguri Junction - Dhubri Intercity Express''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Dhubri Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dhubri-intercity-express-15765xx/13867/445/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} of [[West Bengal]] and {{rws|Dhubri}} of [[Assam]] in [[India]].

It operates as train number 15765 from {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} to {{rws|Dhubri}} and as train number 15766 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Assam]] & [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1071&did=1479802660807167884452DF1FC266FE0305BDA8D6459.web107], ''Northeast Frontier Railway'', 22 November 2016</ref>

==Coaches==
The 15765 / 66 Siliguri Junction - Dhubri Intercity Express has nine general unreserved and two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 15765 {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} - {{rws|Dhubri}} Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|261|km|0|abbr=on}} in 6 hours 20 mins (41 km/h) and in 9 hours 05 mins as the 15766 {{rws|Dhubri}} - {{rws|Siliguri Junction}} Intercity Express (29 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 15765 / 66 Siliguri Junction - Dhubri Intercity Express runs from
*'''{{rws|Siliguri Junction}}''' via
*'''[[New Mal Junction railway station|New Malbazar Junction]]'''
*{{rws|Nagrakata}}
*[[Banarhat Railway Station]]
*[[Dalgaon Railway Station]]
*'''[[Binnaguri railway station]]'''
*[[Madarihat Railway Station]]
*'''[[Hasimara Railway Station]]'''
*[[Hamiltonganj railway station]]
*[[Kalchini Railway Station]]
*'''{{rws|Alipurduar Junction}}'''
*'''{{rws|New Cooch Behar Junction}}'''
*[[Tufanganj Railway Station]]
*[[Golokganj railway station]] to
*[[Dhubri railway station]].

==Traction==
As the route is going to electrification, a {{rws|Malda Town}} based [[ALCO DL560C|WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==Incidents==
On 29 September 2019, Siliguri - Dhubri Intercity Express Engine hits and injures an elephant between [[Banarhat]] and [[Nagrakata]] in [[Jalpaiguri district]] of [[West Bengal]]. The injured elephant later passes away after struggling for hours.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Train hits and critically injures elephant in North Bengal. Devastating video goes viral|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/train-hits-critically-injures-elephant-north-bengal-video-viral-1603840-2019-09-27|website=India today.in|date=27 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Elephant Hit By Train In West Bengal's Dooars Passes Away After Struggling For Hours.|url=https://protectallwildlifeblog.com/2019/11/17/elephant-hit-by-train-in-west-bengals-dooars-passes-away-after-struggling-for-hours/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120112359/https://protectallwildlifeblog.com/2019/11/17/elephant-hit-by-train-in-west-bengals-dooars-passes-away-after-struggling-for-hours/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 January 2020|website=protectallwildlifeblog.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/siliguri-jn-dhubri-intercity-express-15765/18592/445/7429 15765 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/dhubri-siliguri-jn-intercity-express-15766/18593/7429/445 15766 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siliguri - Dhubri Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Vegetarian and vegan symbolism

2026-05-07T13:01:11Z

1muhammet237823: added a entry.

{{Short description|Set of symbols}}
Multiple [[symbol]]s have been developed to represent [[lacto-vegetarianism]] and [[veganism]]. Several are used on food [[packaging and labeling|packaging]], including voluntary labels such as [[The Vegan Society]] trademark or the [[European Vegetarian Union|V-Label]] (with support of the [[European Vegetarian Union]]<ref name="Yacoubou">{{cite journal |last1=Yacoubou|first1=Jeanne|title=Vegetarian Certifications on Food Labels: What Do They Mean?|journal=Vegetarian Journal|date=2006|volume=17|issue=3|page=25|url=http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2006issue3/2006_issue3_labels.php#vlft|access-date=6 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Basas">{{cite journal |last1=Basas|first1=Carrie Griffin|title="V" is for Vegetarian: FDA-Mandated Vegetarian Food Labeling|journal=Utah Law Review|date=2011|volume=4|page=1275|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1434040|s2cid=167037999}}</ref>) as well as the vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks mandated by the [[India]]n government.<ref name="act"/> Symbols may also be used by members of the vegetarian and vegan communities to represent their identities, and in the course of [[Animal rights movement|animal rights activism]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Vegetarian symbols==
===Indian vegetarian mark===
[[File:FSSAI new labels for veg and non-veg.svg|alt=Vegetarian symbol - square with green outline with green circle inside; New Non Vegetarian symbol - square with reddish-brown outline with reddish-brown triangle inside; Old Non Vegetarian symbol - square with reddish-brown outline with reddish-brown circle inside, not for human consumption symbol - square with black outline with black X inside|thumb|The green dot symbol (top-left) identifies lacto-vegetarian food, and the reddish-brown triangle symbol (top-right) identifies non-vegetarian food.]]
Packaged food and [[toothpaste]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=toothpaste+vegetarian+mark&tbm=isch#imgrc=zIvxntMYizZkOM |title=Search results |website=www.google.com}} {{Better source needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> products sold in [[India]] are required to be labelled with a mark in order to be distinguished between [[lacto-vegetarian]] and [[non-vegetarian]].<ref name="act">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food%20Safety%20and%20standards%20(Packaging%20and%20Labelling)%20regulation,%202011.pdf |title=Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. 'Food Safety and standards (Packaging and Labelling) regulations, 2011.' |access-date=2017-08-06 |archive-date=2016-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150649/http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food%20Safety%20and%20standards%20(Packaging%20and%20Labelling)%20regulation,%202011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="greendotter">[http://greendotter.com/dots.html Greendotter. 'Dots'.]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2593551.ece?css=print The Hindu. '6 months imprisonment to papad maker, sellers.']</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010928/nat8.html ''Indian Express''. 'See brown logo on non-veg biscuits.']</ref><ref>[http://www.nios.ac.in/Secbuscour/26.pdf National Institute of Open Schooling. 'Wise Buying.']</ref> The symbol is in effect following the ''Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labelling) Act of 2006'', and received a mandatory status after the framing of the respective regulations (''Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labelling) Regulation'') in 2011.<ref name="act" /> According to the law, vegetarian food should be identified by a green symbol and non-vegetarian food with a brown symbol. They are defined as:

"Vegetarian food must have a symbol of a green color-filled circle inside a square with a green outline prominently displayed on the package, contrasting against the background on the principal display panel, in close proximity to name or brand name of the food."

"Non-vegetarian food (any food which contains whole or part of any animal including birds, marine animals, eggs, or products of any animal origin as an ingredient, excluding honey, milk or milk products), must have a symbol of a brown color-filled circle inside a square with a brown outline prominently displayed on the package, contrasting against the background on the principal display panel, in close proximity to the name or brand name of the food."<ref>{{cite web |title=GAIN Report Number: IN2045 : ndia amends labeling requirements for imported food |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=India%20amends%20labeling%20requirements%20for%20imported%20food_New%20Delhi_India_3-23-2012.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India|FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India)]] adopted a new symbol for non-vegetarian food items due to concerns that the combination of the old symbols were difficult for people with colour blindness to distinguish. The new symbol is that of a brown color-filled triangle inside a square with a brown outline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FSSAI's Labeling Updates: What's New, What's Changed and What's Next [2022 Edition] {{!}} Artwork Flow |url=https://www.artworkflowhq.com/resources/fssai-labeling-updates |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.artworkflowhq.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Why FSSAI Has Changed The Logo For Non-Vegetarian Foods? |url=https://packaging360.in/news/why-fssai-has-changed-the-logo-for-non-vegetarian-foods/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Packaging 360 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2021, the FSSAI announced adoption of the new vegan symbol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.veganfirst.com/article/fssai-introduces-vegan-logo-for-food-products-in-india|title = FSSAI Introduces Vegan Logo for Food Products in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Devaiah
| first = B. P. Darshan
| title = FSSAI's new vegan logo was made in 20 minutes, here's the young mind who conceptualised it
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 23 September 2021
| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/fssai-vegan-logo-maker-kruti-manish-rathore-7530205/
| access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===V-Label===
[[File:Vegetarian-mark.svg|80px|right]]
The [[European Vegetarian Union|V-Label]], a V with a leaf, originated with the [[European Vegetarian Union]]. The V-Label is a standardised international vegan and vegetarian label supported by the [[European Vegetarian Union|EVU]] with the aim of easy identification of vegan and vegetarian products and services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-06|title=The history of the V-Label › V-Label|url=https://www.v-label.eu/v-label/the-history-of-the-v-label|access-date=2020-10-19|website=V-Label|language=en-EU}}</ref>

=== Vegetarian Society approved trademark ===
[[File:Vegsoctrademark.gif|thumb|Vegetarian Society Approved vegetarian trademark]]
The Vegetarian Society Approved trademark is the world’s first vegetarian accreditation symbol and appears on thousands of products worldwide. It was created in 1969 by the [[Vegetarian Society]] who were established in 1847 and invented the word "vegetarian".{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Any product displaying the Vegetarian Society Approved vegetarian trademark has been independently checked by the Vegetarian Society and meets these criteria:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vegetarian Society Approved Vegetarian and Vegan Trademarks |url=https://vegsoc.org/vegetarian-and-vegan-approved-trademarks-business/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Vegetarian Society |language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Contains no ingredient made from animal body parts
* Only free-range eggs are used
* Measures in place to avoid cross-contamination during production
* GMO-free
* No animal testing carried out or commissioned.

{{clear}}

==Vegan symbols==
===Vegan Trademark===

The Vegan Trademark, with its iconic sunflower, is an internationally recognised standard from [[The Vegan Society]] (who coined the term 'vegan'). It certifies products with the aim of easy identification of vegan products. Launched in 1990, it was the first vegan verification scheme. Any product displaying The Vegan Society's Vegan Trademark has been independently checked by The Vegan Society met these criteria:

* The manufacture and/or development of the product, and its ingredients, must not involve or have involved, the use of any animal product, by-product or derivative.
* The development and/or manufacture of the product, and its ingredients, must not involve or have involved, testing of any sort on animals conducted at the initiative of the company or on its behalf, or by parties over whom the company has effective control.
* The development and/or production of GMOs must not have involved animal genes or animal-derived substances. Products put forward for trademark registration that contains or may contain any GMOs must be labelled as such.

Over 70,000 products are registered with the Vegan Trademark.

===Enclosed V===
[[File:Vegetarian-movement symbol.png|100px|right]]
The enclosed [[v]] (modeled after the [[enclosed A]] symbol) is a popular vegan symbol, especially on [[social network]]s where it is represented by the Ⓥ symbol of the [[Enclosed Alphanumerics]] [[Unicode block]]. This lowercase "V" inside a circle is not used to label products as vegan nor should be relied upon to determine if a product is vegan. A kosher organization (Vaad Hoeir of St. Louis) owns and uses a US trademark (certification mark) consisting of an uppercase V inside a circle.<ref name="veganfeed">{{cite web |url=http://www.vegansymbol.com/|title=Vegan Symbol|website=vegansymbol.com|publisher=The Vegan Feed|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Emojis associated with veganism===
On internet forums and social networks, the [[seedling]] [[emoji]] (🌱) or [[green]] [[heart symbol]] emoji (💚) are sometimes used to symbolize [[veganism]] or vegan products.<ref name="veganfeed" />

Sometimes the [[peace dove]] [[Doves as symbols|symbol]] emoji (U+1F54A) is also used in vegan/[[animal rights]] contexts to convey both [[peace]] and [[freedom]]/[[Animal liberation movement|liberation]] for [[non-human animals]].
{{clear}}

===Veganarchy symbol===
[[File:Veganarchism.svg|right|80px]]
The [[Veganarchy]] symbol, first introduced in print in Brian A. Dominick's ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution'' pamphlet in 1995, combines the Circle-V with the Circle-A of [[anarchist]] symbolism.<ref name="brian">Dominick, Brian. ''Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism'', Critical Mess Media, 1995.</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Vegan flag ===
[[File:Vegan flag cropped.jpg|150px|right]]
The vegan flag<ref>{{cite web |title=The vegan flag website|url=http://www.veganflag.org}}</ref> was designed in 2017 by a network group of graphic designers and activists from several countries. The group was opened by Gad Hakimi, a vegan activist and designer from [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/plantbased-vegan-flag-hoist-community|title=Graphic Design Team Unveils Veganism's First Ever Official Flag|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en|website=Plant Based News|archive-date=2017-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728211340/https://www.plantbasednews.org/post/plantbased-vegan-flag-hoist-community|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://vegnews.com/articles/page.do?pageId=9771&catId=1|title=New Flag Launches to Unite Vegans Across the Globe|date=16 July 2017|website=Veg News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://veggiesavvy.com/team-designers-launch-new-international-vegan-flag/|title=Team Of Designers Launch New International Vegan Flag|date=11 July 2017|work=Veggie Savvy|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729011706/http://veggiesavvy.com/team-designers-launch-new-international-vegan-flag/|url-status=dead}}</ref> who intended it to be a [[Civil flag]] to represent veganism. The flag consists of three blue and green triangles forming the letter V, the first letter in the word "vegan".

Originally, some members of the group suggested that animals should be featured on the flag, with red colours featuring prominently to symbolize the blood of slaughtered animals.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Vegan Flag: A Symbol of Unity or a Point of Conflict?|url=http://www.livekindly.co/the-vegan-flag/|access-date=28 July 2017|work=LIVEKINDLY|date=16 July 2017}}</ref> However, the group eventually chose to make the flag about human–animal respect, not about animals themselves.<ref>{{cite news |title=The International vegan flag has launched|url=http://www.veganfoodandliving.com/international-vegan-flag-launched/|access-date=28 July 2017|work=Vegan Food & Living|date=10 July 2017}}</ref>
Inspired by the LGBT [[rainbow flag]], the flag was created in hopes of uniting animal rights organizations and activists.
The colours white, green, and blue were chosen to represent the natural habitats of animals: sky, land, and sea. The letter V stands for Vegan, and is an inverted pyramid intended to symbolize the ability to do the impossible.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pinto|first1=Goel|title=Designing the flag of veganism|url=http://www.kan.org.il/Radio/item.aspx?pid=5484|access-date=28 July 2017|work="Gam Ken Tarbut" on Israeli television|publisher=[[Israeli Broadcasting Corporation#Radio|KAN Culture]]|date=24 June 2017|location=Minutes: 0:32-0:40|language=he|quote=The idea is a upside-down pyramid, to show that we can do the impossible. (min 0:37:55)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010118/http://www.kan.org.il/Radio/item.aspx?pid=5484|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:V-LABEL LOGO vegan pfade-page-001.jpg|right|frameless|130x130px]]
'''<big>V-Label</big>'''

The international [[European Vegetarian Union|V-Label]] supported by the [[European Vegetarian Union]] is an internationally recognised and protected trademark for the labelling of vegetarian and vegan products.

=== Vegetarian Society Approved vegan trademark ===
[[File:Vegsocvegan.jpg|thumb]]
The Vegetarian Society Approved vegan trademark was established in 2017 and appears on thousands of products worldwide. Any product displaying the Vegetarian Society Approved vegan trademark has been independently checked by the [[Vegetarian Society]] and has met these criteria:

* Contains no animal-derived ingredients
* Measures in place to avoid cross-contamination during production
* GMO-free
* No animal testing carried out or commissioned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vegetarian Society Approved Vegetarian and Vegan Trademarks |url=https://vegsoc.org/vegetarian-and-vegan-approved-trademarks-business/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Vegetarian Society |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2022 McDonald's launched their [[McPlant]] burger across the UK, accredited with the Vegetarian Society Approved vegan trademark.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Vegan Burger with Beyond Meat {{!}} McDonald's UK |url=https://www.mcdonalds.com/gb/en-gb/latest-updates/mcplant.html |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.mcdonalds.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Vegan food regulations in India ===
[[File:Indian-vegan-label.svg|thumb|Indian label for vegan food]]
In 2022, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has put in place regulations for vegan food products within the country.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://fssai.gov.in/cms/food-safety-and-standards-regulations.php |title=FSSAI }}</ref>
The new rules clearly define what constitutes vegan food and how brands can label it.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://plantbasednews.org/culture/law/india-vegan-food-regulations/ |title=India Introduces Vegan Food Regulations for the First Time |date=26 July 2022 }}</ref> The logo was designed by a Bengaluru-based, Food Science and Nutrition college student-Kruti Manish Rathore.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/23/v-for-vegan-fssai-okays-bengaluru-girls-logo-2362483.html |title=V for Vegan! FSSAI okays Bengaluru girl's logo |date=23 September 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of food labeling regulations]]
* [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fssai.gov.in The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]

{{Veganism and vegetarianism}}
{{India certification marks}}

[[Category:Lists of symbols]]
[[Category:Vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Veganism]]
[[Category:Political symbols]]

Bankura Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T15:17:13Z

1muhammet237823: Made Stub!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bankura
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bankura.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bankura Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Niladri Sekhar Dana]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
| constituency_no = 252
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,60,886
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Bankura Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 252 Bankura Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Bankura]] municipality; [[Bankura I (community development block)|Bankura I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Junbedia, Mankanali and Purandarpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bankura II (community development block)|Bankura II]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2011-04-03 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Bankura Assembly constituency is part of No. 36 [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Rakhahari Chatterjee
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Shishuram Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Anath Bandhu Roy
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Aboni Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. Mitra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bireshwar Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Kashinath Misra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Partha De
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Kashinath Misra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="3"|Partha De
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Kashinath Misra
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Partha De
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Kashinath Misra
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2012^
|Minati Misra
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Shampa Daripa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Niladri Sekhar Dana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bankura}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Niladri Sekhar Dana|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,36,992{{formatnum:}}|percentage=58.23|change=+14.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Anup Mandal|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=82,815{{formatnum:}}|percentage=35.20|change=-7.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Avoyananda Mukhopadhyay|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=9,702{{formatnum:}}|percentage=4.12|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arup Banerjee|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,213{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.94|change=-5.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=3,533{{formatnum:}}|percentage=1.50|change=+22.36}}
{{Election box majority||votes=54,177{{formatnum:}}|percentage=23.03|change=+22.36}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,35,255{{formatnum:}}|percentage=90.17|change=+9.38}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bankura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Niladri Sekhar Dana]]
|votes = 95,466
|percentage = 43.79
|change = {{increase}}33.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|votes = 93,998
|percentage = 43.12
|change = {{increase}}0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Radharani Banerjee
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 13,764
|percentage = 6.31
|change = {{decrease}}37.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 4,507
|percentage = 2.07
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,468
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{increase}}0.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,17,986
|percentage = 80.79
|change = {{increase}}0.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Bankura<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25252.htm |title = Bankura |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050840/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25252.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=252| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072412/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=252| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Bankura | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Bankura |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shampa Daripa
|votes = 83,486
|percentage = 43.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=Minati Mishra|votes=82,457|percentage=42.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Subhas Sarkar]]|votes=20,571|percentage=10.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 4,607
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Swapan Nag
|votes = 2,138
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Lal Mohan Malla|votes=1,999|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Rabindra Hansda
|votes = 1,399
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,029
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,96,657|percentage=80.44|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]+Congress vote percentages taken together in 2016.

=== By-election 2012===
In 2012, a by-election was necessitated by the death of sitting Trinamool Congress MLA Kashinath Misra . Minati Misra of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Nilanjan Dasgupta of CPI(M) by 15,138 votes.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120616/jsp/bengal/story_15617781.jsp#.T9yfZZh-4vs| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120619061732/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120616/jsp/bengal/story_15617781.jsp#.T9yfZZh-4vs| url-status = dead| archive-date = 19 June 2012| title = Trinamul wins bypolls but edge thins | publisher =The Telegraph, 16 June 2012 |access-date = 2012-06-16 }}</ref>

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Bankura<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Kashinath Misra
|votes = 93,835
|percentage = 53.93
|change = +9.62#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pratip Mukherjee
|votes = 63,745
|percentage = 37.03
|change = -8.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Ghosh
|votes = 5,732
|percentage = 3.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Mondal
|votes = 3,112
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Pal
|votes = 1,877
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bijoy Chandra Mondal
|votes = 1,789
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Jabbar Sekh
|votes = 1,783
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhakta Ranjan Nayak
|votes = 1,281
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 172,154
|percentage = 80.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 17.87#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], [[Partha De]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bankura assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Kashinath Mishra of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Kashinath Mishra of Trinamool Congress defeated Partha De of CPI(M) in 2001. Partha De of CPI(M) defeated Asis Chakraborty of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996, and Kashinath Mishra of Congress in 1991 and 1987. Kashinath Mishra of Congress defeated Partha De of CPI(M) in 1982. Partha De of CPI(M) defeated Anandi Kundu of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp251.htm |title = 251 - Bankura Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-04-03 }}</ref>

===1952-1972===
Kashinath Mishra of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Bireshwar Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969. S.Mitra of Congress won in 1967. Aboni Bhattacharya of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Bankura had a dual seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. It was won by Shishuram Mandal and Anath Bandhu Roy, both of Congress. Rakhahari Chatterjee of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1952]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2011-04-03 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Bankura district]]
[[Category:Bankura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Palanivel Thiaga Rajan

2026-05-05T08:23:38Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Palanivel Thiaga Rajan
| native_name = 
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:PTR.Thiagarajan.JPG
| office = [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for [[Department of Information Technology (Tamil Nadu)|Information Technology and Digital Services]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| term_start = 11 May 2023
| predecessor = [[Mano Thangaraj]]
| term_end = 5 May 2026
| office1 = [[Department of Finance (Tamil Nadu)|Finance Minister]] in The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 7 May 2021
| term_end1 = 10 May 2023
| 2namedata1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| 2blankname1 = Chief Minister
| predecessor1 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor1 = [[Thangam Thennarasu]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 25 May 2016
| term_end2 = 4 May 2026
| constituency2 = [[Madurai Central (state assembly constituency)|Madurai Central]]
| predecessor2 = [[R. Sundarrajan (Politician)|R. Sundarrajan]]
| successor2 = Mathar Badhruddin
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|03|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| relations = [[P. T. Rajan]] (grandfather)
| parents = Rukmani (mother) [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]] (father)
| spouse = Margaret Thiagarajan
| children = 2
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| alma_mater = [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|The Lawrence School, Lovedale]] 
[[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|BTech (Hons)]]) [[University at Buffalo]] ([[Master of Science|M.S.]], [[PhD]]) [[MIT Sloan School of Management]] ([[MBA]])
| signature =
| website = https://www.ptrmadurai.com/
}}
'''Palanivel Thiaga Rajan''' (born 7 March 1966) known by his initials '''PTR''' is an Indian politician and the current Minister of Information Technology and Digital Services of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=MK Stalin to head 34-member cabinet: PTR is Finance Minister, Ma Su gets Health|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mk-stalin-head-34-member-cabinet-ptr-finance-minister-ma-su-gets-health-148415|access-date=2021-05-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> He was elected to the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election in 2016]] and [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]] from [[Madurai Central (state assembly constituency)|Madurai Central]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS22193.htm?ac=193 | title=Tamil Nadu - Madurai Central 2016 | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=25 May 2016 | archive-date=22 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522162025/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS22193.htm?ac=193 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Palanivel Thiagarajan Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of Tamil-nadu Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/palanivel-thiagarajan-22193-5|access-date=2021-06-08|website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Early life==
He is the son of the late [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]], who was also a well-known politician and speaker of Tamil Nadu Assembly.<ref name="d990">{{cite web | last=Rajan | first=Dr PTR Palanivel Thiaga | title=A Weighty Lineage Rests Easy On His Shoulders | website=Dr PTR Palanivel Thiaga Rajan | date=March 6, 2020 | url=https://ptrmadurai.com/a-weighty-lineage-rests-easy-on-his-shoulders | access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref> His grandfather, [[P. T. Rajan]], was the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency<ref name="d990" /> from 4 April 1936, to 24 August 1936.

Following his schooling at The [[Lawrence School, Lovedale]],<ref name="s332">{{cite web | title=Alumni | website=Lawrence School | date=January 1, 1970 | url=https://www.thelawrenceschool.org/alumni | access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref> and Vikaasa School, Madurai, he graduated with a degree in [[chemical engineering]] from the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] (formerly, Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli). He obtained a master's degree in [[operations research]] and a [[Ph.D.]] in human factors engineering/engineering psychology at [[University at Buffalo]]. He then completed his [[MBA]] in financial management at [[MIT Sloan School of Management]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/drpalanivel-thiagarajan/article19802115.ece|title=Unlike a politician|last=Basu|first=Soma|date=2017-10-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is a named inventor on a patent held by Barclays Capital Inc.<ref>{{citation|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060253386A1/en |title=Methods and systems for providing structured loan commitment transactions}}</ref>

== Corporate career ==
He began his career in 1990 as an independent consultant in Operations and Systems Improvement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Meet Palanivel Thiagarajan, the next Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu! What are his challenges?|url=https://www.thenewstuff.in/meet-palanivel-thiagarajan-next-finance-minister-tamil-nadu-what-are-his-challenges|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The New Stuff|language=en}}</ref> In 2001 he joined [[Lehman Brothers|Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.]] as Trader and Co-Portfolio Manager – Firm Relationship Loan Portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/04/24/tamil-nadu-election_n_9766486.html|title=This Former Lehman Banker Is Betting On Legacy In TN Polls|website=The Huffington Post|date=24 April 2016 |access-date=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catchnews.com/national-news/from-wall-street-to-madurai-will-ex-banker-thiaga-rajan-be-able-to-make-his-mark-in-politics-1462272097.html|title=From Wall Street to TN assembly polls: Will Thiagarajan be able to make his mark in politics?|website=CatchNews.com|access-date=2016-05-07}}</ref> He quit Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. as Head Of Offshore Capital Markets in the year 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wall-street-banker-p-thiaga-rajan-contests-elections-from-temple-town-madurai/articleshow/52084907.cms?from=mdr|title=Wall Street banker P Thiaga Rajan contests elections from temple town Madurai|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-05-07|last1=Narayanan |first1=Dinesh }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Manthan India|title=The Collapse of Lehman Brothers – An Insider's Perspective with P T Rajan|date=2015-05-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cg0NMt1MnqM|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> He then worked for [[Standard Chartered|Standard Chartered Bank]], Singapore in the Global Capital Markets division. He quit Standard Chartered Bank as managing director, Financial Markets Sales in 2014.<ref>{{Citation|last=Murali D|title=Dr P T Rajan, Former Managing Director, Financial Markets, Standard Chartered Bank|date=2014-11-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFLIJp8MXqU|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Thiagarajan was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] from [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. He was re-elected in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].

He was the Finance and Human Resources Management Minister of Tamil Nadu since May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sivapriyan|first=ETB|date=2021-05-30|title=Palanivel Thiagarajan: Former banker looks to fix Tamil Nadu's finances|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/palanivel-thiagarajan-former-banker-looks-to-fix-tamil-nadu-s-finances-991665.html|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> He has released a White Paper on Tamil Nadu's finances after a long time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2021/08/09/tamil-nadu-releases-white-paper-on-economy-says-gsdp-rate-declined-by-3-in-a-decade.html | title=Tamil Nadu releases white paper on economy; says GSDP rate declined by 3% in a decade | website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref> In a cabinet reshuffle on 11 May 2023 by the Tamil Nadu government, he was made the Information Technology and Digital Services minister of the state.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/05/11/portfolios-of-5-tn-mins-changed-ptr-gets-tech-thennarasu-gets-finance | title=Portfolios of 5 TN mins changed; PTR gets tech, Thennarasu gets finance | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 May 2023 }}</ref>

== Ministry ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Designation
! rowspan="2" |Portfolio
! rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |Ministry
! colspan="2" |Tenure
|-
|'''Took office'''
|'''Left office'''
|-
|'''Minister of Information Technology & Digital Services'''
|Information Technology and Digital Services<ref name="‘Big demotion’ for PTR? DMK leader dropped as finance minister in reshuffle, given IT instead">{{cite news |last1=ThePrint |first1= |date=11 May 2023 |title='Big demotion' for PTR? DMK leader dropped as finance minister in reshuffle, given IT instead |url=https://theprint.in/politics/big-demotion-for-ptr-dmk-leader-dropped-as-finance-minister-in-reshuffle-given-it-instead/1567701/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221063337/https://theprint.in/politics/big-demotion-for-ptr-dmk-leader-dropped-as-finance-minister-in-reshuffle-given-it-instead/1567701/ |archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. K. Stalin|M.K.Stalin]]
|11 May 2023
|Incumbent
|-
|'''Minister of Finance and Human Resources Management'''
|Finance, Planning, Personal and Administrative Reforms, Pensions and Pension allowances.
|7 May 2021
|10 May 2023
|}

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tamil Nadu Legislative elections
!Elections
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Result
!% Votes
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|42.55%
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|49.47%
|}

== Personal life ==
He married Margaret, whom he met at [[University at Buffalo]] where he was pursuing his Ph.D. while she was pursuing her Master's. They have two sons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/This-American-is-part-of-the-campaign-for-Madurai-Central/articleshow/52070186.cms|title=This American is part of the campaign for Madurai Central|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2016 |access-date=2016-05-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiagarajan, Palanivel}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madurai]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:University at Buffalo alumni]]
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian investment bankers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Kapila Venu

2026-05-05T06:17:41Z

1muhammet237823: made entry

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Given name hatnote|Kapila|Venu|lang=Malayali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kapila Venu
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image = Kapila Venu.jpg
| caption = Kapila Venu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|02|03}}
| birth_place = [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| father = [[G. Venu]]
| mother = [[Nirmala Paniker]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Koodiyattam]], [[Nangiar koothu]] dancer
| known for =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Kumar Gandharva Samman]] (2017)| [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] (2006)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2025)}}
}}
'''Kapila Venu''' is a [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Nangiar Koothu]] artist from [[Kerala]], India. She received many awards including the [[Kumar Gandharva Samman]] by the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] from [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Government of Kerala.

==Biography==
Kapila Venu was born on 3 February 1982, at [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]] in Kerala.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=Kapila Venu |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1722338131_1%20(24).pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> She is the only daughter of [[G. Venu]], a Koodiyattam artist and director of the Irinjalakuda Natana Kairali, and [[Nirmala Paniker]], an artist and researcher of [[Mohiniyattam]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=ആട്ടക്കഥ - articles,features - Mathrubhumi Eves |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-139017 |work= |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=9 August 2013 |archive-date=9 August 2013 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130809120113/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-139017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=കുമാർ ഗന്ധർവ പുരസ്കാരം കപില വേണുവിന് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/announcements/2017/03/31/06-kapila-award.html |work=ManoramaOnline |agency=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=2025-01-05 |access-date=2025-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105162924/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/announcements/2017/03/31/06-kapila-award.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kapila spent her childhood at two places: the [[Lawrence School, Lovedale]], where her mother taught, and the 'Natana Kairali', founded by her father in [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur district]], for the promotion of ancient Kerala arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=The glow, well reflected - The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article157303.ece |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220355/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article157303.ece |url-status=dead |last=Ramanath|first=Renu}}</ref>

At Irinjalakuda, at the age of seven, Kapila started learning basics of Koodiyattam under [[Usha Nangiar]], and then detailed training under [[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]], for nearly 10 years in the [[gurukula]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=2017-04-29 |title=Kumar Gandharva awardee Kapila Venu is one of the youngest Koodiyattam artistes in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/continuing-a-thousand-year-old-tradition/article18305391.ece |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104180947/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/continuing-a-thousand-year-old-tradition/article18305391.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, her father Venu G and mother Nirmala Panicker became her [[guru]]s.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam">{{cite news |last1=എന്‍.കെ |first1=അക്ഷയ |date=9 April 2024 |title=കലയുടെ ഭാഷ സാര്‍വത്രികം |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/reports/2024/Apr/09/performing-artist-kapila-venu-life-and-art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621073656/https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/reports/2024/Apr/09/performing-artist-kapila-venu-life-and-art |archive-date=21 Jun 2025 |work=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika|Samakalika Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref> It was her father's advice, supervision and discipline that helped her refine the skills she had learned under Ammannur and make her a performer.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> At the art school founded by her father, Natana Kairali, she trained under gurus like [[Kavungal Chathunni Panicker]], [[Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]], and [[Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]].<ref name="SNA"/> She studied [[Mohiniyattam]] under her mother Nirmala Panicker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kapila Venu - Artist Profile - G5A |url=https://g5afoundation.org/artists/kapila-venu/ |website=g5afoundation.org |access-date=2025-01-05 |archive-date=2025-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105164822/https://g5afoundation.org/artists/kapila-venu/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> [[Kalaripayattu]] was taught by Balan Gurukkal.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> She also studied under Japanese dancer [[Min Tanaka]] for six years.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> Later, she has performed in two of his choreographies, ''Rite of the Forest'' (2005) and ''Thottangal'' (2007).<ref name="esplanade">{{cite web |title=In Conversation with Akram Khan and Kapila Venu - Esplanade |url=https://www.esplanade.com/whats-on/festivals-and-series/festivals/2024/kalaa-utsavam/programmes/in-conversation-with-akram-khan-and-kapila-venu#artist-information |website=www.esplanade.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 6635 June 11, 2017.jpg|thumb|Kapila during a Koodiyattam performance]]
Kapila has performed mostly in Europe and Japan, including performances in Sweden, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Kapila was only six and a half years old when she performed a Kootiyattam role on a stage in England.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She was only 17 when she performed a full-length Kootiyattam role in Sweden.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> She is also a non-traditional performer of [[Nangiar koothu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krithika |first1=R. |title=An interview with well-known Koodiyattam artiste Kapila Venu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/an-interview-with-well-known-koodiyattam-artiste-kapila-venu/article26311817.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 February 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Malini |title=Kapila Venu is giving a new meaning to the old dance form, Nangiarkoothu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/kapila-venu-is-is-one-of-the-most-sought-after-artistes-in-the-contemporary-koodiyattam-scene/article22331625.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 December 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She was also a part of a multi-year eight-part project titled ''The Set Up'', directed by dancer-choreographer duo Wally Cardona and Jennifer Lacey, at the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council Art Center in New York.<ref name="Open The Magazine">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Malini |title=Kapila Venu: A Master of Restraint |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/dance/kapila-venu-a-master-of-restraint/ |work=Open The Magazine |date=21 June 2017 |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105164821/https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/dance/kapila-venu-a-master-of-restraint/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Scherr |first1=Apollinaire |title=The Set Up: Kapila Venu, New York — review |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1610d24e-3c4e-11e6-8716-a4a71e8140b0 |website=Financial Times |date=27 June 2016}}</ref> She also participated in the World Theatre Project led by [[Peter Oskarson]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-01 |title=Kumar Gandharva Award for Koodiyattam exponent Kapila Venu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Apr/01/kumar-gandharva-award-for-koodiyattam-exponent-kapila-venu-1588435.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106022433/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Apr/01/kumar-gandharva-award-for-koodiyattam-exponent-kapila-venu-1588435.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kapila choreographed and performed Koodiyattam in the film 'Meghadoot', written and directed by Rahat Mahajan.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> She is the first to perform the story of Tamil folk hero [[Madurai Veeran]] in the Nangyar koothu style.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=G. S. |title=Madurai Veeran's story in Nangiarkoothu style for the first time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/madurai-veerans-story-in-nangiarkoothu-style-for-the-first-time/article68005636.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 March 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004024623/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/madurai-veerans-story-in-nangiarkoothu-style-for-the-first-time/article68005636.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In her dance performance titled ''Parvati Viraham'' ([[Parvati]]'s longing), Kapila Venu integrates her feminist politics into this traditional art.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahai |first1=Shrinkhla |title=Kapila Venu's "Parvati Viraham": Ungendering Kutiyattam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/kapila-venus-parvati-viraham-ungendering-kutiyattam/article28087126.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Kapila, the director of the Natanakairali Research and Performing Centre for Traditional Arts, is also a visiting faculty at the [[National School of Drama]] and the [[Intercultural Theatre Institute]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |title=A life less ordinary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/a-life-less-ordinary/article4340367.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 January 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In 2017 Kapila received the [[Kumar Gandharva Samman]] by the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Manorama"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=G. S. |title=Kumar Gandharva awardee Kapila Venu is one of the youngest Koodiyattam artistes in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/continuing-a-thousand-year-old-tradition/article18305391.ece |work=The Hindu |date=29 April 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=4 January 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104180947/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/continuing-a-thousand-year-old-tradition/article18305391.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also received the Yuva Kalabharti Award from Bharat Kalachar in Chennai, the Sanskriti Award from the [[Sanskriti Museums|Sanskriti Pratishthan]] in Delhi, and the [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] for the year 2006.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar |url=http://sangeetnatak.org/sna/yuva2006.htm |access-date=2025-01-05 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023635/http://sangeetnatak.org/sna/yuva2006.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nov 24 |last2=Ali |first2=2010-Syed Asim |title=Manipur poet among five Sanskriti Award winners |url=http://archive.asianage.com/ideas/manipur-poet-among-five-sanskriti-award-winners-953 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Asian Age |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106022743/http://archive.asianage.com/ideas/manipur-poet-among-five-sanskriti-award-winners-953 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025 March, she received [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] from [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Government of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-03-18 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi awards, fellowships announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Mar/18/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-fellowships-announced |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Works on her==
''Kapila'' a documentary film directed by Sanju Surendran explores the life and work of Kapila Venu.<ref name="esplanade"/> It won the National Award for Best Cultural Film at the [[62nd National Film Awards]].<ref name="esplanade"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kothamangalam, Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Pinky Dhaliwal

2026-04-27T13:53:36Z

1muhammet237823: Creating A Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian film and music producer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{notability|date=December 2025 | 1=Biographies}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pinky Dhaliwal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = ਪਿੰਕੀ ਧਾਲੀਵਾਲ
| native_name_lang = pa
| birth_name = Pushpinder Pal Singh Dhaliwal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|04|15}}
| birth_place = [[Mohali]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{plainlist|
* [[Film producer]]
* [[Businessman]]
}}
| years_active = 1991–present
| organization = {{plainlist|
* Amar Audio
* Mad4Music
}}
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Bibi Rajni]]'' (2024)
| residence =
| website =
}}

'''Pinky Dhaliwal''' (born '''Pushpinder Pal Singh Dhaliwal''', 15 April 1973; {{IPA|pa|ˈpɪ̃ːkiː d̪ʱaːliːʋaːl|lang=pa}}; '''ਪਿੰਕੀ ਧਾਲੀਵਾਲ'''), is an Indian film and music producer associated with the [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi entertainment industry]]. He is the founder of production and distribution ventures including ''Amar Audio'' and Mad4Music.<ref name="Mint">{{cite web |title=Mad4Music producer Pinky Dhaliwal arrested in Punjab: Who is he? What does singer Sunanda Sharma allege against him? |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/mad4music-producer-pinky-dhaliwal-arrested-in-punjab-who-is-he-what-does-singer-sunanda-sharma-allege-against-him-11741612530560.html |work=Mint |date=10 March 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Music producer Pinky Dhaliwal arrested for exploiting Sunanda Sharma |url=https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/news/india/entertainment/music-producer-pinky-dhaliwal-arrested-for-exploiting-sunanda-sharma-1962061.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=March 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Dhaliwal was born in Punjab on 15 April 1973 and is based in [[Mohali]], near [[Chandigarh]]. Dhaliwal entered the Punjabi entertainment business in the early 1990s, and was involved in regional music distribution. Later he established his own production and distribution labels, including Amar Audio and Mad4Music and has overseen the release of numerous Punjabi music singles and music videos.<ref name="PunjabKesari">{{cite web |title=Who is Pinky Dhaliwal? How he came into limelight|url=https://m.punjabkesari.in/national/news/pinky-dhaliwal-came-into-the-limelight-after-the-firing-incident-2158382 |publisher=Punjab Kesari |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> In 2024, Dhaliwal was credited as a producer on the Punjabi feature film ''[[Bibi Rajni]]'', directed by Amar Hundal and starring [[Roopi Gill]] and [[Yograj Singh]].<ref name="BookMyShow">{{cite web |title=Bibi Rajni |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/pinky-dhaliwal/2039829 |publisher=BookMyShow |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

== Discography ==
Dhaliwal has produced multiple Punjabi music singles released under the Mad4Music, Amar Audio and other labels. Some of the notable tracks include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinky Dhaliwal — MusicBrainz Artist |url=https://musicbrainz.org/artist/61cfb03d-1e53-4935-a7f8-ccd8c2dc160e |work=MusicBrainz |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Title !! Artist !! Year !! Label !! Source
|-
| ''Dil'' || [[Ninja (singer)|Ninja]] || 2016 || Mad4Music || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/valentines-special-watch-popular-punjabi-song-music-video-dil-sung-by-ninja-featuring-sara-gurpal/videoshow/80764710.cms |title=Popular Punjabi song Dil by Ninja featuring Sara Gurpal |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jaani Tera Naa'' || [[Sunanda Sharma]] || 2017 || Mad4Music || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-jaani-tera-naa-sung-by-sunanda-sharma/videoshow/65197824.cms |title=Punjabi song Jaani Tera Naa sung by Sunanda Sharma |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Koke'' || [[Sunanda Sharma]] || 2018 || Mad4Music || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-koke-sung-by-sunanda-sharma/videoshow/65755160.cms |title=Punjabi song Koke sung by Sunanda Sharma |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Patake'' || [[Sunanda Sharma]] || 2018 || Mad4Music || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-patake-sung-by-sunanda-sharma/videoshow/65192901.cms |title=Punjabi song Patake sung by Sunanda Sharma |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Duji Vaar Pyar'' || [[Sunanda Sharma]] || 2021 || Mad4Music || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/sunanda-sharma-tugs-at-the-heartstrings-with-her-first-ever-love-ballad-duji-vaar-pyar/articleshow/72740148.cms |title=Sunanda Sharma tugs at the heartstrings with her first ever love ballad Duji Vaar Pyar |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pagal Nahi Hona'' || [[Sunanda Sharma]] || 2021 || Mad4Music || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sonu-sood-makes-his-music-video-debut-with-punjabi-song-pagal-nahi-hona-watch-1759403-2021-01-15 |title=Sonu Sood makes his music video debut with Punjabi song Pagal Nahi Hona |work=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| ''Saza'' || [[Jyotica Tangri]] || 2024 || Mad4Music || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://punjabiteshan.com/new-song-saza-released-from-roopi-gills-upcoming-punjabi-movie-bibi-rajni/ |title=New song Saza released from Roopi Gill's upcoming Punjabi movie Bibi Rajni |work=Punjabi Teshan}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Sources
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bibi Rajni]]'' || Producer || Starring [[Roopi Gill]] and [[Yograj Singh]] || <ref name="BookMyShow"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Bibi Rajni teaser: Roopi Gill seeks blessings ahead of release |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/437351-bibi-rajni-teaser |work=5 Dariya News |date=2 July 2024 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Legal issues and controversies ==
In March 2025, national media reported allegations by Punjabi singer [[Sunanda Sharma]] against Dhaliwal, including claims of financial exploitation and non-payment allegations; following the complaint, Dhaliwal was briefly detained by police.<ref name="HT">{{cite web |title=Music producer arrested for cheating, exploiting Punjab singer Sunanda Sharma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/music-producer-arrested-for-cheating-exploiting-punjab-singer-sunanda-sharma-101741550802427.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=Music producer arrested for exploiting Sunanda Sharma, withholding payments |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/music-producer-arrested-for-exploiting-sunanda-sharma-withholding-payments-9255678.html |work=News18 |date=10 March 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Mint" /> Following the initial complaint, media reports stated that additional Punjabi singers, including Shree Brar and Kaka, also filed police complaints against Dhaliwal, with the matters reported as being under inquiry at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjabi singer Shree Brar files police complaint against Pinky Dhaliwal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/singer-shree-brar-against-pinky-dhaliwal-police-complaint-9880027/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Another Punjabi singer files complaint against Pinky Dhaliwal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/another-punjabi-singer-files-complaint-against-pinky-dhaliwal/articleshow/118991371.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=March 2025}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] ordered Dhaliwal's release and described aspects of the arrest as not in accordance with procedure; the court granted relief on terms reported in regional media.<ref name="HTRelease">{{cite web |title=Cheating case: HC orders music producer Pinky Dhaliwal's release, terms arrest illegal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/cheating-case-hc-orders-music-producer-pinky-dhaliwal-s-release-terms-arrest-illegal-101741724443023.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="IERelease">{{cite web |title=Punjabi producer gets bail from High Court against wrongful arrest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjabi-producer-gets-bail-from-high-court-against-wrongful-arrest-9881940/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

In June 2025, media outlets reported an incident in which gunshots were fired outside Dhaliwal's residence in [[Mohali]]; police stated that one of the alleged shooters was arrested and that extortion was being investigated as a possible motive.<ref name="IEFiring">{{cite web |title=Firing outside music producer Dhaliwal's house, extortion suspected |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/firing-outside-music-producer-dhaliwals-house-extortion-suspected-10011778/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 June 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOIFiring">{{cite web |title=Firing at Pinky Dhaliwal's house: one of two shooters arrested |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/firing-at-pinky-dhaliwals-house-1-of-two-shooters-arrested/articleshow/121448885.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 June 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://musicbrainz.org/artist/61cfb03d-1e53-4935-a7f8-ccd8c2dc160e Pinky Dhaliwal] at MusicBrainz
* [https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/pinky-dhaliwal/2039829 Pinky Dhaliwal] at BookMyShow

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaliwal, Pinky}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Punjabi film producers]]
[[Category:Punjabi music]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]

Harihar Rao Sonule

2026-04-22T06:08:59Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hariharrao Sonule
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1927|6|11|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]]
| term = 1957-1962
| predecessor = [[Shankar Rao Telkikar]]
| successor = [[Venkatarao Tarodekar]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Scheduled Castes Federation]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Anjana
| children = One daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1384.htm
}}
'''Hariharrao Sonule''' was an [[India]]n politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]].<ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1957 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Who's who | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1957 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7UeAQAAMAAJ | access-date=9 Mar 2023 | page=462}}</ref><ref name="Reed 1958 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | publisher=Times of India Press | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpAjAQAAMAAJ | access-date=9 Mar 2023 | page=1120}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-meeting-black-panthers-dalit-panthers-soon-why-historic-164423 | title=First meeting of Black Panthers & Dalit Panthers soon: Why this is historic | publisher=The NewsMinute | date=27 May 2022 | accessdate=9 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1384.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes Federation politician]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Marthandavarma (novel)

2026-04-21T01:23:04Z

1muhammet237823: New new article more to come...

{{short description|1891 historical novel by C. V. Raman Pillai}}
{{about|the historical novel in [[Malayalam]] |other uses|Marthanda Varma (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Very long|date=April 2026|words=9909}}
{{Infobox book
| title_orig = മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ
| name = Marthandavarma
| image = MARTANDA VARMA 1891.jpeg
| image_size = 310
| border = yes
| alt = This is the title page of first edition
| caption = Title page of the first edition
| author = [[C.V. Raman Pillai]]
| translator = B. K. Menon (1936 – English){{break}}O. Krishna Pillai (1954 – Tamil){{break}}[[R. Leela Devi]] (1979 – English){{break}}Kunnukuzhy Krishnankutty (1990 – Hindi){{break}}P. Padmanabhan Thambi (2007 – Tamil){{break}}G.S. Iyer (2024 – English)
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| orig_lang_code = ml
| genre = [[Historical Novel]]{{break}}Historical [[Romance (heroic literature)|Romance]]
| published = Malayalam : {{break}}
: 11 June 1891 (Author)
: 1911 {{ndash}} 1925 (B. V. Book Depot)
: 1931 {{ndash}} 1971 (Kamalalaya Book Depot)
: 1973 onwards ([[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]])
: 1983 onwards (Poorna Publications)
: 1992 onwards ([[D. C. Books]])
: 1999 ([[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]])
English : {{break}}
: 1936 (Kamalalaya Book Depot)
: 1979 (Sterling Publishers)
: 1998 (Sahitya Akademi)
: 2024 ([[Westland Books|Eka]])
Tamil : {{break}}
: 1954 (Kamalalaya Book Depot)
: 2007 ([[Sahitya Akademi]])
Hindi : {{break}}
: 1990 (Kerala Hindi Prachar Sabha)
| set_in = [[Travancore]] (1727 {{ndash}} 1732)
| pages =
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| isbn = 8171301304
| isbn_note = {{small|([[D. C. Books]] ed.)}}
| followed_by = [[Dharmaraja (novel)|Dharmaraja]], [[Ramarajabahadur (novel)|Ramarajabahadur]]
| native_wikisource = മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ
}}
{{Side box |class = noprint selfref |text = Expressions in foreign languages that do not use [[Latin script]], in this article are transliterated according to [[ISO 15919]], [[ALA-LC]], [[ISO 259]], [[ISO 233]], and Wiki standards. |image = [[File:Translation Latin Alphabet-cs.svg|40px]] }}
{{IPA notice}}
'''''Marthandavarma''''' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ, ''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [[Help:IPA/Malayalam|[mɑːṟt̪t̪ɑːɳɖaʋaṟmma]]]) is a historical [[Romance (heroic literature)|romance]] [[novel]] by [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] published in 1891. Taking place between 1727 and 1732 ([[Kollavarsham]] 901–906), the story follows three protagonists (Ananthapadmanabhan, Subhadra, and Mangoikkal Kuruppu) as they try to protect [[Marthanda Varma]]'s position as the heir to the throne of [[Venad (kingdom)|Venad]] from Padmanabhan Thambi (the son of [[Rajah Rama Varma]]) and the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar|Ettu Veetil Pillamar]], both of whom want to oust him from the throne. The novel includes allusions to the Indian subcontinent and Western, historical, cultural and literary traditions.

The historical plot runs alongside the love story of Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukutty, Ananthapadmanabhan's chivalric actions, Parukutty's longing for her lover, and Zulaikha's [[unrequited love]]. The [[politics]] of Venad is shown through the council of Ettuveettil Pillas, the subsequent claim of the throne by Padmanabhan Thambi, the coup attempt, the patriotic conduct of Subhadra, and finally to her tragedy following the suppression of the revolt. The intertwined representation of history and romance is attained through [[Classicism|classic]] style of narration, which includes vernacular languages for various characters, rhetorical embellishments, and a blend of dramatic and [[Archaism|archaic]] style of language suitable to the historical setting of the novel.

This novel is the first [[historical novel]] published in [[Malayalam language]] and in [[south India]]. The first edition, [[self publish]]ed by the author in 1891, received positive to mixed reviews, but book sales did not produce significant revenue. The revised edition, published in 1911, was an enormous success and became a bestseller. The story of [[Travancore]] is continued in the later novels, ''[[Dharmaraja (novel)|Dharmaraja]]'' (1913) and ''[[Ramarajabahadur (novel)|Ramarajabahadur]]'' (1918{{ndash}}1919). These three novels are together known as ''CV's Historical Narratives'' and ''C. V. Raman Pillai's Novel Trilogy'' in Malayalam literature.

The 1933 movie adaptation ''[[Marthanda Varma (film)|Marthanda Varma]]'' led to a legal dispute with the novel's publishers and became the first literary work in Malayalam to be the subject of a [[copyright infringement]]. The novel has been translated into [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and has also been abridged and adapted in a number of formats, including theater, radio, television, and comic book. The ''Marthandavarma'' has been included in the curriculum for courses offered by universities in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], as well as the curriculum of the [[Kerala State Education Board]].

==Historical background and context==

The [[Venad]] kingdom under Ravi Varma ([[Kollavarsham]] 859{{ndash}}893, [[Gregorian Calendar]]: 1684{{ndash}}1718) had to resist foreign attacks and make the eventual payments of arrears to [[Madurai Nayaks]]; which resulted in the imposition of fresh taxes to meet the expenses. This made the feudal chieftains, the feudal lords ([[Ettuveettil Pillamar]]) and their confederates (Madampimar), who were once suppressed by Kerala Varma of [[Kottayam (Malabar)|Kottayam]] ([[Wayanad]]) during the period of [[Umayamma Rani]], become recalcitrant.{{sfnp|Nagam Aiya|1906|loc=Chapter VI|pp=318{{ndash}}319}} Ravi Varma was succeeded by Aditya Varma (Kollavarsham 893{{ndash}}894, Gregorian Calendar:1718), and during his reign, resolutions were made by the local bodies in villages not to pay the taxes.{{sfnp|Ibrahim Kunju|1990|p=16|loc=പതിനേഴാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ വേണാടു രാഷ്ട്രീയം [Venadu politics in seventeenth century]}} Unni Kerala Varma succeeded to the throne, and during his reign, the feudal chieftains became more powerful as the King was weak in disposition. The forces once organized by Kerala Varma were disbanded and some of them took services under the feudal lords.{{sfnp|Shangoony Menon|1879|p=107|ps=..all the organized forces of the able and wise commander Kerala Vurmah, which had been maintained by Revi Vurmah, during his reign of thirty-four years, were disbanded or scattered over the country, or took services under the feudatory chiefs.}} Unni Kerala Varma was succeeded by [[Rama Varma of Venad|Rama Varma]] in Kollavarsham 899 (Gregorian Calendar: 1724); during his reign the feudal lords grew stronger.{{sfnmp|Nagam Aiya|1906|1loc=Chapter VI|1pp=327, 333{{ndash}}334|Shangoony Menon|1879|2p=109|2loc=Chapter I}}

Rama Varma, pleased with the energy and intelligence of the then prince [[Marthanda Varma]], allowed him to take necessary actions in the affairs of government; which the prince utilized to adopt measures against the rebellious feudal lords, who in-turn became his inveterate enemies and planned lethal actions against the prince.{{sfnp|Shangoony Menon|1879|loc=Chapter I|p=107|ps=...Ettu Veettil Pillamar and Madempimar, in their turn became inveterate enemies of the prince, and began to seek measures for his destruction.}} Marthanda Varma suggested to the King to obtain aid from foreign forces against the power of the feudal lords, and Rama Varma made a treaty with Madurai Nayaks at [[Tiruchirappalli]] in Kollavarsham 901 (Gregorian Calendar 1726) to have additional forces be supplied to Venad for an annual payment.{{sfnp|Shangoony Menon|1879|loc=Chapter I|p=109}}

===Context===
The [[Travancore royal family]] follows [[Marumakkathayam]] as the rule of succession, which is [[Lineal descendant#Collateral descendant|collateral descent through maternal nephews]].{{sfnp|Velu Pillai|1940|loc=Modern History|p=271|ps=..the well established custom that the rule of succession in the royal family was Maŕumakkaťhāyam and not Makkaťhāyam.}} The feudatory chiefs persuaded the sons of King Rama Varma, Pappu Thambi and Raman Thambi to claim their father's throne through Makkathayam, which is [[Lineal descendant|lineal descent through sons]], while Marthanda Varma was the legal heir.{{sfnp|Shangoony Menon|1879|loc=Chapter II|p=116|ps=..considering them proper instruments for overthrowing the royal authority, they persuaded them to claim their father's throne;...}} The novel opens in Kollavarsham 901, when feudatory chiefs are taking lethal actions against prince Marthanda Varma, while King Rama Varma headed to Tiruchirappalli for the treaty with Nayaks.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Caritravuṁ Kalpanayuṁ''|2009|p=103}} The plot moves two years ahead during when the payment to Madurai forces became arrears, the King become ill and bed ridden, feudatory chiefs and sons of Rama Varma joined hands in conspiring against the prince.{{sfnp|''Kathākālaṁ; saṁbhavasthalaṅṅaḷ''|2009|pp=126{{ndash}}127}}

The novel narrates how Marthanda Varma ascended to the throne overcoming hurdles with the help of his well wishers and the entanglements of their personal lives with the history of [[Travancore]] (Venad).{{sfnmp|''Rasāviṣkaraṇaṁ Si.Vi.Nōvalukaḷil''|2013|1p=54|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|2p=77|2loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ{{ndash}}ഒരു പഠനം [''Marthandavarma''{{ndash}}A Study]|''Śatābdi Praśasti''|2009|3p=13}}

==Title==
{{Side box|class=noprint selfref |text=This section contains text in '''[[Tamil script|Tamil]]''', and '''[[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]''' scripts. Without proper [[Help:Multilingual support (Indic)|rendering support]] you may see [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of respective glyphs.|image=[[File:Tamil-Malayalam-scripsts.png|40px]]}}
The novel released with the title scripted as ''മാൎത്താണ്ഡവൎമ്മാ'' in [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], for which the Latin equivalent is ''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmmā''. Though the original title is a single word, the [[English alphabet|English]] counterpart was scripted as ''Martanda Varma'' with a space between ''Martanda'' and ''Varma'' akin to the scripting of the title in [[Tamil script|Tamil]] as ''மார்த்தாண்ட வர்மா''.{{sfnmp|First Edn.|1891|O. Krishna Pillai|1954}} The title was later changed to ''മാൎത്താണ്ഡവൎമ്മ'' in the editions published by Kamalalaya Book Depot by omitting the [[Monophthong|long Monophthong]] vowel sign ാ (ā) in the end, though English counterpart was kept unchanged in the regular editions, the abridged edition corrected it to ''Marthandavarma'', which was followed in the editions and reprints after the copyright period.{{sfnmp|Kamalalaya edn.|1971|''Marthandavarma'' [Abridged]|1964|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [SPCS Edn.]|1973|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [SPCS Edn.]|1991}} The title was further revised post the centenary of the novel as ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'', replacing the [[Malayalam script#Dot reph|Dot reph]], ൎ with [[Malayalam script#Chillus|Chillu]], ർ inline with the contemporary Malayalam script usage.{{sfnmp|Definitive Variorum|1992|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Poorna Edn.]|1983}}

==Plot summary==
In Panchavan forest, a group of merchants find a young man, Ananthapadmanabhan, unconscious and covered in blood and take him with them. Two years later, Parukutty still refuses to believe that her missing lover, Ananthapadmanabhan, is dead. Her mother arranges for her to marry Padmanabhan Thambi, elder son of aging King Rama Varma, through Thambi's right hand, Sundarayyan. The king has fallen ill and is confined to his bed. Desiring the throne, Thambi and Sundarayyan, spreads the lie that the rightful heir, Prince Marthanda Varma, planned the attack on Ananthapadmanabhan because of an argument over a prostitute. Thambi allies himself with the Ettuveettil Pillas to oust the prince, stirring up the people against him and the royal officials. Some citizens stop paying taxes and the forces and finances of the royals are diminished.

Prince Marthanda Varma and his aide, Parameswaran Pilla, stay at Charottu palace while on way to [[Boothapandi|Bhoothapandi]], to have discussions with Madurai forces, who detained the prime minister, Arumukham Pilla after payment for the forces become arrears. Velu Kuruppu, a loyalist fighter who serves Padmanabhan Thambi, with his lancers chase out the prince and his aide, however the chased-duo evade chasers after being aided by a mad Channan who misdirect the pursuers, who in-turn fight with mad Channan, Ananthapadmanabhan in disguise. Velu Kuruppu and his team run away after Channan was helped by the archer Chulliyil Chadachi Marthandan Pilla, who also kills a few of the lancers as a payback to Channan for saving his life earlier. The prince and his aide take refuge at Mangoikkal Kuruppu's house. Following Thambi's order to capture the Channan-people, the mad Channan is captured and locked in the dungeon. Upon discovering that Marthanda Varma is at Mangoikkal's house, Velu Kuruppu sends his men to the house and rushes back to Thambi to arrange for more lancers and Nair soldiers to finish off the prince. The mad Channan finds an underground passage from the dungeon to Charottu palace rushes to the Channan-people. As the prince and Mangoikkal arrange for additional forces, Velu Kuruppu and his men launch an attack on Mangoikkal and set the house on fire. The mad Channan and the Channan-people reach Mangoikkal's house to fight the attackers, and Channan rescues prince and his aide trapped in house on fire. Fighters from Mangoikkal's martial arts school join the fight and defeat Velu Kuruppu's men. That night, Thirumukhathu Pilla visits Thambi to ask about the murder of his son, Ananthapadmanabhan; during when one of Velu Kuruppu's lancers arrives and recounts the defeat at Mangoikkal's.

Marthanda Varma returns to his [[Thiruvananthapuram]] home. Thambi and Sundarayyan arrive to stay at Chembakassery. At night, Ananthapadmanabhan, disguised as a citizen of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kasi]] (Kasivasi) enters Chembakassery by drugging the caretaker of the armory, Shanku Assan. Thambi, overwhelmed by Parukutty's beauty, goes to her room to attain her but is dragged out by Kasivasi. Half asleep, Parukutty is disturbed by glimpses of the scuffle and falls ill. Later, Sundarayyan steals ornaments from the house. Thambi and his team leave the next morning.

Kazhakkoottathu Pilla comes to inquire into Parukutty's illness. He is then followed by Ananthapadmanabhan, disguised as a beggar, to Kudamon Pilla's house. At Kudamon's house a council is formed by the Ettuveettil Pillas and Sundarayyan in support of Padmanabhan Thambi as the next king. Kazhakkoottathu Pilla voices his dissatisfaction with the situation but assures his support. He leaves the council, followed by the beggar. Kazhakkoottathu meets Mangoikkal on the way. The beggar returns to the council to hear the final decision. The council decides to assassinate Prince Marthanda Varma.
Afterwards, Ramanamadathil Pilla meets Subhadra, the granddaughter of Kudamon Pilla's maternal aunt. Kazhakkoottathu tricks Mangoikkal and abducts him. As Sundarayyan is returning from the council, he is confronted by the beggar who tries to snatch the council note from him. Struggling, they both fall into the [[Killi river|Killiyar]]. The beggar rescues Sundarayyan, who cannot swim. Sundarayyan awakes on the shore and delivers the council decision to Thambi.

Learning of Parukutty's illness, Subhadra goes to console her mother and learns about Thambi's stay and the theft at the house. At the royal palace a message arrives from Pathan camp warning of the council at Kudamon Pilla's house, as the resolution is unknown, the prince should stay alert at all times. The message also announces the arrival of Mangoikkal. Ramayyan recommends strict action against the conspirators but the prince disagrees. During the discussion the prince realizes that Kalakkutty, whom he had sent to deliver a request for help to Thirumakhathu Pilla, is the maternal uncle-in-law of Sundarayyan; also concludes that Ettuveettil Pillas may have harmed Mangoikkal.

Subhadra arrives at Thambi's house by night and asks him about his actions at Chembakassery. During the conversation Thambi realizes that Subhadra knows that the murder that he and Sundarayyan are trying to blame on the prince, was committed by Velu Kuruppu. Thambi goes to stab her with his dagger but, seeing her unmoved, he shrinks back. When Subhadra leaves, Thambi and Sundarayyan decide to kill her, as she knows their secret. Sundarayyan buys poison at Pathan camp but Ananthapadmanabhan, disguised as Shamsudeen, sells him a harmless colored powder. Subhadra persuades Shanku Assan to tell her if the Kasivasi who entered Chambakassery the other night is still at Pathan camp. On his return from Pathan camp, Assan tells her that Sundarayyan was there buying poison. At Pathan camp, Hakkim warns Shamsudeen to be careful of danger when searching for Mangoikkal. Subhadra realizes that Sundarayyan plans to poison her and returns home. The prince and his aide, disguised as civilians, go with Ramayyan to look for Mangoikkal.

At night, Ramayyan goes to Sree Pandarathu house, home of Kazhakkoottathu, searching for Mangoikkal. The prince and his aide, sheltered behind a tree, notice an unidentifiable figure (Velu Kuruppu) pass by in a westerly direction. Later, the prince witnesses Sundarayyan heading to his wife, Anantham's, house. Subhadra is with Ramanamadathil Pilla, who leaves after assuring her that he will return. As Ramanamadathil passes by, the prince overhears him talking to himself about the greatness of Kazhakkoottathu Pilla, who captured Mangoikkal. Ramayyan returns to the prince and tells him that he could not check at Sree Panadarathu house due to additional security forces stationed there. Velu Kuruppu arrives at Thambi's house. The prince and his aides leave to check on the ailing king. The archer, Chulliyil Chadachi Marthandan Pilla, chases after them, shooting arrows. The arrows are struck down by the mad Channan who then beats down the archer. Anantham brings food, that her husband secretly poisoned, to Subhadra. Subhadra realizes that the stolen ornaments are at Anantham's house and that she is unaware of her husband's plans. The mad Channan, hiding nearby, overhears their conversation. Ramanamadathil, Sundarayyan and Chulliyil Chadachi Marthandan Pilla visit Thambi's house to talk about assassinating the prince. When Ramanamadathil returns, Subhadra realizes the plan to assassinate the prince by Velu Kuruppu. She sends Shankarachar to deliver a note to the prince. At the king's palace, the prince is relieved to find that the king is a bit better after receiving medicine. Velu Kuruppu attempts to stab the prince while he is returning to his palace with his aide. Shankarachar stops him, they fight and Velu Kuruppu stabs Shankarachar then runs away. The prince and his aide reach Shankarachar, who manages to deliver the note before his final breath. Velu Kuruppu reaches Thambi, who summons Ramanamadathil, Chulliyil Chadachi Marthandan Pilla, Sundarayyan and Kodanki. They decide to move Mangoikkal from Sree Pandarathu house to Chembakassery.

Meanwhile, the mad Channan goes to Sree Pandarathu house, drugs the guards and gets the keys. He finds Mangoikkal in the dungeon but Ramanamadathil and company arrive and cut off their escape. In turn, Velu Kuruppu then Kondanki approach the Channan and are shot dead by his pistol. Channan agrees to be in detention with Mangoikkal Kuruppu on the condition that he be allowed to keep his weapons, after Ramanamadathil informs that detainees will be prosecuted by Thirumikhathu Pilla. Mangoikkal and the Channan are moved to Chembakassery and are watched over by palace guards who are loyal to Thambi. Sundarayyan and others spread the lie that prince Marthanda Varma tried to assassinate Ramanamadathil and is responsible for the night's murders.

Subhadra gets some relief when her servant returns from Pathan camp with medicine for Parukutty. He also tells her that one of the men at the camp resembles her ex-spouse. An angry mob of citizens rush the palace, but are turned back by the ailing king who signals for them to leave. Ramanamadathil arrives at Thambi's house to tell about the revolt at the palace and praises the actions of Sundarayyan. Chulliyil Chadachi Marthandan Pilla and a servant arrive and announce the death of King Rama Varma. After Rama Varma's funeral, Marthanda Varma manages to send the required payment to the forces from Madurai. Subhadra reaches Chembakassery with medicine for Parukutty, who immediately begins to recover from her illness. Subhadra stays at Chembakassery for the next five days.

The prince discovers that the men sent from [[Kilimanoor]], led by Narayanayyan, have been defeated by Kazhakkoottathu Pilla and his men. He fires the palace guards who are working for Thambi. Subhadra returns home after learning of the council being held at her house by Thambi and team. Parukutty and her mother get the keys from caretaker to release the two men from detention. Upon release, the mad Channan runs ahead to conceal his identity and is followed by Mangoikkal. Parukutty sees his resembles to her missing lover and realizes that he is the one who fought off Thambi the night he tried to attain her. Ettuveettil Pillas, the Thambi brothers and Sundarayyan decide to assassinate the prince at the palace that night. Mangoikkal's nephews arrive at the palace to support the prince. He tells them to come in the morning and coordinate with Ramayyan. Later, the prince is awakened from his sleep by Subhadra's arrival in his room, informing him his life is in danger. The prince follows her after remembering that she was the one who helped him another night. Kudamon Pilla, Padmanabhan Thambi and company enter the palace to assassinate the prince but find no one. Subhadra heads to her house with Marthanada Varma, Parameswaran and Ramayyan who are disguised as menials. They are spotted by Raman Thambi and his team on the way, but she and the trio evade him due to her quick thinking. The trio hide near a banyan tree while Subhadra fetches five men, dressed as porters, from her home and rejoins them. She instructs them to cross [[Venganoor]]. They are about to leave when Thirumukhathu Pilla arrives and recognizes the prince. He asks Subhadra why she is helping the one who killed her brother, Ananthapadmanabhan. She assures him that Ananthapadmanabhan is not dead and asks how he could be her brother. Thirumukhathu reveals that he is her father. Subhadra says that her brother will be at Pathan camp.

Subhadra goes home and the others head east as Thirumukhathu knows that Aruveettukar are waiting near the west banks of the river, [[Karamana River|Karamana]]. Unable to find the prince, Thambi and the Ettuveettil Pillas lead their forces to Manakkadu, to attack Magaoikkal's fighters. Tipped off by Subhadra, Mangoikkal's fighters are able to put up a stiff resistance despite being outnumbered. Pathan fighters led by Shamsudeen and Beeram Khan arrive and assist against Thambi's forces. Beeram Khan fights Sundarayyan who he has a personal grudge against for causing his separation from, his then-spouse, Subhadra. Sundarayyan brings down Beeram Khan's horse, trapping the latter under the horse. Sundarayyan advances towards him but Beeram Khan springs out from under the body, kills his opponent and leaves the battlefield at once. Shamsudeen shoots Thambi in the hand as he is about to kill Nuradeen. Before Ramanamadathil Pilla and Raman Thambi can advance towards Shamsudden the battlefield is surrounded by Thirumukhathu Pilla and Prince Marthanda Varma's forces. The Thambi brothers and the Ettuveettil Pillas are arrested.

The next day, the prince conducts post funerary rituals for the king. He brings back his nephew, the little prince, and aunt, who were safeguarded by Keralavarma Koithampuran at Chembakassery. There, a joyful Parakutty awaits her lover Ananthapadmanabhan's return from the Pathan camp. A few days later, Marthanda Varma ascends the throne. The king orders Ananthapadmanabhan to move Subhadra from her house to safeguard her from Kudamon Pilla, who the king has just released. Subhadra is at her house and sad due to the revelation about her ex-spouse. Kudamon Pilla arrives, catches her by the hair and is about to plunge his sword but Beeram Khan rushes in crying not to kill her. On hearing the voice of her ex-spouse and seeing him longing for her, she thanks god that she can even die. The sword falls on her neck. Before Kudamon Pilla can slay Beeram Khan, he is cut into two by Ananthapadmanabhan who has just arrived. On hearing the news, Marthanda Varma swears under his breath that he will seek vengeance on those responsible for the un-warranted shedding of blood.

Three years later, Mangoikkal's house has been rebuilt. Ananthapadmanabhan heads Marthanda Varma's forces in battles with [[Desinganadu]] and other kingdoms. He stays at Chembakassery with his family. Marthanda Varma earns fame as a protector of the people as well as a servant to [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sreepadmanabha]] deity. The people celebrate.

==Characters==
{{main|List of Marthandavarma characters}}

===Character relations===
{{Further|List of Marthandavarma characters#Character relations|l1=All relation trees of Marthandavarma characters}}
{{chart top|width=94%|Character relationships|collapsed=yes|align=left}}
{{(!}}style="border-spacing: 4px; border: 0px solid darkgray;"
{{!}}-
{{!}}+ '''Legend'''
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{tree chart/start|style=text-align: center; line-height: 90%;stroke: red;}}{{tree chart|!|DSC| |Q|ADP| |~|SPR| |CA|-|P|CB| |REL3| |~|-|~|SPO|DSC=descent|ADP=adoption|SPR=spouse relation|SPO=spouse relation, separated|REL3=CA loves CB, Unrequited|CA=CA|CB=CB|boxstyle=text-align:left;border: 0px}}{{tree chart/end}}
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==Development==

===Background and composition===
[[C. V. Raman Pillai]] was introduced to historical fiction through the works of [[Sir Walter Scott]] and [[Alexandre Dumas]] during his days at [[Maharaja's College, Thiruvananthapuram]].{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=22|loc=വ്യക്തിജീവിതം [Personal Life]}} After graduating in 1881, Pillai traveled to the southern provinces of Travancore with his friend P. Thanu Pillai, then the [[Tahsildar]] at [[Agastheeswaram]], and became acquainted with the regional legends that he later incorporated into his novels.{{sfnmp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|1p=19|1loc=നവോത്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ കിരണങ്ങൾ [Rays of Renaissance]|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|2pp=41{{ndash}}42|2loc=ഉയർച്ചയ്ക്കുള്ള വൈഷമ്യങ്ങൾ [Difficulties for Ascension]}}

Before starting to write ''Marthandavarma'', Pillai would read English novels and take notes.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=69|loc=ഗുമസ്തന്റെ പൗരുഷം [Valor of Clerk]}} While writing ''Marthandavarma'', Pillai had difficulty sleeping and his constant [[Betel-chewing|betel chewing]] instigated his writing.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=വിവാഹം [Wedding]|p=98}} During the composition, Pillai's spouse and Mukkalampattu Janaki Amma were amanuenses, whenever one of them was free. However, the author's neighbor, Ms. Thazhamadathu Janaki Amma, actually transcribed more of the book than either of them.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=69|loc=ഗുമസ്തന്റെ പൗരുഷം [Valor of Clerk]}} Pillai went to Madras to pursue his law examination.{{sfnmp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|1loc=മലയാളി മെമ്മോറിയൽ [Malayāḷi Memorial]|1p=119|1ps=. 1889-ൽ സി.വി. നിയമപരീക്ഷ സംബന്ധിച്ചു മദ്രാസിൽ താമസിച്ചപ്പോഴാണ്...[When C.V. stayed at Madras for law examination in 1889...]|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|2p=77|2loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]|2ps=. കൊല്ലവർഷം 1065 കുംഭം പത്താംതീയതി മുതൽ സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ളയ്ക്കു നിയമാദ്ധ്യയനത്തിനായി ആറു മാസത്തെ അവധി അനുവദിക്കപ്പെട്ടു [C. V. Raman Pillai was granted leave of six months from Kuṁbhaṁ 10, Kollavarsham 1065 for the study of law.]}}
{{side box |text=According to the [[DC Books]] edition of ''Marthandavarma'' this photograph of [[C. V. Raman Pillai|C. V.]] was taken during the time that he was developing his novel.{{sfnp|Definitive Variorum|2009|p=8|ps=. മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ എഴുതിയ കാലത്തെ സി.വി.യുടെ ചിത്രം [photograph of C.V. during the period of writing ''Marthandavarma'']}}|above=[[File:CV as a young man monochrome.jpeg|180px]]}}
In January 1890, the Malayalam novel ''[[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]]'' was released and became a topic of discussion in Madras.{{sfnp|Malayankeezh Gopalakrishnan|2007|pp=84{{ndash}}85|loc=പാരമ്പര്യത്തിന്റെ യവനിക പിച്ചിച്ചീന്താൻ രണ്ട് സ്വാമിമാർ [Two masters to tore the screen of tradition]}} The instant fame of ''Indulekha'' and its author, [[O. Chandumenon]], incited C. V. Raman Pillai to complete his novel ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|p=100}} N. Balakrishnan Nair recounts that a challenge was raised by some [[wikt:Malabarian|Malabarians]] as to whether there were any men in [[Travancore]] who could create another literary work like ''Indulekha'', to which C. V. Raman Pillai reciprocated that he will prove it as affirmative.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|pp=85{{ndash}}87|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}} For almost two months after that, the author was occupied in writing ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|p=100}} C. V. Raman Pillai, while involved in the discussions of memorandum, mentioned to G. Parameswaran Pillai that with the publication of his novel, ''Marthandavarma'', people would be proud about their early history. Eventually, he lost interest in passing his law examinations, as his main intention was to complete ''Marthandavarma'' and ready the manuscript for printing.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|pp=79{{ndash}}80|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}} C. V. Raman Pillai left for Trivandrum after he was entrusted to translate the memorandum to Malayalam.{{sfnp|Malayankeezh Gopalakrishnan|2007|pp=84{{ndash}}85|loc=പാരമ്പര്യത്തിന്റെ യവനിക പിച്ചിച്ചീന്താൻ രണ്ട് സ്വാമിമാർ [Two masters to tore the screen of tradition]}} According to N. Balakrishnan Nair, the author rejoined in his job on Ciṅṅaṁ 9, 1066 (23 August 1890).{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|pp=97{{ndash}}98|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}}

C. V. Raman Pillai sent the completed chapters to his friend N. Raman Pillai{{refn|name=NRPillaiNote|group=lower-roman|N. Raman Pillai (1864{{ndash}}?), the eldest among the sons of [[Nanoo Pillai|Dewan Nanoo Pillay]], studied at [[Maharaja's College, Thiruvananthapuram|Maharaja's College Trivandrum]] in 1882, during when he was expelled from Travancore along with [[G.parameswaran pillai|G. Parameswaran Pillai]] and R. Ranga Rao (son of [[R. Raghunatha Rao]]), after alleged to be behind an article against the then Dewan [[Rama Iyengar]], later completed B. A. from [[Madras Christian College]]; during when, he made his contributions to the manuscripts of ''Marthandavarma'' before passing those to the printers, Messrs. Addison & Co.{{sfnmp|''Dewan Nanoo Pillay''|1974|1pp=87{{ndash}}89|1loc=Life after retirement|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|2pp=vi{{ndash}}vii|2loc=മുഖവുര [Introduction]}}}} at Madras, who in turn edited and contributed to the manuscript.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|pp=101{{ndash}}104}} The author's earlier experiences of having estranged from home, his life with Muslims at Hyderabad, having suggested converting to Islam and marry a Muslim girl were adapted to build the characterization of Shamsudeen and the descriptions of Pathan camp in the novel.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Caritrākhyāyikakaḷilūṭe''|1991|p=50|loc=ജീവിതത്തിൽനിന്നുതന്നെ [From life itself]}} The character of Karthyayani Amma is based on his elder sister, and the attire of Velu Kuruppu is based on the outlook of [[K. C. Kesava Pillai]].{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|pp=97{{ndash}}98|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}}

====Controversy over the period====
According to P. K. Parameswaran Nair, consensus is the novel was developed during 1890, though he claimed that the author wrote it between 1883 and 1885, which contradicts his own statement that C. V. Raman Pillai thought about writing a novel only at the age of twenty-eight years, which is around 1887.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=ചന്ദ്രമുഖീവിലാസം [''Candramukhīvilāsaṁ'']|p=84}} P. Venugopalan affirms that there is an earlier version of the novel, and that N. Raman Pillai listened to a reading of an early draft while at Madras.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|pp=60, 66{{ndash}}69}} The affirmation about the inclusion of Subhadra in the earlier version of novel brought out another contradiction to the claim of P. K. Parameswaran Nair with his own quotes from the words of C. V. Raman Pillai, which state that the author envisioned the character of Subhadra through his wife, Bhageeridhi Amma, whom he married only in November 1887.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=വിവാഹം [Wedding]|p=94}} One of Pillai's later amanuenses, K. R. Prameswaran Pilla, quoted the author as saying that he started writing ''Marthandavarma'' while staying in Madras.{{sfnp|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|pp=70{{ndash}}71|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ{{ndash}}ഒരു പഠനം [''Marthandavarma''{{ndash}}A Study]}} N. Balakrishanan Nair notes that, Pillai made several visits to Madras with the particulars from N. Raman Pillai's home, while [[G.parameswaran pillai|G. Parameswaran Pillai]] and the latter were in Madras.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=44|loc=ഉയർച്ചയ്ക്കുള്ള വൈഷമ്യങ്ങൾ [Difficulties for Ascension]|ps=. ജി. പി. യും എൻ. രാമൻപിളളയും മറ്റും മദ്രാസിലായതു മുതൽ സി. വി. അങ്ങോട്ട് കൂടെക്കൂടെ പോകാറുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. [When G. P., N. Raman Pillai and others were in Madras, C. V used to go there frequently.]}} [[George Irumbayam]] asked P. K. Parameswaran Nair about the existence of such a [[#letter|letter]]; who said that he had lost it. The claim of P. K. Parameswaran Nair and those who supported the same were concluded as attempts of fans of C. V. Raman Pillai, whom they wanted to cast as the first novelist of [[Malayalam literature]], and George Irumbayam remarked that the fans went to the extent of not believing the words of the writer in the deliberation of their attempt.{{sfnp|''Nōval Si.Vi. Mutal Baṣīṟ Vare''|2009|pp=131{{ndash}}134|loc=സി.വി.യെ വിശ്വസിക്കുക, ആരാധകരിൽ നിന്നു രക്ഷിക്കുക [Believe C. V., Relieve from fans]}}

===Printing===
P. K. Parameswaran Nair states that the proceedings with printers at Madras were initiated after the completion of novel writing, which contradicts his own statement about the completion of printing till 150 pages while quoting a {{anchor|letter}}letter from N. Raman Pillai, whose words indicate that the scripting was in progress.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|pp=101{{ndash}}104}} K. R. Parameswaran Pilla notes that the printing of the novel was started after the completion of third chapter.{{sfnp|''Ātmapōṣiṇi''|1921|pp=588{{ndash}}589}} The printing was done at Messrs. Addison & Co., Madras, to whom the manuscripts were passed over by N. Raman Pillai.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|pp=101{{ndash}}104}} N. Balakrishnan Nair points that C. V. Raman Pillai went to hometown from Madras to arrange the money for printing, and during the time, he sent the manuscripts to N. Raman Pillai.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|pp=85{{ndash}}87|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}}

C. V. Raman Pillai was involved in the Malayalam translation of memorandum proposed by G. Prameswaran Pillai titled then as ''Malayāḷi Memorial'' followed by the printing and getting the signatures from supporters, and being involved in the activities, he fell short of money as some promised sponsors pulled out fearing an adverse reaction from Government.{{sfnp|Malayankeezh Gopalakrishnan|2007|pp=86{{ndash}}87|loc=മഹാരാജാവിന് മലയാളി മെമ്മോറിയൽ സമർപ്പിക്കുന്നു [Submitting Malayali Memorial to the king]}} K. P. Sankara Menon and G. Parameswaran Pillai came to Trivandrum by the end of December 1890 for campaigning about the memorandum. C. V. Raman Pillai bore the expenses of their commutations and proceedings, and went on to sell his wife's necklace to meet the requirements.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മലയാളി മെമ്മോറിയൽ [Malayāḷi Memorial]|p=122}} The memorandum was eventually sent to the king on 10 January 1891 by K. P. Sankara Menon.{{sfnp|Jeffrey|2014|pp=150{{ndash}}151, 155|loc=The Malayali Sabha and the Malayali Memorial : Out of Change, Conflict 1886-89|ps=. K. P. Sankara Menon, who became the titular leader of the Memorial campaign, sent it to the Maharaja on 10 January 1891.}}

The financial crunch due to the situations made it difficult for C. V. Raman Pillai to pay for complete the printing of the remaining chapters as intended; so, he made a concise version and had it printed as part of twenty-sixth chapter, which thus became the final chapter of the novel. P. K. Parameswaran Nair states that there were three more chapters after the twenty-sixth chapter by referring to a letter from N. Raman Pillai, who learned of the concise narration only after getting the printed copy as he had gone to Thiruvananthapuram before the completion of printing, criticized the author regarding the same.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിലൂടെ [Through ''Marthandavarma'']|p=112}} According to N. Balakrishnan Nair, the concise version included in twenty-sixth chapter is an abridgement of two intended chapters. C. V. Raman Pillai states in the preamble that he wanted to have an annexure at the end of the novel.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|pp=85{{ndash}}87|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}}

==Publication==

===Release===
When printing of further copies with errata was over, C. V. Raman Pillai made a request for permission on 13 April 1891 to submit the first copy at royal palace, and subsequently the book was released on 11 June 1891 after presenting the first copy to Aswathi Thirunal Marthanda Varma, to whom the book is also dedicated to.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|pp=57{{ndash}}58}} Pillai sent two copies to [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]], one for the recipient and another for recipient's wife, which was acknowledged in the recipient's letter to the author dated 24 June 1891.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|pp=105{{ndash}}106}} N. Balakrishnan Nair states that author gave several copies of book as complimentary ones, out of the total 1000 copies printed.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=105|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയ്ക്കു ശേഷം [After ''Marthandavarma'']}} According to P. K. Parameswaran Nair, the publication of ''Marthandavarma'' was a great event in the history of [[Malayalam literature]].{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|pp=105{{ndash}}106}} The novel was the first of its kind in Malayalam literature, the release of the novel made [[Malayalam]] the sixth{{refn|name=IndoHistoNovelsNote|group=upper-alpha|'''1'''. {{langx|bn|অঙ্গুরীয় বিনিময়}}, ''{{transliteration|bn|anguriyô binimôy}}'' (1862, ''Anguriya Binimaya'' by [[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay]]{{sfnp|''Constitutional languages''|1989|p=83|loc=The Written Languages of India : Bengali|ps=. Bhudev Mukhopadhyaya's ''Anguriya Binimaya'' (1862) was the first historical novel}}) or {{lang|bn|[[:bn:দুর্গেশনন্দিনী|দুর্গেশনন্দিনী]]}}, ''{{transliteration|bn|durgeshnôndini}}'' (1865, ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]{{sfnp|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol I|2005|pp=199, 292|loc=The Novel|ps=. ..tradition of historical novel begun by Bankim Chandra..}}), '''2'''. {{langx|gu|[[:gu:કરણ ઘેલો|કરણ ઘેલો]]}}, ''{{transliteration|gu|ISO|karaṇ ghēlō}}'' (1866, ''[[Karan Ghelo]]'' by [[Nandshankar Mehta|Nandshankar Tuljashankar Mehta]]{{sfnmp|Vohra|2015|Herzberger|2015}}), '''3'''. {{langx|mr|मोचनगड}}, ''{{transliteration|mr|ISO|mōcanagaḍ}}'' (1871, ''Mochanagad'' by [[Ramchandra Bhikaji Gunjikar]]{{sfnmp|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol I|2005|1p=201|1loc=The Novel|1ps=. ''Mocangad'' (1870), considered to be the first historical novel in Marathi,..|''Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India''|1996|2p=213|2loc=Twentieth-Century Marathi Literature}}), '''4'''. {{langx|or|ପଦ୍ମମାଲୀ}}, ''{{transliteration|or|ISO|padmamāḷī}}'' (1888, ''Padmamali'' by Umesh Chandra Sarkar{{sfnmp|''The Historical Novel in Oriya''|1982|1pp=42{{ndash}}49|1loc=Rise of the Historical Novel in Orissa, Evolution of the Historical Novel in Oriya Literature : ''Padmamali''|''Makers of Modern Orissa''|1996|2p=84|2loc=Fakir Mohan Senapati}}), '''5'''. {{langx|ur|ملک العزیز ورجنا}}, ''{{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|malikuʹl-ʻazīz varjinā}}'', (1888, {{lang|ur|ملک [عبد] العزیز ورجنا}}, ''Malik-ul-Aziz Varjina'' by [[Abdul Halim Sharar]]
{{sfnmp|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol I|2005|1p=291|1loc=The Novel|Yousaf|2001}}), '''6'''. {{langx|ml|മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മാ}}, ''{{transliteration|ml|ISO|māṟttāṇḍavaṟmmā}}'' (1891, ''Marthandavarma'').}} [[List of Historical novels in Indian languages|Indian language]] and first [[Dravidian language]] to have a novel in the genre of historical fiction, thus became the first{{refn|name=EarlyDravidNovelsNote|group=upper-alpha|'''1'''. 1891{{ndash}}''Marthandavarma'' ({{langx|ml|മാൎത്താണ്ഡവൎമ്മാ}}, ''{{transliteration|ml|ISO|māṟttāṇḍavaṟmmā}}'') '''2'''. 1892{{ndash}}''Suryakantha'' ({{langx|kn|ಸೂರ್ಯಕಾಂತಾ}}, ''{{transliteration|kn|ISO|sūryakāṁtā}}'') by Lakshman Gadagkar,{{sfnmp|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol I|2005|1p=289|1loc=The Novel|''Modern Kannada Literature''|1992|2p=169}} '''3'''. 1895{{ndash}}''Mohanangi'' ({{langx|ta|[[:ta:மோகனாங்கி (புதினம்)|மோகனாங்கி]]}}, ''{{transliteration|ta|ISO|mōkaṉāṅki}}'') by T. T. Saravanamuthu Pillai,{{sfnmp|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol I|2005|1p=290|1loc=The Novel|''Modern Tamil Literature''|1992|2p=383}} '''4'''. 1896{{ndash}}''Hemalata'' ({{langx|te|[[:te:హేమలత (నవల)|హేమలత]]}}, ''{{transliteration|te|ISO|hēmalata}}'') by [[Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham]].{{sfnmp|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol I|2005|1p=291|1loc=The Novel. .. a fertile ground for historical novels introduced by Chilakamarti Lakshminarasimham..|Narasiṃha Rao|1993|1pp=21, 55}}}} historical novel of [[South India]].

===Revised edition===
In 1911, Kulakkunnathu Raman Menon,{{refn|name=KSRamNote|group=lower-roman|Kulakkunnathu S. Raman Menon (1877{{ndash}}1925), who hails from [[Mayannur]] near [[Ottapalam]] was a school teacher at Trivandrum, where he established the publishing house '''B'''āṣābhi'''V'''aṟdhini Book Depot alias B. V. Book Depot in 1902 for the printing of academic books, later started Kamalalaya Printing Press in 1918, and known as B. V. Book Depot and Kamalalaya Printing Works to become the leading book publisher and printer in Travancore, and published the works of [[C. V. Raman Pillai]], after acquiring the copyrights.{{sfnmp|Perunna K. N. Nair|1984|1pp=3, 22|1loc=കുളക്കുന്നത്തു രാമമേനോൻ [Kulakkunnathu Raman Menon]|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol II|2006|2p=27}}}} who owned B. V. Book Depot at Trivandrum, acquired rights of the novel, to publish from his own publishing house.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=107|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയ്ക്കു ശേഷം [After ''Marthandavarma'']}} C. V. Raman Pillai did a revision for the new edition, in which he had replaced the edits of N. Raman Pillai in the first edition with his own. The author corrected the flaws in the usages of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Malayalam]] words, together with the change of phrases that are in line with the then usages of Malayalam. The changes included the removal of a precognitive narration about the death of Padmanabhan Thambi at [[Nagercoil]], removal of reference to an earlier spouse of character Anantham prior to her relationship with Sundarayyan and removal of references to mistresses from [[Thanjavur]].{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|pp=69{{ndash}}72, 75{{ndash}}77}} The copyrights of the novel were registered on 11 August 1911, and [[D. C. Kizhakemuri]] notes that the copyrights were reserved until 31 December 1972.{{sfnmp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|1pp=57{{ndash}}58|''Pṟasādhakakkuṟippŭ''|2009|2p=5}}

All the reprints of the novel available after 1911 are only of the revised edition. [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]] (SPCS) alias Sahithya Pravarthaka Shakarana Sangham of [[Kottayam]], Poorna Publications of [[Kozhikode]], and [[D. C. Books]] of Kottayam started publishing their editions from 1973, 1983, and 1992 respectively to remain as the major publishers{{refn|name=PubliNote|group=upper-alpha|The Little Prince Publications, [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], Rachana Books, Chintha Publishers, and Lal Books released their editions in 1983, 1999, 2009, 2010, and 2016 respectively.{{sfnmp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Variorum Edn.]|1983|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [KSA Edn.]|1999|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Rachana Edn.]|2009|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Chintha Edn.]|2013|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Lal Edn.]|2016}}}} of the novel.{{sfnmp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [SPCS Edn.]|1973|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Poorna Edn.]|1983|Definitive Variorum|1992}}

===Translations===
''Marthandavarma'' has been translated into three languages, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] as six different versions, among which three were in English, two were in Tamil, and one incomplete translation was in Hindi.
{{Side box|class=noprint selfref |text=This section contains text in '''[[Devanagari]]''', and '''[[Tamil script|Tamil]]''' scripts. Without proper [[Help:Multilingual support (Indic)|rendering support]] you may see [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of respective glyphs.|image=[[File:Devanagari-Tamil-scripts.png|40px]]}}
* 1936: '''''Marthanda Varma''''' (English) – The first English translation by B. K. Menon{{refn|name=BKMNote|group=lower-roman|B. K. Menon (1907{{ndash}}1950) was a writer in Malayalam and English who did the first English translation of ''Marthandavarma'' novel, due to the persuation of his friend P. Narayanan Nair, the then manager of Kamalalaya Printing Works.{{sfnmp|B.K. Menon|1936|1p=i{{ndash}}vii|Prema Jayakumar|1998|2pp=9{{ndash}}10}}}} was published by Kamalalaya Book Depot, Trivandrum in 1936, and was republished by [[Sahitya Akademi]] in 1998 after a revision by the daughter of B. K. Menon, Prema Jayakumar.{{sfnmp|B.K. Menon|1936|Prema Jayakumar|1998|2pp=9{{ndash}}10}}
* 1954: '''''மார்த்தாண்ட வர்மா''''' ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|Mārttāṇḍa Varmā}}, Tamil) – The first translation of the novel in Tamil was by O. Krishna Pillai. It was published by Kamalalaya Book Depot, Trivandrum.{{sfnp|O. Krishna Pillai|1954}}
* 1979: '''''Marthanda Varma''''' (English) – The second English translation by [[R. Leela Devi]] was published by Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. A reprint by the same publisher was released in 1984.{{sfnp|Leela Devi|1979}}
* 1990: '''''मार्ताण्ड वर्मा''''' ({{transliteration|hi|ISO |Mārtāṇḍa Varmā}}, Hindi) – Kunnukuzhy Krishnankutty has done the Hindi translation, which was serialized and left incomplete in the editions of journal ''Kēraḷ Jyōti'' from Kerala Hindi Prachar Sabha, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] during June 1990 to December 1990.{{sfnp|Krishnankutty|1990}}
* 2007: '''''மார்த்தாண்ட வர்ம்மா''''' ({{transliteration|ta|ISO |Mārttāṇḍa Varmmā}}, Tamil) – The second Tamil translation of the novel by P. Padmanabhan Thambi was published by Sahitya Akademi.{{sfnp|Padmanabhan Thambi|2007}}
* 2024: '''''Marthandavarma''''' (English) – The third English translation by G S Iyer{{refn|name=GSINote|group=lower-roman| G S Iyer (1942{{emdash}}Present), Ganesaiyer Sankaranarayana Iyer is a former Indian diplomat, who is also one of eighth generation descendants of [[Subbayyan Dalawa]], did the first complete English translation of C V Raman Pillai’s ''Dharmaraja'' in 2009, before translating the novel, ''Marthandavarma'' to English in 2024.{{sfnm|The New Indian Express Thiruvananthapuram|2009|The New Indian Express|2009|GS Iyer|2009|GS Iyer|2024}}}}, reportedly pre-published in December 2024, and available at public outlets only by 2025 through Eka of [[Westland Books]].{{sfnmp|Hindustan Times|2025|1p=20|Scroll.in|2025|The Sunday Tribune|2025|3p=24|Deccan Herald|2025|4p=12}}

==Reception==

The novel received positive to mixed response, being the first historical novel of [[Malayalam literature]] and [[south India]]. Prof. [[Guptan Nair]] notes that the literary work was hailed as a masterpiece.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pillai'' by S. Guptan Nair|1992|p=7|loc=Foreword}}

===Critical reception===
In the review appeared on [[The Hindu]], Madras edition dated 21 December 1891, the novel is mentioned as a respectable specimen what an [[Indian people|Indian]] graduate is capable of accomplishing in the department of fiction.{{sfnp|Editorial from ''THE HINDU''|1891|p=72}} P. Thanu Pillai rated the novel as a rare and valuable addition to the literature of Malayalam.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|pp=105{{ndash}}106}} [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]] and [[Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran]] ranked the novel as better than the heretofore-released novels{{refn|name=EarlyNovelsNote|group=upper-alpha|'''1'''. ''[[Kundalatha]]'' ({{lang|ml|കുന്ദലത}}, {{transliteration|ml|ISO |''Kundalata''}}) in 1887 by [[Appu Nedungadi]],{{sfnmp|''Malayāḷa Sāhityacaritraṁ''|2010|1loc=നോവൽ [Novel]|1p=122|1ps=. മലയാളത്തിൽ നോവൽ ഇനത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്താവുന്ന ആദ്യത്തെ കൃതി അപ്പു നെടുങ്ങാടിയുടെ കുന്ദലതയാണ്. [''Kundalatha'' is the work that can be included as first novel type in Malayalam.]|''The Hindu''|5 October 2010}} '''2'''. ''[[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]]'' ({{lang|ml|ഇന്ദുലേഖ}}, {{transliteration|ml|ISO |''Indulēkha''}}) in 1889{{refn|name=InduRelNote|group=upper-alpha|Though ''[[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]]'' novel was reportedly published in 1889, its author, [[O. Chandumenon]] confirms that the novel was available for sale only by January 1890.{{sfnp|Chandumenon|1995|p=13|loc=ഇന്ദുലേഖ രണ്ടാം അച്ചടിപ്പിന്റെ അവതാരിക [Introduction of ''Indulekha'', second print]|ps=. 1890 ജനുവരി ആദ്യത്തിൽ വില്പാൻ തുടങ്ങിയ ഈ പുസ്തകത്തിന്റെ ഒന്നാം അച്ചടിപ്പ്.. [The first print of this book, the sale of which begun in early January 1890..]}}}} by [[Oyyarathu Chandu Menon|O. Chandu Menon]],{{sfnmp|''Nōvalsāhityaṁ''|1991|1loc=ഭാഷാനോവൽ–ഒ. ചന്തുമേനോൻ [Novel in Language – O. Chandumenon]|1p=123|''The Hindu''|31 January 2012|2ps=. Chandu Menon's ''Indulekha'', the second novel in Malayalam,...}} '''3'''. ''Indumathee Swayamvaram'' ({{lang|ml|ഇന്ദുമതീസ്വയംവരം}}, {{transliteration|ml|ISO |''Indumatīsvayaṁvaraṁ''}}) in 1890 by Padinjare Kovilakathu Ammaman Raja,{{sfnp|''Treasures of Malayalam Literature from Europe''|July 1981|pp=95{{ndash}}96}} '''4'''. ''Meenakshi'' ({{lang|ml|മീനാക്ഷി}}, {{transliteration|ml|ISO |''Mīṉākṣi''}}) in 1890 by Cheruvalathu Chathu Nair.{{sfnp|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|p=62|loc=മീനാക്ഷി [''Meenakshi'']}}}} in Malayalam. Kilimanoor Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran remarked that he could not keep aside the novel once he started reading the book. [[Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai|P. Sundaram Pillai]] stated that he read the novel with so much pride.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ നിർമ്മിതിയും പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണവും [''Marthandavarma'' : Creation and Publication]|pp=105{{ndash}}106}} The review in The Hindu criticized the free usage of [[Sanskrit]] words, which will make novel to be enjoyed by the elite people and not the general readers.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pillai'' by S. Guptan Nair|1992|p=7|loc=Foreword}} [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]] criticized the inappropriate usages of Sanskrit words, among which some{{refn|name=SansFlawNote|group=upper-alpha|{{transliteration|ml|ISO |Manōsukhaṁ}}, {{transliteration|ml|ISO |Manōkāṭhinyaṁ}} ({{Script|Mlym|മനോസുഖം}}, {{Script|Mlym|മനോകാഠിന്യം}}) instead of the correct ones {{transliteration|ml|ISO |manassukhaṁ}}, {{transliteration|ml|ISO |manaḥkāṭhinyaṁ}} ({{lang|ml|മനസ്സുഖം}}, {{lang|ml|മനഃകാഠിന്യം}}.){{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിലൂടെ [Through ''Marthandavarma'']|p=116}}}} are remarked as unpardonable blunders.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിലൂടെ [Through ''Marthandavarma'']|p=116}}

===General reception===
When ''Marthandavarma'' was released, the people of [[Trivandrum]] devoured it.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pillai'' by S. Guptan Nair|1992|p=7|loc=Foreword}} N. Balakrishnan Nair notes that the release of novel was celebrated like a literary festival at Trivandrum.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=88|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}} Though the novel became the topic of discussion in cottages, elite circles, clubs and law courts, the sale of book was very poor.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=93|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}} The author did not even get the required revenue to pay the printing costs, and at one point of time, he took one hundred numbers of unsold books as a bundle to his elder brother, who was then the [[Tehsildar]] at [[Muvattupuzha]] and demanded one hundred rupees. C. V. Raman Pillai had sent unsold copies of the novel to P. Ayyappan Pillai, the then Education Secretary and to his friend P. Thanu Pillai, the then Manager of Huzur Court (Court of Appeal) at their respective offices, to have those sold. N. Balakrishnan Nair notes that the remaining copies among the one thousand numbers of first print were damaged due to infestation by termites.{{sfnmp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|1pp=60, 66{{ndash}}69|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|2pp=105{{ndash}}106|2loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയ്ക്കു ശേഷം [After ''Marthandavarma'']}} The general reading people slowly accepted the novel and, the author went on to release five more editions until 1911.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=107|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയ്ക്കു ശേഷം [After ''Marthandavarma'']}}

===Reception of revised edition===
The revised edition of the novel, published in 1911 by Kulalakkunnathu Raman Menon's publishing house,{{refn|name=BvKamalalayaNote|group=lower-alpha|In 1931, the publishing house, B. V. Book Depot and Kamalalaya Printing Works and copyrights of various titles were divided among the sons & daughters and brothers & sisters of the founder, Kulakkunnathu S. Raman Menon, who died in 1925, as B. V. Book Depot and Kamalalaya Book Depot to proceed as separate institutions respectively.{{sfnp|''Encyclopedia''|2015}} Kamalalaya Book Depot retained the rights of ''Marthandavarma'', and brought out further editions, translations, abridgment under the labels, Kamalalaya Book Depot, Kamalalaya Book Depot & Printing Works, and Kamalalaya Printing Works & Book Depot.{{sfnp|Perunna K. N. Nair|1984|pp=12{{ndash}}13, 15|loc=കുളക്കുന്നത്തു രാമമേനോൻ [Kulakkunnathu Raman Menon]}}}} received overwhelming positive response and became one of the best sellers of the period. N. Balakrishnan Nair notes that the sale of book was similar to that of [[Adhyatma Ramayana]] and by 1951 Kamalalaya Book Depot released the 25{{sup|th}} edition.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=107|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയ്ക്കു ശേഷം [After ''Marthandavarma'']}} P. Venugopalan states that it is not doubtful that ''Marthandavarma'' is the most sold book in Malayalam.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|p=59|ps=, മലയാളത്തിൽ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ വിറ്റഴിഞ്ഞിട്ടുള്ള പുസ്തകം മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ ആണെന്നതിൽ സംശയമില്ല. [It is not doubtful that ''Marthandavarma'' is the most sold book in Malayalam.]}}

{{Reflist|1|group=lower-alpha}}

==Theme==

===History and chivalric romance===
In the preamble, Pillai states that he wrote the book with the intention of creating a model of historical [[romance (heroic literature)|romance]] in [[Malayalam]]; historical events of the eighteenth century serve as the skeleton of the story.{{sfnmp|Editorial from ''THE HINDU''|1891|1pp=68{{ndash}}70|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|2p=38|2loc=. ഈ ചരിത്രാംശത്തെ അസ്ഥിപഞ്ജരമായുപയോഗിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് കാല്പനികഭാവനയുടെ സംഭാവനകളാൽ മാംസളവും കമനീയവുമാക്കിത്തീർത്ത ഒരു ശില്പമാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡമർമ്മ''യ്ക്കുള്ളത്. [This historical aspect is used as a skeleton embodied with contributions of romantic imagination to form an elegant as well as fleshy structure for ''Marthandavarma''.]}} The novel presents the events during [[Kollavarsham]] 901 to 906 ([[Gregorian Calendar]]: 1726{{ndash}}1731), pertaining to disputes over the throne of [[Venad]] during 1729.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=38|loc=. 1729–മാണ്ട് അന്നത്തെ വേണാടിന്റെ ഭരണാവകാശത്തെ ചുറ്റിപ്പറ്റിയുണ്ടായ തർക്കങ്ങൾ ആണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ ചരിത്രപരമായ അംശം. [In the year 1729, the disputes around the right to rule (heirship) in the then Venad are the historical aspects of ''Marthandavarma''.]}} According to [[George Irumbayam]], history is wrapped in [[Chivalric romance|romance]], and [[K. M. Tharakan]] echoes that point.{{sfnmp|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|1p=75|1loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ{{ndash}}ഒരു പഠനം [''Marthandavarma''{{ndash}}A Study]|1ps=. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ മുൻപറഞ്ഞ ചരിത്രയാഥാർത്ഥ്യത്തിന്റെ കങ്കാളത്തിന്മേൽ കാല്പനികാംശത്തിന്റെ മജ്ജയും മാംസവും പിടിപ്പിച്ചിരിക്കയാണ്. [In ''Marthandavarma'', the marrow and flesh of romantic aspect are fixed on the skeleton of historic reality.]|K. M. Tharakan|2005|2p=49|2loc=ഭാഗം രണ്ട് [Part Two]|2ps=. കാല്പനികതയിൽ മുങ്ങി നിൽക്കുന്ന ഈ ആഖ്യായികയ്ക്ക് റിയലിസ്റ്റ് അംശങ്ങൾ ആവോളം നൽകുന്നതും സംഭാഷണമാണ്. [The realist aspects given as possible to this narrative, which is immersed in romance, is through dialog.]}} The internal conflicts in this novel are presented through the character of Subhadra, while most of major conflicts in the novel are external.{{sfnp|K. M. Tharakan|2005|p=51|loc=ഭാഗം രണ്ട് [Part Two]. നോവലിന്റെ പ്രാണൻ ആന്തരികവും ബാഹ്യവുമായ സംഘർഷമാണെന്ന വീക്ഷണമാണ് സി. വി. തന്റെ കൃതികളിൽ പ്രതിഫലിക്കുന്നത്. [C. V reflects in his works that the soul of novel is perception of internal and external conflicts.]}} Kalpatta Balakrishnan notes that Anathapadmanabhan's heroic adventures combine [[Chivalric romance|romance]] and history.{{sfnp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|pp=62{{ndash}}63|loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]|ps=. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'' ഒരു ചരിത്രറൊമാൻസാണെന്ന വാദത്തിന് ഏറ്റവും വലിയ മുതൽക്കൂട്ട് അനന്തപത്മനാഭനാകുന്നു. അവിശ്വസനീയമായ വീരസാഹസികതകൾ... [Ananthapadmanabhan is the biggest principal addition to the argument that ''Marthandavarma'' is a historical romance. Unbelievable heroic adventures...] അനന്തപത്മനാഭൻ സാങ്കല്പികകഥാപാത്രമല്ലെന്നാണ് പുതിയ വാദഗതി. [The new course of argument is that Ananthapadmanabhan is not an imaginary character.]}} The novel promotes hero-worship and [[patriotism]] through [[Romance (love)|romantic]] affectation, a mode maintained until the end.{{sfnp|K. M. Tharakan|2005|p=51|loc=ഭാഗം രണ്ട് [Part Two]. ഇത് വീരാത്ഭുതരസങ്ങളെ ഉണർത്തുന്നു, വീരാരാധന വളർത്തുന്നു; ദേശപ്രേമത്തെ ജ്വലിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. കൗമാരപ്രണയവികാരങ്ങളെ തർപ്പണം ചെയ്യുന്നു. ജിജ്ഞാസയെ ഉദ്ദീപിപ്പിച്ചിട്ട് അവസാനം വരെ കെടാതെ സൂക്ഷിക്കുന്നു. [This arouses amusement on heroic wonders, develops hero-worship, ignites patriotism. (This) does the libation of teenage romantic emotions. The curiosity is generated, then kept until the end.]}}

===Romance and romanticism===
The [[Realism (arts)|realistic]] aspects of the novel are presented through conversations, which in its inherence and vigor provide an individuality to the story.{{sfnp|K. M. Tharakan|2005|p=49|loc=ഭാഗം രണ്ട് [Part Two]|ps=. കാല്പനികതയിൽ മുങ്ങി നിൽക്കുന്ന ഈ ആഖ്യായികയ്ക്ക് റിയലിസ്റ്റ് അംശങ്ങൾ ആവോളം നൽകുന്നതും സംഭാഷണമാണ്. [The realist aspects given as possible to this narrative, which is immersed in romance, is through dialogue.]കഥയിൽ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന സംഭാഷണത്തിന്റെ സ്വാഭാവികതയും ഓജസ്സും കഥാപാത്രങ്ങൾക്കെന്നപോലെ കഥയ്ക്കും സ്വകീയ സത്വശോഭയും തന്മയത്വവും സമാമനിക്കുന്നു. [The inherency and vigor of the dialogues given in the plot gift its own venerable grace and individuality to the story as that to the characters.]}} [[George Irumbayam]] is of the view that the [[Chivalric romance|romantic]] elements in the novel are intertwined with the realistic legibility of historical elements.{{sfnp|''Malayāḷanōval Pattompatāṁ Nūṯāṇṭil''|1997|p=99|loc=ചരിത്രനോവൽ{{ndash}}മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയും അക്ബറും|ps=. Historical Novel{{ndash}}''Marthandavarma'' and ''Akbar''. ..''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ ഇടകലർന്നു കാണാം. ഇതിവൃത്തത്തിലെ ചരിത്രസംഭവങ്ങളുടെ യാഥാർത്ഥ്യനിഷ്ഠയും കല്പിതഭാഗങ്ങളുടെ കാല്പനികതയും പ്രകടമാണ്. [...can be seen intermixed. The realistic legibility of historical events and the romance in deemed parts are visible.]}} The honest behavior of Mangoikkal Kuruppu to the prince, the anxious preparations of Karthyayani Amma to receive Padmanabhan Thambi, short-tempered reactions of Shanku Assan represent realistic aspects in the novel.{{sfnp|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|pp=76{{ndash}}77|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ{{ndash}}ഒരു പഠനം [''Marthandavarma''{{ndash}}A Study]. കാർത്ത്യായനിയമ്മ, ശങ്കു ആശാൻ, മാങ്കോയിക്കൽ കുറുപ്പ് എന്നിവരുടെ പെരുമാറ്റവും സംഭാഷണവും മറ്റും യഥാതഥമായ നോവലിലേതുതന്നെയാണ്. [The behavior, dialogs, and others of Karthyayani Amma, Shanku Assan, and Mangoikkal Kuruppu are as that in a realistic novel.] എന്നാൽ മാങ്കോയിക്കൽ കുറുപ്പെന്ന നാടൻ കൃഷീവലന്റെ യുവരാജാവിനോടുള്ള നിഷ്കപടമായ പെരുമാറ്റം, തമ്പിയെ സ്വീകരിക്കാനുള്ള കാർത്ത്യായനിയമ്മയുടെ തിരക്കുകളും ഒരുക്കുകൂട്ടലും, ശങ്കു ആശാന്റെ എടുത്തുചാട്ടവും ശുണ്ഠിയും, തുടങ്ങിയവയിലെല്ലാം യഥാതഥമായ ജീവിതചിത്രങ്ങൾ തന്നെയാണു കാണുക. [But in the, sincere behavior of provincial farmer, Mangoikkal Kuruppu to the prince, Karthyayani Amma's haste and preparations to receive Thambi, recklessness and short-temper of Shanku Assan, and in those follows, the realistic pictures of life are seen.]}} N. Balakrishnan Nair states that the novel is a love story built around a serious period in the history of [[Travancore]].{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=89|loc=രണ്ടു കാര്യങ്ങൾ [Two affairs]}} The [[romance (love)|romance]] of Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukutty is presented as a supporting aspect to [[heroism]] in the novel.{{sfnp|''Rasāviṣkaraṇaṁ Si.Vi.Nōvalukaḷil''|2013|p=56|ps=. വീരത്തിന് അംഗമായി ശൃംഗാരത്തിന്റെ നിബന്ധനം അനന്തപത്മനാഭന്റെയും പാറുക്കുട്ടിയുടെയും പ്രണയാഭിലാഷങ്ങളിലൂടെ...[As a limb to heroism, amor is bound through the romantic desires of Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukutty...]}} The romance between Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukutty gives a soul and emotional angle to the historical and political themes of the novel.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=38|loc=...പാറുക്കുട്ടിയും തിരുമുഖത്തുപിള്ളയുടെ മകനും ഇളയ രാജാവിന്റെ വാത്സല്യഭാജനവും ആശ്രിതനുമായ അനന്തപത്മനാഭനും തമ്മിലുള്ള പ്രണയത്തിന്റെ കഥ ചരിത്രപരവും രാഷ്ട്രീയവുമായ കഥാവസ്തുവിന് പുതു ജീവൻ നൽകുന്നു. [The story of romance between Parukutty and Anandapadmanabhan, who is the son of Thirumukhathu Pilla, also the dearest of prince, provides new life to the plot which is historical as well as politics itself.]}} The historical plot about power struggle between Marthanda Varma and rebels is presented as rich and active through the love story of Ananthapadmanbhan and Parukutty.{{sfnp|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|p=73|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ{{ndash}}ഒരു പഠനം [''Marthandavarma''{{ndash}}A Study]|ps=. അവരുടെ പ്രണയകഥയാണു മേല്പറഞ്ഞ ചരിത്രശകലത്തിന് മജ്ജയും മാംസവും ജീവനും നല്കുന്നത്. [The above said historical piece is given with marrow, flesh, and life by their love story.]}} The emotional factor of the novel is further emphasized with another plot of romance involving Ananthapadmanabhan with the [[unrequited love]] of Zulaikha, thereby making the love story a [[love triangle]].{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=38|loc=നോവലിലെ വൈകാരിക ഘടകത്തിന് ഊന്നൽ നൽകുന്ന മറ്റൊരു കഥാതന്തുവും ഒരു ത്രികോണ പ്രണയരൂപത്തിൽ നോവലിൽ സന്നിവേശിപ്പിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. [In the novel, another story-line is comprised in the form of a love triangle to support the emotional factor of the novel.]}} The story of Subhadra is also considered as a tragic love story, which strengthens the romantic aspects of the novel.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=38|loc=മറ്റൊരു ദുരന്തപ്രണയകഥയും കൂടി ഈ നോവലിലെ കല്പിതാംശത്തിന് ശക്തി പകർന്നുകൊണ്ട് സി. വി. അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. [C. V. also presents another tragic love story to strengthen the deemed aspect of this novel.]}} The love failures of Subhadra and Zulaikha aid in creating a favorable surrounding for the romantic aspects of the novel.{{sfnp|''Rasāviṣkaraṇaṁ Si.Vi.Nōvalukaḷil''|2013|p=56|loc= സുലൈഖയുടെയും സുഭദ്രയുടെയും വിപ്രലംഭദുഃഖങ്ങൾ...[The sadness of Zulaikha and Subhadra due to love failures...]}} D. Benjamin remarks that the very first instance of romantic love in Malayalam literature is in this novel.{{sfnp|Benjamin|2010|p=25|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]|ps=. കാല്പനികപ്രണയത്തിന്റെ മുഗ്ധമായ ഭാവഭംഗികൾ ആദ്യം പ്രകടിതമാകുന്നതും ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽതന്നെ. [The elegant expression of romantic love is first displayed in ''Marthandavarma''.]}} The longing of Parukutty for the return of her lover, Zulaikha's love failure are seen as reminiscences of [[romanticism|romantic]] love, and latter is considered as foremost romantic heroine of Malayalam literature in romanticism.{{sfnp|Benjamin|2010|p=25|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]. പ്രതീക്ഷകൾക്കെതിരായ പ്രതീക്ഷയോടെ കാത്തിരിക്കുന്ന പാറുക്കുട്ടി... ...സുലൈഖ 'നളിനി'ക്കും 'ലീല'ക്കും മുമ്പേ മലയാളം കണ്ട കാല്പനികപ്രണയനായികയത്രേ.[...hopeful awaiting of Parukutty against expectations... ...Zulaikha is the romantic lover seen in Malayalam before 'Naḷiṉi' and 'Līla'.]}} The romantic aspects similar to that in ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]'' and in the apocalyptic poetry of [[William Blake]] are identified in the personality of Subhadra, with which the character conveys a conflict-oriented complexity of multi-colored romanticism.{{sfnp|Benjamin|2010|p=26|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]. ''പ്രൊമെത്യൂസ് അൺബൗണ്ടി''ലെ 'മെഡൂസ'യും ബ്ലേക്കിന്റെ അപ്പോക്കാലിപ്റ്റിക് കവിതകളിലെ ബിംബകല്പനകളും സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്ന അപസാമാന്യമായ കാല്പനികാനുഭവത്തിന്റെ ഒരംശം സുഭദ്രയുടെ വ്യക്തിത്വത്തിൽ ലയിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. [An aspect of the unusual feel of romanticism create by 'Medusa' of ''Prometheus Unbound'' and by imaginations of images in the poetry of Blake is blended in the personality of Subhadra.] ...കാല്പനികമായ ഭാവശബളത നിറഞ്ഞ ഒരു സങ്കീർണ്ണചിത്രമാണ് സുഭദ്രയുടേത്. ഈ വൈരുദ്ധ്യവിശിഷ്ടമായ സങ്കീർണ്ണതയ്കക്ക് വല്ലാത്തൊരാകർഷകത്വമുണ്ട്. [...Subhadra's is a complex picture, which is romantically multicolored. This conflict-oriented complexity has an unbearable attraction.]}}

===Politics===
The author's political interests are shown in allegorical form.{{sfnp|A. M. Vasudevan Pillai|1991|p=43|loc=സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ളയുടെ രാഷ്ട്രീയ നോവലുകൾ [Political novels of C. V. Raman Pillai]}} The novel presents the conspiracies, power struggle, internal agitations in the political history of Travancore, and history provided the basic conflict and a suitable period.{{sfnmp|''Dēśacaritraṁ Si.Vi.yuṭe Nōvalukaḷil''|2013|1p=36|1ps=. തിരുവിതാംകൂറിന്റെ രാഷ്ട്രീയ ചരിത്രത്തിലെ ഉപജാപങ്ങളും അധികാരത്തിനുവേണ്ടിയുള്ള മല്പിടിത്തവും ആഭ്യന്തരകലാപങ്ങളുമാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'' മുതൽ... ...നോവലുകളിലെ പ്രമേയം. [The conspiracies, power struggle, internal agitations in the political history of Travancore are the themes in novels from ''Marthandavarma''...]|Benjamin|2010|2p=18|2loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]|ps=. ...നോവലെന്ന നിലയ്ക്ക് ഈ കൃതിയുടെ മഹത്വം ഈ ചരിത്രപശ്ചാത്തലത്തെയല്ല ആശ്രയിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്. നോവലിന് സുനിശ്ചിതമായ ഒരു കാലവും സ്ഥലവും ക്രിയാപദ്ധതിക്കടിസ്ഥാനമായ സംഘർഷത്തിന്റെ ബീജവും നൽകുക എന്ന ധർമ്മമാണ് ഈ ചരിത്രപശ്ചാത്തലം നിർവഹിക്കുന്നത്. [...as a novel the greatness of this work is not dependent on this historical background. This historical background accomplishes the ethic, which provides a suitable period, location and a cause for the conflict, which is base to course of action in the novel.]}} Novelist incorporated political and social undercurrents of Venad in the novel, which discusses a conflict between the ruler and the ruled.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=39|loc=... രാഷ്ട്രീയവും സാമൂഹികവുമായ അന്തർധാരകൾ... [...political and social undercurrents...] രാഷ്ട്രീയപരമായി നോക്കിയാൽ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ പ്രശ്നം അധികാരത്തിന്റെ, രാജാ—പ്രജാ ബന്ധത്തിന്റെ പ്രശ്നം തന്നെയാണ്. [If perceived politically, the issue in ''Marthandavarma'' is power, rather the issue is conflict between the ruler and the ruled.]}} The social relevance lies in its questioning of the collateral rule of succession ([[Marumakkathayam]]) followed in Venad, with the failed agitation of [[Nair]]-[[Thampi|Thambi]] clans to acquire power from [[Nair|Varmas]].{{sfnmp|Benjamin|2010|1p=19|1loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]. ഈ രാഷ്ട്രീയസംഘർഷത്തിനു സാമൂഹികമായ ഒരു മാനം കൂടിയുണ്ട്. [This political conflict has a social space too.]|''Dēśacaritraṁ Si.Vi.yuṭe Nōvalukaḷil''|2013|2p=40|2ps=. ചരിത്രപരമായി നോക്കുമ്പോൾ ക്ഷത്രിയരിൽ നിന്ന് രാജാധികാരം പിടിച്ചെടുക്കാൻ നായന്മാർ-തമ്പിമാർ നടത്തിയ പരാജയപ്പെട്ട സമരമായും... [If previewed historically, the failed agitation by Nairs-Thambies to conquer power from Kshatriyas...]}} In a way, the basic theme of novel is the eruption of revolt against the collateral succession through maternal nephews, and the subsequent suppression of the revolt.{{sfnp|''Dēśacaritraṁ Si.Vi.yuṭe Nōvalukaḷil''|2013|p=40|loc=മരുമക്കത്തായത്തിനെതിരെ കലാപം പൊട്ടിപ്പുറപ്പെടുന്നതും അതടിച്ചമർത്തുന്നതുമാണ് ഒരർത്ഥത്തിൽ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനപ്രമേയം. [The eruption of revolt against the collateral succession through maternal nephews, and the suppression of that (revolt) is the basic theme of ''Marthandavarma''.]}} Kalpatta Balakrishnan notes that the major theme of the novel is power struggle between the royal head and the kingship seekers, and not a conflict between the ruled and the ruler.{{sfnp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|pp=60{{ndash}}61|loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]|ps=. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ രാജാവും രാജപദമോഹികളും തമ്മിലുള്ള സംഘട്ടനമാണ് സുപ്രധാനം [In ''Marthandavarma'', the fight between king and kingship seekers.]...അതിനാൽത്തന്നെ പ്രജകളും രാജാവും തമ്മിലുള്ള സംഘട്ടനമല്ല ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ മുഖ്യപ്രമേയം. [...so, the fight between the ruled and ruler is not the main theme in ''Marthandavarma''.]}} The relevance of historical context is that, it is about the contest to acquire political power, and the political significance is that it is about forceful acquisition of royal power, and so novel is previewed as a political novel.{{sfnmp|''Dēśacaritraṁ Si.Vi.yuṭe Nōvalukaḷil''|2013|1p=40|1loc=. ...രാജാധികാരം സ്ഥാപിക്കുകയാണ് മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ രാജാവ് ചെയ്തത്. ആദ്യനോവലിന്റെ രാഷ്ട്രീയമായ അർത്ഥമാനം ഈ അധികാരത്തിന്റെ ബലാത്കാരമായ പിടിച്ചെടുക്കലാണ്. [...Marthanda Varma did the establishment of royal power. The political significance of first novel is the forceful acquisition of this power.]|Benjamin|2010|2pp=18{{ndash}}19|2loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ സൂചിതമാകുന്ന ചരിത്രസന്ധിയുടെ പ്രസക്തി അത് രാഷ്ട്രീയാധികാരം പിടിച്ചെടുക്കാനുള്ള മൽസരത്തിന്റേതാണെന്നാണ്. ഇതിവൃത്തശില്പത്തിന്റെ മുഖ്യസൂത്രംതന്നെ ഈ അധികാരവടംവലിയും അതിന്റെ പരിണാമവുമാണല്ലോ. [The relevance of historical juncture indicated in ''Marthandavarma'' is that it is about the contest to acquire political power. The main idea of plot structure is this power struggle and its conclusion.] ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]|ps=. അതുകൊണ്ടുതന്നെ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യെ ഒരു രാഷ്ട്രീയനോവലായിക്കാണുകയല്ലേ... [So, its better to see ''Marthandavarma'' as a political novel...]}} The freedom of thought that links the ruled ones to the power is presented through Mangoikkal Kuruppu's impeccable criticism of kingship.{{sfnp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|p=61|loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]. ഈ സ്വാന്ത്ര്യബുദ്ധി, ഒരു ഗ്രാമീണകർഷകന്റെ നിഷ്കളങ്കമായ രാജത്വവിമർശനമായി മാങ്കോയിക്കൽ കുറുപ്പിലൂടെയും... [This freedom of thought through Mangoikkal Kuruppu's honest criticism of kingship...]}} In the high-paced narrative, the character of Subhadra creates the lot of responses, as she is the only political character in the novel, even though the character Marthanda Varma represents royal lineage, royal power and royal justice, where as Thambies and Pillas are the riotous group who try to topple the traditional rule of succession in the kingdom.{{sfnmp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|1p=61|1loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ ക്രിയാചടുലതയിൽ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ പ്രതികരണം സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്ന കഥാപാത്രം സുഭദ്രയായത്... [...that Subhadra became the character that creates maximum responses within the speed of events in ''Marthandavarma''.] ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ ഏക രാഷ്ട്രീയകഥാപാത്രം സുഭദ്രയാണ്. [Subhadra is the only political character in ''Marthandavarma''.]|''Rājanītiyuṁ Prajādhaṟmmavuṁ''|2013|2p=20|2ps=. ...രാജവംശത്തെയും രാജാധികാരത്തെയും രാജനീതിയെയും തന്നെയാണ് മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ ഈ നോവലിൽ... [..in this novel Marthanda Varma represents royal lineage, royal power and royal justice...]}} Subhadra represents the [[patriotic]] code of conduct, with which she heads to defeat the attempts of rebel groups, and eventually sacrifices her life.{{sfnp|''Rājanītiyuṁ Prajādhaṟmmavuṁ''|2013|loc=p.20|ps=. ..സുഭദ്ര രാജ്യസ്നേഹപ്രചോദിതമായ പ്രജാധർമ്മാനുഷ്ഠാനത്തിന്റെ മറ്റൊരു ... [..Subhadra is an image of code of conduct influenced by patriotism...]}} The open claim for the throne and the subsequent agitations lead the course of actions in the novel; which in result is to topple the rule of succession of the kingdom.{{sfnp|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009|p=25|ps=, സിംഹാസനത്തിനുവേണ്ടി, അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ഭരണസ്ഥാനത്തിനവവേണ്ടി നേരിട്ടുള്ള അവകാശവാദവും, വെല്ലുവിളിയും സമരവും ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ നഗ്നമായി കാണാം. ആ സമരത്തിലെ ക്രിയാംശമാണ് നോവലിന്റെ നീല ഞരമ്പുകൾ. ഇതൊരു വിട്ടവീഴ്ചയില്ലാത്ത സമരവും ഈ സരത്തിന്റെ ഫലം രാജഭരണത്തെ നയിച്ചിരുന്ന ദായക്രമത്തെ മാറ്റിമറിക്കാവുന്നതുമാണ്. [The direct claim, challenge and agitation for the throne or the ruling position can be seen nakedly in ''Marthandavarma''. The aspect of action in that, agitations are the blue veins of novel. This is a no-compromise agitation and result of the agitation is to topple the rule of succession that led the kingship.]}} This no-compromise fight for the throne makes the novel rather a political history of power struggle in [[Venad]].{{sfnp|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009|p=26|ps=, ...സിംഹാസനത്തിന് ചുറ്റും നടക്കുന്ന വിധിനിർണ്ണായകമായ ഒരു അധികാരസമരം. അതാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യെ കൂടുതലളവിൽ നിർബന്ധമായി ഒരു അധികാരരാഷ്ട്രീയ സമരത്തിന്റെ ചരിത്രമാക്കുന്നത്. [...a fate-decisive power struggle around the throne. That makes ''Marthandavarma'' moreover, compulsorily a history of power-politics-agitation.]}} Novelist raises the royal position through the novel, not the personality of the royal head because the history in novel is the historical awareness constituted by the author.{{sfnmp|''Śatābdi Praśasti''|2009|1p=13|1loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'' പ്രതിനിധാനം ചെയ്യുന്ന രാജസ്ഥാനത്തെയാണ്, രാജാവായ വ്യക്തിയെയല്ല സി. വി. ഉയർത്തിക്കാട്ടുന്നത്. [C. V. raises the royal position in ''Marthandavarma'' not the royal head.]|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|2p=39|2loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ ചരിത്രം നോവലിസ്റ്റ് സംഘടിപ്പിച്ചെടുത്ത ചരിത്രാവബോധമാണ്. [History in ''Marthandavarma'' is historical awareness constituted by the novelist.]}}

===Conflicts===
When the historical background is kept apart, the novel represents dramatic feud between the [[good and bad]], and concludes to the complete failure of sin and partial success of goodness in the end.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=39|loc=ചരിത്രപശ്ചാത്തലം മാറ്റിനിർത്തി നോക്കുകയാണെങ്കിൽ നന്മതിന്മകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള സംഘർഷത്തിന്റെ നാടകീയാവതരണമാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ കാണാവുന്നത്. [Dramatic presentation of feud between the good and bad is seen in ''Marthandavarma'', when the historical background is kept apart.] ...ദുരന്തനാടകങ്ങളിലെന്നപോലെ തിന്മയുടെ ആത്യന്തികപരാജയവും നന്മയുടെ ഭാഗികവിജയവും ആണ്. [...complete failure of sin and partial win of goodness as in tragedy plays.]}} The novel presents the fight between respectable and despicable characters as that in [[Hindu mythological wars#The Devas and Asuras|devasura conflict]].{{sfnp|K. M. Tharakan|2005|p=51|loc=ഭാഗം രണ്ട് [Part Two]. ദേവാസുരന്മാരെന്നപോലെ ഉത്തമന്മാരും അധമന്മാരുമായ കഥാപാത്രങ്ങൾ രണ്ടു ചേരിയിലായി നില്ക്കുന്നു. സംഘട്ടനവും ആരംഭിക്കുന്നു. [Respectable and despicable characters stands on two sides like devas and asuras. The fight also begin.]}} According to K. M. Tharakan, though novelist tries to preach global philosophy about the final victory of goodness through various conflicts in the plot, serious effort is not taken to unveil the human mindset; however, M. P. Paul mentions that author depicts peculiar skill in presenting minute emotions of human mind, in the novel.{{sfnmp|K. M. Tharakan|2005|1p=51|1loc=ഭാഗം രണ്ട് [Part Two]. ഈ യുദ്ധത്തിലും ജയിക്കുന്നത് ദേവന്മാർ തന്നെ. ക്രിയാപ്രധാനമായ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ ലോകതത്ത്വോപദേശത്തിനു സി. വി. അവിടവിടെ മുതിരുന്നുവെങ്കിലും മാനവചിത്തവൃത്തികളെ അനാവരണം ചെയ്യാൻ ഗൗരവപൂർവ്വം പരിശ്രമിക്കുന്നില്ല. [Devas win this fight. Though C. V. attempts to preach global philosophy in the action oriented ''Marthandavarma'', serious effort is not taken to unveil human mindset.]|''Nōvalsāhityaṁ''|1991|2p=141|2loc=ഭാഷാനോവൽ–സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ള [Novel in Language – C. V. Raman Pilla]|ps=. മനുഷ്യഹൃദയത്തിന്റെ അതിസൂക്ഷ്മങ്ങളായ വികാരഭേദങ്ങൾ ചിത്രീകരിക്കുവാൻ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മാ'' കർത്താവിന്നുള്ളതിനു തുല്യമായ പാടവം... [..the equivalent skill of ''Marthandavarma'' creator to picturize very minute emotional variations of human heart.]}} Even though, the motif of the novel is [[politics]], the curiosity generated in the novel is through exceptional presentation of interpersonal issues.{{sfnp|Benjamin|2010|pp=19{{ndash}}20|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]. ...ഈ നോവലിന്റെ മോട്ടിഫ് രാഷ്ട്രീയമാണെന്നാണ്... [...is that novel's motif is politics...] ...രാഷ്ട്രീയ സംഭവഗതികളല്ല. സവിശേഷമായ വ്യക്തിബന്ധങ്ങളിൽനിന്നുയിർക്കൊള്ളുന്ന സമസ്യകളാണ്. [...not the course of political events. From the problems that get life from especial personal relations (of characters).]}} The novel successfully comprises history of the state, interpersonal relationships, and social issues in the outset of imagination.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|pp=42{{ndash}}43|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ [Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma]|ps=. രാജ്യചരിത്രത്തെയും വ്യക്തിബന്ധങ്ങളെയും സമുദായപ്രശ്നങ്ങളെയും ഭാവനയുടെ പരിവേഷമണിയിച്ച് അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിൽ ആ കൃതി വിജയം വരിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. [That literary work successfully presents the history of the state, interpersonal relationships, and social issues in the outset of imagination.]}} The character of Subhadra adds the investigative mood to the plot, though she is considered as the foremost representation of [[tragedy]] in C. V. Raman Pillai's writings.{{sfnmp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|1p=62|1loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]. ...ഒരു ഡിറ്റക്ടീവ് കഥാപാത്രത്തിൽനിന്ന് സുഭദ്രയ്ക്കുള്ള അന്വേഷണത്വരയുടെ പ്രസക്തി... [...the investigative intention of Subhadra despite being a detective character...]|Benjamin|2010|2p=30|2loc=ദുരന്തബോധം സി. വി. സാഹിത്യത്തിൽ [Tragic consciousness in C. V. literature]|ps=. ...പെട്ടെന്നു നമ്മുടെ മനസ്സിൽ തെളിയുക സുഭദ്രയുടെ ... [..very then, Subhadra's... in our mind.]}} The amusement-thread of the novel is led by her secretive investigations similar to that of [[Sherlock Holmes]].{{sfnp|Benjamin|2010|p=20|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]|ps=. ...രഹസ്യങ്ങൾ അനാവരണം ചെയ്യാനുള്ള സുഭദ്രയുടെ സ്വകാര്യ പരിശ്രമങ്ങളാണ് ഈ നോവലിന്റെ രസച്ചരട് മുന്നോട്ടു നയിക്കുന്നത്. ഷെർലക് ഹോംസിന്റെ രഹസ്യാന്വേഷണവൈദഗ്ദ്ധ്യം പ്രകടിപ്പിക്കുന്ന സുഭദ്ര... [...the private attempts of Subhadra to unveil the secrets lead the amusement-thread of this novel. Subhadra, who displays Sherlock Holmes' talent of secret investigation...]}} The story of Subhadra is presented as a delightful tragedy, where she realizes her identity apart from the atrocities of her ancestors.{{sfnp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|p=86|loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]|ps=. എട്ടുവീടരുടെ കാടത്തത്തിൽ നിന്ന് ഭിന്നമായി തനിക്കുള്ള അസ്തിത്വമെന്തെന്നറിഞ്ഞവളുടെ സന്തോഷകരമായ ദുരന്തമാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലുള്ളത്. [ ''Marthandavarma'' possesses the delightful tragedy of one, who realized her existence apart from the barbarity of Ettuveettil Pillas.]}}

[[N. Krishna Pillai]] and Prof. [[V. Anandakuttan Nair]] state that the novel comprises three plots, among which the first one is the political theme about the power struggle between [[Marthanda Varma]] and opponents, the second is the [[romance (love)|romance]] of Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukutty, and the third is the tragedy of Subhadra.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Caritravuṁ Kalpanayuṁ''|2009|p=109}} M. G. Sasibhooshan states that the plot consists of four sections, which are the above three together with the adventures of [[Marthanda Varma]], and concordance of these sections made the novel as an exceptional literary work.{{sfnp|''Peruntaccanṟe Baliṣṭhaśilpaṅṅaḷ''|2013|p=143}}

==Style==

===Structure===
The novel is presented in twenty-six chapters describing the historical events, and each chapter is provided with an [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] in the form of verses that implies the content of the respective chapter.{{sfnp|''Sūcitasāhityakr̥tikaḷ''|2009|p=112|ps=, ഉദ്ധരണികളിൽ പ്രധാനം, അദ്ധ്യായങ്ങളുടെ ആരംഭത്തിൽ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന കഥാസൂചകങ്ങളോ പാത്രസ്വഭാവസൂചകങ്ങളോ ആയ പദ്യശകലങ്ങളാകയാൽ, അവയ്ക്ക് അതതു അദ്ധ്യായങ്ങളിലെ കഥാസന്ദർഭവുമായുള്ള ബന്ധവും ഔചിത്യവും... [As the, verses that are plot-implication or behavior-implication of characters are the important among the quoted ones, the relation and propriety to the context of plot in the respective chapters...]}} The major events of the novel take place during [[Kollavarsham]] 903{{ndash}}904 ([[Gregorian Calendar]]: 1728), within a span of twenty-eight days, among which only eleven days are explicitly presented through the chapters from two to twenty-six. A night during the Kollavarsham 901 is presented in chapter one and a consolidated set of events until Kollavarsham 906 is narrated in the final chapter.{{sfnp|''Kathākālaṁ; saṁbhavasthalaṅṅaḷ''|2009|pp=126{{ndash}}127}} The novel switches to earlier periods, 1680s, 1703, 1720 while describing the backgrounds of Sundarayyan and Subhadra, marriage and breakup of Subhadra, and the relationship of Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukutty. Prof. Thumpamon Thomas points that the narration is as small water streams that eventually form into a waterfall similar to the strands in a twisted rope made of coir.{{sfnp|Thumpamon Thomas|1992|p=42|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിലൂടെ [Through ''Marthandavarma'']}} The author successfully combines geographical structure of locality and suitable historical period with a legitimacy of day and night, and an accuracy as in an almanac, through his narrative style.{{sfnp|Sreekanta Kurup|2007|p=94|loc=സ്ഥലകാലദർശനം [Sight of place and time]|ps=. ... ഇതിവൃത്തത്തെ ഭംഗിയായി ഉൾക്കൊള്ളുന്നതുമായ ഒരു സ്ഥലഘടനയും അതിനിണങ്ങുന്നതും രാപകലുകളുടെ വ്യവസ്ഥയും പഞ്ചാംഗത്തിന്റെ കൃത്യതയും പാലിക്കുന്ന ഒരു കാലസങ്കൽപ്പവും മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിൽ ഇണക്കിയെടുക്കാൻ സി.വി.ക്ക് കഴിഞ്ഞുവെന്നാണ്... [... that C.V. was able to accommodate a geographical structure beautifully comprising the plot with a matching imagination of time, which maintains legitimacy of day and night, as well as the accuracy of almanac ...]}}

===Characterisation===
The story is narrated in a non-complex structure by maintaining the momentum of heroic valor and action, while presenting three dimensional characters.{{sfnp|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009|p=24|ps=, ദ്രുതഗതിയിൽ നീങ്ങുന്ന സംഭവങ്ങൾ കോർത്തിണക്കിയ സംഭവപ്രധാനമായ ഒരു നോവലാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''. അതിന്റെ ഘടന സങ്കീർണ്ണമല്ല. [''Marthandavarma'' is an event-oriented novel intertwined with fast moving incidents. Its structure is not complex.] ...കഥ പറഞ്ഞുപോകാനും, വീരപരാക്രമങ്ങൾക്ക് സഹജമായുള്ള ക്രിയാവേഗം പരിരക്ഷിച്ചുകൊണ്ടുപോകാനും, സർവ്വോപരി കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളെ ത്രിമാനങ്ങളിൽ സൃഷ്ടിക്കാനുമുള്ള കഴിവ് മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിൽ വ്യക്തമായി കാണാം. [The ability to convey the story telling, to preserve the momentum of action inborn to heroic valor, above all to create the characters in three dimensions can be seen very clearly in ''Marthandavarma''.]}} The novel is noted to be focused on multiple heroes and heroines.{{sfnp|George Onakkoor|2013|p=83|loc=നായക സങ്കല്പം മലയാള നോവലിൽ [Concept of Hero in Malayalam Novel]|ps=. നായക കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളായ മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ, അനന്തപത്മനാഭൻ... [lead characters Marthandavarma and Ananthapadmanabhan...]}} Grorge Irumbayam states that the hero of the novel is Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukkutty is the heroine, however also mentions that the novel has dual heroines due to the prominence of the character, Subhadra.{{sfnmp|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|1p=72|1loc=...''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ കഥാനായകൻ അനന്തപത്മനാഭനും നായിക പാറുക്കുട്ടിയുമാണെന്ന ... [...that the hero is Ananthapadmanabhan and heroine is Parukutty in ''Marthandavarma''.]|''Nōval Si.Vi. Mutal Baṣīṟ Vare''|2009|2p=72|2loc=ധർമ്മരാജാ [Dharmaraja]|2ps=. ...''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ നായിക പാറുക്കുട്ടിയോ സുഭദ്രയോ? ഒരു ദ്വിനായികാസങ്കൽപ്പത്തിനും ഇവിടെ പ്രസക്തിയില്ലേ? [...the heroine of ''Marthandavarma'' is Parukutty or Subahadra?. Isn't the concept of dual heroines relevant here?]}} D. Benjamin notes that Marthanda Varma is the hero of novel.{{sfnp|Benjamin|2010|p=20|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]. ഈ നോവലിലെ കഥാനായകൻ മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ മഹാരാജാവാണ്. [The hero of this novel is Marthanda Varma.]}} Kalpatta Balakrishnan remarks that Ananthapadmanabhan and Parukutty are leads of the plot only when the story is a [[Romance (love)|romance]], and as the story is based on the heir-ship of [[Marthanda Varma]] who leads the course of actions, Ananthapadmanabhan is not the hero of the novel.{{sfnmp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|1p=62|1loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]. ഇതിലെ കഥാംശം ഒരു പ്രേമകഥയാണെങ്കിൽ... ...അത്തരമൊരു വികാരം അനന്തപത്മനാഭൻ പാറുക്കുട്ടി എന്നിവരിലൂടെ... ...കഥാംശം അധികാരസമരമാണെങ്കിൽ കഥാനായകനും നായികയും വേറെയാണ്. [If the story is a love story, ... then such an emotion through Ananthapadmanbhan and Parukutty... if the story is power struggle then hero and heroine are different.] അതിനാൽ അനന്തപത്മനാഭനല്ല ഈ കഥയിലെ നായകൻ. [So, Ananthapadmanabhan is not the hero of this story.]|Sreekanta Kurup|2007|2p=38|2loc=നിഗൂഢസ്രഷ്ടാവ്: വർത്തമാനകാലപരിപ്രേക്ഷ്യത്തിന്റെ ആഖ്യാനസമാന്തരം [Mysterious creator: Narrative similarity of contemporary point of view]|2ps=. ... ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ ക്രിയാകാണ്ഡത്തിനു നേതൃത്വം കൊടുക്കുന്നത് യുവരാജാവുതന്നെയാണ്. [The prince himself leads the action-section in ''Marthandavarma''...]}} The historical environment created in the novel and the personalities of bygone period are coherent to the situations.{{sfnp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|p=67|loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]. താൻ സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്ന അന്തരീക്ഷവും വ്യക്തികളും അത്യന്തം യോജിപ്പുള്ളവരാകുന്നു എന്ന സത്യം അനുഭവപ്പെടുത്താനും അവർ നമ്മുക്കു മുമ്പേ ജീവിച്ചവരും നമ്മെ സംബന്ധിച്ചിടത്തോളം സ്മരണാർഹമായ പ്രസക്തിയുള്ളവരും ആണെന്നു ബോധ്യപ്പെടുത്താനും സി.വി. യ്ക്ക് ഒട്ടും ക്ലേശിക്കേണ്ടി വരുന്നില്ല, ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലായാലും ... [C. V. does not have to strain, even in ''Marthandavarma''... to make feel the truth that environment and personalities created by him are completely coherent, and to convince that they (personalities) are memorable relevant ones lived before our time.]}} The characters are presented in a way that it is impossible to differentiate between fictional and historical ones.{{sfnp|''Malayāḷa Sāhityacaritraṁ''|2010|loc=നോവൽ [Novel]|p=126|ps=. കല്പിതപുരുഷന്മാരേയും യഥാർത്ഥമായി ജീവിച്ചിരുന്നവരേയും തമ്മിൽ വേർതിരിക്കുവാൻ നിവൃത്തിയില്ലാത്തവിധം അത്ര തന്മയത്വത്തോടെയാണു് സി. വി. തന്റെ പാത്രങ്ങളെ സൃഷ്ടിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്. [C. V. creates his characters with at-most natural identity, which makes no means to separate between fictional men and really lived ones.]}} [[N. Krishna Pillai]] notes that the major attributes of historical characters in the novel are specifically given by the author.{{sfnp|''Pratipātraṁ Bhāṣaṇabhēdaṁ''|2011|p=18|loc=അസ്തിവാരം [Foundation]|ps=. എന്നാൽ മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ, രാമയ്യൻ, പപ്പുത്തമ്പി, എട്ടുവീടർ, ... എന്നീ ചരിത്രപുരുഷന്മാർ കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളായി മാറുമ്പോൾ അവർക്കു സിദ്ധിച്ചിട്ടുള്ള വ്യക്തിത്വങ്ങൾ മുക്കാലേ അരയ്ക്കാലും സി.വി. യുടെ പ്രതിഭ സമ്മാനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളതാണ്. [But, when the historical personalities, Marthanda Varma, Ramayyan, Pappu Thambi, Ettuveettil Pillas become characters, the seven-eighths of identities obtained by them are gifted by C.V.'s talent.]}} The presentation of novel is unique with the creation of unprecedented characters and not through structure complexity.{{sfnp|Benjamin|2010|pp=21{{ndash}}22|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'': ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന [''Marthandavarma'': A Re-examination]|ps=. ...സങ്കീർണ്ണമായ ഇതിവൃത്ത ശില്പങ്ങൾ മെനഞ്ഞെടുക്കുന്നതിലല്ല; അപൂർവ്വമായ കഥാപാത്രസങ്കല്പനത്തിലാണ്. [...not in the creation of complex plot structures; unprecedented imagination of characters.]}}

===Rhetorical dramatism===
The presentation of characters in the novel is noted to be similar to the appearance of roles in [[Kathakali]].{{sfnp|Haridevan|2009|p=12|ps=. കഥകളിയിലെ വേഷങ്ങൾ പോലെയാണ് സി.വി. യുടെ കഥാപാത്രങ്ങൾ നോവലിൽ പ്രത്യക്ഷപ്പെടുന്നത്. [C.V.'s characters are appearing in the novel like the roles in Kathakali.]}} The novel is noted for the usage of rhetorical embellishments in narration.{{sfnp|Sreekanta Kurup|2007|p=69|loc=ആഖ്യാനകലയും പാരമ്പര്യഘടകങ്ങളും [Narrative art and traditional elements]|ps=. വർണ്ണനകളിൽ മറ്റൊരു ഗദ്യകാരനും അദ്ദേഹത്തെപ്പോലെ അലങ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രയോഗിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടാവില്ല. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ പത്താമധ്യായത്തിൽ ... [No other prose writer would have used rhetoric embellishments in description, like him. In the tenth chapter of ''Marthandavarma'' ...]}} The novel uses a particular style of using verses from ballads, [[puranas]], and archaic literary works in descriptions and dialogs pertaining to the narrative situation, among which usage of quotes from puranas are comparatively less to that from [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]].{{sfnp|''Sūcitasāhityakr̥tikaḷ''|2009|pp=123,114|ps=, ... വർണ്ണനകളിലും സംഭാഷണങ്ങളിലും വരുന്ന സാന്ദർഭിക ഉദ്ധരണികളാണ്. [The situational quotes that come among the descriptions and dialogs ...] ... എന്നിങ്ങനെയുള്ള സംഭാഷണത്തിൽ വരുന്ന പുരാവൃത്തങ്ങളും, ... ഈ പുരാവൃത്തമിശ്രണം ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ താരതേമന്യ കുറവാണ്. [.. the similar puranic quotes among the dialogs, ...this mixing of puranas with plot is comparatively less in ''Marthandavarma''.]}} The major usages of quotes as epigraphs and inline ones are to indicate the plot of respective chapters or to point a particular behavior of characters, and this is noted to be a style inspired from [[Sir Walter Scott]], as well as a manifestation of author's knowledge in the puranas, legends, yesteryear ballads, and socio-cultural situation of Venad.{{sfnp|''Sūcitasāhityakr̥tikaḷ''|2009|p=112|loc= ഉദ്ധരണികളിൽ പ്രധാനം, അദ്ധ്യായങ്ങളുടെ ആരംഭത്തിൽ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്ന കഥാസൂചകങ്ങളോ പാത്രസ്വഭാവസൂചകങ്ങളോ ആയ പദ്യശകലങ്ങളാകയാൽ, അവയ്ക്ക് അതതു അദ്ധ്യായങ്ങളിലെ കഥാസന്ദർഭവുമായുള്ള ബന്ധവും ഔചിത്യവും... [As the, verses that are plot-implication or behavior-implication of characters are the important among the quoted ones, the relation and propriety to the context of plot in the respective chapters...] സർ വാൾട്ടർ സ്കോട്ടിന്റെ ചരിത്രനോവലുകൾ സി.വി.ൽ ചെലുത്തിയ സ്വാധീനശക്തിയുടെ... [The influence-power of Sir Walter Scott's historical novels in C. V. ...] പുരാണകഥകളിലും പ്രചീന-മദ്ധ്യകാല മലയാള കവിതകളിലും വേണാടിന്റെ പഴയവീരഗാഥകളിലും നമ്മുടെ ദേശചരിത്രം, ആചാരങ്ങൾ, ഐതിഹ്യങ്ങൾ മുതലായവയിലും ചെറുപ്പത്തിലേ സി.വി. നേടിയ പരിജ്ഞാനമാണിത്. [This is the knowledge acquired by C. V. in the puranic stories, ancient-middle age Malayalam poems, old heroic songs of Venad, history of our country, customs, and legends.]}} The narrative style comprises plenty of such embellishments as in a lyric, to form a rhetorical prose, and this is noted to be author's crookedness of narrative style.{{sfnp|''Gadyaṁ Pinniṭṭa Vaḻikaḷ''|2001|p=88|loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യും സി.വി. യും [''Marthandavarma'' and C.V.]|ps=. സി.വി. യുടെ കൃതികളിൽ കാവ്യോചിതമായ അലങ്കാരങ്ങൾ സുലഭമാണ്. ... അലംകൃതഗദ്യമെഴുമ്പോഴാണ് സി.വി. ഗദ്യകവിയായിമാറുന്നത്. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ നിന്ന് അല്പം കൂടി... [Rhetoric embellishments suitable to lyric are plenty in C.V.'s works. ... C.V. becomes a prose-poet when he writes rhetoric prose. A little more from ''Marthandavarma''...] സി.വി. യുടെ ശൈലീവക്രത ... [C.V.'s style-crookedness]}} The narrative style depicts a considerable level of the coherence between the consecutive sentences and in parts, and presents notions adapted from performance arts such as Kathakali, [[Play (theatre)|Play]], [[Kudiyattam]], [[Mohiniyattam]], and [[Bharatanatyam]].{{sfnp|Prabodhachandran|2003|pp=141{{ndash}}142|loc=സീ വീ ശൈലി [C V Style]|ps=. ... അടുത്തുവരുന്ന വാക്യങ്ങൾക്കും വാക്യാംഗങ്ങൾക്കും തമ്മിൽ അവശ്യം വേണ്ടുന്ന സംസക്തി (coherence) അഥവാ കൂട്ടിക്കൊളുത്തൽ സാധിക്കുന്നതിന് ... സന്ധായകങ്ങൾ ഒട്ടേറെ ... സീ വീ ശൈലിയുടെ പ്രധാനപ്പെട്ട ഒരു മുദ്രയാണ്. [... to achieve necessarily required coherence between the nearby sentences and sentence-parts ... many blended ones .. an important symbol of Śī Vī style] കഥകളി, നാടകം, കൂടിയാട്ടം, മോഹിനിയാട്ടം, ഭരതനാട്യം തുടങ്ങിയ ദൃശ്യകലാരൂപങ്ങളുടെ രംഗങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നുപോന്നുവന്ന ചിത്രങ്ങൾ .... [The pictures from the scenes of visual arts such as Kathakali, Play, Kudiyattam, Mohiniyattam, Bharatanatyam are ...]}} The dramatic language attained in the narration is through the abundant usages of [[passive voice]] and [[gender-neutral pronouns]] in [[objective case]], where as the archaic style of language is through usages of [[dative case]].{{sfnp|Prabodhachandran|2003|pp=143, 145|loc=സീ വീ ശൈലി [C V Style]|ps=. കർമ്മിണിപ്രയോഗങ്ങളുടെയും പ്രതിഗ്രാഹികാ വിഭക്തിപ്രത്യയം ചേർന്ന നപുസകനാമങ്ങളുടെയും പ്രാചുര്യം ... [The abundant usages of passive verbs and gender-neutral pronouns in objective case ...] ... ഉദ്ദേശ്യവാചി പ്രത്യയം സീ വീ ഏറെക്കുറെ മനസ്സിരുത്തിത്തന്നെ ഗ്രന്ഥശരീരത്തിൽ വാരിവിതറിയിട്ടുള്ള പഴമയുടെ ചിഹ്നങ്ങളിൽ ഒന്നുമാത്രമാണ്. [... the dative case, C. V. more or less stressfully scattered in the body of book is one of the symbols of primitiveness.]}}

===Conversational===
Pillai created a new style of his own for narration, in which author presents different style of languages for different characters.{{sfnmp|''Nōvalsāhityaṁ''|1991|1p=141|1loc=ഭാഷാനോവൽ–സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ള [Novel in Language – C. V. Raman Pilla]. .., അതിനെ ഗ്രന്ഥകാരൻ പ്രതിപാദനരീതിയുടെ നൂതനത്വം വഴിയായി സ്വകീയമാക്കി ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ടെന്നുള്ളതിനു നോവലിൽ സർവത്ര തെളിഞ്ഞുകാണപ്പെടുന്ന ഹൃദയമർമ്മജ്ഞത ഉത്തമ ലക്ഷണമാണ്. [... the heartily vital knowledge seen everywhere in the novel is an excellent trait that the author made it his own by way of neo-narrative style.]|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|2p=66|2loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]|2ps=. ...ടെക്നിക്കുകൾ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'' തൊട്ടേ പ്രസക്തമാകുന്നു. സവിശേഷഭാഷയോടുള്ള പ്രതിപത്തി... [ .. the techniques are relevant in ''Marthandavarma''. The affinity towards especial language...]}} N. Krishna Pillai points that 64% of the novel is used for conversations of characters.{{sfnp|''Pratipātraṁ Bhāṣaṇabhēdaṁ''|2011|p=24|loc=അസ്തിവാരം [Foundation]. ആകെ സംഭാഷണഭാഗങ്ങളുടെ വിശകലനത്തിൽ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലെ മൊത്തം പുറങ്ങളുടെ 64 ശതമാനവും ... സംഭാഷണരചനയ്ക്കുപയോഗിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. [In the analysis of all conversational sections, 64 percentage of total pages in ''Marthandavarma'' are used for scripting of dialogs.]}} The narration style interspersed with fine pieces of humor, and lively flashes of wit is stated as heartily attractive to the readers due to its simplicity and sweetness; which also leads the reader through the events of novel at fast pace.{{sfnmp|Editorial from ''THE HINDU''|1891|1p=72|1loc=There are interspersed throughout the book fine pieces of humour, lively flashes of wit and imagination and shrewd observations on the ways of the world and the inner workings of the human mind.|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|2pp=116{{ndash}}117|2loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിലൂടെ [Through ''Marthandavarma'']|2ps=. ഹൃദയാവർജ്ജകത്വമാണ് ശൈലിയുടെ ലക്ഷണമെങ്കിൽ ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'' അതിൽ തികച്ചും വിജയം പ്രാപിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. [If heartily acquisitiveness is the attribute of Style, then ''Marthandavarma'' attains complete success in it.]..., അത് വായനക്കാരനെ യന്ത്രവേഗത്തിൽ മുന്നോട്ടുകൊണ്ടുപോകുന്നു. കഥയുടെ ആകർഷണം മാത്രമല്ല, ഭാഷയുടെ സാരള്യവും മാധുര്യവും കൂടിയാണ് അവരെ അതിൽ ലയിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്. [..., it leads the reader ahead with motor-speed. Not only the attraction of plot, the simplicity and sweetness of language are together make them (readers) absolve.]}} The variance in the behavior of characters are shown through specific style of language used for particular characters, and the styles of language are vigorous in conversations.{{sfnp|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|p=79|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ{{ndash}}ഒരു പഠനം [''Marthandavarma''{{ndash}}A Study]. ... ലളിതവും ഹൃദയംഗവുമാണ് മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിലെ ഭാഷ. കഥാപാത്രങ്ങളുടെ സ്വഭാവത്തിനനുസൃതമായി ഭാഷയും ശൈലിയും മാറുന്നുണ്ടെങ്കിലും വർണ്ണന, ആഖ്യാനം എന്നിവയ്ക്ക് ഒരേ ഭാഷ തന്നെ... [... the language in ''Marthandavarma'' is light and heart-touching. The language for description and narration are same, though the language and style change with respect to the behavior of characters ...] സംഭാഷണത്തിൽ മാത്രമല്ല, വിവരണങ്ങളിലും സി.വി. യുടെ ഓജസ്സും ഭംഗിയുമുള്ള ശൈലി കണ്ടെത്താൻ പ്രയാസമില്ല. [Not only in conversations, in descriptions too, finding C.V.'s style that has vigor and beauty is not difficult.]}} The stylistic symbols among the specialties of language variance and author's idiolect marks the narration as a [[Classicism|classic]] style.{{sfnp|Prabodhachandran|2003|pp=145{{ndash}}146|loc=സീ വീ ശൈലി [C V Style]|ps=. ഗ്രന്ഥകാരന്റെ തന്മൊഴിയുടെയും ഭാഷാഭേദത്തിന്റെയും പ്രത്യകതകളിൽപ്പെടുന്ന ശൈലീപരമായ മുദ്രകളിൽ ചിലവ ... ക്ലാസിക് സമ്പ്രദായത്തിലുള്ള ആഖ്യാനത്തിനിണങ്ങിയ ശൈലീചിഹ്നങ്ങൾതന്നെ. [Some of the stylistic symbols among the specialties of language variance and author's idiolect ... are style marks suitable to narration in classic method.]}} The unveiling of truth and mystery in the end through conversations is arguably a perfection of narration technique, according to C. Sreekanta Kurup.{{sfnp|Sreekanta Kurup|2007|p=35|loc=നിഗൂഢസ്രഷ്ടാവ്: വർത്തമാനകാലപരിപ്രേക്ഷ്യത്തിന്റെ ആഖ്യാനസമാന്തരം [Mysterious creator: Narrative similarity of contemporary point of view]|ps=. ... പ്രധാനകഥാപാത്രങ്ങളെല്ലാം ഒന്നിച്ചുകൂടിയിരുന്നുള്ള സംഭാഷണത്തിലൂടെ അപസർപ്പകഥകളെ അനുസ്മരിപ്പിക്കും വിധം അനാവൃതമാക്കുയാണിവിടെ. ആഖ്യാനപരമായ ഒരുതരം സാങ്കേതികഭദ്രതയുണ്ടെന്നു വാദിക്കാമെങ്കിലും ... [... here uncovers, through the combined conversations of main characters in a way of reminding detective stories. Though arguably a technical perfection, in narrative mode...]}}

===Narration===
The expansion of plot is noted to be through the stagnantly rising events, without pushing back the narration on the behest of describing the struggles of characters.{{sfnp|Thumpamon Thomas|1992|p=43|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയിലൂടെ [Through ''Marthandavarma'']. ... കെട്ടിക്കയറുന്ന സംഭവങ്ങളിലൂടെ കഥയെ വികസിപ്പിച്ച് ... [... by expanding plot through the stagnantly rising events ...] ... ആഖ്യാനത്തെ പിൻപന്തിയിലേക്കു തള്ളിനീക്കുകയും കഥാപാത്രത്തിന്റെ സംഘർഷത്തിലൂടെ പാത്രസ്വഭാവം വരച്ചെടുക്കുന്നതിൽ ഊന്നൽ നല്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്ന നോവലിന്റെ രചനാകൗശലമല്ല, ... കാണുക. [... the writing trick of novel, which pushes the narration to the back row, and providing emphasize in drawing the behavior of character through character's struggles, are not ... seen.]}} The narration keeps the reader in suspense, with the rise of incidents out of incidents, leading to unexpected intricacies and complications with a veil of mystery until the final revelations.{{sfnp|Editorial from ''THE HINDU''|1891|pp=71{{ndash}}72|loc=The author is careful to keep the reader in suspense, making incidents to rise out of incidents, leading to unexpected intricacies and complications with a veil of mystery thrown over the whole, until at last all the incidents and attendant circumstances are explained and the reader finds himself relieved from all embarrassments and impediments.}} The novel is presented with so many events, the arrangements of which create a feel that plot is long enough to fit in a book double the present size of the novel.{{sfnp|''Nōvalsāhityaṁ''|1991|pp=144{{ndash}}145|loc=ഭാഷാനോവൽ–സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ള [Novel in Language – C. V. Raman Pilla]|ps=. ... ഒരു പുസ്തകത്തിന്റെ പരിധിക്കുള്ളിൽ സംഗ്രഹിത്തക്ക ഒരു കഥാവസ്തുവല്ല ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ ഉള്ളത്. ... ഇപ്പോഴുള്ളതിന്റെ ഇരട്ടി വിസ്താരമുള്ള ഒരു പുസ്തകത്തിൽ പ്രതിപാദിക്കപ്പെടേണ്ട കഥാവസ്തുവാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിൽ ഒരുക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്. [''Marthandavarma'' has in it, a story-plot that cannot be abridged in the limit of a book ... . A story-plot that is to be narrated in a book with double size of the present book size is arranged in ''Marthandavarma''.]}} The narration is presented in a manner that makes a reader to feel the accomplishment of wonders in the novel are inevitable.{{sfnp|Haridevan|2009|p=15|ps=. ഒരു സ്വപ്നം പോലെയെന്നു വിവക്ഷിക്കാവുന്ന വിധത്തിൽ അനുവാചകനിൽ ഈ അദ്ഭുതസിദ്ധി അനിവാര്യമെന്നു തോന്നത്തക്കവിധത്തിലാണ് സി.വി. രംഗമാഷ്ക്കരിക്കുന്നത്. [C.V. manifests scene in the manner that makes the reader feel this accomplishment of wonder is inevitable, that could be implied as a dream.]}} The language used in the novel is simple and is not overly mixed with [[Sanskrit]], when tallying with author's later novels.{{sfnp|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009|loc=p. 25.|ps=, അതുപോലെ അതിലെ ഭാഷയും പിൽക്കാലത്തെ രണ്ടു നോലുകളിലെപ്പോലെ സംസ്കൃതജടിലമല്ല. [Similarly, the language in that is not entangled with Sanskrit as in the two novels of later period.]}} The language used in this novel does not create any resistance to reading, unlike in his later novels.{{sfnp|Sreekanta Kurup|2007|p=63|loc=ആഖ്യാനകലയും പാരമ്പര്യഘടകങ്ങളും [Narrative art and traditional elements]|ps=. ഇവയിലെ ഭാഷ (''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യിലേതൊഴികെ) വായനക്കാരനെ പ്രതിരോധിക്കുന്ന ഒരു ഘടകമാണെന്ന് ... [... that the language in these (except in ''Marthandavarma'') is defensive to the reader.]}} The style of narration in ''Dharmaraja'' is termed as ''Kirmīravadhaśaili'', adhering to author's terminology, ''Kiṟmīravadharīti'',{{refn|name=KvStyleNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|ml|കിർമ്മീരവധരീതി|lit=method of slaying [[Kirmira]]}}{{sfnp|''Ramarajabahadur''|2009|p=9|loc=മുഖവുര [Address]|ps=. ഒരു 'കിർമ്മീരവധ'രീതിയെ... [A method of slaying Kirmira...]}}}} where as the narrative style used in this novel is termed as ''Śī Vī Śaili''.{{sfnmp|''Gadyaṁ Pinniṭṭa Vaḻikaḷ''|2001|1p=87|1loc=''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യും സി.വി. യും [''Marthandavarma'' and C.V.]|1ps=. 'കിർമ്മീരവധശൈലി' എന്നു സി.വി. തന്നെ പേരിട്ടത് ''ധർമ്മരാജാ''യിലെ ശൈലിക്കാണ്. [C.V. himself named the style as 'Kirmmīravadhaśaili' (Style of slaying Kirmīra) for the style in ''Dharmaraja''.]|Prabodhachandran|2003|2p=138|2loc=സീ വീ ശൈലി [C V Style]|2ps=. 'സീ വീ ശൈലി' എന്നാണ് ഈ ... ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''യെ മാത്രം ... [... that 'Sī Vī Śaili' (C V Style) is this ... only ''Marthandavarma'' ...]}} The author termed it as ''Mārttāṇḍavaṟmmā-style'',{{refn|name=MvStyleNote|group=upper-alpha|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmmārīti'' ({{langx|ml|മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മാരീതി|lit=''Marthandavarma''-method}}, ''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma''-rīti){{sfnp|M. P. Paul|2005|p=25|loc=ഭാഷാഗദ്യശൈലി [Prose-style of language]|ps=. 'Style' എന്ന ഇംഗ്ളീഷ് പദത്തിനുള്ള അർത്ഥം ... 'രീതി' എന്നു പറഞ്ഞാൽ ... 'ശൈലി' എന്ന പദം പ്രകൃതത്തിന്നു ... [The meaning for the English-word 'Style' ... if say, 'rīti' (method) ... for realization, the word 'śaili' ...]}}}} which he admitted to not able to continue in his later works.{{sfnp|''Ramarajabahadur''|2009|p=10|ps=. ...'മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മാ'രീതി അതിന്റെ നിർമ്മാണകാലത്തു ഗ്രന്ഥകാരനുണ്ടായിരുന്ന പ്രായത്തോടെ സമഗമനം ചെയ്തു പോയിരിക്കുന്നതായി കണ്ടു. ['Marṟttāṇḍvaṟmmā'rīti (Marthandavarma-style) is seem to be gone with the age of author during its period of creation.]}}

The novel is identified as an incident-rich work interlaced with fast-paced events during the period of a well-known historical personality, there by possessing the most required aspect of a [[historical novel]].{{sfnmp|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009|1p=24|1ps=, ദ്രുതഗതിയിൽ നീങ്ങുന്ന സംഭവങ്ങൾ കോർത്തിണക്കിയ സംഭവപ്രധാനമായ ഒരു നോവലാണ് ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ''. അതിന്റെ ഘടന സങ്കീർണ്ണമല്ല. [''Marthandavarma'' is an event-oriented novel intertwined with fast moving incidents. Its structure is not complex.]|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|2p=62|2loc=സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള [C. V. Raman Pillai]|2ps=. ''മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ'' ധാരാളം സംഭവങ്ങളും അതിപരിചിതനായ ഒരു കഥാനായകനും ഉൾക്കൊള്ളുന്ന കാലഘട്ടത്തിന്റെ ചിത്രീകരണമാണ്. ചരിത്രനോവലിന് ഏറ്റവും ആവശ്യമായ സാഹചര്യമാണിവ രണ്ടും. [''Marthandavarma'' is a novel that comprises so many events and a well known hero. These are the most required situations for historical novel.]}}

==Intertextuality and allusions==
The novel has a rich focus on [[intertextuality]], making regular references and homages to both the Indian subcontinent and Western literary traditions, histories and cultures. These sections provide a limited overview of the most important references and allusions in the novel and links to more thorough examinations of the allusions and intertextuality used throughout the novel.

===Characters based on legends, history and real life===
{{Further|List of Marthandavarma characters#Allusions to personalities in legends, history and real life|l1=Full list of allusions to personalities in legends, history and real life}}
{{multiple image|align=right|direction=horizontal|width=95|image1=Marthandavarma Maharaja.jpg|caption1=Marthanda Varma|image2=ANANTHAN.jpg|caption2=Ananthan|image3=Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma.jpg|caption3=Dharmaraja|image4=Ramayyan Dalawa.jpg|caption4=Ramayyan}}
Many of the characters in the novel are based on persons from history, legend and the author's life. Major characters borrowed from history include Prince Marthanda Varma (the title character) based on [[Marthanda Varma]], Pappu Thambi and Raman Thambi based on the Thambi brothers, Ananthapadmanabhan based on Ananthan/Ananthapadmanabhan (a warrior and commander in the Travancore forces during the reign of Marthanda Varma), Mangoikkal Kuruppu based on Mangottu Assan (a martial arts master from Mancode{{refn|name=MacodeNote1|group=upper-alpha|Mancode is a village in [[Vilavancode taluk]] of [[Kanniyakumari district]].}}), Ettuveettil Pillas based on [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]] and Ramayyan based on [[Ramayyan Dalawa]].{{sfnmp|1a1=Nagam Aiya|1y=1906|1loc=Chapter VI|1pp=328{{ndash}}330|2a1=Ibrahim Kunju|2y=1990|2pp=24, 169{{ndash}}170|2loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയുടെ ആദ്യകാല ജീവിതം [Early life of Marthanda Varma], എട്ടരയോഗവും എട്ടുവീട്ടിൽ പിള്ളമാരും [Ettarayogam and Ettuveettil Pillas]|3a1=Mathilakam Records|3y=1996|3pp=115{{ndash}}117|4a1=Padmakumari|4a2=Hussain|4y=2003|4pp=4{{ndash}}22|5a1=''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Caritravuṁ Kalpanayuṁ''|5y=2009|5p=109|6a1=Shobhanan|6y=2011|6p=105|7a1=''Ōṭṭaṉ Katai''|7y=1982|7pp=12{{ndash}}16, 22{{ndash}}24, 31|8a1=Varatharajan|8y=2000|8p=26|8loc=அத்தியாயம் 3 [Chapter 3]|9a1=''Sūcitasāhityakr̥tikaḷ''|9y=2009|9p=114|10a1=''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|10y=2009|10pp=84{{ndash}}85|11a1=Shangoony Menon|11y=1879|11pp=114{{ndash}}115, 122{{ndash}}123, 127, 173}} Chulliyil Chadachi Marthandan Pilla is based on Chadachi Marthandan, a legendary figure from Chulliyur{{refn|name=ChulliyurNote1|group=upper-alpha|Chulliyur is a locality in the [[Perumkadavila]] Panchayat in the [[Neyyattinkara taluk]] of [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]}}.{{sfnmp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|1p=99|''Janakīyasaṁskāraṁ''|2013|2p=215}}

Other historically sourced characters are King Rama Varma based on [[Rajah Rama Varma]], the little Prince Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma based on the infant [[Dharma Raja]], and Ammattampurāṭṭi who is based on his mother.{{sfnmp|Velu Pillai|1940|loc=Mediaeval History|1pp=232, 241, 260{{ndash}}261|Shangoony Menon|1879|2loc=Chapter I|2pp=106, 108, 110|Nagam Aiya|1906|3loc=Chapter VI|3p=324}} There are also Narayanayyan (an assistant to Ramayyan Dalawa), and Arumukham Pilla (the acting Dalawa of Venad during Kollavarsham 901{{ndash}}903 and Dalawa during 904{{ndash}}909).{{sfnmp|Shangoony Menon|1879|1pp=114{{ndash}}117|Nagam Aiya|1906|2loc=Chapter VI|2p=335|Velu Pillai|1940|3loc=Modern History|3pp=268{{ndash}}269}}

===Events based on legends, history and politics===
{{Further|List of allusions in Marthandavarma novel#Events based on legends, history and politics|l1=Full list of events based on legends, history and politics}}

Several of the events in the book are based on occurrences from history or legend, these include: the pact between King Rama Varma and Madurai Nayaks in Kollavarsham 901 at [[Tiruchirappalli]] for the latter to supply additional forces to Travancore for a fixed annual fee, the assassination attempts on Marthanda Varma at Kalliyankattu temple, at Panathara, near the [[Ezhava]] house at Perunkadavila and at the [[Nedumangad]] fort as well as the attempt by Velu Kuruppu and his men when the mad Channan helped Marthanda Varma hide inside a tree implying the aid by a Channan plougher to hide and another attempt when Marthanda Varma hid inside the big hole within a jack tree at the [[Neyyattinkara Sree Krishna Swami Temple]], the attempted murder of the little Prince Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma in Kollavarsham 903 while he and his mother were traveling from Trivandrum to Attingal, the heirship claim by the Thambi brothers through linear succession against the collateral rule of succession followed in Venad, the treaty of the Thambi brothers with foreign forces to out-throw Marthanda Varma from power, the council of Ettuveettil Pillas planning the murder attempt on Marthanda Varma, the coup d'état by the Thambi brothers, Marthanda Varma's accession to the throne in Kollavarsham 904 following the illness and death of King Rama Varma and the detention of Arumukham Pilla by Madurai forces.{{sfnmp|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|1p=402|Naduvattom Gopalakrishnan|2008|2pp=61{{ndash}}62|Shangoony Menon|1879|3pp=106, 108{{ndash}}110, 114{{ndash}}117, 120{{ndash}}121|Velu Pillai|1940|4pp=232, 260{{ndash}}261, 268{{ndash}}269, 271{{ndash}}273|Nagam Aiya|1906|5pp=314{{ndash}}315, 327,333{{ndash}}335|Nanoo Pillay|1886|6pp=126{{ndash}}129|Ibrahim Kunju|1990|7pp=26{{ndash}}29, 31{{ndash}}32|Mathilakam Records|1996|8pp=115{{ndash}}117|''Kathākālaṁ; saṁbhavasthalaṅṅaḷ''|2009|9pp=126{{ndash}}127}}

Other events mentioned in the novel are the conquest of Desiganadu by Marthanda Varma after his accession to the throne and the Kalipankulam incident as a murder of five princes with the involvement of Ramanamadathil Pilla, as well as the death of Padmanabhan Thambi at the hands of Marthanda Varma's accomplices. The novel also refers to the attack of a Mukilan (a petty chieftain under Moghul emperor) in Travancore during Kollavarsham 853–855 when, a few families were converted to Mohammedians, and the tragic death of Iravikutti Pilla in the war against the forces of [[Thirumalai Nayak]].{{sfnmp|Nagam Aiya|1906|1pp=310{{ndash}}313, 336{{ndash}}339|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|2p=417|Shangoony Menon|1879|3pp=97{{ndash}}100, 102{{ndash}}103, 125{{ndash}}126|''Iravikkuṭṭippiḷḷappōr Oru Pṭhanaṁ''|2011|4pp=203{{ndash}}207}}

===Architecture and geography===
{{Further|List of allusions in Marthandavarma novel#Architectural and Geographical references|l1=Full list of Architectural and Geographical references}}
The novel describes the setting as the kingdom of Venad under the rule of the King Rama Varma. The major events occur in and around [[Padmanabhapuram]], the capital of the kingdom, and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] within Venad. [[Aralvaimozhi]], or '''Āṟāṁvaḻi''', and [[Edava]] or '''Idava''' are mentioned as the south-eastern, and north-western borders of Venad, respectively.

====Padmanabhapuram locations====
Much of the novel is set in [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]], Charottu Palace, and Mangoikkal House. The Darbhakulam mansion and the Kalkulam mansion of Padmanabhapuram Palace existed during the timeline of the novel. The novel describes the residence at the place of the present southern mansion on the northern side of the [[Padmanabhapuram Palace|contemporary palace]]. Prince Marthada Varma halts there on his way to Boothapandi and later Padmanabhan Thambi camps there, after which fifty members of the Channar people were executed at the palace compound.{{sfnp|''Peruntaccanṟe Baliṣṭhaśilpaṅṅaḷ''|2013|p=142}} Charottu Palace is 2 miles (3.218688 km) north of Padmanabhapuram Palace. The former is small, with only an enclosed quadrangular homestead ([[Nalukettu]]) and a cookhouse (Madapalli). Prince Marthanda Varma and his aide Parameswaran Pilla reside there after evading Padmanabhan Thambi at Padmanabhapuram Palace through the tunnel passage. The closed tunnel passage between Padmanabhapuram Palace and Charottu Palace had access from the Tāikoṭṭāraṁ (Mother's mansion) at the former palace, and cites its closed existence.{{sfnp|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|pp=400{{ndash}}401}}

Mangoikkal House is 2 Nazhika north to Charode. The house includes a grove, through which the mad Channan reaches Mangoikkal House to rescue Prince Marthanda Varma. The Mangoikkal kalari (martial arts school of Mangoikkal) is nearby which aid Mangoikkal Kuruppu and his nephews. The house name Mangoikkal is in reminiscence of the house of Mangottu Assan at Mancode, and the house name of the author's patron Kesavan Thambi Karyakkar, Nangoikkal.{{sfnmp|Varatharajan|2000|1p=26|1loc=அத்தியாயம் 3 [Chapter 3]|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|1959|2loc=ബാല്യം [Childhood] |2pp=3{{ndash}}4, 6{{ndash}}8}}

In the novel, Prince Marthanda Varma is cornered and trapped at Kalliancaud Temple or Kaḷḷiyankāṭṭukṣētraṁ, from where, he is later escaped as a Brahmin. The temple is Kalliancaud Sivan Kovil (located at {{coord|8|11|52|N |77|23|27|E}}). Ananthapadmanabhan is attacked and left for dead by Velu Kuruppu in Panchavankadu or Panchavan Forest, a forest area on the way to Nagercoil from the residence of Ananthapadmanbhan's mother near Kollavarsham 901. Prof. N. Krishna Pilla and Prof. V. Anandakuttan Nair state that Panchavankadu and Kalliyankadu are the same.{{sfnp|''Kathākālaṁ; saṁbhavasthalaṅṅaḷ''|2009|p=128}}

====Thiruvananthapuram locations====
The novel describes Thiruvananthapuram as the capital of the kingdom, but P. Venugopalan states that this is historically inaccurate, because the capital hadn't yet changed from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram.{{sfnp|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|p=403}} The novel includes four major locations in Thiruvananthapuram: Thiruvananthapuram fort, Subhadra's house, [[Killi River|Killi river]], and [[Manacaud]].

Thekkekoyikkal or the southern mansion within the fort is home to Prince Marthanda Varma.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|p=987|loc=തെക്കേകോയിക്കൽ [at the southern mansion]}} In the novel, Velu Kuruppu tries to attack Marthada Varma, while the latter is on his way to the mansion, but is foiled by Shankarachar.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 4|2004|pp=453{{ndash}}454}} The novel mentions another location within the fort, the house Chembakassery. Scholars debate Chembakassery's historicity: P. K. Parameswaran Nair assumes that Chembakassery House never existed, where as the article ''Anantapadmanābhan nāṭāruṁ tiruvitāṁkūṟ niṟmmitiyuṁ'' states that the house existed and the author was familiar with it.{{sfnmp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|1959|1p=133|Parthan|2011|2p=150}} The fort present in the novel was later rebuilt during [[Kollavarsham]] 922–928 and eventually demolished after the independence of India; preserved ruins can be found at the [[East Fort|east fort]] in Thiruvananthapuram.{{sfnmp|Sooranad Kunjan Pillai|1992|1pp=170{{ndash}}171|V.V.K. Valath|1998|2pp=48{{ndash}}50|2loc=കിഴക്കേ കോട്ടയും പടിഞ്ഞാറേ കോട്ടയും [East fort and West fort]}}

Subhadra's house is a few blocks north to the royal passage at Andiyirakkam.{{sfnp|''Si Vi yuṭe mūnnu kathāpātraṅṅaḷ''|1993|p=43|loc=സുഭദ്ര [Subhadra]}} Manacaud or Manakadu is referred to in the novel as the place where [[Pathan]] merchants are camped.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|p=371|loc=പ [Pa]|ps=. പഠാണിപ്പാളയം [Pathan camp]}} Fighters of Mangoikkal also camp there, where their final confrontation with the Thambi brothers and Ettuveettil Pillas take place.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|p=925|loc=മ [Ma]|ps=. മണക്കാട് [Maṇakkaṭ]}}

===Sociocultural practices===
{{Further|List of allusions in Marthandavarma novel#Allusion to medicine, sociocultural system and lifestyle practices|l1=Full list of allusions to medicine, sociocultural system and lifestyle practices}}
In the novel, practices of [[Ayurveda|Indian traditional medicine]] and [[Unani medicine|Unani traditional medicine]] are prevalent in Venad during the timeline of the story.{{sfnp|B.K. Menon|1936|p=66|loc=Chapter XV}} After having Ananthapadmanabhan drugged, Hakkim tried a kind of [[narcoanalysis]] to discover the former's whereabouts, however it yielded no results.{{sfnmp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|1p=821|1loc=ബോ [Bō]|1ps=. ബോധംക്ഷയിപ്പിച്ചു [after making unconscious]|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 4|2004|2p=715|2loc=സാ [Sā]|2ps=. സംസാരിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിന് [to make talk]}} [[Hindu astrology|Astrological practices]] are also employed, such as praśnaṁ vayppŭ{{refn|name=PrasnamNote|group=upper-alpha|An astrological practice that prevails in Kerala; in which specially selected conch shells are used for conclusions based on [[zodiac]]al positions.{{sfnp|Prasnam|2013}}}}{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|p=606|loc=പെ [Pe]}} and [[Natal astrology]], which are referenced when Shanku Assan says to Parukutty that chothirisham or [[jyotish|jyothisham]] will not go wrong.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|pp=383, 759|ps=. ചോതിഷം [jyotish], കെരവപ്പുഴ [misalignment of astrological aspects]}}

The narrative depicts [[Superstition|superstitious]] customs such as Ūṭṭŭ or [[:ml:കാളിയൂട്ട്|Kāḷiyūṭṭŭ]], Pāṭṭŭ, Uruvaṁ Vaypŭ, Amman Koṭa, Cāvūṭṭŭ, Uccinakāḷi Sēva as quite common among the [[hindu]] religious followers.{{sfnmp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|1p=485|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 1|1994|2p=225, 663|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|3p=670|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|4p=428}} The people at the palace conduct [[occult]] acts with clergy, priests and magicians to extend the lifetime of the king. Thirumukhathu Pilla goes for [[paranormal]] [[retrocognition]] through Mashinottam,{{refn|name=MashiNotNote|group=upper-alpha|Mashinottam is an Indian clairvoyant practice, which includes gazing on the ink laid smooth surface to view the matters that are sought.{{sfnp|Mashinottam|2010}}}} an Indian [[Clairvoyance|clairvoyant practice]], to confirm the rumors concerning the death of his son, Ananthapadmanabhan.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 1|1994|p=36|loc=അ [A]|ps=. അഞ്ജനക്കാരനെ [a clairvoyant who observes through ink]}} Velu Kuruppu mentions that [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]] was used by a [[namboothiri]]pad of the Akavoor family{{refn|name=AkavoorNote|group=upper-alpha|Akavoor Mana was a house of [[namboothiri]]es situated at Vellarappilly near [[Kalady]] of Ernakulam district; some of the members of family were [[ascetic]]s devoted to prayers, meditation, and [[Tantric arts|Thaanthric rites]].{{sfnp|Akavoor Narayanan|2005}}}} to evoke protection on his armor shield by the incantation of seventy million Dhanwantharam, a set of hymns offered to [[Dhanvantari]] in order to safeguard against ill fortune.{{sfnp|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|p=412}}

Beeram Khan is a [[Muslim]] convert who is also a [[Nair]] and Subhadra's ex-spouse. He married Fathima after his [[proselytization]] to [[Islam]], as he became a dependent of Hakkim's family. At one point, Hakkim intended to proselytize Ananthapadmanabhan to Islam with the support of Usman Khan while the latter was drugged unconscious, but could not do so because Zulaikha opposed the act.{{sfnmp|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|1p=424|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 4|2004|2pp=885{{ndash}}886}} The novel presents the [[miscegenation]] between a Shasthri (an [[aryan]] race) and a lady of [[Marvar]] caste (a [[Dravidian peoples|dravidian]] race); whom are the parents of Sundarayyan and Kondanki.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 4|2004|pp=736{{ndash}}737|loc=സു [Su]}}

Padmanabhan Thambi is represented as a philanderer whose paramours include: Kamalam, Sivakami, the mistress at the seventh house and the unnamed female prostitute at [[Kottar]].{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|pp=387{{ndash}}388|ps=. സ്ത്രീവിഷയത്തിലുള്ള ആർത്തി.. [craze in women]}} Subhadra mentions that he was after her since she was ten years old. Consequently, Ananthapadmanabhan opposes his father's agreement to a marriage proposal for his younger sister from Padmanabhan Thambi. When the proposal is cancelled, an enraged Sundarayyan says to Ananthapadmanabhan to keep an [[incest]]uous relationship with his younger sister; to which Ananthapadmanabhan makes a [[racist]] remark against Sundarayyan that "thān maṟavanaṭō" (hey! you are a [[Maravar]]). This further enrages Sundarayyan to favor the attack on Anathapadmanabhan at Panchavankadu, which starts the series of events in the novel.{{sfnmp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|1p=158|1loc=കാ [Kā]|1ps=. കാടുമറഞ്ഞുപോകുക [decease]|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|2p=436|''Si. Vi. Caritrākhyāyikakaḷilūṭe''|1991|3pp=119{{ndash}}120|3loc=പ്രകൃതിശക്തികൾ{{emdash}}സി.വി. സാഹിത്യത്തിൽ [Natural forces in C. V. literature]}}

The Venad royal family follows the [[Inheritance|heirship]] through [[Marumakkathayam]], [[Collateral descendant|collateral descent through maternal nephews]]. In the novel, Sundarayyan points out that this system is opposed to the common system of heirship through Makkathayam ([[Lineal descendant|lineal descent through sons]]) and proposes to raise a claim to the throne for the elder son of King Rama Varma, Padmanabhan Thambi, who at one point conveyed his concern to Sunadarayyan that the latter system would bring his younger brother Raman Thambi against him. The Ettuveettil Pillas pledge to make Padmanabhan Thambi the next king by assassinating Prince Marthanda Varma, the legal heir to the kingdom, even though the Ettuveettil Pillas follow the system of [[matrilineality]] with [[avuncular]] [[paterfamilias]].{{sfnmp|A. M. Vasudevan Pillai|1991|1pp=48{{ndash}}51|1loc=സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ളയുടെ രാഷ്ട്രീയ നോവലുകൾ [Political novels of C. V. Raman Pillai]|1ps=. എട്ടുവീട്ടിൽ പിള്ളമാരും ജനാധിപത്യചിന്തയും [Ettuveettil Pillas and thought of democracy]|Janarthanan|2008|2pp=23, 26{{ndash}}27|2loc=Origin of Nayar society}} Some of the Ettuveettil Pillas are noted to be of [[Vellalar]] clan, who follow Makkathayam.{{sfnp|P. V. Velayudhan Pillai|2000|p=18|loc=ചരിത്രനോവലുകളല്ല [Not Historical Novels]}}

===Writers and literature===
{{Further|List of allusions in Marthandavarma novel#Allusion to writers, literatures and languages|l1=Full list allusions to writers, literatures and languages}}
The novel explicitly mentions [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], P. Shangoony Menon, and also refers to [[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharyar]] as kēraḷēcārakaṟttāvŭ, which means the author of customs in Kerala, [[Venmani Achhan Nambudiripad]] as kavikulōttaṁsan (one at the crest of poets clan) and compares his lifetime to that of Sundarayyan.{{sfnmp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|1p=389|1loc=കേ [Kē]|1ps=. കേരളാചാരകർത്താവു്[kēraḷēcārakaṟttāvŭ]|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|2p=406}}

====Story-line adaptation====
{{Further|List of allusions in Marthandavarma novel#Story-line adaptations|l1=List of Story-line adaptations in Marthandavarma novel}}
The novel uses the references to the Ettuveettil Pillas in the ''Sree Veera Marthandavarmacharitham'' [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]], to form the characters and also uses the four-line verse about them as epigraph to the eleventh chapter. The character of Sundarayyan in the novel is similar to the character of Pichakappalli in this Aattakatha.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|pp=84{{ndash}}85}}

The situations in which Marthanda Varma escapes the attempts on his life by Thambi's men are in line with similar events from the ''Marthandamahathmyam'', a lyrical work written as a [[Kilippattu]] based on the stories about [[Marthanda Varma]].{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|pp=84{{ndash}}85}}

The attack at Mangoikkal house by Padmanabhan Thambi's men is similar to the attack and eventual burning of Mangottu Assan's house in ''Ottan Katha'', one of the ballads of [[Venad]] based on the stories about Marthanda Varma.{{sfnp|''Ōṭṭaṉ Katai''|1982|pp=12{{ndash}}16, 22{{ndash}}24, 31}}

''[[Ivanhoe]]'' by [[Sir Walter Scott]] is considered to be the most influential work in the development of ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|Leela Devi|1978|pp=84{{ndash}}85|loc=Historical Novels}} Like in ''Ivanhoe'', the first chapter of the novel opens with the description of a forest, and every chapter opens with an epigraph similar to those in [[Sir Walter Scott|Scott's]] books.{{sfnp|K. M. George|1998|p=97|loc=The Novel}} [[M. P. Paul]] claims that the characters Marthanda Vama, Ananthapadmanabhan, Chulliyil Chadachi Marthandan Pilla are based on characters from ''Ivanhoe'', even though they are based on the history and legends of [[Venad]].{{sfnp|''Nōvalsāhityaṁ''|1991|loc=ഭാഷാനോവൽ–സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ള [Novel in Language – C. V. Raman Pilla]|pp=136{{ndash}}143}}

M. P. Paul also claims that the situations involving either the mad Channan, Subhadra or Thirumukhathu Pilla are similar to situations in ''[[King Lear]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]], the character of Shanku Assan is similar to that of Dominie Sampson in ''[[Guy Mannering]]'' by Sir Walter Scott.{{sfnp|''Nōvalsāhityaṁ''|1991|loc=ഭാഷാനോവൽ–സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ള [Novel in Language – C. V. Raman Pilla]|pp=136{{ndash}}143}} [[M. Leelavathy]] points that the character of Subhadra is prototyped from the Flora McIvor of ''[[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]]'' by [[Sir Walter Scott]].{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pillai'' by S. Guptan Nair|1992|p=30|loc=Marthandavarma}}

:'''Neelikatha (subplot)'''
:According to P. Venugopalan, the story of ''Panchavankattu Neeli'' (Pañcavankāṭṭunīli, lit. Neeli of Pachavan forest) in the third chapter of the novel is a combination of stories form the ballads ''Panchavankattu Neelikatha'' (''Pañcavankāṭṭunīlikatha'') and ''Neelikatha'' (''Nīlikatha'', lit. story of Neeli).{{sfnp|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|p=404}} Thikkurissi Gangadharan states that ''Kaḷḷiyankāttunīli'' (Neeli of Kalliyancaud) is changed to ''Pañcavankāṭṭunīli'' by the author of the novel.{{sfnp|''Kerala Kaumudi Weekily''|2012|p=15}}

====Appropriations====
{{Further|List of allusions in Marthandavarma novel#Appropriations|l1=List of literary Appropriations in Marthandavarma novel}}
The novel heavily incorporates verses from ''[[Nalacharitham]]'' [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]] (Day 1, Day 2, Day3, Day4) ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam]]'' [[Kilippattu]], ''Sree Mahabharatham'' Kilippattu by [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], ''Harishchandracharitham'' Aattakatha by Pettayil Raman Pilla Asan, ''Ravanavijayam'' Aattakatha by Vidwan Rajarajavarma Koi Tampuran of Kilimanur, ''Rukmineeswayamvaram'' Aattakatha by Aswathi Thirunal Ramavarma Thampuran, ''Kalakeyawadham'' Aattakatha by Kōṭṭayattŭ Tampuran, ''Bashanaishadham'' [[Champu]] by Mazhamangalam as epigraphs, as descriptions and quotations.{{sfnmp|''Naḷacaritaṁ [Onnāṁ Divasaṁ]''|2003|1loc=രംഗം ഒന്ന് [Scene One]|1p=29|''Naḷacaritaṁ [Raṇṭāṁ Divasaṁ]''|2001|2loc=രംഗം ഒന്ന് [Scene One]|2p=30|''Naḷacaritaṁ [Mūnnāṁ Divasaṁ]''|2007|3loc=രംഗം ഒന്ന് [Scene One]|3p=47|''Naḷacaritaṁ [Nālāṁ Divasaṁ]''|2003|4loc=ഒന്നാം രംഗം [First Scene]|4p=28|''Śrīmahābhārataṁ Strīpaṟvvaṁ''|1999|5pp=44{{ndash}}45|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|6pp=420, 432|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Annexure|2004|7pp=919, 920}} The novel also draws verses from ''Kirmeerawadham'' Aattakatha by Kōṭṭayattŭ Tampuran, ''Subhadraharanam'' Aattakatha by Mantṟēṭattŭ Nampūtiri, ''Dakshayagam'' Aattakatha by [[Irayimman Thampi]], ''Banayudham'' Aattakatha by Bālakavi Rāmaśāstrikaḷ, ''Keechakawadham'' Aattakatha by Irayimman Thampi, ''Rāmāyaṇaṁ'' (Irupattunālu vr̥ttaṁ), ''Ramayanam'' Vilpattu, ''Vethalacharitham'' Kilippattu by Kallēkuḷaṅṅara Rāghavapiṣāraṭi, ''Symanthakam'' Ottan Thullal by [[Kunchan Nambiar]], ''Krishnarjunavijayam'' Thullal, ''Kuchelavritham'' Vanchipattu by Ramapurathu Varrier.{{sfnmp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Annexure|2004|1pp=918, 920{{ndash}}921|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009|2pp=410, 413, 426{{ndash}}427}} The novel also comprises verses from the ballads ''Neelikatha'', ''Ponnarithal Katha'', ''Mavaratham'', and ''Iravikuttipillaporu''.{{sfnmp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|1pp=84{{ndash}}85|Padmakumari|2009|2p=320|''Malayāḷattile Paḻaya Pāṭṭukaḷ''|1917|3pp=187, 192, 196{{ndash}}197, 202|''Sūcitasāhityakr̥tikaḷ''|2009|4p=124}}

===Languages===
{{Further|List of allusions in Marthandavarma novel#Languages|l1=List of language references in Marthandavarma novel}}
The novel mentions the languages, [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], among which the former one is used primarily for the narration with the adopted words from Tamil, [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]], Hindustani, [[Persian language|Persian]] and a conversation in a substitution cipher, [[Mulabhadra]].

Malayalam is the primary language used in the novel, Sanskrit words are extensively used in the novel such as {{transliteration|sa|ISO|khādyapēyalēhyabhōjya}}{{refn|name=KhadyaNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|sa|खाद्यपेयलेह्यभोज्य}}, {{Script|Mlym|ഖാദ്യപേയലേഹ്യഭോജ്യ}}}} (lit. chew-able, drinkable, lick-able, and eatable), {{transliteration|ml|ISO|tējaḥpuñjaṁ}} (lit. heap of ardor){{refn|name=TejaNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|ml|തേജഃപുഞ്ജം}}, a form of {{langx|sa|{{Script|Deva|तेजःपुञ्ज}}}}, {{transliteration|sa|ISO|tējaḥpuñja}}}}.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|pp=522, 996}} Tamil words and prepositions are used in the statements of Shanku Assan, Anantham, Mangoikkal Kuruppu and in the narrations, among which, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word {{transliteration|ta|ISO|nāyaki}} (lit. spouse [feminine]){{refn|name=NayakiNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|ta|நாயகி}}, {{langx|ml|നായകി}}}} in the first edition of the novel is replaced with the [[malayalam]] one {{transliteration|ml|ISO|nāyika}} (lit. heroine){{refn|name=NayikaNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|ml|നായിക}}, adapted from {{langx|sa|नायिका|lit=the lady who leads}}, {{transliteration|sa|ISO|nāyikā}}}} in the revised edition.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009|p=75}} The novel uses the word {{transliteration|ml|ISO|caittān}} which is a form of Hindustani word {{transliteration|hi|ISO|šaitān}} (lit. devil){{refn|name=SatanNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|hi|शैतान}}, {{lang|hi-Aran|size=125%|شیطون}}, analogous to {{langx|ar|شیطون|translit-std=ALA-LC|translit=šayṭān}} rooted from the {{langx|he|שָׂטָן|translit-std=ISO|translit=śāṭān}}.}}, and also uses the word {{transliteration|ml|ISO|bahadūṟ}}, a form of Hindustani word {{transliteration|hi|ISO|bahādur}}{{refn|name=BahadurNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|hi|{{Script|Deva|बहादुर}}, {{Nastaliq|بهادر}}}} adapted from the {{langx|fa|بهادر|translit-std=ISO|translit=bahadur}} rooted from the {{langx|ota|بهادر}}, {{Langx|tr|baghatur, bahadır}}.}} (lit. brave).{{sfnmp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|1p=753|1loc=ചൈ [Cai]|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|2p=787|2loc=ബ [Ba]}} The novel makes a [[malayalam]] usage for the [[shawl]] used by Thirumukhathu Pilla as {{transliteration|ml|ISO|sālva}}, which is analogous to the [[English language|English]] word and the [[Persian language|Persian]] version {{transliteration|fa|ISO|shāl}},{{refn|name=ShalNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|fa|شال}}}} and for the meaning of [[wikt:guard#Verb|guard]] while referring to the posture of Chembakassery Mootha Pilla at the door of Parukutty's room, the novel uses a word {{transliteration|ml|ISO|gāṭṭŭ}} akin to the obsolete form [[wikt:gard#Verb|gard]].{{sfnmp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 4|2004|1p=715|1loc=സാ [Sā]|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 2|1997|2p=544|2loc=ഗാ [Gā]}}

The novel uses the word {{transliteration|ml|ISO|kinkāb}} which is a form of word ''kinkhab'', which stands for silk brocade with gold and silver designs and term is a conjoined form of ''kin'' and ''khab'' originated or westernized from ''kam''{{refn|name=KamNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|hi|कम|lit=less}}}} and ''khwab''{{refn|name=KhwabNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|hi|ख्वाब|lit=dream}} analogous to {{langx|hi|ख़्वाब}}, {{langx|ur|خواب|translit-std=ISO|translit=xvāb}} rooted from the {{langx|fa|خواب|translit-std=ISO|translit=xâb}}.}} respectively.{{sfnp|Sumathi|2004|p=55|loc=Some Traditional Textiles of India}}
* '''Ambiguous usage''' – The novel presents the [[Wikipedia:Ambiguous words|ambiguous usages]] of the term ''nazhika'',{{refn|name=NazhiNote|group=upper-alpha|{{indic|lang=ml|indic=നാഴിക|trans=nāḻika|showlang= true|showhelp= false}}}} as a unit of measure for time and as a unit of measure for length. Nazhika{{sup|1}} as a unit of measure for time is analogous to [[Hindu units of time|Ghaṭi]] and 1 Nazhika corresponds to 24 [[minute]]s. Nazhika{{sup|2}} is a unit of measure for length prevailed in yesteryear Kerala at different denominations such as 1 Nazhika = 1.828 kilometers and 1 Nazhika = 914.4 meters.{{sfnp|A.C. Vasu|2009|pp=155, 159|loc=സംഖ്യാനാമം പ്രാചീന അളവുപട്ടിക [Numeric names, Ancient measurement table]}} The ''C. V. Vyakhyanakosam''{{refn|name=CVVyakyNote|group=upper-alpha|''C. V. Vyakhyanakosham'' is a lexicographic work in four volumes published by C. V. Raman Pillai National Foundation during 1994{{ndash}}2004, comprising explanations and interpretations of words, phrases, idioms used by [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] in his literary works, four novels and nine farces, which include ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|''My Dear Ayyappaji''|2013|p=22}}}} states that 1 Nazhika in the novel corresponds to approximately 1.5 kilometers.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002|p=228|loc=നാ [Nā]}}

==Adaptations==

===Abridgement===
* 1964: '''''Marthandavarma''''' – An abridged version by Kannan Janardhanan,{{refn|name=KanJanBioNote|group=lower-roman|Kannan Janardhanan (1885{{ndash}}1955), was a journalist and writer in Malayalam known under his real name, [[:ml:കുന്നത്ത് ജനാർദ്ദന മേനോൻ|Kunnath Janardhana Menon]].{{sfnmp|Vasu Thilleri|2013|1p=29|V Sivadasan|2012|2p=76}} He authored the abridged version of [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]'s ''Marthandavarma'' followed by that of ''Dharmaraja'', both of which were published posthumously under the pen name Kannan Janardhanan in 1964 and 1968 respectively.{{sfnmp|''Marthandavarma'' [Abridged]|1964|1p=Colophon|''Dharmaraja'' [Abridged]|1968|2pp=Colophon, 1|2loc=മുഖവുര [Address]}}}} published by Kamalalaya Book Depot.{{sfnp|''Marthandavarma'' [Abridged]|1964}}
* 1984: '''''Kuttikalude Marthandavarma''''' – An abridged version by [[M. M. Basheer]], published by C. V. Raman Pillai National Foundation.{{sfnp|''Kuṭṭikaḷuṭe Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma''|1984}}
* 2003: '''''Pandupandoru Marthanda Varma''''' – An abridged version by [[Subhash Chandran]], published by Haritham Books, Kozhikode.{{sfnp|Paṇṭupaṇṭoru Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|2003}}
* 2011: '''''Marthandavarma''''' – An abridged version by Prof. P. Ramachandran Nair, published by [[D. C. Books]] with illustrations by Reji Karimulackal.{{sfnp|''Marthandavarma'' [Children's Literature]|2011}}
* 2012: '''''Marthandavarma''''' – An abridged version by V. Ramachandran, distributed through National Book Stall, Kottayam.{{sfnp|''Marthandavarma'' [Abridged]|2012}}

===Comics===
In 1985, [[Amar Chitra Katha]] comics of [[India Book House|IBH Publishers Pvt. Ltd]] released an [[English language|English]] comic book adaptation of novel. The thirty-two pages of comic book adaptation was scripted by Radha Nair, illustrated by M. Mohandas, had the cover art by Ramesh Umrotkar under the consultancy by [[Ram Waeerkar]] and editing by [[Anant Pai]].{{sfnp|Radha Nair|1985}}

In 2007, the comic book adaptation was released in [[Malayalam]] by [[Balarama (magazine)|Balarama]] Amar Chithra Katha of [[Malayala Manorama]] group as ''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma''.{{sfnp|Radha Nair|2007}} The title ''The Legend of Maathaanda Varma'' was later altered to ''Maarthaanda Varma'' and released in 2010 by Amar Chitra Katha Pvt. Ltd, and it was included in the comics-collection ''The Great Indian Classics''.{{sfnp|Radha Nair|2010}}

===Films===
[[File:MARTHANDA VARMA 1933.jpeg|150px|thumb|Marthanda Varma (1933)]]
* 1933: '''''Marthanda Varma''''' – a silent black & white film directed by P. V Rao.
:{{Further|Marthanda Varma (film)}}
:The film released on 12 May 1933 to face litigation from the publishers of the novel during the period through a court order as the producer of the movie did not have the required rights, subsequently the film was retained by court authorities and imposed a stay on further screening of the film till the closure of legal proceedings which later went against the film producer.{{sfnmp|Chabria|2013|1pp=58{{ndash}}59|1loc=The Indian Silent Cinema Retrospective|''Metro Plus'', 3 March|2013}} Thus, the film marked the first of its kind copyright case involving a literary work and a feature film in India by being a second feature film of Malayalam film industry and the novel being the first Malayalam literary work to adapt to a film from the same industry.{{sfnmp|Bindu Menon|2009|PRD Kerala|2014|TVM Corporation}}

* 1997: '''''Kulam''''' – a loose adaptation directed by [[Lenin Rajendran]]
:{{Further|Kulam (film)}}
:The film released on 21 February 1997 through Ambadi Pictures, focuses only on the story of Subhadra, the pivotal character of the novel by exploring her marital and non-marital relationships finally to her murder by Kudamon Pilla.{{sfnmp|''Chithrabhumi'' XLII-16|1998|1pp=7{{ndash}}9|''Friday Review'', 26 Jan|2006|''Chithrabhumi'', XV-1|1996|3pp=27{{ndash}}28}}

===Television===
* 2003: '''Marthanda Varma'''  – A television serial directed by Suryan Chennithala.{{sfnp|''Rashtra Deepika Cinema''|2002|p=34|ps=. മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ [Marthandavarma]}} The telecast of the [[Miniseries|serial]] commenced on 15 January 2003 at 18:00 hours as an episode of 30 minutes on [[Doordarshan]]'s [[DD Malayalam|Thiruvananthapuram channel]].{{sfnp|''Marthanda Varma'' (serial)|2003}} The serial was abruptly discontinued after the telecast of fourth episode on 3 March 2003 due to non-agreement of terms between the producer and the television channel team.{{sfnp|Syamala|2014|p=1}}
* 2010: '''Veera Marthanda Varma''' – A television [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]] produced by Colosceum Media Pvt Ltd.{{sfnp|''Real to reel''|2010}} The telecast commenced on 19 July 2010 through [[Surya TV]] as a daily serial on weekdays from Monday to Friday at 21:30 hours, which was later changed to weekend slot after the eighty-third episode in November 2010.{{sfnp|''Veera Marthanda Varma'' (serial) Episode-1|2010}} The telecast slots of the serial on Surya TV were intermittently skipped from March 2011 and eventually it was discontinued after the 128{{sup|th}} episode on 21 May 2011.{{sfnp|''Veera Marthanda Varma'' (serial) Episode-84|2010}}
* 2014: '''Marthanda Varma''' – A television play based on the script of stage adaptation by P. Venugopalan and performed in 2013, with the same cast members who reprised their roles from the stage performance except for a few including the replacement of Jiji Kalamandir by Vinayan for the role of mad Channan. The program was telecasted on 27 March 2014 at 15:30 hours through [[DD Malayalam]], and it was re-telecasted as six episodes on Sundays from the following week.{{sfnmp|''Marthanda Varma'' TV Drama|2014|''Marthanda Varma'' serial|2014}}

===Theatre===
''Marthandavarma'' was first adapted for theater in 1919 by Sree Chithira Thirunal Grandhasala. It featured an all-male cast. N. Rajan Nair notes that [[Nair]] societies of [[Palkulangara]], [[Vanchiyoor]] and Kunnukuzhy also staged theatre adaptations in early days. The cultural organization, Kalavedi of Thiruvananthapuram forayed into theatre adaptations of ''Marthandavarma'' from 1957. N. Rajan Nair points that a stage performance of ''Marthandavarma'' once happened at [[Kozhikode]] and performances are happened at [[Delhi]], [[Bombay]] and [[Madras]] under the respective Malayali associations.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Nōvalukaḷ Araṅṅatt''|2013|pp=238, 243{{ndash}}244, 252, 254}}

* 2008: '''Marthanda Varma''' – A stage adaptation directed by Kaladharan staged on 18 May 2008 at VJT hall, Thiruvananthapuram under the banner of cultural organization, Rasika.{{sfnmp|''Metro Plus''|17 May 2008|''Friday Review''|30 May 2008}}
* 2013: '''Marthanda Varma''' – A stage adaptation staged on 19 May 2013 17:30 hours at Prof. N. Krishnapillai Foundation Theatre, Nandavanam under the banner of Kalavedi, Thiruvananthapuram.{{sfnmp|''The Hindu''|18 May 2013|Shameer|2013}}

===Radio===
* 1991{{ndash}}1992: '''Marthandavarma''' – A radio play produced by All India Radio, Thiruvananthapuram. The radio play was broadcast in 30 minutes episodes, every Wednesday at 21:30 hours from 17 July 1991 to 1 January 1992, and it was re-broadcast in 15-minute episodes from Monday to Saturday at 14:15 hours between 20 January 2014 and 8 February 2014.{{sfnmp|''Marthandavarma'' [Radio]|1991|''Marthandavarma'' [Radio]|2014}}
* 2012: '''Subhadra'''  – A radio program produced by All India Radio, Thiruvananthapuram. The radio play was broadcast in 30 minutes episodes, every Wednesday at 21:30 hours from 28 November 2012 to 12 December 2012.{{sfnmp|''Subhadra'' [Radio]|2012|''Si. Vi. Nōvalukaḷ Araṅṅatt''|2013|2pp=249{{ndash}}250}}

==Sequels==
Raman Pillai received many requests for a sequel, and created three, and these novels together with ''Marthandvarma'' are known as ''C. V. Raman Pillai's Novel Trilogy''.{{refn|name=TrilogyNote|group=upper-alpha|{{langx|ml|സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ളയുടെ നോവൽത്രയം|translit-std=ISO|translit=Si.Vi. Rāmanpiḷḷayuṭe Nōvaltrayaṁ}}{{sfnp|Balanandan|2010|pp=57{{ndash}}58|loc=സി.വി.രാമൻപിള്ളയുടെ നോവൽത്രയം [C. V. Raman Pillai's Novel Trilogy]}} They are also known as ''C. V. yude Charithrakhyayikakal'' ({{langx|ml|സിവിയുടെ ചരിത്രാഖ്യായികകൾ|translit-std=ISO|translit=Siviyuṭe Caritrākhyāyikakaḷ|lit=CV's Historic Narratives}}).{{sfnp|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009|p=15}}}}.{{sfnmp|''Dharmaraja''|1994|1pp=7{{ndash}}8|loc=ഗ്രന്ഥകാരന്റെ മുഖവുര [Author's Introduction]|Balanandan|2010|2pp=57{{ndash}}58}}
{{Further|List of Marthandavarma characters#Characters recurring in sequels|l1=Characters recurring in sequels}}
{{Further|List of Marthandavarma characters#Complex relationships of characters|l1=Complex relationships of characters in sequels}}

* 1913 : '''''Dharmaraja''''' {{ndash}} The story follows the novel with the return of Thripura Sunadari Kunjamma, the sister of Thevan Vikaraman Kazhakkoottathu Pilla and her granddaughter Meenakshi to Travancore and subsequent situations in which Kesava Pilla (young Kesavadas) gets involved with the proceedings of Chandrakaran, the son of Ramanamadathil Pilla and the emergence of Haripanchanan as the antagonist, who is later revealed by Ananthapadmanabhan to be one among the twins of Thripura Sunadari Kunjamma, Ugran, who plan to topple the kingdom.{{sfnp|''Dharmaraja''|1994|pp=41{{ndash}}294}}
* 1918 : '''''Ramarajabahadur''''' ''Part I'' {{ndash}} The story continues with the return of Chandrakaran as Manikyagoundan while [[Tipu Sultan]] is planning a march to Travancore for eventual conquer and presents cousin of Raja Kesavadas, Perinchakodan as main antagonist, who abducts Savithri, the daughter of Meenakshi.{{sfnp|''Ramarajabahadur''|2009|pp=93{{ndash}}253}}
* 1919 : '''''Ramarajabahadur''''' ''Part II'' {{ndash}} After the failed meeting of Raja Kesavadas and the Ajithasimhan, the messenger of Tipu Sultan, war ensues between the Mysore forces and Travancore forces.{{sfnp|''Ramarajabahadur''|2009|pp=257{{ndash}}438}}

:P. K. Parmeswaran Nair guesses that Raman Pillai's '''''Diṣṭadaṁṣṭṟaṁ''''', serialized in the 1920 periodical ''Mitabhāṣi'' to incomplete is the follow-up of above story.{{sfnp|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014|loc=അവസാന സാഹിത്യയത്നങ്ങൾ [Final Literary Attempts]|pp=305{{ndash}}308}} N. Balakrishnan Nair states that C. V. Raman Pillai never wrote the third part of story based on Raja Kesavadas.{{sfnp|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951|p=196|loc=ആത്മനിരൂപണം [Introspection]}} Ayyappa Panicker, who analyzes the published texts of ''Diṣṭadaṁṣṭṟaṁ'' to find no historical or related references to above story line and concludes the claim of P. K. Parameswaran Nair as a mere assumption.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|pp=82{{ndash}}84|loc=ഇതരകൃതികൾ [Other Works]}}

==Significance==

===Influence===
The novel was a forerunner in Malayalam historical fiction. According to Kalpetta Balakrishnan, C. R. Velu Pillai's ''Rājaśēkaran'' and K. M. Varghese's ''Nellimūṭṭile Nammuṭe Ammacci'' and ''Taccil Māttu Tarakan'' were influenced by ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|pp=107, 113{{ndash}}115, 117{{ndash}}119|loc=സി.വി.ക്കു പിന്നാലെ [After C. V.]}} [[Kunjunni Mash]] said he wrote a novel after reading ''Marthandavarma'' at young age, but never published it.{{sfnp|Sippy Pallippuram|2010}} For Malayalam writer [[Paul Zacharia]], ''Marthandavarma'' gained him the ability to imagine a scene for his writing career.{{sfnp|''The New Indian Express''|5 September 2009}}
* ''Kuñcuttampimāṟ'', the historical novel by N. Parameswaran Pilla, is presented as an unauthorized sequel to ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005|pp=108{{ndash}}112|loc=സി.വി.ക്കു പിന്നാലെ [After C. V.]}}
* ''Śītālakṣmi'', the historical play by [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]], is also considered an unauthorized sequel.{{sfnp|''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' Vol V|2001|pp=3901{{ndash}}3902}}

===Academic usage===
The literary significance of novel led the text of the novel to be used in school curriculum as original and abridged forms, and also been included in the course programs offered by various universities of [[south India]].

* '''School curriculum''' {{ndash}} An abridged version of the novel is used as ''Malayalam II Reader'' / ''Malayāḷaṁ Upapāṭhapustakaṁ'' for Standard IX under [[Kerala State Education Board]] during 1977{{ndash}}1986.{{sfnp|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma Upapāṭhapustakaṁ''|1985}} The chapter 24 of the novel was used as third chapter in ''Malayalam I Reader'' / ''Kēraḷa Pāṭhāvali'' of Standard X during 1987{{ndash}}2004 under the same education board.{{sfnp|Kēraḷa Pāṭhāvali|1997|pp=7{{ndash}}13|loc=സി. വി. യുടെ മാനസപുത്രി [Daughter of CV's Mind]}}
* '''University curriculum''' {{ndash}} The novel is prescribed as study material for [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] programmes in Malayalam offered by [[Kannur University]] (2014), [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] (1998, 2009), [[Pondicherry University]] (2010), [[University of Kerala]] (1977, 1991, 1997, 2004{{ndash}}2012). The text of the novel is prescribed for [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] programmes in Malayalam offered by [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] (1998{{ndash}}2008), Mahatma Gandhi University (1991{{ndash}}1992), University of Kerala (1984, 1977{{ndash}}1992, 2007, 2012, 2013) and as a reference book for M.A. programme in Malayalam offered by [[University of Madras]].{{sfnmp|Madurai Kamaraj University|8 June 2015|1p=1|Kannur University|6 February 2015|2p=1|University of Madras|24 March 2015|3p=1|University of Kerala|4 February 2015|4p=1|Mahatma Gandhi University|13 May 2015|5p=1|Pondicherry University - BA Malayalam|2010|6p=14}}

===Relevance===
''Marthandavarma'' has the highest position among the [[Malayalam novel|novels in Malayalam]], particularly historical novels.{{sfnp|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993|p=42|loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ [Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma]}} The novel attracts new readers and researchers over the time and remains as the most popular historical novel in Malayalam, thus considered as one among the classics of [[Malayalam literature]].{{sfnp|''Śatābdi Praśasti''|2009|p=9}} The novel is noted for the excellent narrative combined with [[chivalric romance]] and [[Realism (arts)|realism]] respectively thru unexpected adventurous events and the historical facts than in the author's later historical novels, compared to which, the elegant romantic aspects tied with history makes the legends presented in this novel as believable.{{sfnmp|''Malayāḷanōval Pattompatāṁ Nūṯāṇṭil''|1997|1p=104|1loc=ചരിത്രനോവൽ{{ndash}}മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയും അക്ബറും [Historical Novel{{ndash}}''Marthandavarma'' and ''Akbar'']|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010|2p=76|2loc=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ{{ndash}}ഒരു പഠനം [''Marthandavarma''{{ndash}}A Study]|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009|3p=26|K. M. Tharakan|2005|4pp=49, 51|4loc=ഭാഗം രണ്ട് [Part Two]}} The sequels ''Dharmaraja'' and ''Ramarajabahadur'' could not surpass the reception of ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|K. M. George|1998|p=96|loc=The Novel}} The novel is also the subject in the marketing of other historical novels. [[D. C. Books]], in one of their advertisements for novel ''Atijīvanaṁ'' by Ettumanoor Somadasan, states that there would not be any [[Malayali]] who has not read the novel ''Marthandavarma''.{{sfnp|D C Books|2013|ps=. സി.വി.രാമൻപിള്ള എഴുതിയ മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ എന്ന ചരിത്രാഖ്യായിക വായിക്കാത്ത മലയാളികൾ കാണില്ല. പിൽക്കാലത്ത് മലയാളസാഹിത്യത്തിൽ അത്തരമൊന്ന് ഉണ്ടായിട്ടില്ല. [Malayalees who have not read ''Marthandavarma'' written by C. V. Raman Pillai, cannot be seen. There has been none of such in Malayalam literature in the later ages.]}}

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[Ettara Yogam]]
* [[Kurup of Travancore]]
* [[Koyi Thampuran]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Side box|class=noprint selfref |text=This section contains text in [[Devanagari]], [[Tamil script|Tamil]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]], [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]], [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], [[Nastaliq]], and [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] scripts. Without proper [[Help:Multilingual support|rendering support]], you may see [[mojibake|question marks or boxes]], misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of the respective scripts, due to failed rendering of glyphs in the respective scripts. To be able to correctly view these text requires that you may have the appropriate fonts installed and have correctly configured your operating system and browser.|image = [[File:Multiple-scripts-vertical.png|32px]]}}
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===Biographical notes===
{{Reflist|group=lower-roman}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{Further|List of works related to Marthandavarma (novel)}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Aiya|first1=V. Nagam|author-link1=V. Nagam Aiya|year=1999|orig-date=1906|title=The Travancore State Manual|volume=I|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Kerala Gazetteers Department, [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]|ref={{sfnref|Nagam Aiya|1906}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kunju|first1=Dr. A.P. Ibrahim|year=2005|orig-date=1990|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Ādhunika Tiruvitāṁkūṟinṟe Udayaṁ|trans-title=Marthanda Varma : Rise of Modern Travancore|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ: ആധുനിക തിരുവിതാംകൂറിന്റെ ഉദയം|language=ml|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Cultural Publications Department, [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]|ref={{sfnref|Ibrahim Kunju|1990}}}}
* {{cite book|year=1996|orig-date=1940|last1=Pillai|first1=T.K. Velu|title=The Travancore State Manual|language=ml|volume=II|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Kerala Gazetteers Department, [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]|ref={{sfnref|Velu Pillai|1940}}}}
** {{cite book|year=1996|orig-date=1325{{ndash}}1872|author=((Anonymous authors))|editor1-last=Pillai|editor1-first=T.K. Velu|title=Historical Documents|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|Mathilakam Records|1996}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=P. Shangoony|year=1998|orig-date=1879|title=History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftravanc0000pshu|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn=9788120601697 |ref={{sfnref|Shangoony Menon|1879}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma |edition=Definitive Variorum|year=1992|orig-date=1891|publisher=[[D. C. Books]]|location=Kottayam|language=ml|isbn=8171301304|ref={{harvid|Definitive Variorum|1992}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|edition=Definitive Variorum Revised|year=2009|orig-date=1891|ref={{harvid|Definitive Variorum|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Pilla|first1=Prof. N. Krishna|author-link1=N. Krishna Pillai|last2=Nair|first2=Prof. V. Anandakkuttan|year=2009|orig-date=1983|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Caritravuṁ Kalpanayuṁ|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ: ചരിത്രവും കല്പനയും|trans-title=Marthandavarma: History and Figment|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Caritravuṁ Kalpanayuṁ''|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Pilla|first1=Prof. N. Krishna|author-link1=N. Krishna Pillai|last2=Nair|first2=Prof. V. Anandakkuttan|year=2009|orig-date=1983|title=Kathākālaṁ; saṁbhavasthalaṅṅaḷ|script-title=ml:കഥാകാലം; സംഭവസ്ഥലങ്ങൾ|trans-title=Timeline of story; Incident locations|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Kathākālaṁ; saṁbhavasthalaṅṅaḷ''|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Pilla|first1=Dr. K. Raghavan|author-link1=K. Raghavan Pillai|title=Si. Vi. yuṭe Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ|script-title=ml:സി വി യുടെ ചരിത്രാഖ്യായികകൾക്ക് ഒരാമുഖം|trans-title=An Introduction to CV's Historical Narratives|orig-date=1983|year=2009|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Caritrākhyāyikakaḷkk Orāmukhaṁ''|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Venugopalan|first1=Dr. P.|title=Sūcitasāhityakr̥tikaḷ - oru paṭhanaṁ|script-title=ml:സൂചിതസാഹിത്യകൃതികൾ - ഒരു പഠനം|trans-title=Referred Literary works – A study|year=2009|orig-date=1992|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Sūcitasāhityakr̥tikaḷ''|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Venugopalan|first1=Dr. P.|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ: സൃഷ്ടിയും സ്വരൂപവും|trans-title=Marthandavarma: Creation and Formation|year=2009|orig-date=1992|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma: Sr̥ṣṭiyuṁ svarūpavuṁ''|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Venugopalan|first1=Dr. P.|title=Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ|script-title=ml:വ്യാഖ്യാനക്കുറിപ്പുകൾ|trans-title=Explanatory notes|year=2009|orig-date=1992|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Vyākhyānakuṟippukaḷ''|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Kizhakemuri|first1=D C|author-link1=D. C. Kizhakemuri|title=Pṟasādhakakkuṟippŭ|script-title=ml:പ്രസാധകക്കുറിപ്പ്|trans-title=Publishers' Note|year=2009|orig-date=1992|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Pṟasādhakakkuṟippŭ''|2009}}}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Paniker|first1=Dr. Ayyappa|author-link1=Ayyappa Paniker|title=Śatābdi Praśasti|script-title=ml:ശതാബ്ദി പ്രശസ്തി|trans-title=Centenary Fame|year=2009|orig-date=1992 |language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Śatābdi Praśasti''|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Nair|editor1-first=Prof. Panmana Ramachandran|year=2013|title=Si. Vi. Paṭhanaṅṅaḷ|script-title=ml:സി. വി. പഠനങ്ങൾ|trans-title=C. V. Studies|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=P. K. Parameswaran Nair Memorial Trust|isbn=9788124019566|ref=none}}
** {{cite book|last1=Sasibhooshan|first1=Dr. M. G.|year=2013|title=Peruntaccanṟe Baliṣṭhaśilpaṅṅaḷ|script-title=ml:പെരുന്തച്ചന്റെ ബലിഷ്ഠശില്പങ്ങൾ|trans-title=Perunthachan's Strong Structures|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Peruntaccanṟe Baliṣṭhaśilpaṅṅaḷ''|2013}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Dr. N. Rajan|title=Si. Vi. Nōvalukaḷ Araṅṅatt|script-title=ml:സി. വി. നോവലുകൾ അരങ്ങത്ത്|trans-title=C. V. Novels on Stage|language=ml|year=2013|ref={{sfnref|''Si. Vi. Nōvalukaḷ Araṅṅatt''|2013}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Ajithkumar|first1=Dr. N.|year=2013|title=Janakīyasaṁskāraṁ|script-title=ml:ജനകീയസംസ്കാരം|trans-title=Popular Culture|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Janakīyasaṁskāraṁ''|2013}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Dr. Poojapura Krishnan|year=2013|title=Rasāviṣkaraṇaṁ Si.Vi.Nōvalukaḷil|script-title=ml:രസാവിഷ്കരണം സി.വി.നോവലുകളിൽ|trans-title=Representation of themes in C. V. Novels|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Rasāviṣkaraṇaṁ Si.Vi.Nōvalukaḷil''|2013}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Benjamin|first1=Dr. D.|year=2013|title=Dēśacaritraṁ Si.Vi.yuṭe Nōvalukaḷil|script-title=ml:ദേശചരിത്രം സി.വി.യുടെ നോവലുകളിൽ|trans-title=Locality history in C.V.'s novels|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Dēśacaritraṁ Si.Vi.yuṭe Nōvalukaḷil''|2013}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Nair I. A. S|first1=R. Ramachandran|year=2013|title=Rājavītiyuṁ Prajādhaṟmmavuṁ|script-title=ml:രാജനീതിയും പ്രജാധർമ്മവും|trans-title=Royal policies and populus ethics|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Rājanītiyuṁ Prajādhaṟmmavuṁ''|2013}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C.V. Raman|author-link1=C.V. Raman Pillai|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmmā|script-title=ml:മാൎത്താണ്ഡവൎമ്മാ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|year=1891|publisher=C.V. Raman Pillai|location=Trivandrum|language=ml|edition=First|ref={{sfnref|First Edn.|1891}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C.V. Raman|author-link1=C.V. Raman Pillai|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാൎത്താണ്ഡവൎമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|orig-date=1891|year=1971|publisher=Kamalalaya Book Depot|location=Trivandrum|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|Kamalalaya edn.|1971}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C.V. Raman|author-link1=C.V. Raman Pillai|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാൎത്താണ്ഡവൎമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|year=1973|orig-date=1891|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|location=Kottayam|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [SPCS Edn.]|1973}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C.V. Raman|author-link1=C.V. Raman Pillai|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാൎത്താണ്ഡവൎമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|year=1991|orig-date=1891|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|location=Kottayam|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [SPCS Edn.]|1991}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Irumbayam|first1=Dr. George|author-link1=George Irumbayam|year=2010|orig-date=1982|title=Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval|script-title=ml:ആദ്യകാല മലയാളനോവൽ|trans-title=Early Malayalam Novel|language=ml|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|location=Kottayam|ref={{sfnref|''Ādyakāla Malayāḷanōval''|2010}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Paniker|first1=Dr. Ayyappa|author-link1=Ayyappa Paniker|title=Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa|script-title=ml:സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള|trans-title=C. V. Raman Pillai|series=Malalyalam Men of Letters|year=1993|publisher=Dept. of Publications, [[University of Kerala]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa'' by Dr. Ayyappa Paniker|1993}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=N. Balakrishnan|year=1951|title=Sākṣāl Si. Vi|script-title=ml:സാക്ഷാൽ സി. വി.|trans-title=Real C. V.|language=ml|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Kamalalaya Printing Works & Book Depot|ref={{sfnref|N. Balakrishnan Nair|1951}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=P. K. Parameswaran|author-link1=P.K. Parameswaran Nair|year=2014|orig-date=1948|title=Si. Vi. Rāman Piḷḷa|script-title=ml:സി. വി. രാമൻ പിള്ള|trans-title=C. V. Raman Pillai|language=ml|location=Thrissur|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|ref={{sfnref|''C. V. Raman Pilla''|2014}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Malayankeezh|year=2007|title=Ji. Pi. Piḷḷa Mahātmagāndhikk Māṟgadaṟśiyāya Malayāḷi|script-title=ml:ജി. പി. പിള്ള മഹാത്മാഗാന്ധിക്ക് മാർഗദർശിയായ മലയാളി|trans-title=G. P. Pillai : Malayali guidance to Mahatma Gandhi|language=ml|location=Thriruvananthapuram|publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Information & Public Relations Department]], [[Govt. of Kerala]]|ref={{sfnref|Malayankeezh Gopalakrishnan|2007}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=K. S.|year=1991|orig-date=1988|title=Si. Vi. Caritrākhyāyikakaḷilūṭe|script-title=ml:സി. വി. ചരിത്രാഖ്യായികകളിലൂടെ|trans-title=C. V., through the Historical Narratives|language=ml|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|location=Kottayam|ref={{sfnref|''Si. Vi. Caritrākhyāyikakaḷilūṭe''|1991}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Irumbayam|first1=Dr. George|author-link1=George Irumbayam|year=2009|orig-date=1996|title=Nōval Si.Vi. Mutal Baṣīṟ Vare|script-title=ml:നോവൽ സി. വി. മുതൽ ബഷീർ വരെ|trans-title=Novel : From C. V. until Basheer|language=ml|location=Thrissur|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|ref={{sfnref|''Nōval Si.Vi. Mutal Baṣīṟ Vare''|2009}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Pilla|first1=K. R. Parameswaran|journal=Ātmapōṣiṇi|title=Si. Vi. Rāmanpiḷḷa Avaṟkaḷuṭe Nōvaleḻuttŭ|script-title=ml:സി. വി. രാമൻപിള്ള അവർകളുടെ നോവലെഴുത്ത്|trans-title=The novel scripting of respected C. V. Raman Pillai|language=ml|volume=XI|issue=9|location=Kunnamkulam|publisher=Akshara Ratna Prakasika|year=1921|ref={{sfnref|''Ātmapōṣiṇi''|1921}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jeffrey|first1=Robin|author-link1=Robin Jeffrey|year=2014|orig-date=1976|title=The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847-1908|location=New Delhi|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9789350980347}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=B. P.|last2=Padmanabha|first2=P.|last3=McConnell|first3=Grant D.|last4=Verma|first4=V. S.|title=Constitutional languages|series=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use. India|volume=II|year=1989|publisher=[[:fr:Les Presses de l'Université Laval|Les Presses de l']][[Université Laval]]|location=Québec|isbn=9782763771861|ref={{sfnref|''Constitutional languages''|1989}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|author-link1=Sisir Kumar Das|title=A History of Indian Literature: 1800-1910, Western Impact: Indian Responses|edition=Reprint|volume=I|orig-date=1991|year=2005|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172010065|ref={{sfnref|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol I|2005}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/jobs/gujarats-last-rajput-king-karan-ghelo-a-kings-life/91058/|title=Gujarat's Last Rajput King Karan Ghelo: A king's life|last1=Vohra|first1=Anirudh|date=28 June 2015|series=Industry|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|location=New Delhi|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310110159/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/jobs/gujarats-last-rajput-king-karan-ghelo-a-kings-life/91058/|archive-date=10 March 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/fine-balance-nandshankar-karan-ghelo-downfall-gujarat-last-rajput-ruler|title=A Fine Balance: Nandshankar's ''Karan Ghelo'' and the Downfall of Gujarat's Last Rajput Ruler|last1=Herzberger|first1=Radhika|date=19 July 2015|series=Vantage|publisher=[[The Caravan]]|location=New Delhi|access-date=26 October 2015}}
* {{cite book|last1=Deo|first1=Shripad D.|editor1-last=Natarajan|editor1-first=Nalini|editor2-last=Nelson|editor2-first=Emmanuel Sampath|title=Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India|year=1996|publisher=[[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]]|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=9780313287787|ref={{sfnref|''Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India''|1996}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nayak|first1=J. K.|last2=Pati|first2=Madhusudana|title=The Historical Novel in Oriya|year=1982|publisher=Shri Anant Misra, Cuttak Students' Store|location=Cuttak|ref={{sfnref|''The Historical Novel in Oriya''|1982}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Samal|first1=J. K.|last2=Nayak|first2=P. K.|title=Makers of Modern Orissa|year=1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170173229|ref={{sfnref|''Makers of Modern Orissa''|1996}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Farida%20Yousaf-4.pdf|title=Scott and Sharar: A study of Common Aspects of Historical Themes|last1=Yousaf|first1=Farida|year=2001|work=Faculty of Languages & Islamic Studies|series=Journal of Research|publisher=[[Bahauddin Zakariya University]]|location=Multan|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029194015/http://bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Farida%20Yousaf-4.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2010}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=George|editor1-first=K. M.|editor1-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and Poems|volume=I|year=1992|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172013240|ref=none}}
** {{cite book|last1=Murthy|first1=K. Narasimha|year=1992|title=Modern Kannada Literature|ref={{sfnref|''Modern Kannada Literature''|1992}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Padmanabhan|first1=Neela|author1-link=Neela Padmanabhan|title=Modern Tamil Literature|year=1992|ref={{sfnref|''Modern Tamil Literature''|1992}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Narasiṃha Rao|first1=V. V. Yal|title=Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham|series=Makers of Indian literature|year=1993|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172014995}}
* {{cite book|last1=Elenkath|first1=K. R.|year=1974|title=Dewan Nanoo Pillay Biography with his select writings and letters|location=Neyyoor-West|publisher=Dewan Nanoo Pillay Memorial Reading Room|ref={{sfnref|''Dewan Nanoo Pillay''|1974}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Pillay|first1=Nanoo|author-link1=Nanoo Pillai|year=1974|orig-date=1886|editor1-last=Elenkath|editor1-first=K. R.|title=The Sketch of Progress of Travancore|ref={{sfnref|Nanoo Pillay|1886}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Perunna K. N.|editor1-last=Warrier|editor1-first=P. A.|editor2-last=Kizhakemuri|editor2-first=D. C.|editor2-link=D. C. Kizhakemuri|year=1984|series=Mahacharithamaala|number=141|title=Kuḷakkunnattu Rāmamēnōn Māḷiyammāvu Kuññuvaṟīt Es. Ṭi. Ṟeḍyāṟ E. Ke. Ṭi. Ke. Eṁ Tōmas Pōḷ Eṁ. Je. Tōmas|script-title=ml:കുളക്കുന്നത്തു രാമമേനോൻ മാളിയമ്മാവു കുഞ്ഞുവറീത് എസ്. ടി. റെഡ്യാർ എ. കെ. ടി. കെ. എം. തോമസ് പോൾ എം. ജെ. തോമസ്|trans-title=Biographies of Kulakkunnathu Raman Menon, Maliyammavu Kunjuvareethu, S. T. Reddiar, A. K. T. K. M. Vasudevan Namboothiripad, Thomas Paul, M. J. Thomas|language=ml|location=Kottayam|publisher=Kairali Childrens Book Trust|ref={{sfnref|Perunna K. N. Nair|1984}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|author-link1=Sisir Kumar Das|year=2006|orig-date=1995|volume=II|edition=Reprint|title=A History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, Struggle for Freedom : Triumph and Tragedy|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=9788172017989|ref={{sfnref|''History of Indian Literature'' Vol II|2006}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=1983|orig-date=1891|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|language=ml|publisher=Poorna Publications|location=Kozhikode|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Poorna Edn.]|1983}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|orig-date=1891|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|edition=Fourth|year=2009|publisher=Poorna Publications|location=Kozhikode|language=ml|ref=none}}
*** {{cite book|author=Haridevan|title=Bhūmika|script-title=ml:ഭൂമിക|trans-title=Prelude|edition=Fourth|year=2009|orig-date=1983|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=1999|orig-date=1891|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|language=ml|location=Thrissur|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=8176900001|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [KSA Edn.]|1999}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=1983|orig-date=1891|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|language=ml|publisher=Little Prince Publications|location=Kottayam|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Variorum Edn.]|1983}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=2009|orig-date=1891|series=Malayalam Classics|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|language=ml|publisher=Rachana Books|location=Kollam|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Rachana Edn.]|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=2013|orig-date=1891|series=Nōval Paḻama|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|language=ml|publisher=Chintha Publishers|location=Thiruvananthapuram|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Chintha Edn.]|2013}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=2016|orig-date=1891|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthandavarma|language=ml|publisher=Lal Books|location=Thrissur|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma'' [Lal Edn.]|2016}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=O. Krishna|title=Mārttāṇṭa Varma|script-title=ta:மார்த்தாண்ட வர்மா|trans-title=Marthandavarma|year=1954|publisher=Kamalalaya Book Depot|location=Trivandrum|language=ta|ref={{sfnref|O. Krishna Pillai|1954}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=B.K|title=Marthanda varma|edition=First|year=1936|publisher=Kamalalaya Book Depot|location=Trivandrum|ref={{sfnref|B.K. Menon|1936}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=B.K|title=Marthanda varma|year=1998|orig-date=1936|edition=Revised|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|ref=none}}
*** {{cite book|last1=Jayakumar|first1=Prema|title=Foreword|year=1998|ref={{sfnref|Prema Jayakumar|1998}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Devi|first1=R. Leela|author-link1=R. Leela Devi|title=Marthanda varma|edition=Second|year=1984|orig-date=1979|publisher=Sterling Paperbacks|location=New Delhi|ref={{sfnref|Leela Devi|1979}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Krishnankutty|first=Kunnukuzhy|year=1990|title=Mārtāṇḍa Varma|script-title=hi:मार्ताण्ड वर्मा|trans-title=Marthandavarma |journal=Keral Jyoti|issue=3|volume=XXV|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Kerala Hindi Prachar Sabha|language=hi}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thambi|first1=P. Padmanabhan|title=Mārttāṇṭa Varmma|script-title=ta:மார்த்தாண்ட வர்ம்மா|trans-title=Marthandavarma|year=2007|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8126016587|language=ta|ref={{sfnref|Padmanabhan Thambi|2007}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=S. Guptan|author-link1=S. Guptan Nair|title=C. V. Raman Pillai|edition=First|year=1992|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|ref={{sfnref|''C. V. Raman Pillai'' by S. Guptan Nair|1992}}}}
** {{cite book|author=((Unknown reporter))|editor1-last=Nair|editor1-first=S. Guptan |editor-link1=S. Guptan Nair|title=Appendix I: Editorial from THE HINDU, dated December 21, 1891|year=1992|orig-date=1891|ref={{sfnref|Editorial from ''THE HINDU''|1891}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=P. K. Parameswaran|author-link1=P.K. Parameswaran Nair|year=2010|orig-date=1958|edition=12{{sup|th}}|title=Malayāḷa sāhityacaritraṁ|script-title=ml:മലയാള സാഹിത്യചരിത്രം|trans-title=Malayalam literary history|location=New Delhi|language=ml|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|ref={{sfnref|''Malayāḷa Sāhityacaritraṁ''|2010}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/seminar-in-memory-of-appu-nedungadi/article814059.ece|title=Seminar in memory of Appu Nedungadi|author=((Staff Reporter))|date=5 October 2010|work=Kerala|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Palakkad|access-date=13 January 2011|ref={{sfnref|''The Hindu''|5 October 2010}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Paul|first1=M. P.|author-link1=M. P. Paul|title=Nōvalsāhityaṁ|script-title=ml:നോവൽസാഹിത്യം|trans-title=Novel Literature|edition=First Poorna|year=1991|orig-date=1930|publisher=Poorna Publications|location=Kozhikode|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Nōvalsāhityaṁ''|1991}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/tours-de-force-in-kozhikode/article2845940.ece|title=Tours de force in Kozhikode|last1=Anima|first1=P.|date=31 January 2012|work=Editorial Features|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kozhikode|access-date=2 July 2014|ref={{sfnref|''The Hindu''|31 January 2012}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chandumenon|first1=O|author-link1=O. Chandumenon|title=Indulēkha|script-title=ml:ഇന്ദുലേഖ|trans-title=Indulekha|language=ml|year=1995|orig-date=1890|publisher=[[D. C. Books]]|location=Kottayam}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Irumbayam|first1=Dr. George|author-link1=Dr. George Irumbayam|journal=Indian Literature|title=Treasures of Malayalam Literature from Europe|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|date=July 1981|volume=24|issue=4|ref={{sfnref|''Treasures of Malayalam Literature from Europe''|July 1981}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=116791762000|title=Sahithya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society Ltd Vs. Kamalalaya Printing Works And Book Depot|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia|publisher=Regent Computronics Pvt. Ltd.|location=Ahmadabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421142139/http://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=116791762000|archive-date=21 April 2015|access-date=21 April 2015|ref={{sfnref|''Encyclopedia''|2015}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Balakrishnan|first1=Dr. Kalpatta|year=2005|orig-date=1986|title=Caritṟanōval Malayāḷattil|script-title=ml:ചരിത്രനോവൽ മലയാളത്തിൽ|trans-title=Historical Novel in Malayalam|language=ml|location=Thrissur|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=8176900869|ref={{sfnref|Kalpatta Balakrishnan|2005}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Irumbayam|first1=Dr. George|author-link1=Dr. George Irumbayam|year=1997|orig-date=1984|title=Malayāḷanōval Pattompatāṁ Nūṯāṇṭil|script-title=ml:മലയാളനോവൽ പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൽ|trans-title=Malayalam Novel in Nineteenth Century|language=ml|publisher=Cultural Publications Department, [[Government of Kerala|Govt. of Kerala]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|ref={{sfnref|''Malayāḷanōval Pattompatāṁ Nūṯāṇṭil''|1997}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Prof. Thumpamon|year=1992|title=Malayāḷanōvalil Oru Punḥapariśōdhana|script-title=ml:മലയാളനോവലിൽ ഒരു പുനഃപരിശോധന|trans-title=A Re-examination in Malayalam Novel|language=ml|location=Kottayam|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|ref={{sfnref|Thumpamon Thomas|1992}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tharakan|first1=Prof. K. M.|author-link1=K. M. Tharakan|year=2005|orig-date=1978|title=Malayāḷa Nōval Sāhitya Caritṟaṁ|script-title=ml:മലയാള നോവൽ സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം|trans-title=History of Malayalam Novel Literature|language=ml|location=Thrissur|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=8176900788|ref={{sfnref|K. M. Tharakan|2005}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=Dr. A. M. Vasudevan|title=Nōvaluṁ Rāṣṭṟīyavuṁ|script-title=ml:നോവലും രാഷ്ട്രീയവും|trans-title=Novel and Politics|year=1991|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|location=Thrissur|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|A. M. Vasudevan Pillai|1991}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Benjamin|first1=Dr. D.|year=2010|orig-date=1994|title=Nōvalsāhityapaṭhanaṅṅaḷ|script-title=ml:നോവൽസാഹിത്യപഠനങ്ങൾ|trans-title=Novel literature studies|language=ml|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=MaluBen Publications|isbn=9788187480655}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kurup|first1=C. Sreekanta|year=2007|title=Si. Vi. Manasuṁ Kalayuṁ|script-title=ml:സി.വി. മനസ്സും കലയും|trans-title=C.V. Mind and Art|language=ml|publisher=The Book Digest|location=Kottayam|ref={{sfnref|Sreekanta Kurup|2007}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pilla|first1=Prof. N. Krishna|author-link1=N. Krishna Pillai|year=2011|orig-date=1986|title=Pratipātraṁ Bhāṣaṇabhēdaṁ|script-title=ml:പ്രതിപാത്രം ഭാഷണഭേദം|trans-title=Speech variance per character|language=ml|edition=2{{sup|nd}} DCB|location=Kottayam|publisher=[[D. C. Books]]|isbn=978-8171303946|ref={{sfnref|''Pratipātraṁ Bhāṣaṇabhēdaṁ''|2011}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Onakkoor|first1=Dr. George|year=2013|title=Nāyaka Sankalpaṁ Malayāḷa Nōvalil|script-title=ml:നായക സങ്കല്പം മലയാള നോവലിൽ|trans-title=Concept of Hero in Malayalam Novel|language=ml|location=Kottayam|publisher=Ascend Publication|ref={{sfnref|George Onakkoor|2013}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=S. Guptan|author-link1=S. Guptan Nair|title=Gadyaṁ Pinniṭṭa Vaḻikaḷ|script-title=ml:ഗദ്യം പിന്നിട്ട വഴികൾ|trans-title=Paths passed by prose|year=2001|language=ml|publisher=[[D. C. Books]]|location=Kottayam|ref={{sfnref|''Gadyaṁ Pinniṭṭa Vaḻikaḷ''|2001}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Prabodhachandran|first1=Dr. V. R.|year=2003|title=Śailībhaṁgikaḷ|trans-title=Style-charms|script-title=ml:ശൈലീഭംഗികൾ|language=ml|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute|State Institute of Languages]]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=2009|orig-date=1918|title=Rāmarājābahadūṟ|script-title=ml:രാമരാജാബഹദൂർ|trans-title=Ramarajabahadur|language=ml|location=Kottayam|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|ref={{sfnref|''Ramarajabahadur''|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Paul|first1=M. P.|author-link1=M. P. Paul|title=Sāhityavicāraṁ|script-title=ml:സാഹിത്യവിചാരം|trans-title=Literary thought|edition=First Lipi|year=2005|publisher=Lipi Publications|location=Kozhikode|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|M. P. Paul|2005}}}}
* {{cite book|year=2003|editor1-last=Padmakumari|editor1-first=Prof. J.|editor2-last=Hussain|editor2-first=K.B.M|title=Valiyatampi Kuñcutampi Katha|trans-title=Big Brother Small Brother Story|script-title=ml:വലിയതമ്പി കുഞ്ചുതമ്പി കഥ|language=ml|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute|State Institute of Languages]]}}
* {{cite book|year=2011|editor1-last=Immanuel|editor1-first=Dr. M.|editor2-last=Sarveswaran|editor2-first=Dr. P.|title=Māvīraṉ Taḷapati Aṉantapatmanāpaṉ|script-title=ta:மாவீரன் தளபதி அனந்தபத்மநாபன்|trans-title=Great Commander Ananthapadmanabhan|location=Nagercoil|publisher=Cultural Historical Linguistic Indigenous Research Organisation, India|language=ta|ref=none}}
** {{cite book|last1=Shobhanan|first1=Dr. B.|year=2011|title=A Note on Ananthapadmanabhan}}
** {{cite book|author=Parthan|year=2011|title=Anantapatmanābhan nāṭāruṁ tiruvitāṁkūṟ niṟmmitiyuṁ|script-title=ml:അനന്തപത്മനാഭൻ നാടാരും തിരുവിതാംകൂർ നിർമ്മിതിയും|trans-title=Ananthapadmanabhan Nadar and Travancore formation|language=ml}}
* {{cite book|year=1982|editor1-last=Sarveswaran|editor1-first=Dr. P.|title=Ōṭṭaṉ Katai|trans-title=Runner Tale|script-title=ta:ஓட்டன் கதை|language=ta|location=Madurai|publisher=Mano Publishers|ref={{sfnref|''Ōṭṭaṉ Katai''|1982}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Varatharajan|first1=K. P.|year=2000|title=Tiruvaṭi Tēcaṁ Tiruppāppūr Paramparai Śrīmat Aṉantapatmanāpaṉ Nāṭār Varalāṟu|script-title=ta:திருவடி தேசம் திருப்பாப்பூர் பரம்பரை மாவீரன் ஶ்ரீமத் அனந்தபத்மநாபன் நாடார் வரலாறு|trans-title=History of great hero Mr. Ananthapadmanabhan Nadar in Thripappur lineage of Thiruvati nation|language=ta|location=Kattathurai|publisher=Ananthapadmanabhan Trust}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=Dr. Naduvattom|year=2008|title=Nāṭōṭi Caritrakkathakaḷ|trans-title=Folk historical stories|script-title=ml:നാടോടി ചരിത്രക്കഥകൾ|language=ml|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Malu Ben Publications|ref={{sfnref|Naduvattom Gopalakrishnan|2008}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Valath|first1=V. V. K.|author-link1=V. V. K. Valath|year=1998|title=Kēraḷattile Sthalacaritraṅṅaḷ : Tiruvaṉantapuraṁ Jilla|script-title=ml:കേരളത്തിലെ സ്ഥലചരിത്രങ്ങൾ : തിരുവനന്തപുരം ജില്ല|trans-title=Locality histories in Kerala : Thiruvananthapuram district|language=ml|location=Thrissur|publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|ref={{sfnref|V.V.K. Valath|1998}}}}
** {{cite book|last1=Pilla|first1=Sooranad Kunjan|author-link1=Sooranad Kunjan Pillai|editor1-last=Valath|editor1-first=V. V. K.|year=1998|orig-date=1992|script-title=ml:കിഴക്കേ കോട്ടയും പടിഞ്ഞാറേ കോട്ടയും|trans-title=East fort and West fort|title=Kiḻakkē kōṭṭayuṁ paṭiññāṟē kōṭṭayuṁ|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|Sooranad Kunjan Pillai|1992}}}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Balakrishnan|editor1-first=Dr. B. C.|editor2-last=Kartha|editor2-first=K. B.|editor3-last=Nair|editor3-first=Prof. Aliam Bhaskaran|editor4-last=Omana|editor4-first=Ms. P. V. |title=Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ|script-title=ml:സി. വി. വ്യാഖ്യാനകോശം|trans-title=C. V. Exegetic Dictionary |volume=I|year=1994|publisher=C. V. Raman Pillai National Foundation|location=Thiruvananthapuram|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 1|1994}}}}
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* {{cite book|editor1-last=Balakrishnan|editor1-first=Dr. B. C.|editor2-last=Satheesh|editor2-first=Mrs. P. V. Omana |title=Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ|script-title=ml:സി. വി. വ്യാഖ്യാനകോശം|trans-title=C. V. Exegetic Dictionary |volume=III|year=2002|publisher=C. V. Raman Pillai National Foundation|location=Thiruvananthapuram|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Si. Vi. Vyākhyānakōśaṁ'' Vol 3|2002}}}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Variyar|first1=Unnayi|author-link1=Unnayi Variyar|orig-date=1700{{ndash}}1750|year=2007|title=Naḷacaritaṁ (Mūnnāṁ Divasaṁ)|script-title=ml:നളചരിതം (മൂന്നാം ദിവസം)|trans-title=Nalacharitham (3{{sup|rd}} day)|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|location=Kottayam|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Naḷacaritaṁ [Mūnnāṁ Divasaṁ]''|2007}}}}
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* {{cite book|author=Subhash Chandran|author-link1=Subhash Chandran|year=2003|title=Paṇṭupaṇṭoru māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:പണ്ടുപണ്ടൊരു മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Long long ago a Marthanda Varma|language=ml|location=Kozhikode|publisher=Haritham Books|isbn=9788192827087|ref={{sfnref|Paṇṭupaṇṭoru Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|2003}}}}
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* {{Cite comic|writer=Radha Nair|artist=M. Mohandas|coartists=Ramesh Umrotkar|editor=N. M. Mohanan|title=മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ [māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma]|volume=XVII|issue=6|date=September 2007|publisher=[[Balarama (magazine)|Balarama Amar Chithra Katha]]|location=Kottayam|ref={{sfnref|Radha Nair|2007}}}}
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/malayalamcinemamore.htm|title=Introduction|publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Public Relations Development, Government of Kerala]]|work=Malayalam Cinema|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=12 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412153224/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/malayalamcinemamore.htm|archive-date=12 April 2014|ref={{SfnRef|PRD Kerala|2014}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2009/598/598_bindu_menon_m.htm|title=Romancing history and historicizing romance|first=Bindu Menon|last=M|date=June 2009|work=Circuits of Cinema: a symposium on Indian cinema in the 1940s and '50s|publisher=Seminar: Web Edition|location=New Delhi|access-date=12 April 2014|ref={{sfnref|Bindu Menon|2009}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/ml/film|title=ചലച്ചിത്ര ചരിത്രം|work=ചലച്ചിത്ര രംഗം [Movie Scene]|trans-title=Movie History|script-title=ml:ചലച്ചിത്ര ചരിത്രം|publisher=[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|language=ml|access-date=15 December 2015|ref={{SfnRef|TVM Corporation}}|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609153156/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/ml/film|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/marthanda-varma-1931/article4351969.ece|title=Marthanda Varma 1931|first=B.|last=Vijayakumar|date=7 March 2013|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|work=Metro Plus|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=12 April 2014|ref={{sfnref|''Metro Plus'', 3 March|2013}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kodampuzha|first=T. H.|date=31 March 1996|title=Subhadrayuṭe Kumāran|script-title=ml:സുഭദ്രയുടെ കുമാരൻ|trans-title=Subhadra's Kumaran|journal=[[Chithrabhumi]]|location=Kozhikode|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] Publishing & Printing Company Ltd|language=ml|issue=1|volume=XV|ref={{sfnref|''Chithrabhumi'', XV-1|1996}}}}
* {{cite web|title=The politics of a relationship|last=Jayakumar|first=G.|work=Friday Review|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 January 2006|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3216934.ece|access-date=15 December 2015|ref={{sfnref|''Friday Review'', 26 Jan|2006}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Malayilkada|first=Vinil|year=1998|title=Śuṣkamāya Bhāviyuṁ Selakṭīvāya Kāṇikaḷuṁ|trans-title=Dry future and selective viewers|script-title=ml:ശുഷ്കമായ ഭാവിയും സെലക്ടീവായ കാണികളും|journal=[[Chithrabhumi]]|issue=16|volume=XLII|location=Kozhikode|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] Publishing & Printing Company Ltd|language=ml|pages=7{{ndash}}9|ref={{sfnref|''Chithrabhumi'' XLII-16|1998}}}}
* {{cite journal|year=2002|editor1-last=Balakrishnan|editor1-first=K. |journal=Rashtra Deepika Cinema|title=channel page|language=ml|location=Kottayam|publisher=Rashtra [[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]] Ltd|volume=8|issue=26|ref={{sfnref|''Rashtra Deepika Cinema''|2002}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Marthanda Varma|last1=Thambi|first1=N. Gopinathan|last2=Vellarada|first2=P. M. Mani|network=[[Doordarshan]]|station=[[DD Malayalam|DD Thiruvananthapuram]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|date=15 January – 3 March 2003|minutes=30|ref={{sfnref|''Marthanda Varma'' (serial)|2003}}}}
* {{Cite report|last=Syamala|first=C. N.|date=1 July 2014|title=No.67(5)/RIACT/AI/DKT/3449|publisher=[[DD Malayalam|Doordarshan Kendra]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/real-to-reel/article840809.ece|title=Real to reel|first=George|last=Liza|date=22 October 2010|series=Television|work=Metro Plus|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=15 December 2015|ref={{sfnref|''Real to reel''|2010}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Veera Marthanda Varma|episode=Episode-1|last1=Sharma|first1=Gautham|network=[[Sun Network]]|station=[[Surya TV]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|number=1|date=19 July 2010 – 21 May 2011|minutes=30|ref={{sfnref|''Veera Marthanda Varma'' (serial) Episode-1|2010}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Veera Marthanda Varma|episode=Episode-9|last1=Sharma|first1=Gautham|network=[[Sun Network]]|station=[[Surya TV]]|number=9|location=Thiruvananthapuram|date=19 July 2010 – 21 May 2011|minutes=30|ref=none}}
* {{cite serial|title=Veera Marthanda Varma|episode=Episode-84|last1=Sharma|first1=Gautham|network=[[Sun Network]]|station=[[Surya TV]]|number=84|location=Thiruvananthapuram|date=19 July 2010 – 21 May 2011|minutes=30|ref={{sfnref|''Veera Marthanda Varma'' (serial) Episode-84|2010}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Marthanda Varma|last1=Venugopalan|first1=Dr. P.|network=[[Doordarshan]]|station=[[DD Malayalam]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|date=27 March 2014|time=15:30|ref={{sfnref|''Marthanda Varma'' TV Drama|2014}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ|trans-title=Marthanda Varma|last1=Venugopalan|first1=Dr. P.|network=[[Doordarshan]]|station=[[DD Malayalam]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|date=30 March – 4 May 2014|minutes=30|ref={{sfnref|''Marthanda Varma'' serial|2014}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-classic-goes-on-stage-with-its-gist-intact/article4726808.ece|title=A classic goes on stage, with its gist intact|author=((Staff Reporter))|date=18 May 2013|work=Today's Paper|series=National|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=24 January 2014|ref={{sfnref|''The Hindu''|18 May 2013}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/literature/node/258|title=Tiruvitāṁkūṟinṟe Caritrarēkhakaḷumāyi Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma Avatarippiccu|script-title=ml:തിരുവിതാംകൂറിന്റെ ചരിത്രരേഖകളുമായി മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു|trans-title=''Marthanda Varma'' staged with historical notes of Travancore|author=Shameer|date=23 May 2013|work=literature|publisher=[[Madhyamam Daily|Madhyamam]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|language=ml|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309201137/http://www.madhyamam.com/literature/node/258|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1416778.ece|title=Anniversary celebrations|author=((Staff Reporter))|date=17 May 2008|series=Today's Paper|work=Metro Plus|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=15 December 2015|ref={{sfnref|''Metro Plus''|17 May 2008}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1434380.ece|title=In memory of a maestro|first=Manu|last=Remakant|date=30 May 2008|work=Friday Review|series=Today's Paper|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=15 December 2015|ref={{sfnref|''Friday Review''|30 May 2008}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Marthandavarma|last1=G.|first1=Gopalakrishnan|network=[[All India Radio]]|station=Akashvani Thiruvananthapuram|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|date=17 July 1991 – 1 January 1992|minutes=30|ref={{sfnref|''Marthandavarma'' [Radio]|1991}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Marthandavarma|last1=G.|first1=Gopalakrishnan|network=[[All India Radio]]|station=Akashvani Thiruvananthapuram|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|date=20 January – 8 February 2014|minutes=15|ref={{sfnref|''Marthandavarma'' [Radio]|2014}}}}
* {{cite serial|title=Subhadra|last1=Nair|first1=K. V. Neelakandan|network=[[All India Radio]]|station=Akashvani Thiruvananthapuram|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|date=28 November – 12 December 2012|minutes=30|ref={{sfnref|''Subhadra'' [Radio]|2012}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=C. V. Raman|author-link1=C. V. Raman Pillai|year=1994|orig-date=1913|title=Dhaṟmarājā|script-title=ml:ധർമ്മരാജാ|trans-title=Dharmaraja|language=ml|location=Kottayam|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd|ref={{sfnref|''Dharmaraja''|1994}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thekkummoodu|first1=Dr. B. Balanandan|year=2010|title=Saṟggātmakatayuṭe Śṟutibhēdaṅṅaḷ|script-title=ml:സർഗ്ഗാത്മകതയുടെ ശ്രുതിഭേദങ്ങൾ|trans-title=Sough Variations of Creativity|language=ml|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Souparnika Publication|ref={{sfnref|Balanandan|2010}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.puzha.com/puzha/cgi-bin/generate-article.cgi?channel=puzhakids&article_xml=kunjunni9.xml&gen_type=printer&work_type=serialize|title=Oriṭatt Oriṭatt Oru Kuññuṇṇi|script-title=ml:ഒരിടത്ത്‌ ഒരിടത്ത്‌ ഒരു കുഞ്ഞുണ്ണി|trans-title=At one place, At one place A Kunjunni|first1=Sippy|last1=Pallippuram|author-link1=Sippy Pallippuram|year=2010|work=puzhakids|publisher=Puzha.com|location=Aluva|language=ml|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083357/http://www.puzha.com/puzha/cgi-bin/generate-article.cgi?channel=puzhakids&article_xml=kunjunni9.xml&gen_type=printer&work_type=serialize|archive-date=24 September 2015|ref={{sfnref|Sippy Pallippuram|2010}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=Sebastian|first1=Shevlin|date=5 September 2009|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article148616.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427022640/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article148616.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2015|title=The write sttuff|work=Kochi|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=Kochi|access-date=27 April 2015|ref={{sfnref|''The New Indian Express''|5 September 2009}}}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Lal|editor1-first=Mohan|year=2001|orig-date=1992|volume=V|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=8126012218|ref={{sfnref|''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' Vol V|2001}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Kēraḷa Pāṭhāvali|script-title=ml:കേരള പാഠാവലി|trans-title=Kerala Reader|year=1997|orig-date=1988|publisher=[[Kerala State Education Board|SCERT]], [[Govt. of Kerala]]|series=Standard X|location=Thiruvananthapuram|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|Kēraḷa Pāṭhāvali|1997}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma Upapāṭhapustakaṁ|script-title=ml:മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ ഉപപാഠപുസ്തകം|trans-title=Marthandavarma Sub-textbook|year=1985|orig-date=1977|publisher=[[Kerala State Education Board|SCERT]], [[Govt. of Kerala]]|series=Standard IX|location=Thiruvananthapuram|language=ml|ref={{sfnref|''Māṟttāṇḍavaṟmma Upapāṭhapustakaṁ''|1985}}}}
* {{Cite report|last=Sanalkumaran|first=M.|date=8 June 2015|title=SIL/684/Mal/45/15|publisher=[[Madurai Kamaraj University]]|location=Madurai|ref={{sfnref|Madurai Kamaraj University|8 June 2015}}}}
* {{Cite report|last=P|first=Sivappu|date=6 February 2015|title=KU/SPIO/RTI/2221-2230 (ii)|publisher=[[Kannur University]]|location=Kannur|ref={{sfnref|Kannur University|6 February 2015}}}}
* {{Cite report|date=24 March 2015|title=CBCS/RTI/2015/196|publisher=[[University of Madras]]|location=Chennai|ref={{sfnref|University of Madras|24 March 2015}}}}
* {{Cite report|date=4 February 2015|title=1049/RTI.2/2015/PR|publisher=[[University of Kerala]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|ref={{sfnref|University of Kerala|4 February 2015}}}}
* {{Cite report|date=13 May 2015|title=AC AIII/1/41/2015|publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]|location=Kottayam|ref={{sfnref|Mahatma Gandhi University|13 May 2015}}}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/sites/default/files/downloads/ba_malayalam.pdf|year=2010|title=Detailed Syllabus For Ba.Malayalam – Core And Allied Scheme Of Question Papers|work=Minutes Of The Meeting Division Of Syllabus Detailed Syllabus For Foundation Course|publisher=[[Pondicherry University]]|location=Pondicherry|access-date=1 September 2015|ref={{sfnref|Pondicherry University - BA Malayalam|2010}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/athijeevanam-by-ettumanoor-somadasan-released.html|title=Pṟācīna Kēraḷattinṟe Vipulacaritṟamāyi Oru Nōval|script-title=ml:പ്രാചീന കേരളത്തിന്റെ വിപുലചരിത്രമായി ഒരു നോവൽ|trans-title=A Novel with detail history of ancient Kerala|date=20 November 2013|work=Novel|publisher=[[D. C. Books]]|location=Kottayam|language=ml|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206055620/http://www.dcbooks.com/athijeevanam-by-ettumanoor-somadasan-released.html|archive-date=6 December 2013|ref={{sfnref|D C Books|2013}}}}
* {{cite news|title=A new translation of an old classic|author=((HT Picks editor))|date=2025-01-11|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|series=Books|publisher=[[HT Media]]|volume=CI|issue=10|location=New Delhi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-picks-new-reads-101736524281929.html|access-date=2025-12-05 |ref={{sfnref|Hindustan Times|2025}}}}
* {{cite news|title=Translated fiction: In 1741, King Marthandavarma thwarts the colonial ambitions of the Dutch|author=((Web editor))|date=2025-01-10|series=BOOK EXCERPT|publisher=[[Scroll.in]]|location=Mumbai|url=https://scroll.in/article/1077513/translated-fiction-in-1741-king-marthandavarma-thwarts-the-colonial-ambitions-of-the-dutch%22|access-date=2025-12-05 |ref={{sfnref|Scroll.in|2025}}}}
* {{cite news|title=Marthandavarma|author=((Backflap editor))|date=2025-02-09|newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Sunday Tribune]]|series=Backflap|publisher=The Tribune Trust|volume=145|issue=39|location=Chandigarh|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/backflap-14/|access-date=2025-12-05 |ref={{sfnref|The Sunday Tribune|2025}}}}
* {{cite news|title=Seamless weaving of history and fiction|author=A V S Namboodiri|date=2025-05-09|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|series=Books|publisher=The Printers Mysore|volume=77|issue=327|location=Bangalore|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/books/seamless-weaving-of-history-and-fiction-3521772#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20seamless%20weaving,growing%20interactions%20with%20the%20West|access-date=2025-12-05 |ref={{sfnref|Deccan Herald|2025}}}}
* {{Cite news |author=((Anonymous editor))|title=Dalawa and the diplomat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/May/19/dalawa-and-the-diplomat-50525.html |work=Thiruvananthapuram |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 May 2009 |access-date=13 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|The New Indian Express Thiruvananthapuram|2009}}}}
* {{Cite news |author=((Official correspondent))|title=CV a model of renaissance in Malayalam literature |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/May/20/cv-a-model-of-renaissance-in-malayalam-literature-50773.html|work=Thiruvananthapuram |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=13 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|The New Indian Express|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book|author=G S Iyer|title=Dharmaraja |location=Chennai |publisher=[[Westland Books|Tranquebar Press]] |year=2009|isbn=9788189975500|edition=First|ref={{sfnref|GS Iyer|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book|author=G S Iyer|title=Marthandavarma |location=Chennai |publisher=[[Westland Books|Eka]] |year=2024|isbn=9789360459024|edition=First|ref={{sfnref|GS Iyer|2024}}}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite conference|author=((Various contributors))|title=Sahitya Akademi National Seminar on Martanda Varma|conference=National Seminar on Malayalam Classic ''Marthandavarma''|series=National Seminar|year=1992|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Meenakshi|author-link1=Meenakshi Mukherjee|editor1-last = Rajan|editor1-first = P.K.|year=1992|title=''Marthanda Varma'' and the Historical Novel in India|journal=Littcrit|issue=1 & 2|volume=XVIII|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pillai|first=Meena T.|year=2012|title=Modernity and the Fetishising of Female Chastity: C.V. Raman Pillai and the Anxieties of the Early Modern Malayalam Novel|journal=South Asian Review|issue=1|volume=XXXIII|location=Florida|publisher=South Asian Literary Association}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=JboTc49QU50C Marthanda Varma preview: Google books.]

{{Marthandavarma (novel)}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marthandavarma (Novel)}}
[[Category:1891 debut novels]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian romance novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Historical romance novels]]
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Novels set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Self-published books]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into radio programs]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Novels by C. V. Raman Pillai]]

Viveka Nand Pandey

2026-04-13T22:50:51Z

1muhammet237823: made some details basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vivekanand Pandey
| office = Member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khadda Assembly constituency|Khadda]]
| term_start = March 2022
| party = [[NISHAD Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Vivekanand Pandey'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expenditure of Candidates in General Election-2022 {{!}} District Kushinagar, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://kushinagar.nic.in/ecge-2022/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Viveka Nand Pandey(Nirbal Indian Shoshit Hamara Aam Dal):Constituency- KHADDA(KUSHINAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3970 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician of the [[NISHAD Party|Nishad Party]]. He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Khadda Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Up Assembly Official website |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/partyWiseMLA/63/18 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=निषाद पार्टी के विधायक का छलका दर्द, कहा- सुनवाई नहीं हुई तो दे दूंगा विधानसभा से इस्तीफा - mobile |url=https://up.punjabkesari.in/uttar-pradesh/news/spill-pain-of-mla-said-i-will-resign-from-the-assembly-1692901 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:NISHAD Party politicians]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Smita Sabharwal

2026-04-12T12:43:32Z

1muhammet237823: made some details nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian civil servant officer (born 1977)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|06|19|df=yes}}
| occupation = Bureaucrat
| spouse = {{marriage|Akun Sabharwal, IPS|2004}}
| children = Nanak Sabharwal, Bhuvis Sabharwal
| father = Colonel Pranab Das
| mother = Purabi Banerjee
| office1 = Member Secretary of Telangana State Finance Commission
| term_start1 = 28 April 2025
| term_end1 =
| term_start2 = 4 January 2024
| term_end2 = 10 November 2024
| office3 = Secretary to Government Youth Advancement, Tourism & Culture
| term_start3 = 11 November 2024
| term_end3 = 27 April 2025
}}

'''Smita Sabharwal''' (born 19 June 1977) is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of 2001 batch belonging to Telangana cadre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil Servants list|url=http://www.civillist.ias.nic.in/YrCurr/AppendixQryCL.asp?fmAppNum=B|accessdate=18 May 2015|work=Civil List|archive-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119093826/http://civillist.ias.nic.in/YrCurr/AppendixQryCL.asp?fmAppNum=B|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is popularly known as ''The People’s Officer'' for addressing citizen issues by involving people.<ref>{{cite web|title=News reports about Smita|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140611/nation-current-affairs/article/people%E2%80%99s-officer|access-date=18 May 2015| work= Deccan Chronicles}}</ref> She is the first lady IAS Officer to be appointed to the Chief Minister's Office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/telanganas/139|accessdate=18 May 2015|work=The News minute|date=3 November 2014|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221154103/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telanganas/139|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Smita Joins CMO|url= http://sakshipost.com/index.php/news/state/40799-medak-collector-smita-sabharwal-joins-cmo.html|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= Sakshi post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special coverage for lady IAS|url= http://english.tupaki.com/enews/view/KCR-special-treatment-for-Lady-IAS-officer/78572|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= Tupaki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Recognition for lady IAS|url= http://way2news.in/ap-news/kcr-special-treatment-lady-ias-officer.html|accessdate=18 May 2015| work=Way2SMS}}</ref> She worked as Member Secretary of Telangana State Finance Commission, [[Government of Telangana]] from 4 Jan 2024 to 10 November 2024.<ref name="Another IAS, IPS reshuffle: Smita Sabharwal moved out of CMO in Telangana">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Another IAS, IPS reshuffle: Smita Sabharwal moved out of CMO in Telangana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jan/04/another-ias-ips-reshuffle-smita-sabharwal-moved-out-of-cmo-in-telangana-2647709.html |access-date=12 November 2024 |date=4 January 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Order: The following transfers and postings of IAS Officers are ordered | date=2024-01-03 | url=https://images.hindustantimes.com/telugu/img/2024/01/03/original/ias_transfers_1704280195297.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130071706/https://images.hindustantimes.com/telugu/img/2024/01/03/original/ias_transfers_1704280195297.pdf | archive-date=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/major-reshuffling-of-ias-officers-in-telangana-over-40-bureaucrats-transferred-and-given-new-postings/article68326743.ece | title=Major reshuffle of IAS officers in Telangana; over 40 bureaucrats transferred and given new postings | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 June 2024 | last1=Rajeev | first1=M. }}</ref>

Smita Sabharwal worked as Secretary to Government Youth Advancement, Tourism & Culture from 11 November 2024 to 27 April 2025.<ref name="IAS transfers: Ilambarithi K is posted as Commissioner, GHMC">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=IAS transfers: Ilambarithi K is posted as Commissioner, GHMC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ias-transfers-ilambarithi-k-is-posted-as-commissioner-ghmc/article68857032.ece |access-date=12 November 2024 |date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112034853/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ias-transfers-ilambarithi-k-is-posted-as-commissioner-ghmc/article68857032.ece |archive-date=12 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Smita Sabharwal was appointed as Member Secretary of Telangana State Finance Commission on 27 April 2025.<ref name="Telangana Transfers IAS Officer Who Reshared AI Image In Hyderabad Land Row">{{cite news |title=Telangana Transfers IAS Officer Who Reshared AI Image In Hyderabad Land Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-transfers-ias-officer-smita-sabharwal-who-reshared-ai-image-in-hyderabad-land-row-8271477 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428043200/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-transfers-ias-officer-smita-sabharwal-who-reshared-ai-image-in-hyderabad-land-row-8271477 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Major reshuffle of IAS officers in Telangana">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Major reshuffle of IAS officers in Telangana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/major-reshuffle-of-ias-officers-in-telangana |access-date=28 April 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428043124/https://telanganatoday.com/major-reshuffle-of-ias-officers-in-telangana |archive-date=28 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IAS officer who was in news for resharing Kancha Gachibowli post transferred by Telangana govt">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=IAS officer who was in news for resharing Kancha Gachibowli post transferred by Telangana govt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ias-officer-who-was-in-news-for-resharing-kancha-gachibowli-post-transferred-by-telangana-govt/article69498726.ece |access-date=28 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428043617/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ias-officer-who-was-in-news-for-resharing-kancha-gachibowli-post-transferred-by-telangana-govt/article69498726.ece |archive-date=28 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sabharwal was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]] to an Army officer, Colonel Pranab Das, and Purabi Das.

Sabharwal did her schooling at [[St. Ann's High School, Secunderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet IAS Smita Sabharwal, 'People's Officer' Of Telangana Who Got AIR 4 In UPSC |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/meet-ias-smita-sabharwal-peoples-officer-of-telangana-who-got-air-4-in-upsc-8411527.html |work=News18 |date=24 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She was the all India topper in [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] exam. She graduated in commerce from [[St Francis College for Women]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Smita|url= http://sfc.ac.in/?s=smita+sabharwal|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= SFC}}</ref> She was 24, when she cleared the [[Union Public Service Commission]] exam in 2001, securing All India fourth rank.<ref>{{cite web|title=On Smita Sabharwal|url=http://www.braintreeindia.com/results.html|accessdate=18 May 2015|work=Brain tree India|archive-date=7 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507170325/http://www.braintreeindia.com/results.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=On education policies of Smita Sabharwal|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article202434.ece?service=print|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150706075411/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article202434.ece?service=print|url-status= dead|archive-date= 6 July 2015|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=News reports about Smita|url= http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rmay2001/16052001/r1605200114.html|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= PIB}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing administrative training in [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration|Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie]] in 2001, Sabharwal was trained in [[Adilabad district]] during her [[probation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140611/nation-current-affairs/article/people%E2%80%99s-officer |title=The people's officer |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-17}}</ref>

Her first independent charge was as Sub Collector, [[Madanapally]] in [[Chittoor]] which let her gain hands-on experience in Land Revenue Management & District Administration. Thereafter she worked in Rural Development sector as Project Director, DRDA, [[Kadapa]].

She worked as a municipal commissioner, [[Warangal]], where she introduced "Fund your City" scheme where a large number of public utilities such as Traffic Junctions, Foot-overbridges, Bus-stops, Parks were created with Public-Private partnership (PPP). Later, she served as Deputy Commissioner, Commercial Taxes, [[Visakhapatnam]].

===As district collector===
Smita Sabharwal worked as joint collector of [[Kurnool]] and joint collector of Hyderabad.

In April 2011, she took charge as district collector, [[Karimnagar district]] where she made significant contribution in the Health and Education sector. The health initiative to improve institutional deliveries in the public sector popularly known as ''Ammalalana'', was started and successfully implemented in the district. It became a role model for many health initiatives of ‘high risk pregnancy management targeting, IMR and MMR’ in NRHM of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ammalalana programme|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/amma-lalana-programme-sought-in-all-districts/article3783759.ece|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= The Hindu|date= 17 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Notable works of Smita|url= http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM/2012/03/22&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&ViewMode=HTML |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150702212155/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM/2012/03/22&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&ViewMode=HTML |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 July 2015 |accessdate=18 May 2015| work= Times of India}}</ref> This initiative was also nominated as one of the best initiatives for Prime Minister's award for excellence in public administration.<ref>{{cite web|title=e-initiatives|url= http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/right-e-nitiatives-karimnagars-governance-champ-shows-way|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= Governance|date= 22 May 2013}}</ref>

With the help of public representatives, Karimnagar town underwent a facelift in the form of wider roads, scientifically planned traffic junctions, bus-stops, Toilets and other public utilities. Karimnagar district was awarded the best district in PM's 20 Point Programme for 2012–2013. She successfully started a programme, ''Voter Panduga'' to increase polling percentage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/smitha-sabarwal-ias-profile-age-husband-photos/ |title=Smitha Sabarwal IAS Biodata |date=19 June 2016}}</ref>

She also served as District Collector of [[Medak]] during the General Elections 2014 and successfully conducted free and fair polls registering a high polling turn out.<ref>{{cite web|title=Medak Collector|url= http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-07/Smita-Sabharwal-Medak-Collector-to-CMO-97782|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= The Hans India|date= 7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=YouTube video|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaT2Z5aLzpI|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Polling record|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/medak-registers-second-highest-polling-in-telangana/article5857303.ece|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= The Hindu|date= April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Smita reveals Singapore secrets|url= http://english.tupaki.com/enews/view/Smitha-reveals-KCR-Singapore-secrets/71825|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= Tupaki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=Who Is Smita Sabharwal? Telangana's 'People's IAS Officer', A Social Media Star |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/who-is-smita-sabharwal-telangana-peoples-ias-officer-famous-on-social-media-2621728.html |accessdate=2024-09-11 |work=zeenews.in}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{paragraph break}}
Sabharwal is known popularly as people's officer<ref>{{cite web|title=Contributions of Smita Sabharwal|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140611/nation-current-affairs/article/people%E2%80%99s-officer|access-date=18 May 2015| work= The Deccan Chronicles}}</ref> and is known to use latest developments in technology to her advantage, especially in implementing Government Programmes on field. Monitoring of Government doctors through skype has completely changed the scenario in the public health sector. Performance monitoring of Government schools through specially designed software has made Karimnagar & Medak Districts stand top in the state during her tenure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Use of skype for better education|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/skype-utilised-to-monitor-phcs/article3664282.ece|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= The Hindu|date= 21 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Skype facilities for governance|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/skype-facility-in-government-schools/article3860480.ece |accessdate=18 May 2015| work= The Hindu|date= 5 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bureacrat Smita Sabharwal|url=http://indiandemocrat.com/?p=245|accessdate=18 May 2015|work=Indian Democrat|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526004846/http://indiandemocrat.com/?p=245|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Inspiring source|url= http://www.iastimes.com/2014/06/a-women-officer-inspiration-to-all.html |accessdate=18 May 2015| work= IAS Times |last1= Prafull |first1= Kumar }}</ref>

==Awards==
*Indian Express Devi Award - 2015, for Innovation and Dynamism<ref>{{cite web|title=Devi Awards 2015|url=http://www.eventxpress.com/devi2015/|accessdate=21 Aug 2015| work= Indian Express}}</ref>
*e-India (e-Health Category) Government Digital Initiative – 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Contribution to family health welfare|url=http://eindia.eletsonline.com/2013/Hyderabad/Health/maarpu-the-change-department-of-health-family-welfare/|accessdate=18 May 2015|work=elets online|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610021957/http://eindia.eletsonline.com/2013/Hyderabad/Health/maarpu-the-change-department-of-health-family-welfare/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Contributions to Karimnagar|url= http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/right-e-nitiatives-karimnagars-governance-champ-shows-way|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= Governance|date= 22 May 2013}}</ref>
*Chief Minister's Award for best district in 21 Point Flagship Programme in 2011–12.<ref>{{cite news|title=e-governance award|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/karimnagar-bags-egovernance-awards/article4669232.ece|accessdate=18 May 2015| work= The Hindu|date= 30 April 2013}}</ref>
*Chief Minister's Award for best district in 20 Point Flagship Programme in 2012–13 {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
*Recipient of "Platinum Award" worth ₹10.00 Lacs under District Category sponsored by Information Technology & Communication Department for the best e-Governance initiatives taken up at the district for the year 2012–13{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
*Nominated for Prime Minister's award under individual category for [[Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration|excellence in public administration]] in best district initiative "Ammalalana" programme in erstwhile united Government of Andhra Pradesh{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabharwal, Smita}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]

Gram Vikas Residential School

2026-04-10T18:46:29Z

1muhammet237823: Stub...

{{Infobox school
| name = Gram Vikas Residential Schools
| image = Morning Prayer at GVRS, Kankia.jpg
| caption=Students in morning prayer at Gram Vikas Residential School, Kankia
| size =
| established = 1982
| type = Private boarding school
| founder = [[Joe Madiath]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
|coordinates = {{coord |19.244498| 84.701431}}
| gender = Co-educational
| enrollment = 1500
| faculty = 50
| affiliation = [[Board of Secondary Education, Odisha]] (BSE Odisha)
| website = {{URL|http://www.gramvikas.org/education|www.gramvikas.org}} {{URL|http://www.gvrs.org.in}}
| age_range = 8–17
}}

'''Gram Vikas Residential School'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Gram Vikas|url=https://www.ashanet.org/projects/project-view.php?p=69|publisher=Asha for Education|accessdate= 1 January 2012}}</ref> is a co-educational Odia medium school that offers education from Grade 3 to Grade 10 level in Odisha, India. The school was founded in 1982 by Dr. Joe Madiath. It is affiliated to the Board of Secondary Education, Odisha. It has four branches. Gram Vikas High School was established in 1982<ref>{{cite web|title=Gram Vikas Education|url=http://www.gramvikas.org/education|publisher=Gram Vikas|accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref> at Kankia village in the [[Ganjam district]]. Mahendra Tanaya Ashram School was established in Koinpur village in Gajapati District of Odisha in 1992. Two more schools, Gram Vikas Shiksa Niketan and Gram Vikas Vidya Vihar, were established in 1998 and 2002 in Kalahandi district and Ganjam district, respectively.

==History==
===Origins===
In 1971, Joe Madiath led 400 volunteers from the [[University of Madras]]' Young Students' Movement for Development to [[West Bengal]] to manage relief camps for refugees of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. Witnessing the devastation of the [[1971 Odisha cyclone]], and realising the comparatively little attention received by the disaster victims, Madiath and a small group of 40 volunteers shifted their attention there.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pradeep|first=K.|title=In Pursuit of Social Justice|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article106375.ece|work=The Hindu|date=14 February 2010|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref>

The group decided that the best way to help the cyclone victims was to provide irrigation facilities. Once these efforts were completed, the group handed over the facilities to the villagers and left. But Madiath and a small group of YSMD volunteers came to the realisation that the irrigation facilities benefited mostly the landlords, and decided to stay in Orissa to become social activists.

Joe Madiath and remaining volunteers moved to [[Ganjam]] district at the invitation of the local authorities, and established Gram Vikas in 1979 and Gram Vikas Resdeintial School Kankia in 1982.

==Campuses==
The campuses of the school are spread over 3 districts of Odisha. The campuses include:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Gram Vikas High School Campus, Kankia
* Mahendra Tanaya Ashram Campus, Koinpur
* Gram Vikas Shiksha Niketan Campus, Th. Rampur
* Gram Vikas Vidya Vihar Campur, Rudhapadar
{{div col end}}

==Gram Vikas Residential School, Kankia==
[[File:Robotics Workshop in Atal Tinkering Lab.jpg|alt=|thumb|Robotics Workshop in Atal Tinkering Lab]]
Students at Gram Vikas Residential School, Kankia, are encouraged to be self-reliant and participate in various daily activities of the school campus.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The school collaborated with 'Pro sports Development'<ref>{{cite web|title=New physical education curriculum delivered in Gram Vikas Kankia School|url=http://www.sportanddev.org/fr/communaute/profil_utilisateur.cfm?6673/New-physical-education-curriculum-delivered-in-Gram-Vikas-Kankia-School-in-Odisha-India|publisher=Sports and Dev|accessdate=1 February 2014|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816193353/http://www.sportanddev.org/fr/communaute/profil_utilisateur.cfm?6673/New-physical-education-curriculum-delivered-in-Gram-Vikas-Kankia-School-in-Odisha-India|url-status=dead}}</ref> organization to bring about holistic development of kids in physical education. In Rajiv Gandhi Khel Abhiyan<ref>{{cite web|title=Khel Vikas athletes excel in Rajiv Gandhi Khel Abhiyan|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/khel-vikas-athletes-cruise-through-to-district-level|publisher=Sports Keeda|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>- 2014, students won 14 gold medals and 2 silver medals in various sports at district level. In weightlifting competition, 9 out of 15 participants won gold medals.

The school has an active Atal Tinkering Lab funded by NITI Aayog under Atal Innovation Mission.It was inaugurated by Honourable Speaker of Odisha Dr. Surjya Narayan Patro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atal Tinkering Lab opens in Gram Vikas HS|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/atal-tinkering-lab-opens-in-gram-vikas-hs.html|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> The students of the school make various science models and innovative prototypes along with working with sensors and robots.<ref>{{Citation|title=Science Laboratory में ये आदिवासी बच्चे कमाल कर रहे हैं । Jagriti Yatra 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_wRAyCHGBs|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>

[[The American School in Switzerland]] ([[TASIS]]) visits Gram Vikas every year with a group of students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gram Vikas Ignited a Spark Within Me|url=https://www.tasis.com/page.cfm?p=1549&newsid=1026&ncat=13|website=www.tasis.com|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><ref>internationalschoolsearch.com/news/tasis-walk-for-water-has-now-raised-more-than-8000-for-clean-water-initiatives</ref>

Establishment: 2 July 1982
Classes: From Class 3 to Class 10.
Students: 504
Teachers: 23
Address: Kankia Village, Ganjam District, Odisha – 761008<ref name="gvrs">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.gvrs.org.in/|website=Gram Vikas Residential School|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>

==Mahendra Tanaya Ashram School, Koinpur==
Mahendra Tanaya Ashram School is located in Koinpur Village in Gajapati district of Odisha. Koinpur village is 50 km from the nearest town Parlekhemundi. The village and the adjacent villages mostly consisted of Saura tribe with 100% illiteracy rate. To overcome this, Mahendra Tanaya Ashram School was established in 1992. The school is located in Gram Vikas project office. The school operates from class 3 to class 7 in co-educational mode. It caters to the children from the Anandpur, Karadasingh and Koinpur project locations of Gram Vikas.
Looking at the need and demand from the community to start education at early age for their kids, one more school, Gatida School, was started on 12 July 2007 with 4 primary classes, from class 1 to class 4 and covers 27 villages in the Gajapati district.

Establishment: 15 August 1992
Classes: From Class 3 to Class 7
Students: 237
Teachers: 12
Address: Koinpur Village, Gajapati District, Odisha – 761212<ref name="gvrs" />

==Gram Vikas Shiksha Niketan, Kumudabahal==
[[File:Tribal Dance at Gram Vikas Shiksha Niketan.jpg|thumb|Tribal Dance at Gram Vikas Shiksha Niketan]]Gram Vikas started a residential school, Gram Vikas Shikshya Niketan School, at Kumudabahal in [[Thuamul Rampur]] block of [[Kalahandi district]]. It is located 62 kilometers from the District headquarters, [[Bhawanipatna]]. Gram Vikas Sikshya Niketan School was established on 15th Aug 1998. Most of the children are from remote places and, often, extremely backward areas without any road connection and electricity.

Establishment: 15 August 1998
Classes: From Class 3 to Class 8
Students: 330
Teachers: 15
Address: Kumudabahal Village, Th. Rampur, Kalahandi District, Odisha – 766037<ref name="gvrs" />

==Gram Vikas Vidya Vihar, Rudhapadar==
Gram Vikas established Gram Vikas Vidya Vihar School on 15 August 2002 at Rudhadapadar Village adjacent to Gram Vikas project office in [[Jagannathprasad|Jagannath Prasad Block]] of [[Ganjam]] district. This school provides education to children from [[Tribal]] and [[Dalit]] communities of the area.

The school has an Innovation Lab by the name of Navonmesh Prayogshala (which is the Sanskrit term for Innovation Lab)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sameer Kumar Misra, a real life Rancho who Quit His job to develop Innovation Labs in schools of rural Odisha|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/sameer-kumar-misra-a-real-life-rancho-who-quit-his-job-to-develop-innovation-labs-in-schools-of-rural-odisha|website=www.speakingtree.in|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> under which students make science models like water rocket, kaleidoscope, periscope, cup anemometer etc. using local materials.<ref>{{Cite web | title=साइि‍कल के पंप से उड़ा राकेट : समीर मिश्रा {{!}} Lekhak Manch | url=http://lekhakmanch.com/साइि‍कल-के-पंप-से-उड़ा-राक.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017072834/http://lekhakmanch.com:80/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%BF%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95.html | access-date=2026-04-01 | archive-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> which was established by SBI Fellow [[Sameer Kumar Misra]].

Establishment: 15 July 2002
Classes: From Class 3 to Class 7
Students: 167
Teachers: 9
Address: Gayaganda Village, Ganjam District, Odisha – 761131<ref name="gvrs" />

==Activities==
===Academics===
*Parikalp is one of the main activities undertaken in these schools. Through this activity, students are given problem statements related to the issues in the school and are asked to brainstorm the solution as well as implement it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c4n.in/article/Be-The-Change/1/Sameer-Kumar-Misra,-a-real-life-Rancho-who-Quit-His-job-to-develop-Innovation-Labs-in-schools-of-rural-Odisha/985 |title=C4N News | |website=C4n.in |date=2017-06-28 |accessdate=2017-07-18 |archive-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710010754/http://www.c4n.in/article/Be-The-Change/1/Sameer-Kumar-Misra,-a-real-life-Rancho-who-Quit-His-job-to-develop-Innovation-Labs-in-schools-of-rural-Odisha/985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*The schools have created an ecology of student friendly environment. Teachers and volunteers use music, videos and even contextual storytelling to make the students relate to the subject.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pareek |first=Shreya |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/22712/young-teacher-remote-village-in-odisha-and-changed-lives-sbi-fellowship/ |title=This Young Teacher Went To A Tribal Village In Odisha And Changed Lives Through Books, Songs & Stories |website=Thebetterindia.com |date= 4 May 2015|accessdate=2017-07-18}}</ref>

===Sports===
*Khel Vikas: Implementation of compulsory sports.

===Digital Literacy===
*"Interactive Learning through ICT", started in April 2015, was started with the objective of using computer aids for interactive learning. It was funded by Oracle for setting up computer lab. Accordingly, a computer lab has been set-up in all the four Gram Vikas Residential Schools.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gramvikas.org/oracle-elearning-teaching-centre |title=:: Gram Vikas :: |access-date=2017-11-23 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044114/http://www.gramvikas.org/oracle-elearning-teaching-centre |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===SBI Youth for India Fellowship===
*State Bank of India has an active collaboration with Gram Vikas Residential School in the form of [[SBI Youth for India]] Fellowship with fellows opting to work with kids in the schools every year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SBI {{!}} YOUTH FOR INDIA|url=https://youthforindia.org/home/web_ngo?/home/web_ngo|website=youthforindia.org|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

[[File:Workshop at Kalpanadham.jpg|alt=|thumb|Workshop at Kalpanadham]]

===Jagriti Yatra===
*[[Jagriti Yatra]] is an annual affair at the school with over 400 yatris visiting the school every year on New Year eve to interact with Joe and the students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Role Models|url=http://www.jagritiyatra.com/role-models|website=Jagriti Yatra|access-date=2020-05-02|archive-date=2020-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405121900/http://www.jagritiyatra.com/role-models|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2016-01-03|title=Jagriti Yatra delegates meet Gram Vikas founder|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Jagriti-Yatra-delegates-meet-Gram-Vikas-founder/article13977922.ece|access-date=2020-05-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Kalpanadham===
*A design and creativity studio named Kalpanadham has been set up in all the schools. The curriculum includes both visual arts and performing arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/83977/shalini-krishan-kalpadhanam-tribal-kids-education-odisha/ |title=Shalini Krishnan Left Her High Paying Job To Help Tribal Kids in Odisha |website=Thebetterindia.com |date= 28 January 2017|accessdate=2017-07-18}}</ref>

==Collaborations==
The school has an active collaborations with various schools, universities and non-governmental organizations with interns, volunteers, fellows and trainers going on a frequent basis to Gram Vikas Residential Schools. Some of them are
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Azim Premji University
* Azim Premji Foundation Schools
* National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
* SELCO
* SBI Foundation
* Pratham Education Foundation
* TASIS
{{div col end}}

==Awards and recognitions==

*The school has received "Best school award" continuously for two years in 2018 & 2019 from Odisha state government for academic excellence.
*Gram Vikas High School has been awarded "Best Residential School of the Year Award" by International School Awards [ISA] for the year 2019.
*GVSN is awarded with "Prakruti Bandhu Awards" for the year 2019 by Odisha state government for its work in environmental protection.
*Award for being "Best Sports School" in Ganjam District for excellence in sports' performance by the students at district and state level.
*Winner of DFC – I Can Festival 2018, Two stories from Gram Vikas Vidya Vihar [GVVV] have selected amongst the TOP 20 & 100 Inspiring Stories respectively of the I CAN School Challenge 2018 by Design for Change [DFC]. One was among the top 10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Achievements|url=http://www.gvrs.org.in/achievements/|website=Gram Vikas Residential School|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

==In the news==

*Video Documentary on the School on Youtube by Tennessee Hilderbrand<ref>{{Citation|title=Gram Vikas Documentary|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-94wN7-MS0|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
*A short movie on the Health Promoting School concept of Gram Vikas Residential School<ref>{{Citation|title=Health Promoting Schools of Odisha {{!}} An SBI YFI Fellows & Gram Vikas initiative|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=385_Jz89lyg|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
*A snippet on various science education related activities at Gram Vikas Residential School<ref>{{Citation|title=Dreams & Dreamers {{!}} Story of Learnings|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVqwdDHNlBA|language=en|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
*India Education Diary covered the story about school's selection For 'Atal Tinkering Lab' by Niti Aayog<ref>{{Cite web|title='Gram Vikas Residential School' Selected For 'Atal Tinkering Lab' by Niti Aayog|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/gram-vikas-residential-school-selected-atal-tinkering-lab-niti-aayog/|last=Admin|first=India Education Diary Bureau|date=2018-09-24|website=India Education Diary|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>
*Edexlive covered the story of Kalpanadham on their portal<ref>{{Cite web|title=At Kalpanadham, create art from anything and everything|url=https://www.edexlive.com/campus/2017/oct/19/at-kalpanadham-create-art-from-anything-and-everything-1383.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eD9F5HdyKqU&authuser=0 Joe Madiath's Ted Talk]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVy1qg1Fiqo&authuser=0 Gram Vikas]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-okA-5KvF3c&authuser=0 Gram Vikas]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJqow8I5Pa8&authuser=0 Joe Madiath's interview on The Unstoppable Indians]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQly6I_CTlk&authuser=0 Virtual Classroom in Gram Vikas Residential Schools]

[[Category:Boarding schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:Schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]

Jugnuma: The Fable

2026-04-10T04:42:08Z

1muhammet237823: made new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The Fable.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raam Reddy]]
| writer = Raam Reddy
| producer = Pratap Reddy Sunmin Park [[Guneet Monga]] [[Anurag Kashyap]] [[Ganesh Shetty]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
* [[Priyanka Bose]]
* [[Tillotama Shome]]
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]]}}
| cinematography = Sunil Borkar
| editing = Siddharth Kapoor Raam Reddy
| studio = Prspctvs Productions Maxmedia [[Sikhya Entertainment]] Flip Films
| distributor = [[Cinépolis]]
| language = Hindi English
| gross = ₹0.40 crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Jugnuma Box Office Collection |website=Bollywood Hungama |date= 12 September 2025|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jugnuma/box-office/ |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2024|02|16|[[74th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]]|2025|09|12|India|ref2=<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Manoj Bajpayee's 'Jugnuma' to hit theatres on September 12; film shines at global festivals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-bajpayees-jugnuma-to-hit-theatres-on-september-12-film-shines-at-global-festivals/articleshow/123499145.cms|access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en-us}}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=JUGNUMA (THE FABLE) Certification Record |website=Central Board of Film Certification |date=2025-09-09 |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMjI5MDgyMDI1MDAwNDU= |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>
| country = India United States
}}

'''''Jugnuma – The Fable''''' is a 2024 [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Raam Reddy]], starring [[Manoj Bajpayee]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-01-22 |title=Manoj Bajpayee-starrer 'The Fable' in Encounters segment of Berlinale 2024 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-starrer-the-fable-in-encounters-segment-of-c-2859324 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124123224/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-starrer-the-fable-in-encounters-segment-of-c-2859324 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Priyanka Bose]], Hiral Sidhu, Awan Pookot<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-22 |title='The Fable': Manoj Bajpayee Starrer To Have Its Premiere At 74th Berlin International Film Festival |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/the-fable-manoj-bajpayee-starrer-raam-reddy-74th-berlin-international-film-festival-encounters-category-1658589 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[ABP Live]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123005527/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/the-fable-manoj-bajpayee-starrer-raam-reddy-74th-berlin-international-film-festival-encounters-category-1658589 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Tillotama Shome]]. The film has been produced by Prspctvs Productions, co-produced by Maxmedia and [[Sikhya Entertainment]], and distributed by Flip Films. The film is presented by [[Guneet Monga]] and [[Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=Filmmakers Anurag Kashyap, Vetrimaaran, LJP unite for Manoj Bajpayee's 'Jugnuma' trailer launch |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jugnuma-movie-trailer-release-rkhxiv9b |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

The film made history by becoming the first Indian film to win Best Film at the 38th [[Leeds International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Manoj Bajpayee Starrer The Fable Becomes The First Indian Film To Win Best Film At the 38th Leeds International Film Festival UK |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-starrer-the-fable-becomes-the-first-indian-film-to-win-best-film-at-the-38th-leeds-international-film-festival-uk |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> in the [[United Kingdom]], and also won the Special Jury Award at the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]]. It had its world premiere at the 74th [[Berlin International Film Festival]]<ref name=":1" /> on February 16, 2024, in the prestigious Encounters segment—marking only the second Indian film in the last 30 years to compete in a key competitive section of the Berlinale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title=Manoj Bajpayee's 'The Fable' is only the second Indian film in the last 30 years to premiere in Berlinale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-bajpayees-the-fable-to-premiere-at-berlinale/articleshow/107057247.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126182658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-bajpayees-the-fable-to-premiere-at-berlinale/articleshow/107057247.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-01-26 |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film released theatrically in India on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Guneet Monga Kapoor, Anurag Kashyap To Present Manoj Bajpayee's 'Jugnuma'; Raam Reddy Directorial Locks September 12 Release|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/guneet-monga-anurag-kashyap-to-present-manoj-bajpayees-jugnuma |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Bajpayee's 'Jugnuma' to hit theatres on September 12; film shines at global festivals |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-bajpayees-jugnuma-to-hit-theatres-on-september-12-film-shines-at-global-festivals/articleshow/123499145.cms}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the spring of 1989, the story follows Dev and his family living in a colonial mansion atop a Himalayan cliff. Their peaceful life on a vast fruit orchard estate is disrupted when Dev discovers mysteriously burnt trees. As more trees are destroyed, tensions rise. Suspicion falls on passing nomads, and a corrupt sheriff complicates the investigation. Despite his desperate efforts to control the situation, more fires erupt. Deep in the darkness, in the silence of the night, answers begin to emerge.

==Cast==
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Dev
* Hiral Sidhu as Vanya, Dev's daughter
* [[Priyanka Bose]] as Nandini, Dev's wife
* [[Tillotama Shome]] as Radha
* Awan Pookot as Juju, Dev's son
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Dev's manager
* Gurpal Singh

== Release ==
The film had its world premiere at the [[74th Berlin International Film Festival]] on February 16, 2024, where it competed in the Encounters segment. It is notable as only the second Indian film in the past 30 years to feature in one of the Berlin Film Festival's key competitive sections.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Jugnuma' Trailer: Manoj Bajpayee Takes Flight in Raam Reddy's Stunning Return |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/jugnuma-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-takes-flight-in-raam-reddys-stunning-return |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

The film will release theatrically on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=2025-08-25 |title=Manoj Bajpayee, Raam Reddy's Berlinale Film 'The Fable' Lands Guneet Monga Kapoor and Anurag Kashyap as Presenters (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/manoj-bajpayee-the-fable-anurag-kashyap-presenter-1236495829/|access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Variety |language=en-us}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Country
!Festival
!Category
!Award
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| rowspan="2" |USA
|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-04-21 |title=James Ivory Documentary, Manoj Bajpayee Starrer to Headline New York Indian Film Festival's 25th Anniversary Slate |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/james-ivory-manoj-bajpayee-new-york-indian-film-festival-1236374320/?fbclid=IwY2xjawJ0EGJleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHkJAQJKLU3AFIKzNuG9iKncWe6gxD8WDWWuOrrPfAORYZ4dAVe2vrx_obLQT_aem_NTslkjaipG6N2MlXvE6W3g |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Indian Film Festival of L.A
|
|
|-
|India
|Cinévesture International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://ciff.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/CIFF-2025-Catalogue-1.pdf}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
|Germany
|[[74th Berlin International Film Festival]]
|Encounters
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |India
|[[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]]
|South Asia Competition
|Special Jury Award
|-
|[[International Film Festival of Kerala]]
|Kaleidoscope
|
|-
|Spain
|[[Valladolid International Film Festival|SEMINCI film festival]]
|
|
|-
|The United Kingdom
|[[Leeds International Film Festival]]
|Feature Film Competition
|Winner<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIFF 2024: Jury Winners Announced |url=https://www.leedsfilm.com/pQKjYTJ/liff-2024--jury-winners-announced |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=www.leedsfilm.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|France
|[[Three Continents Festival|Festival des 3 Continents - Nantes]]
|
|Nominated<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fable |url=https://www.3continents.com/en/film/the-fable/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Festival des 3 Continents}}</ref>
|-
|Singapore
|[[Singapore International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=The Fable - SGIFF |url=https://sgiff.com/film/the-fable/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=sgiff.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|
|}
==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|100|7.2|13|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fable |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_fable_2024 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Manoj Bajpayee-starrer is at it most piercing when it is gentle. It weaves in the prosaic, the quotidian, with quiet strokes of magical realism."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma The Fable movie review: Manoj Bajpayee delivers one of his all-time best performances|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jugnuma-the-fable-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-one-of-his-all-time-best-performances-10245173/|access-date=2025-09-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 4/5 stars and stated that "Raam Reddy’s fantasy-fuelled mystery is a tender love letter to the mountains and the unhurried life — the one we traded for ambition long ago."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Renuka|last=Vyavahare|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma Movie Review: A riveting flight of fantasy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jugnuma/movie-review/123848006.cms|access-date=2025-09-13|website=The Times of India|language=en-US}}</ref>
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that "Perched somewhere between magic and realism, filmmaker Raam Reddy spins an evocative cautionary tale of ecological and social decay in his sophomore film ‘Jugnuma: The Fable’."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anuj|last=Kumar|date=2025-09-12 |title='Jugnuma: The Fable' movie review: Manoj Bajpayee makes Raam Reddy's meditative exploration of human hubris and guilt fly|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jugnuma-the-fable-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-raam-reddy-meditative-exploration-of-human-hubris-and-guilt/article70041714.ece|access-date=2025-09-13|website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' commented that "Raam Reddy’s second feature is a myth-busting triumph of beauty and curiosity."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rahul|last=Desai|date=2025-09-12 |title='Jugnuma – The Fable' Movie Review: A Bewitching Brew of Superstition and Storytelling|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/jugnuma-review-manoj-bajpayee-in-a-bewitching-brew-of-superstition-and-storytelling|access-date=2025-09-13|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Jugnuma has the unhurried pace of a stroll at dusk through the hills and the quiet delight in coming across jugnus (fireflies) twinkling in the trees."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma Review: A Quiet Delight|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jugnuma-review/20250912.htm|access-date=2025-09-13|website=Rediff.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and writes that "'Jugnuma: The Fable', a slow-burn mystery that ties magic, realism, and metaphor. It lingers long after viewing, but its meditative pace may not appeal to everyone."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vineeta|last=Kumar|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma The Fable review: Manoj Bajpayee's film is magic, but not for everyone|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jugnuma-the-fable-review-manoj-bajpayees-film-is-magic-but-not-for-everyone-2786172-2025-09-12|access-date=2025-09-13|website=India Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "The movie makes you understand that what truly belongs to you, comes back to you and nature has a way of saying that in the most harshest possible way. Jugnuma makes us believe that is time to celebrate independent cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy|date=2025-09-12 |title='Jugnuma' Movie Review: Manoj Bajpayee-Deepak Dobriyal's terrific performances stood out in this beautifully restrained way of storytelling|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jugnuma-movie-review-not-just-manoj-bajpayee-but-deepak-dobriyals-terrific-performance-stood-out-in-this-beautifully-restrained-way-of-storytelling-13932340.html|access-date=2025-09-13|website=Firstpost|language=en-US}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Overall, Jugnuma shows that a fable is not just about magic but about the truths hidden within the everyday. It leaves you with questions, images, and a mood that lingers far longer than the runtime."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rishabh|last=Suri|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma review: Manoj Bajpayee soars in Raam Reddy's dreamscape where magic meets everyday life|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jugnuma-review-manoj-bajpayee-soars-in-raam-reddys-dreamscape-where-magic-meets-everyday-life-101757657105975.html|access-date=2025-09-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "The use of an analogue-era shooting medium combined with the vintage-y colourisation give the film a lush, tactile quality rarely seen in Indian films. At least in its compositions, if not always in its encounters between confused humans, Jugnuma achieves the expectations set up by the mysterious man and his magnificent wings in the opening scene."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|date=2025-09-12 |title='Jugnuma' review: Enchanting visuals in fruit orchard owner's battle with the elements|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086490/jugnuma-review-enchanting-visuals-in-fruit-orchard-owners-battle-with-the-elements|access-date=2025-09-13|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Jugnuma blends reality and reverie with the most gorgeous visuals of the mountains, clouds, trees, and streams, with fireflies or jugnu in Hindi as a leitmotif."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Radhika|last=Sharma|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma Review: Manoj Bajpayee Turns Birdman In This Interpretation Of A Vivid Dream|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jugnuma-the-fable-review-manoj-bajpayee-turns-birdman-in-this-interpretation-of-a-vivid-dream-3-stars-9263274|access-date=2025-09-13|website=NDTV|language=en-US}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated it 4/5 stars and said that "Beyond its aesthetic and technical achievements, the film explores deeper themes. It critiques the colonial hangover of the landed gentry, suggesting that generational wealth often remains disconnected from India’s fabric. Classism is so ingrained they’re unaware of it. It advocates for returning forests to local communities, who are better suited to nurture them. Themes of conservatism and environmental exploitation intertwine with mountain mysticism, crafting a slow-burning, evocative tale."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Devesh|last=Sharma|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma Film Review: Magic Realism Meets Magical Manoj Bajpayee|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/jugnuma-film-review-magic-realism-meets-magical-manoj-bajpayee-77545.html|access-date=2025-09-13|website=Filmfare|language=en-US}}</ref>

Kabir Singh Bhandari of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Overall, the movie has a calming effect, and that can be said both in terms not only of its content, but also of its promotions- it has won several international prestigious awards and at the same time it doesn’t involve some overly muscled idiot walking in slow motion expecting us to clap that they have arrived."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Kabir Singh|last=Bhandari|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma (The Fable) Review: Manoj Bajpayee, Deepak Dobriyal, Tillotama Shome In A Tale That Portrays The Power Of Simple Storytelling|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/jugnuma-the-fable-review-manoj-bajpayee-deepak-dobriyal-tillotama-shome-in-a-tale-that-portrays-the-power-of-simple-storytelling|access-date=2025-09-13|website=The Free Press Journal|language=en-US}}</ref>
Nonika Singh of ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Though the film moves languidly, there is a sense of urgency, a premonition that engulfs you just as fires would."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Monika|last=Singh|date=2025-09-12 |title='Jugnuma – The Fable': Soaring in heights of artistic realism|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/jugnuma-the-fable-soaring-in-heights-of-artistic-realism|access-date=2025-09-13|website=The Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref>
Sahir Avik D’souza of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and stated that "In its gentle epiphanies & faith in the fanciful stories of childhood, M. Night Shyamalan would be proud of Jugnuma."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sahir Avik|last=D'souza|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma: The Fable: A Whimsical Story, Sometimes Compelling, Sometimes Inert|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/jugnuma-move-review-manoj-bajpayee-anurag-kashyap#read-more|access-date=2025-09-13|website=The Quint|language=en-US}}</ref> Debanjan Dhar of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and writes that "A fabulously imaginative film, The Fable lulls and unnerves, rambling through storytelling, legacy and memories with a gentle, whimsical and dark spirit."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Debanjan|last=Dhar|date=2025-09-12 |title=Jugnuma (The Fable) Review: Raam Reddy's sublime second feature glides between the real and dreamlike|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jugnuma-the-fable-review-raam-reddys-sublime-second-feature-glides-between-the-real-and-dreamlike|access-date=2025-09-13|website=Outlook|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt31015496}}
*{{Cite web |title=The Fable |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2024/programme/202409890.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[Berlin International Film Festival]] |language=en}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 English-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Poona City South East Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:26:35Z

1muhammet237823: Creating Place - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Poona City South East
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 60,298
| mla = Shah Popatlal Ramchand
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Poona City South East Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shah Popatlal Ramchand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Poona City South East <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shah Popatlal Ramchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,201 |percentage = 61.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kirad Jagannath Raghunath |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,828 |percentage = 22.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhere Amrutrao Keshavrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,164 |percentage = 7.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lulla Nandlal Shivaldas |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,344 |percentage = 4.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nathoji Balakram Prasanna |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 4.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,373 |percentage = 38.22% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,754 |percentage = 49.34% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,754}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,298 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

2023 elections in India

2026-04-08T19:52:25Z

1muhammet237823: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 2023
| type =
| rajya_control = ''None''
| rajya_seats_contested = 10 (+2 by-elections)
| rajya_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +1
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| by_seats_contested = 6
| by_net_change = TBD (0)
| by_map =
| by_map_caption =
| states_contested = 9
| state_net_change = {{steady}}
| state_map =
| state_map_caption = Incumbent party by state
| state_seats_contested = 17
| state_by_net_change = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] +1
| state_by_map =
| state_by_map_caption =
}}

Elections in India in 2023 were held in the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assemblies]] of nine states and several local bodies.<ref name="eci">{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses - Election Commission of India|website=eci.gov.in|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref>

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
!colspan=2|Party before election
!Elected MP
!colspan=2|Party after election
!Reason
|-
!1
|10 May 2023
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalandhar bypoll results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeMay2023/ConstituencywiseS194.htm}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Death of [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress MP Dies Of Heart Attack During Bharat Jodo Yatra, March Paused |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mp-chaudhary-santokh-singh-dies-of-heart-attack-during-bharat-jodo-yatra-3691376 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

== State legislative assembly elections ==
[[File:2023 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|280px|2023 Indian Election Results]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Polling Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|16 February 2023
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manik Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manik Saha]]
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" | 27 February 2023
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| {{Party color cell|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
| {{Party color cell|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance}}
| align="left"|[[Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018–present)|Meghalaya Democratic Alliance]]
| [[Conrad Sangma]]
| [[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Neiphiu Rio]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Neiphiu Rio]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10 May 2023
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Basavaraj Bommai|Basavaraj S. Bommai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Siddaramaiah]]
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 November 2023
| [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
| [[Zoramthanga]]
| {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
| [[Lalduhoma]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 and 17 November 2023
| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| [[File:IN-CT.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 17 November 2023
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| [[Mohan Yadav]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 25 November 2023
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| |[[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|30 November 2023
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Revanth Reddy]]
| [[File:IN-TG.svg|50px]]
|}

== Legislative Assembly by-elections ==

=== [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|27 February 2023
!1
|[[Lumla Assembly constituency|Lumla]]
|[[Jambey Tashi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tsering Lhamu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh: BJP Candidate Tsering Lhamu Set To Win Lungla By-Election Unopposed |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/arunachal-pradesh-bjp-candidate-tsering-lhamu-set-to-win-lungla-by-election-unopposed-2571420.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Death of [[Jambey Tashi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal BJP MLA Jambey Tashi Dies At 48, Chief Minister Pays Respects |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-bjp-mla-jambey-tashi-dies-at-48-chief-minister-pema-khandu-pays-respects-3483613 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|27 February 2023
!23
|[[Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Mamta Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sunita Choudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-03-02 |title=रामगढ़ सीट पर आगे चल रहीं NDA प्रत्याशी सुनीता चौधरी, किसकी होगी जीत, क्या है जमीनी हकीकत? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/jharkhand/ramgarh-by-election-results-2023-nda-candidate-sunita-choudhary-leading-jharkhand-ramgarh-bypoll-2347782 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|Conviction of [[Mamta Devi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Jharkhand News: रामगढ़ की विधायक ममता देवी को 5 साल की सजा, जाएगी विधायकी, हाईकोर्ट में देंगी चुनौती |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ramgarh/ramgarh-gola-goli-kand-mla-mamta-devi-sentenced-to-5-years-will-go-to-legislature-srn |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2023
!33
|[[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
|[[Jagarnath Mahto|Jagannath Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Baby Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Death of [[Jagarnath Mahto|Jagannath Mahto]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-06 |title=Jharkhand education minister Jagarnath Mahto passes away, two day state mourning announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-education-minister-jagarnath-mahto-passes-away/articleshow/99286015.cms |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|5 September 2023
!98
|[[Puthuppally Assembly constituency|Puthuppally]]
|[[Oommen Chandy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chandy Oommen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Death of [[Oommen Chandy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-18 |title=Former Kerala CM Oommen Chandy passes away at 79 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-kerala-cm-oommen-chandy-passes-away-at-79/article67092672.ece |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|Rowspan=2|26 February 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1893660|title=Bye election to Assembly Constituencies of Maharashtra-Change of date of poll|work=Press Information Bureau, Govt of India|accessdate=25 January 2023}}</ref>
!205
|[[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]
|[[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap|Laxman Jagtap]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashwini Jagtap]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ashwini Jagtap elected first woman MLA of Pimpri-Chinchwad, Kalate plays spoilsport for Kate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ashwini-jagtap-first-woman-mla-pimpri-chinchwad-kalate-plays-spoilsport-kate-8476080/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Death of [[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap|Laxman Jagtap]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2023-01-03 |title=Blow to BJP in Pune as influential MLA Laxman Jagtap passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/blow-to-bjp-in-pune-as-influential-mla-laxman-jagtap-passes-away/article66332850.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!215
|[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
|[[Mukta Tilak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravindra Dhangekar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ravindra Dhangekar wins Pune’s Kasba for Congress after nearly 30 years |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/ravindra-dhangekar-wins-punes-kasba-assembly-seat-for-congress-in-bypolls-after-nearly-30-years-16081871.htm |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Death of [[Mukta Tilak]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2022-12-23 |title=BJP MLA and ex-Pune Mayor Mukta Tilak passes away at 57 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-mla-and-ex-pune-mayor-mukta-tilak-passes-away-at-57/article66292798.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
!colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
|7 November 2023
!48
|[[Tapi Assembly constituency|Tapi]]
|[[Noke Wangnao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|Wangpang Konyak
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}
|Death of [[Noke Wangnao]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Oldest Nagaland assembly member Noke Wangnao passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/veteran-nagaland-politician-noke-wangnao-passes-away-at-87-state-funeral-held-in-dimapur-101693207121235.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Reason
|-
| 10 May 2023
! 7
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Dipali Das]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharsuguda bypoll: BJD's Dipali Das wins bypoll from murdered father's seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-jharsuguda-assembly-bypoll-dipali-das-naba-kishore-das-murdered-minister-2378705-2023-05-13 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Death of [[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2023-05-26 |title=Naba Kishore Das murder case {{!}} Assailant developed personal grudge, anguish against Minister, says Odisha Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naba-kishore-das-murder-case-assailant-developed-personal-grudge-anguish-against-minister-says-odisha-police/article66896181.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| 27 February 2023
! 98
| [[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode (East)]]
| [[Thirumagan Evera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=EVKS Elangovan wins Erode East byelection with a margin of 66,087 votes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/evks-elangovan-wins-erode-east-byelection-with-a-margin-of-66087-votes/articleshow/98369776.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan="2" |5 September 2023
!20
|[[Boxanagar Assembly constituency|Boxanagar]]
|[[Samsul Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[Tafajjal Hossain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
!23
|[[Dhanpur Assembly constituency|Dhanpur]]
|[[Pratima Bhoumik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bindu Debnath]]
|}

=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|5 September 2023
!47
|[[Bageshwar Assembly constituency|Bageshwar]]
|[[Chandan Ram Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Parwati Das]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!S.No
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10 May 2023
!34
|[[Suar Assembly constituency|Suar]]
|[[Abdullah Azam Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Shafeek Ahmed Ansari]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=UP assembly bypolls: BJP ally Apna Dal (S)'s Shafeek Ahmed Ansari wins Suar by 8,724 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-assembly-bypolls-results-suar-by-election-apna-dal-s-s-shafeek-ahmed-ansari-samajwadi-party-101683959125679.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
!395
|[[Chhanbey Assembly constituency|Chhanbey]]
|[[Rahul Prakash|Rahul Prakash Kol]]
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|dab=yes}}
| [[Rinki Kol]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Uttar Pradesh bypolls: Apna Dal (Soneylal) candidate Rinki Kol pips SP rival Kirti Kol by 9,000 votes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-bypolls-apna-dal-soneylal-candidate-rinki-kol-sp-rival-kirti-kol-9000-votes-8607380/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5 September 2023
!354
|[[Ghosi (Assembly constituency)|Ghosi]]
|[[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Sudhakar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|27 February 2023
!60
|[[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|[[Subrata Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Died on 29 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/minister-of-state-subrata-saha-dies-at-69-8351586/|title=Minister of State Subrata Saha dies at 69|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|[[Bayron Biswas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagardighi Bypoll Election Result 2023: Congress Leads From West Bengal Assembly Seat In Setback For Mamata Banerjee's TMC |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sagardighi-bypoll-election-result-2023-congress-leads-from-west-bengal-assembly-seat-in-setback-for-mamata-banerjees-tmc-2579022.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5 September 2023
!15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]]
|[[Bishnu Pada Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died on 25 July 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bjp-mla-from-dhupguri-bishnu-pada-ray-dies-pm-modi-mamata-condole-his-death-8860295/|title=BJP MLA from Dhupguri Bishnu Pada Ray dies, PM Modi, Mamata condole his death|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=26 July 2023}}</ref>
|[[Nirmal Chandra Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

== Local body elections ==



=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date
! Municipal corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
! colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 2 May 2023
| [[2023 Shimla Municipal Corporation election|Shimla Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
=== Ladakh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 4 October 2023
| [[2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil election|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
=== Mizoram ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 9 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=Mizoram: Chakma Autonomous District Council Polls on May 9 - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/mizoram-news/mizoram-chakma-autonomous-district-council-polls-on-may-9-646026 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|}

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
{{Main|2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Municipal Corporation
! colspan="2" | Government before
! colspan="2" | Government after
|-
| rowspan="10" |4 May 2023
|[[2023 Lucknow Municipal Corporation election|Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=14}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=17}}
|-
|[[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Agra Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Jhansi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Saharanpur Municipal Corporation
|-
|Moradabad Municipal Corporation
|-
|Mathura–Vrindavan Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Firozabad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation
|-
| rowspan="7" |11 May 2023
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|[[Kanpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Bareilly Municipal Corporation
|-
|[[Aligarh Municipal Corporation]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Meerut Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|Shahjahanpur Municipal Corporation
|style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|''did not exist''
|}

==See also==
* [[2024 elections in India]]
* [[2022 elections in India]]
* [[2023 Rajya Sabha elections]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.gov.in Election Commission of India] (official website)

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2023 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:2023 in India|Elections]]
[[Category:2023 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Anantapur Rural mandal

2026-04-06T01:11:35Z

1muhammet237823:

{{one source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anantapur Rural mandal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.68|N|77.60|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapuramu]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapuramu]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Anantapur Rural mandal''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and its headquarters are located at [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]]. It is formed on 8 May 2023 by dividing [[Anantapuramu mandal|Anantapur mandal]] into [[Anantapur Urban mandal|Anantapur Urban]] and [[Anantapur Rural mandal|Anantapur Rural]] mandals.<ref name="division">{{Cite web |title=Bifurcation of Anantapuram mandal |url=https://apegazette.cgg.gov.in/uploadGazette_view?filePath=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2FwZWdhemV0dGUuY2dnLmdvdi5pbi9zZWFyY2hBbGxHYXpldHRlcyIsImlhdCI6MTc3Mjg4MjY0Mywic3ViIjoiL1VwbG9hZHMvQVBHQVpFVFRFL2dhemV0dGVzLzE2ODM1NTAzMzI3MDAucGRmIn0.8p4-uZM9xIQsNlzqFrOXTO5mAxqclsAkg3hKU0S3NgU |date=2023-05-08 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=AP Gazette}}</ref>
== Towns and villages ==
The mandal consists of the following.<ref name="division"/>
# Alamuru
# Chiyyedu
# Gollapalli
# Itikalapalli
# Jangalapalli
# Kakkalapalli
# Kakkalapalli (Part i.e., Kakkalapalli Village & Kakkalapalli Colony)
# Kamarupalli
# Kandukur
# Katiganigakaluva
# Kodimi
# Kurugunta
# Mannila
# Papampeta Part
# Rachanapalli
# Sajjalakaluva
# Somaladoddi
# Taticherla
# Upparapalli

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Anantapur district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

Kullu district

2026-03-28T00:18:36Z

1muhammet237823: small refined formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|District of Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kullu district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|District of Himachal Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Hadimba Devi Temple, Hidimba Devi Temple Dhungari Temple Manali and around vrtmrgmpksk (41).jpg
|photo1b = Solang Valley 2.jpg
|photo2a = Rakhundi Top.jpg
|photo2b = Parbati Snow Range South Himachal Nov21 D72 21117.jpg
|photo3a = A cool place.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Hidimba Devi Temple]], View from [[Solang Valley]], mountains in the [[Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)|Parvati]] Valley, mountains near [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], Rakhundi Top in [[Great Himalayan National Park]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|31.99|77.40|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = Kullu
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kullu]]
| parts_type = Sub-divisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = Kullu, Banjar, Manali, Anni and Nirmand
| area_total_km2 = 5503
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 437,903
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 7.92%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = 63.45%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 105%
| demographics2_title2 = Regional
| demographics2_info2 = [[Kullui]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| leader_title = Constituencies
| leader_name = Kullu, Banjar, Manali and Anni
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = http://hpkullu.nic.in/
}}

'''Kullu district''' ({{indic Transl|hi|kullū|kʊlːuː}}) is a [[List of districts in India|district]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It borders [[Shimla district]] to the south, [[Mandi district|Mandi]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] districts to the west, [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] to the east and the [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] district to the north and east. The largest valley in this mountainous district is the [[Kullu Valley]], which follows the course of the [[Beas River]], and ranges in elevation from {{convert|833|m|ft}} at Aut to {{convert|3330|m|ft}} at the [[Atal Tunnel]] South Portal, below [[Rohtang Pass]]. The town of [[Kullu]], located on the right side of the Beas River, serves as the administrative headquarters of the Kullu district. The Kullu district also incorporates several riverine tributary valleys of the Beas, including those of the [[Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)|Parvati]], Sainj, and Tirthan rivers, and thus some regions somewhat distant from the Kullu valley. The economy of the district relies mainly on horticulture, agriculture, tourism, and traditional handicrafts. Kullu district is part of the geographical, historical and cultural [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=With scripts on brink of extinction, HP history buffs look to restore vanishing culture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/with-scripts-on-brink-of-extinction-hp-history-buffs-look-to-restore-vanishing-culture-101643659534966.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

The ancient seat of the kings of the kingdom of Kullu was the [[Naggar Castle]], about 12 km north of the present-day town of Kullu, and was thought to have been built in the late 15th century. [[Raja Jagat Singh]] (who ruled Kullu between 1637–72) moved the capital in the middle of the 17th century from Naggar to Sultanpur, within today's Kullu town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kullu ended being an independent kingdom upon the invasion by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] in 1839. Following, in turn, the takeover of the [[Sikh Empire]] by the [[British Empire]], Kullu was ceded by the Sikhs to the British in 1846, whereupon it became a tehsil of the British-administered [[Kangra district|Kangra]] district (in turn a part of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Kullu (Jagir) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kullu |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |date=2 February 1949 |language=en}}</ref> The head of Kullu's royal family had been granted the Waziri Rupi by the Sikh emperor along with the title 'Rai', and this continued throughout the British period.<ref name=":0"/> Naggar Castle was exchanged by Raja Gyan Singh of Kullu for a rifle with Major Hay, the first Assistant Commissioner of the then-newly acquired British territory of Kullu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=When castle was exchanged for a rifle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachaltribune/when-castle-was-exchanged-for-a-rifle-52369 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> The Rupi Palace in Sultanpur is still used as home by the descendants of Kullu's royal family.<ref name=":0" />

Upon the [[Independence of India]], until 1960, Lahaul and Spiti continued being parts of the Kullu tehsil, as had also been the case during the British rule. In 1960, [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] became a separate district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Lahaul and Spiti, Government of Himachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kullu became a district of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in 1963, and on November 1, 1966, it became a district of Himachal Pradesh, through the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966]].<ref name=":1" />

Since the British times, the various government offices and other government institutions built around the Dhalpur grounds, in the heart of the Kullu town, have formed the nerve centre of the district administration in Kullu district.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kullu district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 437,903,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Kullu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/476/download/1552/DH_2011_0204_PART_A_DCHB_KULLU.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Malta]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | accessdate = 2011-10-01 | quote = | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 553rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|79|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.65%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Kullu has a [[sex ratio]] of 942 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 80.14%. 9.45% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 28.01% and 3.84% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,19,585|13=1911|14=1,24,803|15=1921|16=1,22,027|17=1931|18=1,31,425|19=1941|20=1,37,202|21=1951|22=1,45,688|23=1961|24=1,52,925|25=1971|26=1,92,371|27=1981|28=2,38,734|29=1991|30=3,02,432|31=2001|32=3,81,571|33=2011|34=4,37,903|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

===Language===
At the time of the 2011 census, census, 44% of the population in the district declared [[Kullui language|Kullui]] as their first language, 23% opted for [[Pahari languages|Pahari]], 10% chose Seraji,{{Efn|Seraji is a dialect of Kullui, different from [[Sarazi language|Sirazi]] in Jammu}} 7.8% – [[Hindi]], 3.2% – [[Mandeali language|Mandeali]], 2.5% – [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 2.3% – [[Lahuli–Spiti languages|Lahauli]], 0.92% – [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 0.87% – [[Kangri language|Kangri]], 0.84% – [[Kinnauri language|Kinnauri]], and 0.41% – [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]].<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Himachal Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205/download/13317/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kullu district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Himachal Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11375/download/14488/DDW02C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.92}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh|Buddhism]]|yellow|3.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.68}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.89}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

== Administrative ==
The administrative headquarters of the Kullu district lies at [[Kullu]]. The Kullu district has the following administrative divisions:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Setup {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/administrative-setup/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''Development Blocks:''' Kullu, Naggar, Banjar, Anni, Nirmand and Bhuntar
*'''Tehsils in Kullu:''' Kullu, Banjar, Manali, Anni, Nirmand, Bhuntar(Kullu) and Sainj(Banjar)
*'''Sub-Tehsils in Kullu:''' Jari(Kullu) and Nithar(Nirmand)
*'''Panchayat Samities:''' Kullu, Naggar, Banjar, Anni & Nirmand
*'''Gram Panchayats''': 70 in Kullu tehsil, 40 in Naggar tehsil, 36 in Banjar tehsil, 32 in Anni tehsil, 26 in Nirmand tehsil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayats {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/panchayats/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''Zila Parishad:''' 1 (Kullu)
*'''Nagar Parishad:''' 2 (Kullu and Manali)
*'''Nagar Panchayats''': 2 (Bhuntar and Banjar)
{{commons category|Kullu district}}

== Politics ==
Electorally, at the State level, Kullu contains four of the 68 assembly constituencies of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], namely [[Manali Assembly constituency|Manali]], [[Kullu Assembly constituency|Kullu]], [[Banjar Assembly constituency|Banjar]], and [[Anni Assembly constituency|Anni]].

At the Central level, Kullu is a part of the [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi Lok Sabha Constituency]], one of the four such constituencies that represent the state of Himachal Pradesh in the [[Lok Sabha]].

== Transport ==

=== By road ===
The main highway running through the Kullu district is the [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]], formerly known as National Highway 21. The segment of this highway through the Kullu district begins at Aut and ends at the Atal Tunnel. This highway runs in a roughly south-north direction. To evade the usually heavy traffic between [[Kullu]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], one can take the road along the left bank of the Beas River at Kullu, so as to arrive in Manali via Naggar.

=== By air ===
The Kullu district has an [[Kullu–Manali Airport|airport at Bhuntar]], capable of accommodating small aircraft. There are helipads at Manali, Palchan, Kullu (Dhalpur ground), and Naggar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Helipads in Kullu district |url=https://hpsdma.nic.in/Index1.aspx?lid=104&lsid=110&pid=89&lev=3&langid=1 |access-date=October 5, 2022}}</ref>

=== By railway ===
The Kullu district is not connected through railways.

== Economy ==
Agriculture and horticulture are the predominant sources of livelihood in the Kullu district. Wheat, maize, vegetables, and garlic are the main crops grown. Most agriculture in this mountainous district is done in the form of [[Terrace (earthworks)|terrace farming]]. Most of this agricultural activity is subsistence level. Horticulture, particularly apple farming, has been more profitable in Kullu district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture and horticulture in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh, India: Practice, problems, and progress {{!}} HimalDoc |url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/12683 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=lib.icimod.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Raghuvanshy">{{Cite web |last=Raghuvanshy |first=Garima |date=2021-08-11 |title=For Himachal Pradesh, Apples And Cannabis Are Double-Edged Swords |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/for-himachal-pradesh-apples-and-cannabis-are-double-edged-swords |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> But both these activities are being negatively influenced by [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015 |title=Impact of climate variability on apple production and diversity in Kullu valley, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijh&volume=72&issue=1&article=003 |journal=Indian Journal of Horticulture |volume=72 |issue=1 |issn=0972-8538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Case Studies from the ICAR Network Project |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |year=2009 |location=New Delhi |pages=vii}}</ref> [[Cannabis]] farming has also been a lucrative though illegal source of income in the district, particularly since the 1980s.<ref name="Raghuvanshy"/> Forests play an important role in securing local livelihoods in the Kullu district, in the form of timber and various non-timber forest products.<ref name=":3" /> The district is also rich in [[medicinal herbs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Wild Medicinal Plants Used by Local Communities of Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/60543151.pdf |journal=Ethnobotanical Leaflets |volume=3 |issue=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Kuldeep |title=Kullu-Manali Farmers Get Tips on How to Cultivate Medicinal Plants in Their Fields |url=https://himbumail.com/himachal-news/forests-rivers/kullu-manali-famers-get-tips-on-how-to-cultivate-medicinal-plants-in-their-fields |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=himbumail.com |date=10 July 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref> No major minerals are found in the district.<ref name=":3" /> However, the district is rich in hydroelectric potential, and has several major hydroelectric projects, including the [[Parbati Hydroelectric Project|Parbati hydroelectric project]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=M.P. |date=2017 |title=Hydro Power Scenario in Himachal Pradesh {{!}} Electrical India Magazine |url=https://www.electricalindia.in/hydro-power-scenario-in-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NHPC Limited : Projects : Under Construction : Parbati - II |url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=2&ProjectId=13 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.nhpcindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NHPC Limited : Projects : Power Stations : Parbati - III |url=http://www.nhpcindia.com/Default.aspx?id=186&lg=eng&CatId=1&ProjectId=38 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.nhpcindia.com}}</ref> Some valleys in the district contain historic seasonal migration routes of the [[Gaddis|Gaddi]] and [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] [[Transhumance|transhumant communities]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Gaddis, adventurous trekkers use Pin Parbat pass |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/gaddis-adventurous-trekkers-use-pin-parbat-pass-624024 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> Tourism is a major source livelihood at many places in the Kullu district, in the form of hotels, homestays, restaurants, travel agencies, shops, [[dhaba]]s, guiding services, cooks, porters, and taxi services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gardner |first1=James |last2=Sinclair |first2=John |last3=Berkes |first3=Fikret |last4=Singh |first4=R. B. |date=2002-01-01 |title=Accelerated Tourism Development And Its Impacts In Kullu-Manali, H.P., India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2002.11081370 |journal=Tourism Recreation Research |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=9–20 |doi=10.1080/02508281.2002.11081370 |s2cid=128607111 |issn=0250-8281|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tourism has had a major [[ecological footprint]] in the district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Webster |first=Jane |date=1998 |title=Desktop Videoconferencing: Experiences of Complete Users, Wary Users, and Non-Users |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/249666 |journal=MIS Quarterly |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=257–286 |doi=10.2307/249666 |jstor=249666 |issn=0276-7783|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[handloom]]-based production and sale of [[Kullu shawl]]s is also important in some parts of the Kullu district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=A Comparative Study of Cooperative Society, Private Sector, and Clusters of Kullu Handicrafts in Kullu |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55974546/Final_Draft_A_Treatise_on_Recent_Trends_and_Sustainability_in_Crafts___Design_2017_e-Proceedings-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1665139265&Signature=XnH1ORBYoTZsh1rMpuj3Jm87hFsTXssou6amMoQ5tuNoXhGbvVpfjjoKibXEggcu7oRobjILXu3P3Feg8A-HzJdmGsDcxSTkuXuVb34weFhjfl-dQ3Lkb6NmqBFz-v73N4B4aANJP-X9CHp4n9lN9rKPr6rdXikklAzLUwWK5uqWk8YvXJUpKbheR6PLMyfCsLm79SPUsCDDk8ivWtkK6sb3~GMroZzwYe~8so3FqmvaQ8rDiXkeMdR5lVFnawh6T~PzPgcCEOAMtT8FCZar9o2i0uZDsBTJt4R98juzUgepiIBchuNb~xp0C63sDudp86Hi7ESWMjEW6Ndw5DSnSg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=9 |access-date=October 7, 2022}}</ref> Service sector industries, in field such as tourism, education, floriculture, and livestock and poultry farming have a good scope of growth in the district. There is no large-scale industry in the Kullu district. Geographic constraints and difficulty of access inhibit the growth of industries in the Kullu district.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=MSME Development Institute, Govt. of India |date=2012 |title=Brief Industrial Profile of the Kullu District |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/DIP%20Kullu.pdf |access-date=October 7, 2022}}</ref>

== Institutions for Himalayan knowledge ==
''[This section does not cover the schools, colleges, and universities of Kullu district.]''

The Kullu district is rich in both ecological wealth and cultural and historical heritage. At the same time, Kullu is not far from regions such as the [[Transhimalaya|Trans-Himalayas]] and [[Tibet]], and lies on an important historic trade route from Punjab to [[Ladakh]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Worst Trade Route in the World |url=https://travelthehimalayas.com/kiki/2018/4/1/the-worst-trade-route-in-the-world |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Travel The Himalayas |date=April 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> In modern times, these features of the Kullu valley have drawn many researchers, scientists, artists, and seekers of other kinds to it.

The '''[[George de Roerich#Himalayan Research Institute|Urusvati Himalayan Research Institute]]''' was the first institution in the Kullu region, dedicated to research on various sciences and mysticism in the Himalayas. The [[Roerichism|Roerich]] family established this centre in 1928 at [[Naggar]] upon their return from their [[George de Roerich#Central Asian expedition|Central-Asian Expedition]]. By [[World War II]], the institute had become defunct. Nonetheless, the site of the former institute, a part of the Roerich estate in Naggar, continues to operate a library and some exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Urusvati" Himalayan Research Institute |url=http://irmtkullu.com/objects-of-the-trust/urusvati-institute/urusvati-himalayan-research-institute/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=irmtkullu.com}}</ref>

'''The Himalayan Institute of Cultural and Heritage Studies''' ('''HICHS'''), founded by [[Sonali Gupta|Dr. Sonali Gupta]], was based in Katrain village, 30 km north of Kullu, until early 2023. This institution used to offer curated heritage walks in the Kullu valley; conducted on-site and online courses related to Himalayan cultures, religions, iconography, and architecture, and hosted weekly online talks by scholars and artists from India and around the world whose work featured the Himalayas. In 2023, the institute relocated to Bigri village near Dhami, [[Shimla district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HICHS – Archaeology, Anthropology and Cultural Study |url=https://hichs.org/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

At present, there are two institutions in Kullu that are active in generating and preserving Himalaya-specific knowledge:

* '''Himalayan Regional Centre of the GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development''' - This institution is based in Mohal, about 6 km south of Kullu. It was established in Kullu in 1992, and shifted to Mohal in 1993. This government institution conducts research and informs policy on various issues related to climate change, mountain ecology, traditional ecological knowledge, and rural livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Ballabh Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment |url=https://gbpihed.gov.in/Himanchal_Unit_details.php |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=gbpihed.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''Himachal Pradesh Craftsmanship and Design Innovation Institute NORTH''' - This institute is based in Naggar, 22 km north of Kullu. It was established in 2017. This institution works to preserve Kullu's traditional [[Kath kuni architecture|kathkuni]] architectural style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karelia |first=Gopi |date=2021-03-03 |title=This CEPT Alumnus Is Reviving A 1200-YO Architecture Form That Can Last Upto 5 Centuries |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/250285/rahul-bhushan-himachal-firm-north-preserving-reviving-kath-kuni-ancient-architecture-earthquake-resistant-eco-friendly-gop94/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Attractions==
[[File:Beas_Valley_-_Kothi_-_Kullu_2014-05-10_2295.JPG|thumb|330x330px|View of Himalayas in the upper parts of the Kullu valley.]]
[[File:Parvati_Valley.jpg|thumb|Parvati Valley]]
[[File:Hidimba_Devi_Temple_with_Worshippers_-_Manali_2014-05-11_2680-2681.TIF|thumb|The Hidimba Devi Temple also known as the Hadimba Temple]]
[[File:Nada_thach.jpg|thumb|Nada Thach, Tirthan Valley]]
Particularly since the onset of the unrest in [[Kashmir]] in the 1980s, the Kullu region has gained in significance as a tourist destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land use/cover change and its implications for Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijggs&volume=3&issue=3&article=013 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.indianjournals.com}}</ref> The Kullu valley is known as the "Valley of the Gods" or "Dev Bhumi" because almost every village in the valley has a local deity and annual festivities around them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Valley of the Gods |url=http://ignca.nic.in/ex_0058.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181515/http://ignca.nic.in/ex_0058.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2007-03-26 |publisher=[[IGNCA]]}}</ref> The following is a non-exhaustive list of historical, cultural, religious, scenic, and ecological places of interest in the Kullu district.

=== Places of interest ===
* '''Basheshwar Mahadev Temple''' - This Shiva temple at Bajaura is made completely out of stone in the [[Shikhara]] style, and is renowned for its intricate sculpture art. Archeologically, the temple is dated to around the early 9th century A.D.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2006 |title=Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25068237 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=26–49 |doi=10.2307/25068237 |jstor=25068237 |issn=0037-9808|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In local belief, this temple is believed to have been built by the [[Pandava]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basheswar Mahadev Temple Kullu, How to Reach Mahadev Temple Kullu |url=https://www.kulluonline.in/city-guide/basheswar-mahadev-temple-kullu |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www.kulluonline.in}}</ref>
* '''Bhuti Weavers Co-operative Society''' - This society is involved in the [[Kullu shawl]] industry. It was set up in 1944. Its main office and showroom are located at the Bhutti Colony in [[Shamshi, Himachal Pradesh|Shamshi]], about 8 km south of Kullu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Society |url=https://bhutticoshawls.com/pages/about-bhuttico |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=bhutticoshawls.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Showrooms |url=https://bhutticoshawls.com/pages/visit-a-bhuttico-store-near-you |url-status=live |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=bhutticoshawls.com}}</ref>
* [[Bijli Mahadev|'''Bijli Mahadev Temple''']] '''-''' It is located at 2,435 meters from sea level and is about {{cvt|10|km}} from Kullu. The staff of the temple is 60 feet high and can be seen from the Kullu valley too. It is the highest point around Kullu from where there are views of the whole town.
* '''Chaini Kothi''' - A 35 meters-high tower built in the [[Kath kuni architecture|Kathkuni]] style, built originally as a defensive structure and from later on used as a temple for a Jogini. It dates to the 17th century. It is located in the Tirthan valley near Banjar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhole |first=Shabbir Khambaty and Swapnil S. |date=2018-08-24 |title=Chaini Kothi: Himachal's Towering Edifice |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/religious-places/chaini-kothi-himachals-towering-edifice |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www.livehistoryindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Anshika |date=2019-05-15 |title=Chaini Kothi: Saving A Himalayan Wonder |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/heritage-matters/chaini-kothi-saving-a-himalayan-wonder |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www.livehistoryindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Dagpo Shedrup Ling monastery''' - This Tibetan Buddhist monastery of the [[Gelug]] school is located in village Kais, 8 km north from Kullu. It was inaugurated in 2005 by the [[14th Dalai Lama|Fourteenth Dalai Lama]]. This monastery is a continuation of the Dagpo Dratsang monastery in southeastern Tibet, which was destroyed during the [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://thedagpofund.org/en/history/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Dagpo Fund |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Dechen Choekhor monastery''' - This Tibetan Buddhist monastery of the [[Drukpa Kagyu]] school is located in village Sarabhai, 13 km south from Kullu. Its construction was started in 2000 and completed in 2017. It is a continuation of a monastery of the same name in Tibet, which was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dechen Choekhor |url=https://drukpachoegon.org/about-dechen-choekhor |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Dechen Choekhor Mahavihara |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''[[Great Himalayan National Park]]''' '''(GHNP)''' -This national park is spread over {{cvt|700|km}} in [[Banjar, India|Banjar sub-division]] of Kullu District. The park is drained by the Sainj, Tirthan, Jiwa Nala, and Parvati rivers. It is home to many different and often rare kinds of birds, mammals, insects, and vegetation. The park was created in 1984 and became a [[UNESCO World heritage site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2014. Entering the Park requires permits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The official website of Great Himalayan National Park {{!}} A UNESCO World Heritage |url=https://www.greathimalayannationalpark.org/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Khirganga National Park]]''' Established in 2010,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lesser-known national parks of the Himalayan region |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/lesser-known-national-parks-of-the-himalayan-region/photostory/92364526.cms?picid=92364647 |access-date=2023-09-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Khirganga (also written as Keerganga) National Park is in Kullu district. It is spread in an area of 710{{nbsp}}km2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-30 |title=Lessons from the success story of Great Himalayan National Park |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/lessons-success-story-great-himalayan-national-park-1595833.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> at a height of 550{{nbsp}}m. This national park is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna.
* '''[[Inderkilla National Park]]''' Established in 2010, Inderkilla National Park is situated in Kullu district. It covers an area of around 104{{nbsp}}km2, and its fauna includes over 250 bird species and animals such as leopards, brown bear, black bear and mountain goats.
*'''[[Hidimba Devi Temple|Hadimba Temple]] -''' This pagoda-style temple is located in the Dungri forest above Manali. It houses the footsteps of Hadimba Devi on a rock inside. It was built by Raja Bahadur Singh in 1553 A.D.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautam |first=Shikha |title=The strange story of Manali's Hadimba Devi Temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-strange-story-of-manalis-hadimba-devi-temple/articleshow/65196789.cms |access-date=2022-10-05 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Kais Dhar''' - A place with grass meadows and densely forested mountains. It is a part of trekking route and is not connected through road, hence the natural environment is preserved.<ref>{{cite web |title=Incredible India {{!}} Things To Do |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kullu/things-to-do.html |access-date=2021-11-30 |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> This place has a British-era forest rest house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WaysFare |date=2020-09-26 |title=Kaisdhar – The best Trek from Kullu to Lugvalley |url=https://www.waysfare.com/kaisdhar |access-date=2022-10-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''[[Kasol]]''' - A village in the [[Parvati Valley|Parvati valley]] that is popular among backpackers; also known as 'Little Israel' for being very popular among young Israeli tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasol: Little Israel of the Himalayas |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/kasol-little-israel-in-the-himalayas |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Tirthan Valley -''' The valley is drained by the Tirthan River and its various tributaries, along with several streams, waterfalls, and other water bodies. It is very rich in biodiversity, and supports a rich variety of flora, fauna and birdlife attracting birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts.
* '''Khanag''' - This village in Anni tehsil has an old rest house with a memorial to the English travel writer [[Penelope Chetwode]], who died in a remote part of the Kullu district in April 1986. Chetwode loved the Kullu valley, and is known for her book ''Kulu: the End of the Habitable World''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=She obsessively loved Kullu valley and died there |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/she-obsessively-loved-kullu-valley-and-died-there-433268 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Khokhan]]''' - A pagoda-style temple of Adi Brahma, dating to the 14th century A.D., is located in village Khokhan, about 10 km south of Kullu town. The village also boasts open views of the confluence of the Parvati and Beas rivers, and of the [[Kullu–Manali Airport|Kullu airport]].
* '''[[Lug Valley|Lug valley]]''' - Another important valley in the district is the Lug valley, where forest contractors have been extracting timber from the forests for the last 150 years and continue to do so today.<ref name="mountaintech">{{cite web |title=History of Ropeways in Kullu |url=http://mountaintechnology.tripod.com/ropeway/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030523144002/http://mountaintechnology.tripod.com/ropeway/history.html |archive-date=23 May 2003 |access-date=2006-12-24}}</ref>
* '''Maha Devi Tirth Temple''' - Shri Mahadevi Tirth, locally known more commonly as Vaishno Devi Mandir, is a temple situated about two kilometers North from Kullu on the Kullu-Manali highway. It was built in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mata Vaishno Mahadevi Tirth Temple, Kullu - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule |url=https://www.trawell.in/himachal/kullu/mata-vaishno-mahadevi-tirth-temple |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref>
* '''[[Malana, Himachal Pradesh|Malana]]''' - Malana is a relatively secluded village in the Kullu valley, known for its several unique cultural features. These include a language different from the rest of the Kullu region; worship of Jamlu devta, a god considered somewhat hostile by the Kullu Pantheon; a complex system of local-self governance; a weaker prevalence of caste distinctions, and a strong belief of contact with people outside the village being highly polluting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rosser |first=Colin |date=1952 |title=A 'Hermit' village in Kulu |url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1952_4/19-20/a_hermit_village_in_kulu.pdf |journal=The Economic Weekly |volume=IV |issue=19 & 20 |pages=477–482}}</ref> The village is much more connected to the outside world than it was in the 1950s, when Colin Rosser conducted perhaps the earliest detailed research on this village.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Axelby |first=Richard |date=2015 |title=Hermit Village or Zomian republic? An update on the political socio-economy of a remote Himalayan community |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25289/1/axelby-hermit-village-or-zomian-republic-EBHR.pdf |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |volume=46 |pages=35–61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mansingka |first=Shubham |date=2016-04-04 |title=The Legend Of The Mysterious Village Of Malana |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-legend-of-the-mysterious-village-of-malana/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Culture Trip}}</ref>
* '''[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]''' - Perhaps the most famous tourist destination of the Kullu valley.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} This town includes a Mall Road, the Hadimba Temple, a Tibetan market, and Old Manali, besides hundreds of hotels, resorts, and restaurants. Near Manali are sites like the [[Solang Valley|Solang valley]] (common site for adventure and winter sports), the hot springs at [[Vashisht, Himachal Pradesh|Vashisht]], the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports]], and the [[Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment]].
* '''[[Manikaran]]''' - A pilgrimage centre for Hindus and Sikhs in the [[Parvati Valley|Parvati valley]], known for its hot springs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikaran Sahib - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. |url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Manikaran_Sahib |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.sikhiwiki.org}}</ref>
* '''Mathasaur''' - Mathasaur is a scenic meadow located at the top of the Lug valley. It has a small temple dedicated to the female deity Fungni Mata, which has certain taboos around entry, as do most other temples in the Kullu region. One has to hike to reach the meadow and the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fungni Mata(Beasar) – ValleyOfGods.in |date=9 August 2019 |url=https://www.valleyofgods.in/fungni-mata-2/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=shubhammansingka |date=2022-07-01 |title=Day Hike to Mathasaur – Jai Maa Fungni Temple |url=https://travelshoebum.com/2022/07/01/day-hike-to-mathasaur-jai-maa-fungni-temple/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Bum who Travels |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Urusvati base.jpg|thumb|<div class="center">Himalayan Research Institute named ''Urusvati'' in Naggar</div>]]
* '''[[Naggar]]''' - Naggar was the old capital of Kullu. Its 15th century castle, built in the [[Kath kuni architecture|Kathkuni]] style, is now a hotel run by Himachal Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Castle, Naggar – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) |url=http://hptdc.in/index.php/the-naggar-castle/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=hptdc.in}}</ref> Naggar also has the Roerich's Memorial House, and the Nicholas Roerich and Svetsolav Roerich Art Gallery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roerichs' Memorial House |url=http://irmtkullu.com/objects-of-the-trust/the-roerichs-memorial-house/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=irmtkullu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=N. Roerich and S. Roerich Art Gallery |url=http://irmtkullu.com/objects-of-the-trust/n-roerich-and-s-roerich-art-gallery/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=irmtkullu.com}}</ref> The Russian scholar, artist, and mystic [[Nicholas Roerich]] lived at this site from the late 1920s till his death here in 1947. Naggar also has several old temples, built in the shikhara and pagoda styles.
* '''[[Nirmand]]''' - One of the largest villages of Himachal Pradesh. Recorded in the Nirmand Copper Plate (7th century A.D.), and known for its ancient temples, including one dedicated to Parshurama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Nirmand and the legend of Parshurama |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/nirmand-and-the-legend-of-parshurama-804996 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chauhan |first=Gian |date=1996 |title=TRACES OF FEUDALISM AS SEEN IN THE NIRMAND COPPER-PLATE INSCRIPTION OF C. a. 612-13 A. D. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702174 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=77 |issue=1/4 |pages=241–246 |jstor=41702174 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>
* '''Raghunath Temple''' - In the 17th century, Raja Jagat Singh of Kullu committed a great mistake. To atone for the sin, he sent a senior courtier to Ayodhya for a statue of Lord Raghunath - Lord [[Rama|Ram]]. This temple was built in 1651 A.D. by Raja Jagat Singh to house the image, which continues to be greatly revered. Every year, the international fair [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] is celebrated with local deities in honour of Lord Raghunath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunath Temple in Kullu, About Lord Raghunathji Temple Kullu |url=https://www.kulluonline.in/city-guide/raghunathji-temple-kullu |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.kulluonline.in}}</ref>
* '''[[Rohtang Pass]]''' - The Kullu valley connects with the Lahul and Spiti district via [[Rohtang Pass]], situated at {{convert|3978|m|ft|abbr=on}} {{convert|51|km|abbr=on}} from [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] city. In 2020, the [[Atal Tunnel]] was inaugurated, which bypasses the Pass and dramatically reduces the distance and effort required in getting from the Kullu valley to the Lahaul and Spiti valleys. But the pass continues to be a tourist attraction. Permits are required to visit the pass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Development Council Manali (H.P.)-Home |url=https://rohtangpermits.nic.in/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=rohtangpermits.nic.in}}</ref>
* '''Rupi Palace''' - Located in Sultanpur, Kullu, this palace was originally built in 1660 A.D. by Raja Jagat Singh. It was badly damaged in the [[1905 Kangra earthquake|Kangra earthquake of 1905]], and was subsequently rebuilt. It is the residence of the descendants of Kullu's royal family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sultanpur Palace Kullu, How to Reach Sultanpur Palace Kullu |url=https://www.kulluonline.in/city-guide/sultanpur-palace-kullu |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www.kulluonline.in}}</ref>
* '''Shoja''' - At 2368m, Shoja presents a vantage point for panoramic views of Himalayan ranges. Places of interest near Shoja include the Jalori Pass (3,140m), Jibhi, Serolsar Lake, Raghupur fort, and the Tirthan valley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One Day Trip from Kullu, Famous Places to Visit near Kullu |url=https://www.kulluonline.in/city-guide/one-day-trip-from-kullu |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www.kulluonline.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Stephan |title=Jalori pass - treks, hikes and camping |url=https://www.himalayanecotourism.com/jalori-pass.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Himalayan Ecotourism |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Shringi Rishi Temple''' - Shringi Rishi Temple is located in the [[Banjar, India|Banjar]] valley, about 60 km from Kullu. [[Rishyasringa|Shringi Rishi]] is the ruling deity of Banjar valley. Shringi rishi is one among the "Atthara kardoo" (eighteen chief deities) of the Kullu valley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shringa Rishi Temple - Banjar, Kullu - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule |url=https://www.trawell.in/himachal/kullu/shringa-rishi-temple-banjar |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref>
*'''[[Shandilya Rishi Mandir]]''' - The temple is attributed to the Vedic sage Maharshi [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]]. It is located at Shalin village in the Uji valley
* '''[[Shrikhand Mahadev]] -''' One of Five Kailash Peaks, considered to be an abode of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and his wife [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]]
* '''[[Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary|Tirthan WLS]]''' - A Wildlife Sanctuary located in Banjar subdivision offering numerous flora and fauna species. In 2021, it was ranked the Best Managed Protected Area of India as per the Management Effectiveness Evaluation<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watcher |first=Himachal |date=2021-01-15 |title=The GHNP and Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary Ranked as Best Managed Protected Areas of India {{!}} Himachal Watcher |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2021/01/15/management-effectiveness-evaluation-2018-19/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
[[File:Kullu_Dussehra_-_main_procession.jpg|thumb|[[Kullu Dussehra]]]]

* '''[[Kullu Dussehra]]''' - The Kullu region is known for its unique celebration of the [[Dussehra]] festival in the Dhalpur grounds. The origins of Kullu's version of Dussehra lie in the mid-seventeenth century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official website for Kullu Dussehra |url=http://kulludussehra.hp.gov.in/history-of-kullu-dussehra/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> It typically takes place in the month of October, which overlaps with the traditional period of the white lunar half of the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]]. It includes a rath yatra, a week-long congregation of deities from all parts of the Kullu region (including distant parts such as [[Banjar, India|Banjar]] and [[Nirmand]]), a series of cultural performances, and a large fair that lasts several weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official website for Kullu Dussehra |url=http://kulludussehra.hp.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Pipal Jatar''' - This is a spring festival celebrated towards the end of April every year, with a large fair held in Kullu's Dhalpur ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spring Festival Kullu, Pipal Jatra Fair Kullu, Vasantotsava Kullu |url=https://www.kulluonline.in/city-guide/spring-festival-in-kullu |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www.kulluonline.in}}</ref>

=== Outdoor sports ===

* '''Angling/Fishing''' - The Kullu valley has numerous places for [[trout fishing]]. These include Katrain, Raison, Kasol and Naggar, then along the river Tirthan near Larji, in the Sainj Valley and in the Hurla khud.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himalayan |first=The |date=2013-04-17 |title=Trout fishing proves boon for tourism in Kullu valley |url=https://discoverkullumanali.in/trout-fishing-proves-boon-for-touris/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Discover Kullu Manali |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Angling - Fisheries Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/index1.php?lang=1&dpt_id=4&level=1&sublinkid=146&lid=168 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref>
* '''Mountaineering''' - People interested in [[mountaineering]] can take basic to instructor-level training at the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports]]. The district has several peaks popular with mountaineers, such as [[Hanuman Tibba]], Papsura, and [[Indrasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kullu Mountains |url=https://peakvisor.com/adm/kullu.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Paragliding''' - [[Paragliding]] is offered at certain sites in the Kullu valley, such as Dobhi and Solang valley. However, there have been several fatal accidents in this sport in Kullu valley.<ref>{{Cite news |title=20 deaths in 10 years: The sport that's taking lives in India {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/20-deaths-in-10-years-the-sport-thats-taking-lives-in-india/articleshow/92382927.cms |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=24-yr-old tourist dies in paragliding accident in Himachal |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/24yrold-tourist-dies-in-paragliding-accident-in-himachal-1558244194969 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Inshorts - Stay Informed |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2019-04-08 |title=Himachal: Kerala tourist, pilot killed in Kullu paragliding accident |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/kerala-tourist-pilot-killed-kullu-paragliding-accident-1502743748.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Rafting''' - [[White Water Rafting|White water rafting]] is popular as a tourist activity on the Beas river. The [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports]] also offers courses in rafting and [[kayaking]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports & Adventure - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://himachal.nic.in/contprintcont.php?lid=8486&cont=79&lang=1&dpt_id=200&level=1&sublinkid=8249 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapid Riders |url=http://www.rapidriders.in/rafting.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221062715/http://www.rapidriders.in/rafting.html |archive-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
* '''Rock climbing and bouldering''' - In recent years, several places near Manali, such as Sethan and Aleo, have emerged as popular [[rock climbing]] and [[bouldering]] sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sethan |url=https://boulderbox.in/blog/sethan |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=boulderbox.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rock Climbing and Bouldering in Manali & beyond 1 to 21 days |url=https://www.potala-himalaya.com/trekking/rock-climbing-and-bouldering-in-manali-beyond-1-to-21-days |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.potala-himalaya.com}}</ref>
* '''Skiing, heli-skiing, and snowboarding''' - These winter sports are possible in areas near Manali, such as the slopes of Solang valley and Hamta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports & Adventure - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://himachal.nic.in/contprintcont.php?lid=8486&cont=80&lang=1&dpt_id=200&level=1&sublinkid=8249 |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Himalayan |first=The |date=2021-01-30 |title=Skiing and snowboarding championships at Hamta from Jan 31 |url=https://discoverkullumanali.in/skiing-and-snowboarding/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Discover Kullu Manali |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Trekking''' - The district possesses numerous trekking routes, with possibilities ranging from single-day hikes to multi-day treks. Some popular multi-day treks are the [[Bhrigu Lake]] trek; the [[Chanderkhani|Chandrakhani Pass]] to [[Malana, Himachal Pradesh|Malana]] trek, and the [[Pin Parbati Pass|Pin-Parvati Pass]] trek.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhrigu Lake Trek 2024 - Treks In Himachal Pradesh - Himalayan Frontiers |url=https://www.himalayanfrontiers.com/activities/bhrigu-lake-trek |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=himalayanfrontiers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malana Chanderkhani Pass - Potala Adventurers |url=https://www.potala-himalaya.com/trekking/chanderkhani-pass-trek-malana |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.potala-himalaya.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Parvati Pass |url=https://indiahikes.com/pin-parvati-pass |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=indiahikes.com}}</ref> The Great Himalayan National Park also has several moderate to strenuous trekking routes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marchal |first=Stephan |title=Treks in the Great Himalayan National Park |url=https://himalayanecotourism.com/great-himalayan-national-park-trek.html |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Himalayan Ecotourism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |date=July–September 2007 |title=Khandedhar - Origin of the Jiwa Nal |url=http://greathimalayannationalpark.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/JiwaNal-Khandedhar-trek-by-Abhimanyu-Pandey.pdf |journal=Monal |issue=54 |pages=3–5}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Manikaran.jpg|The Gurdwara and a temple at Manikaran, in 2004.
File:Raja Rupi Kulu Palace.jpg|Raja Rupi Kulu Palace, 2004
File:Himalayas from Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|A view from the Kullu valley.
File:Family Roerich.JPG|The Roerich family in Kullu valley
File:Kais Dhar Medows.jpg|Kais Dhar
File:Tourists in traditional Kullu attire.jpg|Tourists posing in traditional Kullu attire, at Solang valley
File:Hot Springs near Manali. 2020.jpg|Hot Springs at Vashisht, near [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. 2020.
File:Kullu Dussehra - main procession.jpg|Crowds of deities and devotees at the Dhalpur ground, on the opening day of Kullu Dussehra, 2011.
File:Tosh in Monsoon, July 2017.jpg|View from Tosh village, Parvati valley, Kullu district. 2017.
File:Hidimba Devi Temple - North-east View - Manali 2014-05-11 2650 (cropped).JPG|Hadimba Devi Temple, Manali.
File:WesternTragopan.jpg|Western Tragopan, an extremely rare bird found in the Kullu district.
File:4 Beas River Kullu south of Manali Himachal Pradesh India.jpg|The Beas River, near Manali.
File:Apple tree, Dobhi, Kullu district.jpg|An apple tree at Dobi in Kullu valley.
File:Rohtang La-17-Gebetsfahnen-gje.jpg|The Rohtang Pass.
</gallery>

== Further reading ==

* Diack, A.H. 1897 ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.35271/page/n1/mode/2up|Gazetteers Of Kangra District, Parts II To IV - Kulu, Lahul And Spiti.]]''
* Hutchison, John, and Jean Philippe Vogel.1933. ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.38533|History of the Panjab Hill States (Volume 1)]].''
* Khosla, Gopal Das.1956. [[iarchive:himalayancircuit001942mbp/page/n7/mode/2up|''Himalayan Circuit: The Story of a Journey in the Inner Himalayas''. Macmillan.]]
* Prarthi, Lal Chand. 1971. ''[[iarchive:20210615 20210615 0747/page/n1/mode/2up|Kulut Desh ki Kahani]]''.
* Chetwode, Penelope. 1972. ''Kulu: The End of the Inhabitable World.''
* Shabab, Dilaram. 1996. ''Kullu: Himalayan Abode of the Divine''. Indus Publishing.
* Singh, Sanjay Kumar, and Gopal Singh Rawat. 2000. ''Flora of Great Himalayan National Park: Himachal Pradesh''.
* Hingorani, Alka. 2012. ''Making Faces: Self and image creation in a Himalayan valley''. University of Hawaii Press. [https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_44_full.pdf#page=104 (see a book review here.)]
* Moran, Arik. 2013. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0019464612474165 "Toward a history of devotional Vaishnavism in the West Himalayas: Kullu and the Ramanandis, c. 1500–1800."] ''The Indian Economic & Social History Review'' 50.1: 1-25.
* Halperin, Ehud. 2019. ''The Many Faces of a Himalayan Goddess: Hadimba, Her Devotees, and Religion in Rapid Change''. Oxford University Press, USA. [https://preo.u-bourgogne.fr/ebhr/index.php?id=109&lang=fr (see a book review here)]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://hpkullu.nic.in/ DISTRICT PROFILE]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125203514/http://himachalpr.gov.in/intranet/Kullu/B.CULTURAL%20%26%20TOURISM%20HERITAGE%20OF%20THE%20DISTRICT.doc CULTURAL & TOURISM HERITAGE OF THE DISTRICT]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds_of_Himachal_Pradesh Birds of Kullu District]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Butterflies_of_Himachal_Pradesh Butterflies of Kullu District]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Landscapes_of_Himachal_Pradesh Landscapes of Kullu District]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kullu district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
|East = [[Kinnaur district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Shimla district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Mandi district]]
|Northwest = [[Kangra district]]
}}

{{Districts of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Geo HP}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kullu district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Mohan Rakesh

2026-03-21T07:48:52Z

1muhammet237823: improve information based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian writer (1925–1972)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Mohan Rakesh
|image = Mohan Rakesh, (1925-1972).jpg
|imagesize = 100
px
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|1|8}}
|birth_name=Madan Mohan Guglani<ref name=com/>
|birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Undivided Punjab|Punjab]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1972|12|3|1925|1|8}}
|death_place = [[Delhi]], India
|occupation = Novelist, playwright
}}

'''Mohan Rakesh''' (8 January 1925{{spaced ndash}}3 December 1972) was one of the pioneers of the ''Nai Kahani'' ("New Story") literary movement of the [[Hindi literature]] in India in the 1950s. He wrote the first modern Hindi play, ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (One Day in Aashad) (1958), which won a competition organised by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]. He made significant contributions to the novel, the short story, travelogue, criticism, memoir and drama.<ref name=com>{{cite book |title=The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 2 |author=Gabrielle H. Cody |author2=Evert Sprinchorn |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-231-14424-7 |page=1116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqOKWmjdQUC&dq=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA1117 }}</ref>
Mohan Rakesh's Aadhe-adhure is one of the most significant plays about urbanmiddle class family and poignantly projects the transition of values in the changing urban scenario in India.<ref>Saraswat, Surbhi. “The Quest of Completeness: Mohan Rakesh’s Aadhe Adhure.” Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, II, no. IX, 2014. </ref>
He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1968.<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_drama_playwriting.html Drama – Playwriting Awards] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official listings. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607104701/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_drama_playwriting.html |date=7 June 2008 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

He was born as Madan Mohan Guglani on 8 January 1925 in [[Amritsar]] in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} His father was a lawyer who died when he was sixteen.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} Mohan Rakesh hailed from a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] family. His father migrated from Sindh to Punjab long ago.<ref name=com/> He did his M.A. in English and Hindi from [[Punjab University, Lahore]].<ref>[http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/lekhak/m/mohanrakesh.htm Mohan Rakesh Biography and Works]</ref><ref>[http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=Mohan+Rakesh Mohan Rakesh bio and books]</ref>

==Career==
He started his career as a postman at Dehradun from 1947 to 1949, after that he shifted to Delhi, but found a teaching job in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab for a short while.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} Subsequently, he remained Head of the Hindi department at DAV College, Jalandhar ([[Guru Nanak Dev University]]) and taught Hindi at Bishop Cotton School in Shimla for two years before coming back to teaching Jalandhar. In Shimla, he had Ruskin Owen Bond among his students. Eventually, he resigned from his job in 1957 to write full-time. He also briefly edited Hindi literary journal ''Sarika'', from 1962 to 1963.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

His novels are ''Andhere Band Kamare'' (''Closed Dark Rooms'') and ''Na Aane Wala Kal'' (The Tomorrow That Never Comes). His plays include ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (''One Day in Aashad'') (1958), played a major role in reviving Hindi theatre in the 1960s<ref>[http://www.seasonsindia.com/art_culture/lit_hindi_sea.htm#mohan Mohan Rakesh]</ref> and ''Adhe Adhure'' (The Incomplete Ones or Halfway ouse) (1969). His debut play ''Ashadh Ka Ek Din'' was first performed by Kolkata-based Hindi theatre group ''Anamika'', under director [[Shyamanand Jalan]] (1960)<ref name=kas>{{cite book |title=Pop culture India!: media, arts, and lifestyle |author=Asha Kasbekar |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006|isbn=1-85109-636-1 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&dq=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref> and subsequently by [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] at [[National School of Drama]] Delhi in 1962, which established Mohan Rakesh as the first modern Hindi playwright.<ref name=com/> His plays continue to be performed and receive acclaim worldwide. ''One Day in the Season of Rain'', Aparna Dharwadker and Vinay Dharwadker's authorised English translation of ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'', premiered at [[Carthage College]] in Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States in 2010 and traveled to the Kennedy Center [[American College Theatre Festival]] (Region 3) in 2011.

''[[Lahron Ke Rajhans]]'' (''The Swans of the Waves''), a play of Mohan Rakesh about an ancient Buddhist tale on the renunciation of the [[Buddha]], and its aftereffects on his close family, was first written as a short story and later turned into a [[radio play]] for [[All India Radio]] [[Jalandhar]], and broadcast under the title ''Sundri'', though his struggle over different versions of the play lasted for nearly 20 years.<ref>{{cite book |title=The modernity of Sanskrit |author=Simona Sawhney|publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8166-4996-9|page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1Bs-GD7yZIC&dq=%22Shyamanand+Jalan%22&pg=PA73 }}</ref> Prominent Indian directors [[Om Shivpuri]], [[Shyamanand Jalan]], [[Arvind Gaur]] and [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] directed this play.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071106072629/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/18/stories/2005111802360300.htm More than just a manuscript!]}} Romesh Chander, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 18 November 2005. </ref> In 2005, this very writing process of the play, and Mohan Rakesh's diary, writings, and letters about the play, were recreated in a play titled ''Manuscript'', by a Delhi theatre group.

In July 1971, he received the [[Jawarharlal Nehru Fellowship]] for research on 'The Dramatic Word'. However, he could not complete it and died on 3 January 1972.<ref name=du/><ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref>

==Personal life==
His second marriage in 1960 too ended soon. However, in his third marriage to Anita Aulakh in 1963, he had found love. At the time of the marriage Anita was 21 year old. After his death, she continued to live in Delhi and, now in her seventies, lives in East of Kailash neighbourhood. Her autobiographical work, ''Satrein Aur Satrein'', was first serialized in the Hindi magazine ''Sarika'', and later published in 2002.<ref name=du>
{{cite web | title = Mohan Rakesh: A Rudimentary Sketch | url = http://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=853&chapterid=512 |work=SOL, Delhi University| access-date = 2016-07-18 }}</ref><ref name=ht16>{{cite web
| title = The love story of Anita and Mohan Rakesh | work= Hindustan Times, Brunch| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-love-story-of-anita-and-mohan-rakesh/story-CKSJQaJzeuKt51stwwVKvN.html |author=Poonam Saxena| date= 14 March 2016| access-date = 2016-07-18 }}</ref>

== Literary work ==

===Novels ''(Upanyas)''===

* ''Andhere Band Kamre'' (1961)
* ''Na Aanewala Kal'' (1968)
* ''Antaraal'' (1972)
* ''Bakalama Khuda'' (1974)

===Plays ''(Natak-Ekanki)''===

* ''Aadhe Adhure''<ref>Saraswat, Surbhi. “The Quest of Completeness: Mohan Rakesh’s Aadhe Adhure.” Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, II, no. IX, 2014. </ref> / आधे अधूरे (1969) {{ISBN|978-81-8361-325-5}}
*
* ''[[Lahron Ke Rajhans]]'' / लहरों के राजहंस (1963) {{ISBN|978-81-267-1595-4}}
* ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din|Ashadh Ka Ek Din / आषाढ़ का एक दिन]]'' (One Day in Ashadha, 1958) {{ISBN|9788170284093}}
* ''Mohan Rakesh ke Sampurn Natak'', 1993, Rajpal. {{ISBN|81-7028-152-0}}.
[[File:Mohan and Lillete performing in a play Aadhe Adhoore in Bharat Bhavan Bhopal.jpg|thumb|[[Mohan Agashe]]
and [[Lillete Dubey]] performing in a play Aadhe Adhoore]]

==History==
=== Posthumously published ===

* '' Pairon Tale ki Zameen '' (1973)
()<ref name=du/>
* ''Ande ke Chilke, anya ekanki tatha beej natak'' (1973)
* ''Rata Bitane Taka Tatha Anya Dhvani Nataka'', 1974, Radhakrishna Prakashan. {{ISBN|81-7119-332-3}}. (Radio plays)

===Translation===
* ''Mrichchkatikam'', (Sanskrit play)
* ''Shakuntalam'' (Sanskrit play)

===Story anthologies ''(Kahani Sangrah)''===
* ''10 Pratinidhi Kahaniyan'' (Mohan Rakesh)
* ''Rat ki Bahon Mein''
* ''Mohan Rakesh ki meri prem Kahaniyan''

== Kannada translations ==

=== Plays ===

* Aashadada Ondu Dina by [[Siddhaling Pattanshetti]] (1973, 1978, 1979, 1988, 1993, 2000, 2011, 2012, 2017) (''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din|Ashadh Ka Ek Din / आषाढ़ का एक दिन]]'' (One Day in Ashadha, 1958))
* Alalegalalli Rajahamsagalu by [[Siddhaling Pattanshetti]] (1980, 1988, 2017) (''[[Lahron Ke Rajhans]]'' / लहरों के राजहंस (1963))
* Aadha Adhure by [[Siddhaling Pattanshetti]] (1976, 1989) (''Aadhe Adhure'' / आधे अधूरे (1969))
* Kaala Kelagina Nela by [[Siddhaling Pattanshetti]] (2011) (''Pairon Tale Ki Zameen'' (1973))

== Cinematic adaptations ==
His short stories were made into serial named MITTI KE RANG by Doordarshan in 1993.

Two of his literary works were adapted by the filmmaker [[Mani Kaul]]. The first film was [[Uski Roti]] made in 1969 based on the short story of the same name. For this film, Mohan Rakesh wrote the dialogs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090925080440/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/155222/Uski-Roti/details Uski Roti (1971)] ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> The second film was [[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]] made in 1971, based on a play by Mohan Rakesh.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/talking-theatre/article26206197.ece/|title= Talking theatre |date=8 February 2019|work= The Hindu}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Aadhunik Hindi Natak Ka Agradoot: Mohan Rakesh
* Mohan Rakesh’s Halfway House: Critical Perspectives, edited by Subhash Chandra. New Delhi, Asia Book, 2001, {{ISBN|81-7851-004-9}}. (Aadhe Adhure)
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/published/txt_miss_pal.html Miss Pal by Mohan Rakesh]

== External links ==
* [http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/lekhak/m/mohanrakesh.htm Mohan Rakesh in Abhivyakti]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan Rakesh}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Writers from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Novelists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Punjab, India]]

Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham

2026-03-20T22:04:21Z

1muhammet237823: New the stub needs work...

{{Short description|2016 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by K. Manikandan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. Manikandan]]
| producer = Shashank Vennelakanti
| writer = K. Manikandan
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[K. Manikandan]]
}}
| cinematography = R. Vasantha Kumar
| editing = Rajesh Ramakrishnan
| music =
| released = {{Film date|2016|||film festivals|2022|01||[[Sony Liv]]}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 82 minutes
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham''''' ({{translation|Endless}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Manikandan]] on his directorial debut, while also starring himself in the main lead role alongside [[Delhi Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/delhi-ganesh-interview/article7411227.ece|title=Delhi Ganesh on staying with the times|last=Rao|first=Subha J.|date=2015-07-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-11-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130092201/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/delhi-ganesh-interview/article7411227.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-08-31 |title=டெல்லி கணேஷ், மணிகண்டன் காம்போவில் ஒரு ஃபீல் குட் மூவி! {{!}} My Vikatan |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/my-vikatan-feel-good-movie-review |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref> The film revolves around the story of a deep friendship between a pensioner who has been battling loneliness after his retirement and an unemployed young man who has been finding difficulties to put food on the table.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-07-25 |title=The odd couple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/delhi-ganesh-acts-in-narai-ezhuthum-suyasaritham/article7464505.ece |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sharpana |date=2022-02-02 |title=ஓடிடி திரைப்பார்வை: 'நரை எழுதும் சுயசரிதம்' - இயக்குநராக ஜெயித்தாரா 'ஜெய் பீம்' மணிகண்டன்? |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/narai-ezhuthum-suyasaritham-movie-review |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=-_vYeGZpNkgmtXge&v=AWYeu7hw8jI&feature=youtu.be |title=Vaidhyanadhan's Unhappy Retirement {{!}} Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham {{!}} SonyLIV Premiere |date=2022-04-12 |last=Sony LIV |access-date=2024-11-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at international film festivals in 2016.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2022-01-30 |title=நடிகர் மணிகண்டன் இயக்கிய முதல் திரைப்படம் வெளியானது |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinemanews/2022/01/30112312/3435988/Tamil-cinema-actor-manikandan-directed-first-movie.vpf |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Maalaimalar |language=ta}}</ref> [[Sony Liv]] bought the digital streaming rights of the film and the film was streamed via Sony Liv in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=1urPEzeBBELhtQx8&v=WKzuW3WdDMo&feature=youtu.be |title=Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham {{!}} Tamil Movie {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} SonyLIV {{!}} Streaming Now |date=2022-02-03 |last=Sony LIV |access-date=2024-11-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/movies/narai-ezhuthum-suyasaritham-1000157230 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Sony LIV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜெய்பீம் நடிகர் மணிகண்டன் இயக்கத்தில்... 'நரை எழுதும் சுயசரிதம்' சோனி லிவ்வில் வெளியீடு! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/narai-ezhuthum-suyasaritham-released-on-sony-liv/articleshow/89204078.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sharpana |date=2022-01-29 |title=சோனி லைவ் ஓடிடியில் வெளியானது 'ஜெய் பீம்' மணிகண்டன் இயக்கியுள்ள 'நரை எழுதும் சுயசரிதம்' |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/director-and-actor-manikandan-narai-ezhuthum-suyasaritham-released-on-sony-liv |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=4KOne5lMURzbBe6C&v=aLuEaZgFYOA&feature=youtu.be |title=The Wholehearted Conversation {{!}} Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham {{!}} SonyLIV Premiere |date=2022-04-13 |last=Sony LIV |access-date=2024-11-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Vaidyanathan
*[[K. Manikandan]] as Manikandan
*Mirchi Vijay
*[[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]]
*RJ Shivshankari
*[[Rakendu Mouli]]
*Praveen Raja
*Shobana

== Production ==
K. Manikandan announced his maiden directorial venture with the intention to make an independent art film, exclusively appealing for the audiences at international film festivals. He had apparently decided to go ahead with the [[principal photography]], based on his script, without aiming for a theatrical release, and he insisted that he did not want to include commercial elements for his film, which would otherwise deviate from his thought process.<ref name=":0" />

The principal photography of the film commenced in 2012 as a low budgeted film with [[Indian rupee|INR]] ₹2 lakh and the production of the film was wrapped up in 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajasekar |date=2022-02-19 |title=Chepauk to Kollywood: The dramatic rise of Jai Bhim's Manikandan |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/chepauk-to-kollywood-the-dramatic-rise-of-jai-bhims-manikandan/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Shashank Vennelakanti produced the film under his production banner G&K Vahinee Productions. R. Vasantha Kumar cranked the cinematography of the film while the editing was handled by Rajesh Ramakrishnan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-01-29 |title=Actor Manikandan's directorial debut Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham gets its OTT release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Jan/29/actor-manikandans-directorial-debut-narai-ezhuthum-suyasaritham-gets-its-ott-release-29386.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2022-01-29 |title=Actor Manikandan of 'Jai Bhim' fame makes his debut as director |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/01/29/actor-manikandan-of-jai-bhim-fame-makes-his-debut-as-director |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Despite the film responding with positive feedback from critics, director Manikandan himself felt unhappy about the final output of the film, calling it his amateurish work and admitting there were flaws in his filmmaking.<ref name=":1" />

== Premiere ==
The film was officially selected to be screened at the 2016 [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] under the Indian Cinema Competition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/festivals-groom-future-filmmakers/article8184899.ece|title=Festivals groom future filmmakers|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|date=2016-02-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-11-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202093851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/festivals-groom-future-filmmakers/article8184899.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/meenakshi-shedde-how-movies-start/16932196|title=Meenakshi Shedde: How movies start|date=2016-02-07|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2024-11-26|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202093850/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/meenakshi-shedde-how-movies-start/16932196|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also chosen for screening at 16th edition of the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaac.us/NYIFF2016/Schedule-May9.htm|title=16th Annual NEW YORK INDIAN FILM FESTIVAL May 7 to 14, 2016|website=www.iaac.us|access-date=2020-02-02|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410084237/http://www.iaac.us/NYIFF2016/Schedule-May9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt17508126}}
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Upper Assam division

2026-03-18T19:42:43Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Upper Assam division
| official_name = Ahom Kingdom (Ak)
| native_name = Ujanidesh
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Divisions of India|Division]]

| image_skyline = Jorhat Baruah Chariali.jpg
| image_caption = Jorhat, the 3rd biggest city of Assam
| image_flag =
| image_shield =
| motto =
| nickname =
| etymology = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 = 
| image_map = Divisions of Assam.svg
| map_caption = The five divisions of Assam
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| seat =
| seat_type = 
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| area_footnotes =
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| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 15.5 million
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = 
| timezone1 = UTC +05:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| utc_offset1 =
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| postal_code_type =
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| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Upper Assam division''' or Ujanidesh is an [[Divisions of Assam|administrative division]] of the state of [[Assam]] comprising the undivided [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] and [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]] (previously, Sivasagar) districts, of the upper reaches of the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. The other divisions are: [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]], [[North Assam]] and [[Hills and Barak Valley]]. The division is under the jurisdiction of a Commissioner.[[Rang Ghar|³]]

Consisting of 7 districts initially, the Upper Assam division now contains 10 districts, that includes [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Majuli district|Majuli]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], and [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]. While Charaideo and Majuli are the newest districts that were raised to district status in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eastern-today.com/entries/blog/preparations-afoot-for-inauguration-of-charaideo-district-at-sonari|title=Preparations afoot for inauguration of Charaideo district at Sonari, ''The Eastern Today''|work=ET Correspondent|date=10 February 2016|archive-date=18 July 2021|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718081936/http://www.eastern-today.com/entries/blog/preparations-afoot-for-inauguration-of-charaideo-district-at-sonari|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://hindustantimes.com/indianews/assam-majuli-to-become-india-s-first-river-island-district/story-hzFoxSUxh3IpRpSeIqrhtM.html| title=Assam: Majuli becomes 1st river island district of India| work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=27 June 2016| access-date=28 June 2016| location=[[Guwahati]]}}</ref> Golaghat and Tinsukia are the biggest districts in terms square kilometre area in the region, raised to the district status in the years of 1987 and 1989 respectively.<ref name="Statoids">{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.assaminfo.com/districts/|title=Various Districts in Assam}}</ref>

Jorhat,{{ref|1|1}} Golaghat{{ref|2|2}} and Dibrugarh{{ref|3|3}} are also the oldest recognised and constantly inhabited urban centres (municipal areas) in the region based on the earliest years of formation of the civic bodies, constituted before the Indian independence of 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZmusO1pWjUC|title=Quit India Movement In Assam|first=Anil Kumar|last=Sharma|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Mittal Publications|access-date=5 August 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref> Jorhat is the Second most developed city of Assam. On 26 January 2025 Honourable Chief Minister of Assam Sri Himanta Biswa Sarmah declared Dibrugarh as Second Capital of Assam and now it serves as the headquarter of upper Assam division. Other cities of upper Assam are Tinsukia, Sivasagar, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji etc.

An extended list of Upper Assam region also includes the districts of [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]] & [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]. The region is the most productive part of the state of Assam, which is rich in natural resources like coal, oil and natural gas as well as tea plantations.

==History==
===Medieval period===
====Chutia Kingdom====
The medieval [[Chutia Kingdom]] was on the bank of the river [[Brahmaputra]]. It was a powerful kingdom which had ruled in northeastern [[Assam]] and some areas of present-day [[Arunachal Pradesh]], with the capital at [[Sadiya]]. The kingdom controlled almost the entire region of present Assam districts of [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]] and [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] as well as parts of [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]] and [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]] districts. In Arunachal Pradesh, it covered the districts bordering Assam.

====Ahom Kingdom====
The [[Ahom Kingdom]] was a kingdom in the [[Brahmaputra]] valley in Assam that maintained its sovereignty for nearly 600 years and successfully resisted [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] expansion in [[North-East India]]. Established by [[Sukaphaa]], a [[Tai peoples|Tai]] prince from [[Mong Mao]], it began as a [[Mueang|Mong]] in the upper reaches of the [[Brahmaputra River]]. It expanded suddenly under [[Suhungmung]] in the 16th century after annexing the Chutia kingdom and parts of Kachari kingdom and therefore became multi-ethnic in character. The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the [[Moamoria rebellion]], and subsequently fell to a succession of [[Burmese invasion of Assam|Burmese invasions]]. With the defeat of the Burmese after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] and the [[Treaty of Yandabo]] in 1826, control of the kingdom passed into British ([[East India Company]]) hands.

== Demographics ==
The Upper Assam division, comprising 28 percent of Assam's population at 15.56 million, predominantly adheres to Hinduism embraced by nearly 90 percent of its people, with Islam being the second most practiced religion. More than 90 percent of the people speak [[Assamese language|Assamese]].
The major communities of Upper assam are [[Ahom people|Ahom]], [[Chutiya people|Chutia]], [[Tea tribes]], [[Mishing people|Mishing]], [[Sonowal Kacharis]], Moran, Matak, [[Deori people|Deori]], [[Thengal-Kachari|Thengal Kacharis]] and indigenous Assamese Muslim communities like Gorias Morias, Gorkhas, Bihari, tribel naga, sumi, Nokte, and others living here from thousands of years

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
Dibrugarh_Night_View.jpg|{{center|Dibrugarh ''Night view of Dibrugarh''}}
Jorhat.jpg|{{center|Jorhat ''Evening view of Jorhat''}}
City_Skyline_-_Golaghat.png|{{center|Golaghat ''Skyline of Golaghat Central (west)''}}
GNB_Road_and_Ranghr_Complex.jpg|{{center|Tinsukia ''Evening view of G. N. B. Road, Tinsukia''}}
</gallery>[[File:Jorhat Night View.png | thumb | right | alt=Jorhat, the 2nd biggest city of Assam | Jorhat, the 2nd biggest city of Assam]]

== Notes ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{note|1|1}}  Formation of Dibrugarh municipal region, 1873.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dibrugarhmunicipality.org.in/|title=Dibrugarh Municipal Board|access-date=2017-07-11|archive-date=2016-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611150105/http://dibrugarhmunicipality.org.in/|url-status=dead}}
</ref>
*{{note|2|2}}  Formation of Golaghat municipal region, 1920.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150119/jsp/northeast/story_9079.jsp#.V0OXAZMrIcg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630120603/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150119/jsp/northeast/story_9079.jsp#.V0OXAZMrIcg|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2015|title=AGP lists civic poll candidates (Golaghat Municipal Board)|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>
*{{note|3|3}}  Formation of Jorhat municipal region, 1909.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jorhatmunicipalboard.org/jorhat_municipal_board.php|title=Jorhat Municipal Board(JBM), Jorhat, Assam|access-date=2016-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327181336/http://jorhatmunicipalboard.org/jorhat_municipal_board.php|archive-date=2016-03-27|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
{{refend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Nag |first=Sajal |chapter=Devour thy Neighbour: Foreign Invasions and the Decline of States in Eighteenth Century North East India |editor=Tejimala Gurung |title=The Falling Polities: Crisis and Decline of States in North-East India in the Eighteenth Century |publisher=DVS Publishers |year=2018 |isbn=9789385839122 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/38831733/Burmese_invasion |via=academia.edu}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Phukan| first=J. N.| title = Relations of the Ahom kings of Assam with those of Mong Mao (in Yunnan, China) and of Mong Kwang (Mogaung in Myanmar) | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=52 | year=1991| pages= 888–893| jstor=44142722|issn=2249-1937}}
*{{cite book
| first = Leslie
| last = Shakespear
| title = History of Upper Assam, Upper Burmah and Northeast Frontier.
| year = 1914
| publisher = Cambridge University Press.
}}
*{{cite book|last=Gogoi|first=Padmeswar|title=The political expansion of the Mao Shans|year=1956}}

[[Category:Divisions of Assam]]

Agnosticism

2026-03-18T18:08:48Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Short description|View that the existence of God or the supernatural are unknown or unknowable}}
{{Distinguish|Gnosticism}}
{{Redirect|Agnostic|platform-agnostic data schemas and ontologies|Cross-platform software}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Irreligion sidebar |agnosticism}}
{{Existence of God sidebar}}

'''Agnosticism''' is the view or belief that the [[existence of God]], the [[divine]], or the [[supernatural]] is either [[unknowable]] in principle or unknown in fact.<ref name="Hepburn">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Agnosticism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA (Gale) |last=Hepburn |first=Ronald W. |orig-date=1967 |editor=Donald M. Borchert |edition=2nd |volume=1 |page=92 |isbn=0-02-865780-2 |quote=In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.}} (page 56 in 1967 edition)</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite encyclopedia |entry=agnostic, agnosticism |dictionary=OED Online, 3rd ed. |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=September 2012  |quote='''agnostic'''. : '''A'''. n[oun]. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : '''B.''' adj[ective]. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also: politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal. (Original "God" was the tribal to earer caste through the ancient stories of passed down through the ages). '''agnosticism''' n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Draper |first=Paul |title=Atheism and Agnosticism |date=2022 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/atheism-agnosticism/#DefiAgno |access-date=2024-05-30 |edition=Summer 2022 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}"When used in this epistemological sense, the term “agnosticism” can very naturally be extended beyond the issue of what is or can be known to cover a large family of positions, depending on what sort of “positive epistemic status” is at issue. For example, it might be identified with any of the following positions: that neither theistic belief nor atheistic belief is justified, that neither theistic belief nor atheistic belief is rationally required, that neither belief is rationally permissible, that neither has warrant, that neither is reasonable, or that neither is probable."</ref> It can also mean an apathy towards such religious belief and refer to personal limitations rather than a [[worldview]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Poidevin |first=Robin |title=Agnosticism: A Very Short Introduction |quote=It stands, it seems, for lack of belief or commitment, for indecision, for non-engagement. |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957526-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFesDAAAQBAJ&dq=agnosticism&pg=PR11}}</ref><ref name="plato_stanford_edu">{{cite web |title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=August 2, 2017 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/?ref=whcolony.com#DefiAgno |access-date=23 May 2024 |quote=The terms “agnostic” and “agnosticism” were famously coined in the late nineteenth century by the English biologist, T.H. Huxley. He said that he originally invented the word “Agnostic” to denote people who, like [himself], confess themselves to be hopelessly ignorant concerning a variety of matters [including of course the matter of God’s existence], about which metaphysicians and theologians, both orthodox and heterodox, dogmatise with the utmost confidence. (1884) | last1=Draper | first1=Paul }}</ref> Another definition is the view that "human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist."<ref name="RoweRoutledge">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Agnosticism |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&q=agnosticism+routledge&pg=PA122 |last=Rowe |first=William L. |author-link=William L. Rowe |editor=Edward Craig |isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 |quote=In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by the human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.}}</ref>

The English biologist [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] claimed that he originally coined the word ''agnostic'' in 1869 "to denote people who, like [himself], confess themselves to be hopelessly ignorant concerning a variety of matters [including the matter of God's existence], about which metaphysicians and theologians, both orthodox and heterodox, dogmatise with the utmost confidence."<ref name="plato_stanford_edu" /> Earlier thinkers had written works that promoted agnostic points of view, such as [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta]], a 5th-century BCE [[Ancient Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]] who expressed agnosticism about any [[afterlife]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html |title=Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life |translator-last=Bhikkhu |translator-first=Thanissaro |work=Digha Nikaya |date=1997 |quote=If you ask me if there exists another world (after death),&nbsp;... I don't think so. I don't think in that way. I don't think otherwise. I don't think not. I don't think not not. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209063536/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar 1972">Bhaskar (1972).</ref><ref name="Ridgeon2003">{{cite book |author=Lloyd Ridgeon |title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AubFD0B-a7AC&pg=PA63 |date=March 13, 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-42313-4 |pages=63–}}</ref> and [[Protagoras]], a 5th-century BCE [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek philosopher]] who expressed agnosticism about the existence of "the gods".<ref name="Protagoras">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/protagor/ |title=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy&nbsp;– Protagoras (c. 490&nbsp;– c. 420 BCE) |access-date=July 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210135808/http://www.iep.utm.edu/protagor/ |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |quote=While the pious might wish to look to the gods to provide absolute moral guidance in the relativistic universe of the Sophistic Enlightenment, that certainty also was cast into doubt by philosophic and sophistic thinkers, who pointed out the absurdity and immorality of the conventional epic accounts of the gods. Protagoras' prose treatise about the gods began "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life." |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="patri">{{cite web|url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a22.htm |title=Progress of Atheism in India: A Historical Perspective |publisher=Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee |date=February 1990 |access-date=June 29, 2014 |author=Patri, Umesh and Prativa Devi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925145643/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a22.htm |archive-date=September 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="Treharne2012">{{cite book |author=Trevor Treharne |title=How to Prove God Does Not Exist: The Complete Guide to Validating Atheism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtOzmf_5zLcC&pg=PA34 |year=2012 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-61233-118-8 |pages=34 ff}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|4}}

==Defining agnosticism ==
{{Over-quote|section=yes|date=July 2025}}
{{blockquote|[The agnostic] principle may be stated in various ways, but they all amount to this: that it is wrong for a man to say that he is certain of the objective truth of any proposition unless he can produce evidence which logically justifies that certainty.<ref name="auto">Thomas Huxley, [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE5/Agn-X.html "Agnosticism and Christianity"], ''Collected Essays V'', 1899</ref>|Thomas Henry Huxley}}

{{blockquote|Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle&nbsp;... Positively the principle may be expressed: In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. And negatively: In matters of the intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable.<ref>Thomas Huxley, [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE5/Agn.html "Agnosticism"], ''Collected Essays V'', 1889</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Huxley|first=Thomas Henry|date=April 1889|title=Agnosticism|journal=[[Popular Science|The Popular Science Monthly]]|publisher=[[D. Appleton & Company]]|location=New York|volume=34|issue=46|page=768}} Wikisource has the full text of the article [[:Wikisource: Essays upon some Controverted Questions/IX|here.]]
</ref><ref name="Dawkins2008">{{cite book|author=Richard Dawkins|title=The God Delusion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&pg=PA72|date=January 16, 2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-34866-7|pages=72–}}</ref>|Thomas Henry Huxley}}

{{blockquote|Agnostics deny... that there are propositions which men ought to believe, without logically satisfactory evidence; and that reprobation ought to attach to the profession of disbelief in such inadequately supported propositions.<ref name="auto"/>|Thomas Henry Huxley}}

{{blockquote|Agnosticism puts aside not only the greater part of popular theology, but also the greater part of anti-theology. On the whole, the "bosh" of [[heterodoxy]] is more offensive to me than that of orthodoxy, because heterodoxy professes to be guided by reason and science, and orthodoxy does not.<ref>Thomas Huxley [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/UnColl/Rdetc/AgnAnn.html "Agnosticism: A Symposium"], ''The Agnostic Annual.'' 1884</ref>|Thomas Henry Huxley}}

Being a scientist, above all else, Huxley presented agnosticism as a form of demarcation. A hypothesis with no supporting, objective, testable evidence is not an objective, scientific claim. As such, there would be no way to test said hypotheses, leaving the results inconclusive. His agnosticism was not compatible with forming a belief as to the truth, or falsehood, of the claim at hand. [[Karl Popper]] would also describe himself as an agnostic.<ref name="Edward Zerin 1998">Edward Zerin: Karl Popper On God: The Lost Interview. ''Skeptic'' '''6''':2 (1998)</ref> According to philosopher [[William L. Rowe]], in this strict sense, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist.<ref name="RoweRoutledge"/>

[[George H. Smith]], while admitting that the narrow definition of atheist was the common usage definition of that word,<ref>George H. Smith, Atheism: The Case Against God, pg. 9</ref> and admitting that the broad definition of agnostic was the common usage definition of that word,<ref>George H. Smith, Atheism: The Case Against God, pg. 12</ref> promoted broadening the definition of atheist and narrowing the definition of agnostic. Smith rejects agnosticism as a third alternative to [[theism]] and [[atheism]] and promotes terms such as [[agnostic atheism]] (the view of those who do not hold a belief in the existence of any [[deity]] but claim that the existence of a deity is unknown or inherently unknowable) and [[agnostic theism]] (the view of those who believe in the existence of a deity(s) but claim that the existence of a deity is unknown or inherently unknowable).<ref name=Smith1979>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=agnostic+theist |title=Atheism: The Case Against God |first=George H |last=Smith |author-link=George H. Smith |pages=10–11 |quote=Properly considered, agnosticism is not a third alternative to theism and atheism because it is concerned with a different aspect of religious belief. Theism and atheism refer to the presence or absence of belief in a god; agnosticism refers to the impossibility of knowledge with regard to a god or supernatural being. The term ''agnostic'' does not, in itself, indicate whether or not one believes in a god. Agnosticism can be either theistic or atheistic. |year=1979 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-0-87975-124-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Ascent of Faith: or, the Grounds of Certainty in Science and Religion|year=1894|first=Alexander James|last=Harrison|publisher=Hodder and Stroughton|location=London|page=21|oclc=7234849|ol=21834002M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21|quote=Let Agnostic Theism stand for that kind of Agnosticism which admits a Divine existence; Agnostic Atheism for that kind of Agnosticism which thinks it does not.}}
</ref><ref name="barker-agnostic-atheism">{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Dan|author-link=Dan Barker|title=Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists|year=2008|location=New York|publisher=Ulysses Press|isbn=978-1-56975-677-5|ol=24313839M|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAjPWYgIfCoC&pg=PA96|quote=People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic.}}</ref>

===Etymology===
''Agnostic'' ({{ety|grc|ἀ- (a-)|without||[[wikt:γνῶσις|γνῶσις]] (gnōsis)|knowledge}}) was used by Thomas Henry Huxley in a speech at a meeting of the [[Metaphysical Society]] in 1869 to describe his philosophy, which rejects all claims of spiritual or mystical knowledge.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Dixon| first = Thomas| title = Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2008| location = Oxford| page = 63| isbn = 978-0-19-929551-7}}
</ref><ref name="EB-Agnosticism">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Antony |first=Flew |title=Agnosticism |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9356/agnosticism |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=December 15, 2011}}</ref>

Early [[Christianity|Christian]] church leaders used the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''[[gnosis]]'' (knowledge) to describe "spiritual knowledge". Agnosticism is not to be confused with religious views opposing the ancient religious movement of [[Gnosticism]] in particular; Huxley used the term in a broader, more abstract sense.<ref name="nknxjx">{{cite web |title=ag·nos·tic |website=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2011 |url= http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=agnostic&submit.x=20&submit.y=28 |access-date= November 15, 2013}}</ref> Huxley identified agnosticism not as a creed but rather as a method of [[Skepticism|skeptical]], evidence-based inquiry.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=97DaE6BzKTsC&pg=PA41 |title=Aphorisms and Reflections |first= Henrietta A.| last=Huxley |publisher= Kessinger Publishing |year=2004 |edition= reprint |pages=41–42 |isbn=978-1-4191-0730-6}}</ref>

The term ''agnostic'' is also [[cognate]] with the [[Sanskrit]] word ''ajñasi'', which translates literally to "not knowable", and relates to the ancient Indian philosophical school of [[Ajñana]], which proposes that it is impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge were possible, it is useless and disadvantageous for final salvation.

In recent years, scientific literature dealing with neuroscience and psychology has used the word to mean "not knowable".<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, Additions Series, 1993</ref> In technical and marketing literature, "agnostic" can also mean independence from some parameters—for example, "platform agnostic" (referring to [[cross-platform software]]),<ref name= SparkSheet>{{cite web |title= What Does Platform Agnostic Mean?
|last1= Woodrooffe
|first1=Sophie
|last2=Levy |first2= Dan |website=Sparksheet
|url= http://sparksheet.com/what-does-platform-agnostic-mean/
|date=September 9, 2012
|access-date=November 15, 2013
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153217/http://sparksheet.com/what-does-platform-agnostic-mean/
|archive-date=July 14, 2014
|url-status=dead
|df=mdy
}}</ref> or "[[hardware-agnostic]]".<ref name=Datacenterdynamics>{{cite web |website=Datacenter Dynamics |title=EMC and NetApp – a software-defined storage battle |url=http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2013/07/emc-and-netapp-%E2%80%93-software-defined-storage-battle |first=Yevgeniy|last= Sverdlik |date=July 31, 2013 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620131749/http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2013/07/emc-and-netapp-%E2%80%93-software-defined-storage-battle |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>

===Qualifying agnosticism===
[[Scottish Enlightenment]] philosopher [[David Hume]] contended that meaningful statements about the universe are always qualified by some degree of doubt. He asserted that the fallibility of human beings means that they cannot obtain absolute certainty except in trivial cases where a statement is true by definition (e.g. [[tautology (logic)|, tautologies]] such as "all bachelors are unmarried" or "all triangles have three corners").<ref>Hume, David, "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" (1748)</ref>

===Types===
====Strong agnosticism====
Also called "hard", "closed", "strict", or "permanent agnosticism", strong agnosticism is the view that the question of the existence or nonexistence of a deity or deities, and the nature of ultimate reality is unknowable by reason of our natural inability to verify any subjective experience with anything but another subjective experience. A strong agnostic would say, "I cannot know whether a deity exists or not, and neither can you."<ref name="Oppy2006">{{cite book|last=Oppy |first=Graham|title=Arguing about Gods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C&pg=PA15|date=September 4, 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45889-4|pages=15–}}
</ref><ref name="Barnes2003">{{cite book|author=Michael H. Barnes|title=In The Presence of Mystery: An Introduction To The Story Of Human Religiousness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhtb2_NYnpoC&pg=PA3|year=2003|publisher=Twenty-Third Publications|isbn=978-1-58595-259-5|pages=3–}}
</ref><ref name="Poidevin2010">{{cite book|author=Robin Le Poidevin|title=Agnosticism: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DKg5MeJtmIC&pg=PT32|date=October 28, 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-161454-5|pages=32–}}</ref>

====Weak agnosticism====
Also called "soft", "open", "empirical", "hopeful", or "temporal agnosticism", weak agnosticism is the view that the existence or nonexistence of any deities is currently unknown but is not necessarily unknowable; therefore, one will withhold judgement until evidence, if any, becomes available. A weak agnostic would say, "I don't know whether any deities exist or not, but maybe one day, if there is evidence, we can find something out."<ref name="Oppy2006" /><ref name="Barnes2003" /><ref name="Poidevin2010" />
====Apathetic agnosticism====
{{main|Apathetic agnosticism}}
The view that no amount of debate can prove or disprove the existence of one or more deities, and if one or more deities exist, they do not appear to be concerned about the fate of humans. Therefore, some may feel their existence has little to no impact on personal human affairs and should be of little interest. An apathetic agnostic would say, "I don't know whether any deity exists or not, and I don't care if any deity exists or not."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apatheticagnostic.com/ourchurch/faith.html|title=Commentary on the Articles of Faith|author=John Tyrrell|year=1996|quote=To believe in the existence of a god is an act of faith. To believe in the nonexistence of a god is likewise an act of faith. There is no verifiable evidence that there is a Supreme Being nor is there verifiable evidence there is not a Supreme Being. Faith is not knowledge. We can only state with assurance that we do not know.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807021506/http://www.apatheticagnostic.com/ourchurch/faith.html|archive-date=2007-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahim |first1=Abdur |title=Thinking Outside the Box: The Most Realistic Way of Thinking, Adopting, and Leading Life |date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-5245-7387-4 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-NPDgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>Rauch, Jonathan, ''Let It Be: Three Cheers for Apatheism'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', May 2003</ref>

==History==
{{Over-quote|section=yes|date=July 2025}}
===Hindu philosophy===
{{See also|Sanjaya Belatthaputta|Ajñana}}
Throughout the history of [[Hinduism]] there has been a strong tradition of philosophic speculation and skepticism.<ref name="Kramer1986" /><ref>{{cite web
|author=Subodh Varma
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spirituality/vintage-wisdom/The-gods-came-afterwards/articleshow/6014217.cms?referral=PM
|title=The gods came afterwards
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=May 6, 2011
|access-date=June 9, 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105235331/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spirituality/vintage-wisdom/The-gods-came-afterwards/articleshow/6014217.cms?referral=PM
|archive-date=November 5, 2015
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}</ref>

The [[Rig Veda]] takes an agnostic view on the fundamental question of how the universe and the gods were created. [[Nasadiya Sukta]] (''Creation Hymn'') in the tenth chapter of the Rig Veda says:<ref name="Kramer1986">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Kramer|title=World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34|date=January 1986|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8|pages=34–}}
</ref><ref name="Christian2011">
{{cite book|last=Christian |first=David|title=Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18|date=September 1, 2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95067-2|pages=18–}}
</ref><ref name="Singh2008">
{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA206|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=206–}}</ref>
{{blockquote|<poem>But, after all, who knows, and who can say
Whence it all came, and how creation happened?
The gods themselves are later than creation,
so who knows truly whence it has arisen?

Whence all creation had its origin,
He, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
He, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
He knows – or maybe even he does not know.</poem>}}

===Hume, Kant, and Kierkegaard===
[[Aristotle]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.logicmuseum.com/ontological/aristotleontological.htm
|title=Aristotle on the existence of God
|publisher=Logicmuseum.com
|access-date=February 9, 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530101819/http://www.logicmuseum.com/ontological/aristotleontological.htm
|archive-date=May 30, 2014
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}
</ref>
[[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/anselm.asp
|work=Internet History Sourcebooks Project
|publisher=Fordham.edu
|access-date=|title=Anselm on God's Existence
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531202448/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/anselm.asp
|archive-date=May 31, 2014
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}
</ref><ref name=williams>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/anselm/ |title=Saint Anselm |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=June 29, 2014 |author=Williams, Thomas |year=2013 |edition=Spring 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202055456/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/anselm/ |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>
[[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/aquinas3.asp
|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project
|publisher=Fordham.edu
|access-date=February 9, 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182225/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/aquinas3.asp
|archive-date=August 14, 2014
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}
</ref><ref name="Owens1980">
{{cite book|last=Owens |first=Joseph|title=Saint Thomas Aquinas on the Existence of God: The Collected Papers of Joseph Owens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tLl5gnW5TMC|year=1980|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-401-3}}
</ref>
[[René Descartes|Descartes]],<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/phl302/philosophers/descartes-god.html
|title = Descartes' Proof for the Existence of God
|publisher = Oregonstate.edu
|access-date = February 9, 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062837/http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/phl302/philosophers/descartes-god.html
|archive-date = February 22, 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy
}}
</ref>
and [[Gödel's ontological proof|Gödel]] presented arguments attempting to rationally prove the existence of God. The skeptical empiricism of [[David Hume]], the [[antinomy|antinomies]] of [[Immanuel Kant]], and the existential philosophy of [[Søren Kierkegaard]] convinced many later philosophers to abandon these attempts, regarding it impossible to construct any unassailable proof for the existence or non-existence of God.<ref name="RoweRoutledge-online">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.texttribe.com/routledge/A/Agnosticism.html |title=Agnosticism |first=William L. |last=Rowe |author-link=William L. Rowe |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1998 |editor=Edward Craig |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722184326/http://www.texttribe.com/routledge/A/Agnosticism.html |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2012}}</ref>

In his 1844 book ''[[Philosophical Fragments]]'', Kierkegaard writes:<ref>Kierkegaard, Søren. ''Philosophical Fragments''. Ch. 3
</ref>
{{blockquote|Let us call this unknown something: God. It is nothing more than a name we assign to it. The idea of demonstrating that this unknown something (God) exists, could scarcely suggest itself to Reason. For if God does not exist it would of course be impossible to prove it; and if he does exist it would be folly to attempt it. For at the very outset, in beginning my proof, I would have presupposed it, not as doubtful but as certain (a presupposition is never doubtful, for the very reason that it is a presupposition), since otherwise I would not begin, readily understanding that the whole would be impossible if he did not exist. But if when I speak of proving God's existence I mean that I propose to prove that the Unknown, which exists, is God, then I express myself unfortunately. For in that case I do not prove anything, least of all an existence, but merely develop the content of a conception.}}

[[David Hume|Hume]] was Huxley's favourite philosopher, calling him "the Prince of Agnostics".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Hundred Years of British Philosophy|first= Rudolf|last= Metz |page= 111|publisher = G. Allen & Unwin Limited|date= 1938|isbn = 9780598425171}}</ref> [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] wrote to his mistress, telling of a visit by Hume to the [[Baron D'Holbach]], and describing how a word for the position that Huxley would later describe as agnosticism did not seem to exist, or at least was not common knowledge, at the time.

{{blockquote|The first time that M. Hume found himself at the table of the Baron, he was seated beside him. I don't know for what purpose the English philosopher took it into his head to remark to the Baron that he did not believe in atheists, that he had never seen any. The Baron said to him: "Count how many we are here." We are eighteen. The Baron added: "It isn't too bad a showing to be able to point out to you fifteen at once: the three others haven't made up their minds."<ref>Ernest Campbell Mossner, ''The Life of David Hume'', 2014, p. 483</ref>|Denis Diderot}}

===United Kingdom===
====Charles Darwin====
[[File:Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Darwin]] in 1854]]
Raised in a religious environment, [[Charles Darwin]] (1809–1882) studied to be an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] clergyman. While eventually doubting parts of his faith, Darwin continued to help in church affairs, even while avoiding church attendance. Darwin stated that it would be "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist".<ref name=Fordyce>[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-12041 Letter 12041] – Darwin, C. R. to Fordyce, John, May 7, 1879. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140618112333/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-12041 Archived] from the original on June 29, 2014.</ref><ref name=spencer>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion Darwin's Complex loss of Faith] ''[[The Guardian]]'' September 17, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006221012/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion Archived] from the original on June 29, 2014</ref> Although reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind."<ref name=Fordyce/><ref name=Belief>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Belief: historical essay|access-date=November 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124103/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/ |archive-date=February 25, 2009 }}</ref>

====Thomas Henry Huxley====
[[File:ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Thomas Henry Huxley]] in the 1860s. He was the first to decisively coin the term ''agnosticism''.]]

Agnostic views are as old as [[philosophical skepticism]], but the terms agnostic and agnosticism were created by [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]] (1825–1895) to sum up his thoughts on contemporary developments of metaphysics about the "unconditioned" ([[Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet|William Hamilton]]) and the "unknowable" ([[Herbert Spencer]]). Though Huxley began to use the term ''agnostic'' in 1869, his opinions had taken shape some time before that date. In a letter of September 23, 1860, to [[Charles Kingsley]], Huxley discussed his views extensively:<ref name="Huxley1997">{{cite book|author=Thomas Henry Huxley|author-link=Thomas Henry Huxley|title=The Major Prose of Thomas Henry Huxley|url=https://archive.org/details/majorproseofthom00huxl|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-1864-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/majorproseofthom00huxl/page/357 357]–}}
</ref><ref name="Huxley2012">
{{cite book|author=Leonard Huxley|title=Thomas Henry Huxley A Character Sketch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKNj1u0R4JcC&pg=PT41|date=February 7, 2012|publisher=tredition|isbn=978-3-8472-0297-4|pages=41–}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I neither affirm nor deny the immortality of man. I see no reason for believing it, but, on the other hand, I have no means of disproving it. I have no ''a priori'' objections to the doctrine. No man who has to deal daily and hourly with nature can trouble himself about ''a priori'' difficulties. Give me such evidence as would justify me in believing in anything else, and I will believe that. Why should I not? It is not half so wonderful as the conservation of force or the indestructibility of matter&nbsp;...

It is no use to talk to me of analogies and probabilities. I know what I mean when I say I believe in the law of the inverse squares, and I will not rest my life and my hopes upon weaker convictions&nbsp;...

That my personality is the surest thing I know may be true. But the attempt to conceive what it is leads me into mere verbal subtleties. I have champed up all that chaff about the ego and the non-ego, noumena and phenomena, and all the rest of it, too often not to know that in attempting even to think of these questions, the human intellect flounders at once out of its depth.}}

And again, to the same correspondent, May 6, 1863:<ref name="HuxleyHuxley2011">{{cite book|author1=Leonard Huxley|author2=Thomas Henry Huxley|title=Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-azeZXAf6MMC&pg=PA347|date=December 22, 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-04045-7|pages=347–}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I have never had the least sympathy with the ''a priori'' reasons against orthodoxy, and I have by nature and disposition the greatest possible antipathy to all the atheistic and infidel school. Nevertheless I know that I am, in spite of myself, exactly what the Christian would call, and, so far as I can see, is justified in calling, atheist and infidel. I cannot see one shadow or tittle of evidence that the great unknown underlying the phenomenon of the universe stands to us in the relation of a Father [who] loves us and cares for us as Christianity asserts. So with regard to the other great Christian dogmas, immortality of soul and future state of rewards and punishments, what possible objection can I—who am compelled perforce to believe in the immortality of what we call Matter and Force, and in a very unmistakable present state of rewards and punishments for our deeds—have to these doctrines? Give me a scintilla of evidence, and I am ready to jump at them.}}

Of the origin of the name agnostic to describe this attitude, Huxley gave the following account:<ref>{{cite book| title=Collected Essays, Vol. V: Science and Christian Tradition| first=Thomas| last=Huxley| date=2001| isbn= 1-85506-922-9| publisher=Macmillan and Co 1893| pages=237–239}}</ref>
{{blockquote|When I reached intellectual maturity and began to ask myself whether I was an atheist, a theist, or a pantheist; a materialist or an idealist; Christian or a freethinker; I found that the more I learned and reflected, the less ready was the answer; until, at last, I came to the conclusion that I had neither art nor part with any of these denominations, except the last. The one thing in which most of these good people were agreed was the one thing in which I differed from them. They were quite sure they had attained a certain "gnosis"{{mdash}}had, more or less successfully, solved the problem of existence; while I was quite sure I had not, and had a pretty strong conviction that the problem was insoluble. And, with Hume and Kant on my side, I could not think myself presumptuous in holding fast by that opinion&nbsp;...

So I took thought, and invented what I conceived to be the appropriate title of "agnostic". It came into my head as suggestively antithetic to the "gnostic" of Church history, who professed to know so much about the very things of which I was ignorant.&nbsp;... To my great satisfaction the term took.}}

====William Stewart Ross====
[[William Stewart Ross]] (1844–1906) wrote under the name of Saladin. He was associated with Victorian Freethinkers and the organization the British Secular Union. He edited the ''[[Secular Review]]'' from 1882; it was renamed ''Agnostic Journal and Eclectic Review'' and closed in 1907. Ross championed agnosticism in opposition to the atheism of [[Charles Bradlaugh]] as an open-ended spiritual exploration.<ref>Alastair Bonnett 'The Agnostic Saladin' ''History Today'', 2013, 63,2, pp.&nbsp;47–52
</ref>

In ''Why I am an Agnostic'' ({{circa|1889}}) he claims that agnosticism is "the very reverse of atheism".<ref name="RossTaylor1889">{{cite book|author1=William Stewart Ross|author2=Joseph Taylor|title=Why I Am an Agnostic: Being a Manual of Agnosticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGNEmgEACAAJ|year=1889|publisher=W. Stewart & Company}}</ref>

====Bertrand Russell====
[[File:Russell1907-2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bertrand Russell]]]]
[[Bertrand Russell]] (1872–1970) declared ''[[Why I Am Not a Christian]]'' in 1927, a classic statement of agnosticism.<ref name="Users.drew.edu">{{cite web|url=http://users.drew.edu/~jlenz/whynot.html |title=Why I Am Not A Christian, by Bertrand Russell |publisher=Users.drew.edu |date=March 6, 1927 |access-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301002401/http://www.users.drew.edu/~jlenz/whynot.html |archive-date=March 1, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="Russell1992">
{{cite book|author=Bertrand Russell|title=Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f6LMwEACAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-07918-1}}
</ref>
He calls upon his readers to "stand on their own two feet and look fair and square at the world with a fearless attitude and a free intelligence".<ref name="Russell1992" />

In 1939, Russell gave a lecture on ''The existence and nature of God'', in which he characterized himself as an atheist. He said:<ref>{{cite book| last=Russell| first= Bertrand| title=Collected Papers, Vol 10|page=255}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The existence and nature of God is a subject of which I can discuss only half. If one arrives at a negative conclusion concerning the first part of the question, the second part of the question does not arise; and my position, as you may have gathered, is a negative one on this matter.}}

However, later in the same lecture, discussing modern non-anthropomorphic concepts of God, Russell states:<ref>''Collected Papers, Vol. 10'', p. 258</ref>
{{blockquote|That sort of God is, I think, not one that can actually be disproved, as I think the omnipotent and benevolent creator can.}}

In Russell's 1947 pamphlet, ''Am I An Atheist or an Agnostic?'' (subtitled ''A Plea For Tolerance in the Face of New Dogmas''), he ruminates on the problem of what to call himself:<ref name="Russell1997">
{{cite book|author=Bertrand Russell|title=Last Philosophical Testament: 1943–68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1jBN5iehKsC&pg=PA91|year=1997|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-09409-2|pages=91–}}</ref>
{{blockquote|As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one can prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist, because when I say that I cannot prove that there is not a God, I ought to add equally that I cannot prove that there are not the Homeric gods.}}

In his 1953 essay, ''What Is An Agnostic?'' Russell states:<ref name="Russell2009">{{cite book|author=Bertrand Russell|title=The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm58AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA557|date=March 2, 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-02867-2|pages=557–}}
</ref>
{{blockquote|An agnostic thinks it impossible to know the truth in matters such as God and the future life with which Christianity and other religions are concerned. Or, if not impossible, at least impossible at the present time.

Are Agnostics Atheists?

No. An atheist, like a Christian, holds that we can know whether or not there is a God. The Christian holds that we can know there is a God; the atheist, that we can know there is not. The Agnostic suspends judgment, saying that there are not sufficient grounds either for affirmation or for denial.}}

Later in the essay, Russell adds:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scepsis.net/eng/articles/id_5.php |title='What Is an agnostic?' by Bertrand Russell |publisher=Scepsis.net |access-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822181953/http://scepsis.net/eng/articles/id_5.php |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>
{{blockquote|I think that if I heard a voice from the sky predicting all that was going to happen to me during the next twenty-four hours, including events that would have seemed highly improbable, and if all these events then produced to happen, I might perhaps be convinced at least of the existence of some superhuman intelligence.}}

====Leslie Weatherhead====
{{See also|Christian agnosticism}}
{{Wikiquote|Leslie Weatherhead}}
In 1965, Christian theologian [[Leslie Weatherhead]] (1893–1976) published ''The Christian Agnostic'', in which he argues:<ref name="Weatherhead1990">{{cite book|last=Weatherhead |first=Leslie D.|title=The Christian Agnostic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZODJwAACAAJ|date=September 1990|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-0-687-06980-4}}
</ref>
{{blockquote|...&nbsp;many professing agnostics are nearer belief in the true God than are many conventional church-goers who believe in a body that does not exist whom they miscall God.}}

Although radical and unpalatable to conventional theologians, Weatherhead's ''agnosticism'' falls far short of Huxley's, and short even of ''weak agnosticism'':<ref name="Weatherhead1990" />
{{blockquote|Of course, the human soul will always have the power to reject God, for choice is essential to its nature, but I cannot believe that anyone will finally do this.}}

===United States===
====Robert G. Ingersoll====
[[File:RobertGIngersoll.jpg|thumb|[[Robert G. Ingersoll]]]]
[[Robert G. Ingersoll]] (1833–1899), an [[Illinois]] lawyer and politician who evolved into a well-known and sought-after orator in 19th-century America, has been referred to as the "Great Agnostic".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brandt | first1 = Eric T. |first2=Timothy |last2=Larsen | title = The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible | journal = Journal of the Historical Society | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | year = 2011 | pages = 211–238 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-5923.2011.00330.x}}</ref>

In an 1896 lecture titled ''Why I Am An Agnostic'', Ingersoll stated this: <ref name="infidels1">{{cite web|url=http://infidels.org/library/historical/robert_ingersoll/why_i_am_agnostic.html |date=1896 |first1=Robert Green |last1=Ingersoll |title=Why I Am Agnostic|publisher=Internet Infidels |access-date=February 2, 2014}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Is there a supernatural power—an arbitrary mind—an enthroned God—a supreme will that sways the tides and currents of the world—to which all causes bow? I do not deny. I do not know—but I do not believe. I believe that the natural is supreme—that from the infinite chain no link can be lost or broken—that there is no supernatural power that can answer prayer—no power that worship can persuade or change—no power that cares for man.

I believe that with infinite arms Nature embraces the all—that there is no interference—no chance—that behind every event are the necessary and countless causes, and that beyond every event will be and must be the necessary and countless effects.

Is there a God? I do not know. Is man immortal? I do not know. One thing I do know, and that is, that neither hope, nor fear, belief, nor denial, can change the fact. It is as it is, and it will be as it must be.}}

In the conclusion of the speech he simply sums up the agnostic position as:<ref name="infidels1"/>
{{blockquote|We can be as honest as we are ignorant. If we are, when asked what is beyond the horizon of the known, we must say that we do not know.}}

In 1885, Ingersoll explained his comparative view of agnosticism and atheism as follows:<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacoby |first=Susan |date=2013 |title=The Great Agnostic |publisher=Yale University Press |page =17 | isbn=978-0-300-13725-5 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|The Agnostic is an Atheist. The Atheist is an Agnostic. The Agnostic says, 'I do not know, but I do not believe there is any God.' The Atheist says the same.}}{{See also|Physical determinism}}

==== Bernard Iddings Bell ====
Canon [[Bernard Iddings Bell]] (1886–1958), a popular cultural commentator, Episcopal priest, and author, lauded the necessity of agnosticism in ''Beyond Agnosticism: A Book for Tired Mechanists'', calling it the foundation of "all intelligent Christianity".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/bibell/goodnews/02.html|title=The Good News, by Bernard Iddings Bell (1921)|website=anglicanhistory.org|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which one rigorously questioned the truths of the age, including the way in which one believed God.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The religious roots of postmodernism in American culture: an analysis of the postmodern theory of Bernard Iddings Bell and its continued relevance to contemporary postmodern theory and literary criticism.|last=Brauer|first=Kristen D.|publisher=University of Glasgow|year=2007|location=Glasgow, Scotland|pages=32}}</ref> His view of [[Robert G. Ingersoll|Robert Ingersoll]] and [[Thomas Paine]] was that they were not denouncing true Christianity but rather "a gross perversion of it".<ref name=":0" /> Part of the misunderstanding stemmed from ignorance of the concepts of God and religion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Unfashionable Convictions|last=Bell|first=Bernard Iddings|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1931|location=New York and London|pages=20}}</ref> Historically, a god was any real, perceivable force that ruled the lives of humans and inspired admiration, love, fear, and homage; religion was the practice of it. Ancient peoples worshiped gods with real counterparts, such as [[Mammon]] (money and material things), [[Nabu]] (rationality), or [[Baal|Ba'al]] (violent weather); Bell argued that modern peoples were still paying homage—with their lives and their children's lives—to these old gods of wealth, physical appetites, and self-deification.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beyond Agnosticism|last=Bell|first=Bernard Iddings|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1929|location=New York and London|pages=12–19}}</ref> Thus, if one attempted to be agnostic passively, he or she would incidentally join the worship of the world's gods.

In ''Unfashionable Convictions'' (1931), he criticized the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]'s complete faith in human [[Sense|sensory perception]], augmented by scientific instruments, as a means of accurately grasping Reality. Firstly, it was fairly new, an innovation of the Western World, which [[Aristotle]] invented and [[Thomas Aquinas]] revived among the scientific community. Secondly, the divorce of "pure" science from human experience, as manifested in American [[Industrialisation|Industrialization]], had completely altered the environment, often disfiguring it, so as to suggest its insufficiency to human needs. Thirdly, because scientists were constantly producing more data—to the point where no single human could grasp it all at once—it followed that human intelligence was incapable of attaining a complete understanding of universe; therefore, to admit the mysteries of the unobserved universe was to be ''actually'' scientific.

Bell believed that there were two other ways that humans could perceive and interact with the world. ''Artistic experience'' was how one expressed meaning through speaking, writing, painting, gesturing—any sort of communication which shared insight into a human's inner reality. ''Mystical experience'' was how one could "read" people and harmonize with them, being what we commonly call love.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Unfashionable Convictions|last=Bell|first=Bernard Iddings|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1931|location=New York and London|pages=4–5}}</ref> In summary, man was a scientist, artist, and lover. Without exercising all three, a person became "lopsided".

Bell considered a [[Humanism|humanist]] to be a person who cannot rightly ignore the other ways of knowing. However, humanism, like agnosticism, was also temporal, and would eventually lead to either scientific [[materialism]] or [[theism]]. He lays out the following thesis:

# Truth cannot be discovered by reasoning on the evidence of scientific data alone. Modern peoples' dissatisfaction with life is the result of depending on such incomplete data. Our ability to reason is not a way to discover Truth but rather a way to organize our knowledge and experiences somewhat sensibly. Without a full, human perception of the world, one's reason tends to lead them in the wrong direction.
# Beyond what can be measured with scientific tools, there are other types of perception, such as one's ability know another human through loving. One's loves cannot be dissected and logged in a scientific journal, but we know them far better than we know the surface of the sun. They show us an indefinable reality that is nevertheless intimate and personal, and they reveal qualities lovelier and truer than detached facts can provide.
# To be religious, in the Christian sense, is to live for the Whole of Reality (God) rather than for a small part (gods). Only by treating this Whole of Reality as a person—good and true and perfect—rather than an impersonal force, can we come closer to the Truth. An ultimate Person can be loved, but a cosmic force cannot. A scientist can only discover peripheral truths, but a lover is able to get at the Truth.
# There are many reasons to believe in God but they are not sufficient for an agnostic to become a theist. It is not enough to believe in an ancient holy book, even though when it is accurately analyzed without bias, it proves to be more trustworthy and admirable than what we are taught in school. Neither is it enough to realize how probable it is that a personal God would have to show human beings how to live, considering they have so much trouble on their own. Nor is it enough to believe for the reason that, throughout history, millions of people have arrived at this Wholeness of Reality only through religious experience. The aforementioned reasons may warm one toward religion, but they fall short of convincing. However, if one presupposes that God is in fact a knowable, loving person, as an experiment, and then lives according to that religion, he or she will suddenly come face to face with experiences previously unknown. One's life becomes full, meaningful, and fearless in the face of death. It does not defy reason but ''exceeds'' it.
# Because God has been experienced through love, the orders of prayer, fellowship, and devotion now matter. They create order within one's life, continually renewing the "missing piece" that had previously felt lost. They empower one to be compassionate and humble, not small-minded or arrogant.
# No truth should be denied outright, but all should be questioned. Science reveals an ever-growing vision of our universe that should not be discounted due to bias toward older understandings. Reason is to be trusted and cultivated. To believe in God is not to forego reason or to deny scientific facts, but to step into the unknown and discover the fullness of life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Unfashionable Convictions|last=Bell|first=Bernard Iddings|publisher=Harper & Brothers Publishing|year=1931|location=New York and London|pages=25–28}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Countries by percentage of Unaffiliated–Pew Research 2010.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|[[Irreligion by country|Nonreligious population by country]], 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|date=2015-04-02|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref>]]
[[File:Europe No Belief enhanced.svg|thumb|Percentage of people in various European countries who said: "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force." (2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |title=Social values, Science and Technology |access-date=April 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163128/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

[[Demography|Demographic]] research services normally do not differentiate between various types of non-religious respondents, so agnostics are often classified in the same category as atheists or other [[irreligion|non-religious]] people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |title=Major Religions Ranked by Size |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=August 14, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811013003/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html| archive-date=August 11, 2010 | url-status=usurped}}</ref>

A 2010 survey published in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' found that the non-religious people or the agnostics made up about 9.6% of the world's population.<ref name="eb-2010">{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Religion: Year in Review 2010: Worldwide Adherents of All Religions
|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1731588/Religion-Year-In-Review-2010/298437/Worldwide-Adherents-of-All-Religions
|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
|access-date=November 21, 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702182310/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1731588/Religion-Year-In-Review-2010/298437/Worldwide-Adherents-of-All-Religions
|archive-date=July 2, 2014
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}
</ref>
A November–December 2006 poll published in the ''[[Financial Times]]'' gives rates for the United States and five European countries. The rates of agnosticism in the United States were at 14%, while the rates of agnosticism in the European countries surveyed were considerably higher: Italy (20%), Spain (30%), Great Britain (35%), Germany (25%), and France (32%).<ref name="Harris">{{cite web
|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131
|title=Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll
|publisher=Financial Times/Harris Interactive
|date=December 20, 2006
|access-date=April 9, 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723125147/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131
|archive-date=July 23, 2013
|df=mdy
}}</ref>

A study conducted by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that about 16% of the world's people, the third largest group after [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], have no religious affiliation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Study Finds One in 6 Follows No Religion |last=Goodstein |first=Laurie |work=The New York Times |date=December 18, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/world/pew-study-finds-one-in-6-follows-no-religion.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623235102/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/world/pew-study-finds-one-in-6-follows-no-religion.html|archive-date=June 23, 2014 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
According to a 2012 report by the Pew Research Center, agnostics made up 3.3% of the US adult population.<ref name="pew 2012">{{cite web
|last = Cary Funk
|first = Greg Smith
|title = "Nones" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation
|url = http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf
|publisher = Pew Research Center
|pages = 9, 42
|access-date = November 21, 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826234925/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf
|archive-date = August 26, 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>
In the 2024 ''U.S. Religious Landscape Survey'', conducted by the Pew Research Center, 54% of agnostic respondents stated that they do not believe in God,<ref name="c483">{{cite web | title=Religious Landscape Study (RLS) | website=Pew Research Center | date=2025-02-26 | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-family/agnostic/?dialogId=dialog_belief-in-god-universal-spirit&activeChartId=7d1ff12426df606f24d518d7f596f2c7 | access-date=2025-12-15}}</ref>
whereas 41% stated that they thought that they felt a tension "being non-religious in a society where most people are religious".<ref name="Demographics2">{{cite web|url=http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-key-findings.pdf |title=Summary of Key Findings |year=2011 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=December 28, 2011 |quote=Interestingly, a substantial number of adults who are not affiliated with a religion also sense that there is a conflict between religion and modern society&nbsp;– except for them the conflict involves being non-religious in a society where most people are religious. For instance, more than four-inten atheists and agnostics (44% and 41%, respectively) believe that such a tension exists. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017135407/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-key-findings.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>

According to the 2021 [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], 38.9% of [[Australians]] have "no religion", a category that includes agnostics.<ref name="abs">
{{cite web
|url = https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/snapshot-australia/2021#religious-affiliation
|title = Snapshot of Australia
|publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics
|year = 2021
|access-date = September 4, 2023
|df = mdy
}}
</ref>
Between 64% and 65% of [[Japanese people|Japanese]],<ref name="Martin2007">{{cite book | last=Zuckerman | first=Phil| editor=Martin, Michael T | title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism | year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, England | isbn=978-0-521-60367-6 | ol = 22379448M | page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA56 | access-date=April 9, 2011}}
</ref> and up to 81% of [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]],<ref name="Intelligence">{{cite web
|url=http://davesource.com/Fringe/Fringe/Religion/Average-intelligence-predicts-atheism-rates-across-137-nations-Lynn-et-al.pdf
|title=Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations
|date=January 3, 2008
|access-date=October 21, 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823195203/http://davesource.com/Fringe/Fringe/Religion/Average-intelligence-predicts-atheism-rates-across-137-nations-Lynn-et-al.pdf
|archive-date=August 23, 2013
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}
</ref> are atheists, agnostics, or do not believe in a god. An official [[European Union]] survey reported that 3% of the EU population is unsure about their belief in a god or spirit.<ref name="EU">{{cite book|title=Social values, Science and Technology |publisher=Directorate General Research, European Union |year=2005 |pages=7–11 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |access-date=April 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163128/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Criticism==
Agnosticism is criticized from a variety of standpoints. Some atheists criticize the use of the term agnosticism as functionally indistinguishable from atheism; this results in frequent criticisms of those who adopt the term as avoiding the atheist label.<ref name="EB-Agnosticism"/>

===Theistic===
Theistic critics claim that agnosticism is impossible in practice, since a person can live only either as if God did not exist (''etsi deus non-daretur''), or as if God did exist (''etsi deus daretur'').<ref name=SM>
{{cite web
|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/125081?eng=y
|title=Habermas writes to Ratzinger and Ruini responds
|author=Sandro Magister
|year=2007
|access-date=May 25, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193703/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/125081?eng=y
|archive-date=February 21, 2014
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}</ref><ref name=CCC>{{cite book| title=Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures| first=Joseph| last=Ratzinger| isbn= 978-1-58617-142-1|publisher=Ignatius Press|year=2006}}</ref>{{rp|87–89}}

====Christian====
According to [[Pope Benedict XVI]], strong agnosticism in particular contradicts itself in affirming the power of reason to know scientific [[truth]].<ref name=YOJC/><ref name=TT>{{cite book| title=Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief And World Religions| first=Joseph| last=Ratzinger|publisher=[[Ignatius Press]]|year=2004}}</ref> He blames the exclusion of reasoning from religion and ethics for dangerous pathologies such as crimes against humanity and ecological disasters.<ref name=YOJC>{{cite book| title=The Yes of Jesus Christ: Spiritual Exercises in Faith, Hope, and Love| first=Joseph| last=Ratzinger|publisher=Cross Roads Publishing|year=2005}}
</ref>{{rp|158–159}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/papal-address-at-university-of-regensburg |title=Papal Address at University of Regensburg |publisher=zenit.org |date=September 12, 2006 |access-date=June 29, 2014 |author=Benedict XVI |work=ZENIT - The World Seen From Rome |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601043308/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/papal-address-at-university-of-regensburg |archive-date=June 1, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>
"Agnosticism", said Benedict, "is always the fruit of a refusal of that knowledge which is in fact offered to man&nbsp;... The knowledge of God has always existed".<ref name=CCC/>{{rp|96,98}} He asserted that agnosticism is a choice of comfort, pride, dominion, and utility over truth, and is opposed by the following attitudes: the keenest [[self-criticism]], humble listening to the whole of existence, the persistent patience and self-correction of the [[scientific method]], a readiness to be purified by the truth.<ref name=YOJC/>

The [[Catholic Church]] sees merit in examining what it calls "partial agnosticism", specifically those systems that "do not aim at constructing a complete philosophy of the unknowable, but at excluding special kinds of truth, notably religious, from the domain of knowledge".<ref name="CEnc1">{{cite encyclopedia
|title=Agnosticism
|publisher=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]
|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01215c.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701133447/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01215c.htm
|archive-date=July 1, 2014
|url-status=live
|df=mdy
}}
</ref> However, the Church is historically opposed to a full denial of the capacity of human reason to know God. The [[First Vatican Council|Council of the Vatican]] declares, "God, the beginning and end of all, can, by the natural light of human reason, be known with certainty from the works of creation".<ref name="CEnc1"/>

[[Blaise Pascal]] argued that even if there were truly no evidence for God, agnostics should consider what is now known as [[Pascal's Wager]]: the [[Infinity|infinite]] expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not acknowledging his existence, and thus it is a safer "bet" to choose God.<ref name=PKPW>{{cite web |url=http://www.peterkreeft.com/topics/pascals-wager.htm| title=Argument from Pascal's Wager| year=2007 | access-date=May 25, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605044148/http://peterkreeft.com/topics/pascals-wager.htm| archive-date=June 5, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref>

===Atheistic===
According to [[Richard Dawkins]], a distinction between agnosticism and atheism is unwieldy and depends on how close to zero a person is willing to rate the probability of existence for any given god-like entity. About himself, Dawkins continues, "I am agnostic only to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden."<ref>''[[The God Delusion]]'' (2006), Bantam Press, p.&nbsp;51</ref> Dawkins also identifies two categories of agnostics; "Temporary Agnostics in Practice" (TAPs), and "Permanent Agnostics in Principle" (PAPs). He states that "agnosticism about the existence of God belongs firmly in the temporary or TAP category. Either he exists or he doesn't. It is a scientific question; one day we may know the answer, and meanwhile we can say something pretty strong about the probability", and considers PAP a "deeply inescapable kind of fence-sitting".<ref>''[[The God Delusion]]'' (2006), Bantam Press, pp&nbsp;47–48</ref>

==Ignosticism==
A related concept is [[ignosticism]], the view that a coherent definition of a deity must be put forward before the question of the existence of a deity can be meaningfully discussed. If the chosen definition is not coherent, the ignostic holds the [[theological noncognitivism|noncognitivist]] view that the existence of a deity is meaningless or empirically untestable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strongatheism.net/library/atheology/argument_from_noncognitivism/ |title=The Argument From Non-Cognitivism |access-date=October 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429162223/http://www.strongatheism.net/library/atheology/argument_from_noncognitivism/ |archive-date=April 29, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> [[Alfred Ayer|A.&nbsp;J. Ayer]], [[Theodore Drange]], and other philosophers see both atheism and agnosticism as incompatible with ignosticism on the grounds that atheism and agnosticism accept the statement "a deity exists" as a meaningful proposition that can be argued for or against.<ref>Ayer, ''Language'', 115: "There can be no way of proving that the existence of a God&nbsp;... is even probable.&nbsp;... For if the existence of such a god were probable, then the proposition that he existed would be an empirical hypothesis. And in that case it would be possible to deduce from it, and other empirical hypotheses, certain experimental propositions which were not deducible from those other hypotheses alone. But in fact this is not possible."</ref><ref name="Drange">Drange, ''Atheism''{{full citation needed|date=April 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Acatalepsy]]
* [[Agnostic atheism]]
* [[Agnostic theism]]
* [[Apatheism]]
* [[Apophatic theology]]
* ''[[Asimov's Guide to the Bible]]''
* [[Avidyā (Buddhism)]]
* [[Christian agnosticism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
* [[Ietsism]]
* ''[[Ignoramus et ignorabimus]]''
* [[Instrumentalism]]
* [[List of agnostics]]
* [[Objectivism]]
* [[Possibilianism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Relativism]]
* [[Religiosity]]
* [[Religious skepticism]]
* [[Russell's teapot]]
* [[Scientism]]
* [[Secularism]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Spirituality]]
* [[Spiritual but not religious]]
* [[Subjectivism]]
* [[Unknown God]]
* {{Portal-inline|Philosophy}}
* {{Portal-inline|Religion}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Agnosticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd8feB0LiOcC&pg=PA164|publisher=Forgotten Books|isbn=978-1-4400-6878-2|pages=164–}}
* Alexander, Nathan G. [https://thehumanist.com/magazine/march-april-2019/philosophically-speaking/philosophically-speaking-an-atheist-with-a-tall-hat-on-the-forgotten-history-of-agnosticism "An Atheist with a Tall Hat On: The Forgotten History of Agnosticism."] ''The Humanist'', February 19, 2019.
* Annan, Noel. ''Leslie Stephen: The Godless Victorian'' (U of Chicago Press, 1984)
* Cockshut, A.O.J. ''The Unbelievers, English Thought, 1840–1890'' (1966).
* [[Richard Dawkins|Dawkins, Richard.]] "The poverty of agnosticism", in ''[[The God Delusion]]'', Black Swan, 2007 ({{ISBN|978-0-552-77429-1}}).
* {{cite book|author=Huxley, Thomas H. |title=Man's Place in Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJwfDYDJ-v0C&pg=PP1|date=February 4, 2013|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-15134-2|pages=1–}}
* {{cite book|author=Hume, David|title=Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E7dbAAAAQAAJ|year=1779|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E7dbAAAAQAAJ/page/n9 1]–}}
* {{cite book|author=Kant, Immanuel|title=The Critique of Pure Reason|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b826nQEACAAJ|date=May 28, 2013|publisher=Loki's Publishing|isbn=978-0-615-82576-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicalfra0000kier_y4a6 |title=Philosophical Fragments |publisher=Religion-online.org |access-date=February 9, 2014 |author=Kierkegaard, Sören |isbn=978-0-691-02036-5 |url-status=dead |year=1985 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040928/http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=2512 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}
* Lightman, Bernard. ''The Origins of Agnosticism'' (1987).
* Royle, Edward. ''Radicals, Secularists, and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866–1915'' (Manchester UP, 1980).
* {{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/atheismcaseagain00smit_0 | title=Atheism&nbsp;– The Case Against God | access-date=February 9, 2014 | author=Smith, George H. | isbn=0-87975-124-X | url-status=dead | year=1979 | publisher=Prometheus Books | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126123403/http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/jksadegh/A%20Good%20Atheist%20Secularist%20Skeptical%20Book%20Collection/George%20H.%20Smith%20-%20Atheism-%20The%20Case%20Against%20God%20(v1.1).pdf | archive-date=November 26, 2013 }}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=agnosticism}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Agnosticism}}
* {{cite SEP |url-id = atheism-agnosticism |title = Atheism and Agnosticism }}
* {{PhilPapers|category|Agnosticism}}
* {{InPho|idea|13}}
* [https://www.shapell.org/historical-perspectives/exhibitions/albert-einstein-original-letters-aid-brethren/ Albert Einstein on Religion] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060718144400/http://www.agnosticuniverse.org/ingersoll-why_i_am_an_agnostic.html Why I Am An Agnostic] by Robert G. Ingersoll, [1896].
* [https://inters.org/agnosticism Agnosticism from INTERS&nbsp;– Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19970718195036/http://religioustolerance.org/agnostic.htm Agnosticism]}}&nbsp;– from {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19970719004256/http://religioustolerance.org/ ReligiousTolerance.org]}}
* [https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/68831/jewish/What-do-Agnostics-Believe.htm What do Agnostics Believe?&nbsp;– A Jewish perspective]
* [[Fides et Ratio]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111126183043/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_15101998_fides-et-ratio_en.html ''&nbsp;– the relationship between faith and reason''] [[Karol Wojtyla]] [1998]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090408143154/http://thenaturalreligion.org/ The Natural Religion] by Brendan Connolly, 2008
* {{cite encyclopedia |url = http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-03;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-03;brand=default |first = Kai |last = Nielsen |title = Agnosticism |encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of the History of Ideas]] |publisher = University of Virginia Library |orig-date=1968 |year=1973 }}

{{Clear}}
{{Agnosticism}}
{{Philosophy of religion}}
{{Criticism of religion}}
{{skepticism}}
{{Western culture}}{{Belief systems}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agnosticism| ]]

Punjabi Suba movement

2026-03-17T05:00:34Z

1muhammet237823:

{{short description|1947–1966 political agitation in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{About|the 1947–1966 movement in India|the socio-political and linguistic movement in Pakistan|Punjabi Language Movement}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Punjabi Suba movement
| side3 =
| partof =
| image = [[File:Punjab,_India_(1956-1966).png|300px]]
| caption = The East Punjab state in India from 1956 to 1966
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1947|8|15}} – {{end date|df=yes|1966|11|1}}
| place = [[East Punjab]], India
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals = Creation of the constitutional autonomous federal state of Punjab, with Chandigarh as its capital, for [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking people from the bilingual East Punjab state<ref name="ajit">{{cite book | last=Saith | first=A. | title=Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh: An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-12422-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-uVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 | access-date=2023-03-10 | page=290}}</ref>
| methods = Protest marches and [[demonstration (political)|demonstration]]s, [[hunger strike]], [[general strike]]
| status =
| result = *Formation of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states and the [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]] on 1 November 1966. Transfer of hill regions to [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| side1 = '''Support:''' [[Sikhs]] [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| side2 = '''Against:''' [[Indian Government]] [[Indian National Congress]] [[Arya Samaj]] [[Jan Sangh]]
| leadfigures1 = [[Master Tara Singh]] ([[Akali Dal|AD]]) [[Hukam Singh (Punjab politician)|Hukam Singh]] [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Fateh Singh]] ([[Akali Dal|AD]]) [[Darshan Singh Pheruman]]
| leadfigures2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] [[Pratap Singh Kairon]] [[Indira Gandhi]] [[#1955 Golden Temple raid|Ashwini Kumar]] [[Lala Jagat Narain]] [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Dutt Sharma]]
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| injuries =
| fatalities = At least 43<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/>
| arrests = 57,129 Sikhs (Akali Dal records){{sfn|Doad|1997|p=399}}<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/>
| detentions =
| casualties_label =
}}

The '''Punjabi Suba movement''' was a political movement, launched by the [[Sikhs]], demanding the creation of a Punjabi [[subah|Suba]], or [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking state, in the post-independence [[India]]n [[states and union territories of India|state]] of [[East Punjab]].{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=391}} Led by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]], it resulted in the formation of the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The state of [[Haryana]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]] were also created and some [[Western Pahari|Pahari]]-majority parts of East Punjab were also merged with [[Himachal Pradesh]] following the movement.

Borrowing from the pre-independence demands for a Sikh country, this movement demanded a fundamental constitutional autonomous state within India.<ref name="ajit">{{cite book | last=Saith | first=A. | title=Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh: An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-12422-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-uVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 | access-date=2023-03-10 | page=290}}</ref> The Sikhs also led efforts to preserve and have official status granted to the [[Punjabi language]] and [[Gurmukhi]] script.{{sfn|Kahol|1955|p=9}}

The [[#Unresolved issues|result of the movement]] left many unresolved issues, including the allocation of the capital city of [[Chandigarh]] as a union territory, significant Punjabi-speaking areas left out of the state, and the distribution of river waters.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}} Like the following [[Khalistan movement]], which it foreran, the Punjabi Subah movement also stressed the right of control over territory and water,<ref>{{cite book | author=Rina Ramdev, Sandhya D. Nambiar, Debaditya Bhattacharya | title=Sentiment, Politics, Censorship: The State of Hurt | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2015 | url=https://dokumen.pub/sentiment-politics-censorship-the-state-of-hurt-9789351503057-9351503054.html | quote=The forerunner to the Khalistan movement the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water. | page=91 | isbn=9789351503057 | access-date=10 March 2023 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310135738/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4GTCwAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref> and grew from demands for a substantive federal political structure.<ref name=chopra>{{cite book | last=Chopra | first=Radhika | title=Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-70435-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJupAgAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-03-10 | page=42 |quote=The forerunner to the Khalistan movement, the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water. The claim to territory has been interleaved with the demands for a substantive federal political structure.}}</ref>

==Partition era (1947-1949)==
===Conceptualization===
Calls for the Punjabi Suba had been heard as far back as February 1947,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=420}} and the demand for a Punjabi Suba as a policy position was first presented in April 1948 by [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]] of the Shiromani Akali Dal,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=419}} a Sikh political party active mainly in Punjab. The movement was primarily conceived to secure a distinct Sikh political status as a safeguard for what was to be a small minority after independence; as Tara Singh wrote in 1945, "there is not the least doubt that the Sikh religion will live only as long as the Sikh ''[[panth]]'' exists as an organized entity."{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=98}} The Akali Dal considered the continued existence of the Sikh religion as predicated on the community acting as a consolidated political unit, which could only be effective with its own territorial unit.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=98}} Regarding Sikh political participation as an integral to Sikh theology itself, as the [[Khalsa]] had been established in 1699 to organize religious Sikhs into a political community, one of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s signature contributions to [[Sikhism]], the party received strong support from its base by offering this political organization rooted in religious tradition.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=98}}

The [[Cabinet Mission Plan]] had recognized Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs as the three main communities.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=83}} Both Congress and the Muslim League had offered allurements to woo the Sikhs to their respective nations. On 5 August 1944, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], in an attempt to retain all of Punjab, had assured the Sikhs of full rights and addressal of claims;{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=83}} he and [[Liaqat Ali Khan]] had offered a Sikh state within Pakistan with its own military establishment.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=95}} Countering this, [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] had reaffirmed on 24 August 1945, the Congress Resolution of 1929 and promised on 5 April 1946: "Sikhistan issue will be considered in the Constituent Assembly after the transfer of power in the hands of the Indians."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=81}} The Sikh leadership had opposed partition,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=94}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarsfield |first1=Landen |title=Betrayal of the Sikhs |date=1946 |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |location=Lahore, British India |pages=119–133 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2663&page=1&CategoryID=1}}</ref> but would opt for India based on the promises made by Hindu leaders like Nehru, Gandhi, and Patel in 1929, 1946 and 1947.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=83}}

In 1946, the Akali Dal had submitted a memorandum to the British government in which it asserted that Pakistan should not be conceded to the Muslims without at the same time conceding a sovereign Sikh nation as well,<ref name="Kaur">{{cite book|author=Mallika Kaur|title=Faith, Gender, and Activism in the Punjab Conflict: The Wheat Fields Still Whisper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC_KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|date=14 January 2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-24674-7|page=114}}</ref> a sentiment echoed until independence by Akali leaders, who adopted a resolution in favour of one in March 1946, variously referred to as Sikhistan or Khalistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narang |first1=Amarjit S. |title=Region, Religion and Politics: 100 Years of Shiromani Akali Dal |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000783056 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTx_EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> When Sikh statehood was rejected by the commission, sections of the Sikh community instead began to advocate for a homeland within the Indian Union.{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=449}}

===Independence===
Though it was commonly recognized at the time of [[independence]] that the Indian states were created not on a rational basis, but were the result of the exigencies of the progressive [[British Raj|British conquest]] of the subcontinent,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=391}} and Congress had been advocating the reorganization of provinces for over a quarter century prior,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=186}} a commission that had been set up in 1948 by the Government of India, tasked with drawing up clean-cut states corresponding to demographic and linguistic boundaries, was not effective in the northern part of the country,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} as it reconsidered its position on the north.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=186}} While states across the country were extensively redrawn on linguistic lines at the behest of linguistic groups, the only languages not considered for statehood were [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Urdu]].{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}} Its jurisdiction was limited to the southern states, with northern India kept out of its purview, specifically to avoid problems like those of Punjab, in particular issues raised by the Sikhs.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}}

====Ambedkar====
In January 1948, Akali Dal's three-member delegation of leaders, Harcharan Singh Bajwa, [[Bhupinder Singh Mann]], and Giani Kartar Singh, met the [[Minister of Law and Justice]] Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. Ambedkar suggested that the Akali delegation demand a Punjabi-speaking state, or Punjabi Suba, as a Sikh state, since the central government had declared a commitment to a linguistic basis for the reorganization of the states.<ref name=overlooked>{{cite web | title=Ambedkar's role overlooked | website=The Tribune | date=2016-08-23 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/ambedkar-s-role-overlooked-284135/ | access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX |title= Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920-70) |website=[[Panjab Digital Library]] |access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref><ref name=ajmer>{{Cite web |url=https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/dr-ambedkar-s-invaluable-advice-on-the-sikh-right-to-self-rule/ |title=Dr. Ambedkar's Invaluable Advice on the Sikh Right to Self-rule |last=Singh |first=Ajmer |website=Round Table India|language=en-gb |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

Ambedkar was one of the earliest and strongest advocates of reorganizing Indian states on linguistic lines. In his 1955 book ''Thoughts on Linguistic States'', he argued that linguistic reorganization would strengthen democracy, give cultural autonomy, and reduce domination by majority groups in composite provinces. This principle indirectly supported the Punjabi Suba demand, which was based on recognition of the Punjabi language and Sikh cultural identity.<ref name=ajmer/><ref name=overlooked/> Ambedkar's suggestion to the Sikh delegation laid the foundation of the linguistically-based Punjabi Suba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narang |first1=Amarjit S. |title=Region, Religion and Politics: 100 Years of Shiromani Akali Dal |date=6 October 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78305-6 |url=https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Region_Religion_and_Politics/rTx_EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ambedkar+suggest+tara+singh+for+punjabi+suba&pg=PT81&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Akali platform===
The Sikh population, after the partition of Punjab, had become a majority population in a contiguous, strategic land area for the first time in its history,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=182}}<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|369}} with a new socio-political position,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=419}}{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}} This enabled the Akali Dal to focus on expressing unencumbered Sikh political needs, free from the politics of the former Muslim majority that had needed to be accommodated on its political platform prior to it, and provided the opportunity for Sikhs themselves to express a degree of autonomy from the sway of the Congress party and the central government, through the [[Akali Dal]].{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=419}}

The Sikhs now constituted a majority in the northwestern seven districts{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=417}} of the thirteen districts{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}} of East Punjab state at the time: Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Firozpur, Ludhiana, and Ambala, along with [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]], or PEPSU, which had been formed as an administrative unit on 5 May 1948{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=101}} including the six [[Cis-Sutlej states|Sikh princely states]],{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=184}} and with sizable populations in surrounding districts.

Meanwhile, Hindus formed a majority in the remaining six districts,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=417}} including the southeastern districts between PEPSU and Delhi (Hisar, Karnal, Rohtak, and Gurgaon), and the eastern Kangra and Shimla divisions. In addition, while the Sikhs made up 35% of the province's population,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=182}} the demographic pattern of urban and rural settlement was such that the Hindu population, whose majority status was new,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=182}} was largely clustered in urban areas.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}} The seven Sikh-majority districts would be the suggested basis of the Punjabi Suba, for which Tara Singh campaigned vigorously between late 1948 and early 1949.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=419}}

On 30 May 1948, a delegate session of the Akali Dal meeting at Amritsar had passed a resolution rejecting the party's merger into the Congress, electing Tara Singh as president of the revived party. On 2 August 1948, at a press conference at Delhi, Tara Singh demanded the linguistic reorganisation of East Punjab, for the creation of a Punjabi-speaking state.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=391}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=99}} On 25 August, he announced that the goals of the movement would also include Sikh recruitment to the Indian Army, safeguarding Sikh rights and interests in PEPSU, Punjabi as the language of institutions and the medium of education, and the allotment of land and property to Partition refugees equivalent to what they possessed before.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=101}}

====PEPSU====
PEPSU was formally inaugurated on 15 July 1948 by Sardar Patel, who in his address described PEPSU, with a strong Sikh majority,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=101}} as a "homeland of the Sikhs". {{sfn|Singh|1989|p=101}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=184}} The interim government would be led by the Maharaja of Patiala, [[Yadvinder Singh]], as ''[[rajpramukh]]'', or appointed governor, and the Maharaja of Kapurthala [[Jagatjit Singh]] as deputy ''rajpramukh''. A later 3-person caretaker government was formed with [[Gian Singh Rarewala]] as Premier, and Hindu ministers as Adviser (Sir Jai Lal) and Chief Secretary (B.R. Patel); this would be reworked following Akali protests for proportional administrative representation on 13 January 1949 with a ministry under Rarewala with 4 Sikh ministers and 3 Hindu ministers, sworn in on the 20th. However, it would be dissolved on 18 November that year when the Central Government took over administration, a move that was condemned by an Akali resolution on 28 November.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=102}}

===Constitution===
The new platform of the Akali Dal mobilized strong support among Sikhs,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=419}} and the Akali Dal passed a resolution in October 1948 in favor of continuing distinct representation of the Sikh minority through a Punjabi Suba, to protect against the aggressive communal mentality displayed by some in the majority if weightage or reservation for Sikhs in the Constituent Assembly was not possible,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=183}} though a decision adopted by the Congress in its annual session held in December 1948 read, "We are clearly of the opinion that no question of rectification of the boundaries in Northern India should be raised at the present moment whatever the merits of such a proposal."{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=419}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=186}}

The Congress leadership, including Nehru and Gandhi, had passed a resolution in its December 1929 annual Lahore session, stating that no national constitution framed after the transfer of power would be passed unless acceptable to the Sikhs,<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|365}} and Congress leader had reiterated their promise to provide maximal provincial autonomy in the new country as the Akalis would vote for partition on 23 June 1947, confident that aspirations would be satisfied through "the goodwill of the Congress and the majority community," relinquishing their bargaining power to join the Indian Union in doing so.<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|368}} A July 1947 resolution for Partition that had been passed by Sikh and Hindu members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly stated that in the Indian portion of Punjab, "special constitutional measures are imperative to meet just aspirations and rights of the Sikhs."<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|368}}

Nehru had been quoted in the 9 January 1930 edition of the ''Lahore Bulletin'' during the freedom struggle,<ref name=commons>{{cite book |last1=Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee |title=South Asia: fourth report of session 2006-07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence |date=4 May 2007 |publisher=The Stationery Office |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780215033789 |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sgvqiIHjboC&q=nehru |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> and as late as July 1946 at the All India Congress Committee in Calcutta,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=83}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} that "the brave Sikhs of Punjab are entitled to special considerations. I see nothing wrong in an area set up in the North of India wherein the Sikhs can also experience the glow of freedom,"<ref name=evolution>{{Cite journal |last=Dhillon |first=Gurdarshan Singh |date=1974 |title=Evolution of the Demand for a Sikh Homeland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41852106 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=362–373 |jstor=41852106 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref>{{rp|367}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Siṅgh | first = Major Gurmukh | editor1-last = Siṅgh | editor1-first = Harbans | title = Akālī Dal, Shiromaṇī | date = 2002 | publisher = Punjab University, Patiala | location = Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=81-7380-100-2 | page = 47 | edition = 3rd | url = https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/46/mode/2up | language = English |quote = "In a public statement made on 4 April 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru said, "redistribution of provincial boundaries was essential and inevitable. I stand for semi-autonomous units as well.... I should like them [the Sikhs] to have a semi-autonomous unit within the province so that they may experience the glow of freedom.""}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Norman |first1=Dorothy |title=Nehru, the first sixty years;: Presenting in his own words the development of the political thought of Jawaharlal Nehru and the background against which it evolved |date=1965 |publisher=The John Day Company |location=New York |page=228 |url=https://archive.org/details/nehrufirstsixtyy0000nehr/page/228/mode/2up |quote=Redistribution of provincial boundaries is essential and inevitable... because we [want] provinces which are autonomous units, culturally and linguistically, as far as possible. [We want] such cultural and linguistic units to grow... with a sense of freedom, and without a sense of compulsion....}}</ref>{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=83}} though afterwards telling the Sikhs after the British left that the "circumstances had now changed."<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|369}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=88}}<ref name=commons/> He had also strongly rejected the formation of Punjabi-speaking areas into a separate state when [[Lord Mountbatten]] had forwarded the suggestion from [[Baldev Singh]] and Giani Kartar Singh to him just prior to the Partition and population transfer.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=182}}

====Rejection====
The Minority Committee formed by the Punjab Chief Minister made the case to the Assembly three weeks after the Akali resolution's passing. The Assembly was against even proportional reservation as potentially yielding to the Sikhs more than their supposed fair share, even denying Sikh representatives of scheduled castes concessions given to Hindu scheduled castes,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=183}} which would be rescinded upon converting out.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=103–108}} In his autobiography, Tara Singh would write that when meeting with Nehru for equal concessions to scheduled castes, Nehru admitted that he was "helpless" before the communalism displayed by Parliament members. Tara Singh would also ascribe this to the domination of anti-Sikh communalists, particularly the [[Arya Samaj]], in the "Punjab Congress, the Punjab press, the Punjab Legislative Assembly and all other spheres of political power," considering them to be "dup[ing]" Hindus outside Punjab.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=114}}

Tara Singh himself was arrested on 20 February 1949 and imprisoned for several months, during which time the agitation was continued under the leadership of [[Sardar Hukam Singh]],{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=420}} who in early 1950 described the demand for a Punjabi-speaking state as both secular and democratic.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=187}} The Working Committee of the Akali Dal passed a resolution in May supporting a state based on Punjabi language and culture.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=187}}

Sikh members of the Assembly would refuse to sign the draft constitution to be enacted on 26 January 1950.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=183}} In addition, the Akali delegation maintained that the measure of provincial autonomy afforded in the document did not match prior assurances, and the demarcation of provinces in the North was specifically delayed to deprive Sikhs of a political foothold in their own homeland of Punjab. On these grounds, the two Akali delegates in the Constitutional Assembly, Hukam Singh and Bhupinder Singh Mann, did not sign the constitution in 1950, stating that "the Sikhs do not accept this constitution; the Sikhs reject this constitutional Act."<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|368}} Hukam Singh would state to the Assembly on 21 November 1949:

{{blockquote|"...Their demands were very simple. They wanted a Punjabi speaking province. That has been denied. It was not a communal demand, but a territorial one. But the majority community in the province went so far as to disown their mother tongue. That language is in danger on account of aggressive communalism of the majority. Andhra Province is a settled fact; other cases are to be looked into; but North India cannot even be considered for it, The next was this consideration for services, that has also been denied.... "Naturally, under these circumstances, as I have stated, the Sikhs feel utterly disappointed and frustrated. They feel that they have been discriminated against. Let it not be misunderstood that the Sikh community has agreed to this constitution. I wish to record an emphatic protest here. My community cannot subscribe its assent to this historic document."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=110–111}}}}

==Early efforts (1949-1955)==
===1949 Sachar Formula===
The Sachar Formula was introduced on 2 October 1949 under the government of [[Bhim Sen Sachar]] to forestall the growing agitation.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=418}} Drafted by two Hindu members and two Sikh members of the Congress party, it proposed making Punjabi as the medium of instruction up to the matriculation stage in the "Punjabi zone" area, with Hindi taught as a compulsory subject from the end of the primary level onward, and vice versa for "Hindi zone" areas.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=418}} The "Punjabi zone" consisted of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Ferozpur, and Ludhiana districts, along with Hisar district north of the [[Ghaggar]] river, and the Ropar and Kharar tehsils of Ambala district.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=187}} Its goal had been mutual bilingualism, but as it divided East Punjab into Punjabi and Hindi zones, it had the effect of sharpening the divide between the majority Sikh north and majority Hindu south.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=418}}

===Opposition===
==== Arya Samaj ====
The [[Arya Samaj]] led the forces of Hindu communalism against the Akali Dal.{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=450}} While earlier in June 1948, both Punjabi and Hindi were both made official media of educational instruction, the Municipal Committee of Jalandhar in February 1949 resolved to make Devanagari Hindi the sole media in its schools,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=187}} and the Senate of [[Panjab University]], then Punjab's only university, passed a resolution on 9 June refusing to use Punjabi in any script as a medium of instruction;{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=187}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=103}} both were strongholds of the Arya Samaj, which, supported by its [[Jan Sangh]] and [[Hindu Mahasabha]] allies, would never accept the formula or implement it in its schools.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=187}} Home Minister Vallabhbhai Patel, writing to Nehru on 17 July 1949, bolstered the opposition by stating that Punjabi was not a language but a dialect, with no willingness on the part of the people to adopt it.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=103}}

After failed efforts to absorb the Sikhs, and with the slogan of "Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan," Hindu organizations opted to spurn the language so that the Sikhs would be considered a linguistic minority as well as a religious minority, and thus prevent the formation of a state which would be Sikh-majority.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=95}} To undercut the linguistic basis of the demand, the Arya Samaj embarked on a newspaper propaganda campaign to encourage the Hindus of even the Punjabi-speaking area to disown Punjabi entirely and select Hindi in censuses beginning in early 1951.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=421}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=188}} Falsifications by census officials also led to clashes at several locations, prompting the Prime Minister to place a moratorium on linguistic data collection.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=115}}

This repudiation of Punjabi would be repeated in the 1961 census ten years later,{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=94}} and half of the demographic would continue to select Hindi even after the movement in the 1971 census.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=95}}

==== Akali Dal ====
While many Akalis leaders were initially receptive to the formula, and Tara Singh was released at its introduction in the hopes that the formula would be accepted by the party, Tara Singh turned it down, reminding the Congress of its commitment to forming linguistic states, and that a Punjabi-speaking region had already been demarcated for the purposes of the Sachar Formula itself.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=420}} The Akali Dal would hold its first major protest demonstration in August 1950.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}}

In response to the Hindi opposition, the Akali Dal mobilized the Sikhs of the region. This competition led to several clashes in Punjab, and heated electoral campaigns by the Akali Dal and Congress through to 1952; Congress would go on to win the election,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=422}} but by forming and leading a coalition called the United Front with other opposition parties, the Akali Dal would go on to form the first non-Congress government of India in PEPSU in April 1952.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=422}} Before the United Front could elect a new leader after Gian Singh Rarewala, Congress would dissolve the Assembly under [[President's Rule]], implementing changes in administration including the removal of the Sikh Chief Secretary and the two Sikh Deputy Commissioners, to avert any efforts toward a Punjabi state, opposed by Nehru{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=116–117}}

In August 1952, the Akali Dal would position itself as the premier representative for Sikh rights, broadcasting its victory in the subsequent annual elections and dislodging of the pro-Congress president of the Dal as a referendum for support for the Punjabi Suba among the Sikhs.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=423}} The merging of PEPSU into the Punjabi-speaking region was also advocated in December by Tara Singh to further ensure Sikh territorial unity within the proposed Suba.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=423}} The Akali Dal criticized Congress in its handling of PEPSU in relation to the designated Punjabi-speaking area, though the Congress announcement on 27 December 1953 of another States Reorganization Commission undercut accusations of division, and Congress retained control in the PEPSU elections in January 1954.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=423}}

===1953 States Reorganisation Commission (SRC)===
Though the calls for a Punjabi Suba were initially disregarded by the central government, the problem did not subside, and another [[States Reorganization Commission]] was set up in 1953. Stemming from new nationwide momentum for linguistic states,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=188}} it was charged with "'investigat[ing] the conditions of the problem, the historical background, the existing situations and the bearing of all relevant important factors thereon."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=117}}

Five days before the announcement, in the wake of President's Rule, during the mid-term polls of 1953, Nehru had come to campaign to a Sikh congregation at Fatehgarh Sahib on the occasion of [[Saka Sirhind]]; due to his firm opposition to the Punjabi Suba, he was prevented from using the observance to electioneer, with a group lead by former MLA Atma Singh going on stage to prevent him from speaking. Considered a "national insult" by some Hindus, this would affect the composition of the SRC; while Punjabi statehood was the most controversial issue, no Sikhs were appointed for it.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=117}}

The commission began its work in February 1954, and the Akali Dal submitted an 18-page memorandum on 14 May 1954, proposing the Punjabi Suba to include all of Punjab, PEPSU, and the Punjabi-speaking northern parts of [[Rajasthan]],{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=94}} and to exclude the districts of Gurgaon and Rohtak, Panipat Tehsil in Karnal, and a few tehsils of Hisar district,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=424}} which were to merge with Hindi-speaking regions.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=94}} The Akalis drafted their case with care, strictly on the basis of language and using pre-1947 census figures, to present the proposed Punjabi-speaking state of an area over 35,000 square miles; they were supported in their effort by parties advocating rural interests, and complemented other linguistic state demands in the region.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=188}} In a manifesto, the Akali Dal proposed that the establishment of a Punjabi state would enable education, administration, and cultural preservation in the language:
{{blockquote|"The true test of democracy, in the opinion of the Shiromani Akali Dal, is that the minorities should feel that they are really free and equal partners in the destiny of their country…to bring home a sense of freedom to the Sikhs, it is vital that there should be a Punjabi speaking language and culture. This will not only be in fulfilment of the pre-partition Congress program and pledges, but also in entire conformity with the universally recognized principles governing formation of provinces…. The Shiromani Akali Dal has reason to believe that a Punjabi-speaking province may give the Sikhs the needful security. It believes in a Punjabi speaking province as a autonomous unit of India."{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=94}}}}

The Congress in Punjab, on the other hand, proposed the state integration of East Punjab, PEPSU, and Himachal Pradesh, which was similar to the submitted memoranda of the Arya Samaj and the [[Jan Sangh]], which had proposed the amalgamation of not only these territories but even Delhi as well,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=425}}{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} and had both insisted paradoxically that citizens of India could "choose" their mother-tongue.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}}

This prompted the Akalis to organize a forceful agitation in response. According to Tara Singh, the script, language, culture, religion, and existence of the Sikhs were under zealous attack by Arya Samaji fanatical elements in order to wipe out their identity and thereby subsume them, and that the only safeguard against this was a state in which Sikhs held effective political power.{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=450}} Earlier Sikh movements had achieved, in large part, significant demarcation from the Hindus, preserving themselves as a distinct religious and political entity. The Punjabi Suba was also seen as a means to prevent Sikh religious apathy, and resultant backsliding into Hinduism, on the basis of shared religious postulates and cultural kinship,{{sfn|Nayar|2015|p=118}} after considerable repudiation of traditional beliefs during the 19th century formation of Hindu identity by reformist neo-Hindus like the Arya Samaj, including the rejection of polytheism, idol and ''[[avatar]]'' worship, temple offerings, pilgrimages, the widow remarriage prohibition, child marriage, [[sati (practice)|sati]], and Brahmin priestcraft.<ref name=jones>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Kenneth W. |title=Ham Hindū Nahīn: Arya-Sikh Relations, 1877-1905 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=Duke University Press |date=May 1973 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=458–460 |doi=10.2307/2052684 |jstor=2052684 | s2cid=163885354 }}</ref> Such repudiations had often converged with the earlier ones of Sikhism,{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=68}} though instead leading to competition between the two factions<ref name=jones/> in Punjab and consequently North India.

The Akali Dal entered the 1955 Punjab SGPC elections on this platform and won resoundingly, winning all 110 seats it contested against the Punjab Congress, which had contested under the banner of the "Khalsa Dal," which had only won 3 out of 132 contested seats.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=425}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=195}} The results proved a strong morale booster for the party, which had demonstrated strong Sikh support for its platform, and felt encouraged to start a movement for the Punjabi Suba. The opportunity presented itself when on 6 April 1955 the Punjab Congress banned the shouting of Punjabi Suba slogans; twenty days later the Akali Dal issued an ultimatum to rescind the ban by 10 May or face an agitation.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=425}}

===1955 slogan agitation===
Following the slogan ban imposed by the [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] of Amritsar,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brar |first1=Kamaldeep Singh |title=Explained: What led to the 1955 police action at the Golden Temple? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-led-to-the-1955-police-action-at-golden-temple-7388367/ |website=indianexpress.com |date=8 July 2021}}</ref> the Akalis commenced the Punjabi Suba slogan agitation of 1955. Large numbers of summoned volunteers congregated at the [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]] in [[Amritsar]] from demonstrations all over the province, thus reviving the protest methods of the [[Akali movement]] of the 1920s.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} The [[SGPC]], which provided logistical and organizational support for Sikh politics, significantly bolstered the party's effectiveness.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}}

The Congress government did not lift the slogan ban, and the agitation began as promised on 10 May, with Tara Singh and ten companions being arrested for shouting Punjabi Suba slogans,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=425}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=188}} as were successive groups of Akalis as they embarked from the temple doing the same.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} In the next five days more than 1,000 prominent Akali leaders were arrested;{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}} in nearly two months, 12,000 Sikhs had been arrested for the Slogan Agitation,{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} and by the end of July as many as 21,000 Akalis were jailed in Congress efforts to quash the growing movement,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}} which nevertheless continued steadily.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} In several towns there were instances of Hindu communal organizations throwing stones and brickbats at Sikh processions.{{sfn|Nayar|1966|p=241}} Thousands of volunteers were arrested for defying the ban on the slogan "Punjabi Suba Zindabad" ("long live Punjabi State").{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=451}} Attempted negotiations with Congress led the agitation to be adjourned twice, though Jawaharlal Nehru continued to reject the demand.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=188}}

====1955 Golden Temple raid====
A flashpoint during the agitation occurred on 4 July 1955, when a group led by [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Fateh Singh]], who had joined the movement,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} had arrived from [[Ganganagar]] a few days prior to take part in the protest movement. The police cordoned off the complex, with the entry of people into the complex and Amritsar was stopped.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=119}}

At night,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=119}} government police forces, led by [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Ashwini Kumar,<ref name=kirpal>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal S. |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978-1993 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780143100362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PU6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60| page=60}}</ref> forced their entry into the temple premises and heavyhandedly took the entire group into custody, along with the head [[granthi]]s of the [[Akal Takht]] and [[Golden Temple]], volunteer protestors, and even cooks of the temple's [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}} The Guru Ram Das Serai and Shiromani Akali Dal offices were also raided, and batons used and tear gas and shells fired to disperse the protestors gathered on the periphery of the temple, damaging the periphery and sarovar, or pool, of the temple.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} Supplies to the complex were cut off, all pilgrims staying at its rest houses were arrested, and [[Manji Sahib]], where volunteers were sent daily to court arrest, was occupied.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=119}} The government stopped volunteers on the way to the Golden Temple, and troops were ordered to flag-march through the bazaars and streets surrounding the site{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} in a show of strength, though this would backfire as tension in the city increased, driving more volunteers to manage to reach the complex to keep the agitation going.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=119}}

Thousands were arrested{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} and injured. According to former Akal Takht jathedar [[Lakhbir Singh Rode]], "fire was opened at Akal Takht and Golden Temple, and many Sikhs were killed".<ref>{{cite web | title=Nehru sent police into Golden Temple: Ex-Akal Takht jathedar | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=2020-07-05 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/nehru-sent-police-into-golden-temple-ex-akal-takht-jathedar-6491608 | access-date=10 March 2023 | archive-date=10 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310141238/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/nehru-sent-police-into-golden-temple-ex-akal-takht-jathedar-6491608/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] newspaper would comment, "What overshadows the entire situation is that every weapon in the armoury of the Government has been brought into play. A great tragedy is being enacted in the Punjab.... The Punjab is facing the greatest crisis in its history."{{sfn|Nayar|1966|p=243}}

Fateh Singh would later write,
{{blockquote|"When I found that the Government would not allow even the shouting of the slogan Punjabi Suba, Zindabad!" I was greatly shocked. I thought: what sort of a free country was this? If I go about shouting Zindabad for my home, my street, my village, my province, my country, why should the Government lose its head over it? Can't I even praise my home or my area? Why can't a son of the soil honour the soil that gave him birth and nourished him ? […] In the early hours of July 4, the police swooped on us and took into custody anyone and everyone. Not even the cooks of the Guru Ka Langar (the holy kitchen) were spared. Our entire Jatha was taken to Ferozepur Jail. We were kept there for four months. Shri Bhim Sen Sachar, the then Chief Minister, apologised for July 4 incidents soon after, but the releases took a long time to materialise.[…] The Government, so eager to arrest me earlier, was now even more eager to get rid of me."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Jagjit Singh |title=Punjabi Suba: A Symposium |date=1966 |publisher=National Book Club |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Punjabi_Suba.html?id=UHCz1hGC0VUC}}</ref>}}

=====Fallout=====
The reaction from this event gave further momentum to the movement, opposite to the intention of the government, and proved to be so potentially destabilizing to the government,{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}} provoking disaffection among the Sikh masses and in the army,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=120}} that on 12 July, the government under Sachar used the pretext of a "triumphal return from peace mission abroad" to lift the ban on Punjabi Suba slogans, appealing for peace.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}} Sachar himself personal apologized at the [[Akal Takht]].{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} It also announced the release of Akali prisoners in installments, which proved slow to be implemented; Tara Singh was released on 8 September, and the last Akalis were not released until 18 October.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}}

Sachar received heavy criticism from fellow Congress members for the apology and for not "taming" the Akalis; he would subsequently resign, succeeded by [[Pratap Singh Kairon]] in January 1956.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=120}}

===1955 SRC verdict===
The States Reorganization Committee submitted its report to the Government of India on 10 September 1955{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} where it was considered and published on 10 October.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=427}}

In its 1955 report, the Commission admitted that the demand for a Punjabi-speaking state was analogous to the demand for other linguistic states, but rejected the demand even on its intrinsic merit.<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|370}} The Commission tried to turn down the demand for Punjab state being advanced based on the argument that the formation of linguistic-based provinces would spur other demands for the separation of other linguistic groups elsewhere; such claims had already been advanced by [[Sikhs]], [[Jats]], and other groups.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} The reasons cited in its report were that it did not recognize Punjabi as a distinct language, and that the movement lacked enough support amongst the Hindus of the proposed Punjabi-speaking state{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=95}} setting aside the criterion of language in favor of religious sentiments.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=190}} For many, the former was a larger setback. Hukum Singh wrote, "while others got States for their languages, we lost even our language,"{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=95}} seeing it as "another deadlier blow to the Sikhs."{{sfn|Nayar|1966|p=245}} Giani Kartar Singh remarked that out of the 14 national languages of the Constitution, only Punjabi was left without a state.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=190}}

With the language being distinct in grammar and lexicon, the Akali Dal regarded this reasoning as a pretext that amounted to religious discrimination, and that the demand would have been accepted without hesitation if the Sikhs were not set to be the majority.{{sfn|Deol|2000|pp=95-96}} The commission also recommended the integration of Sikh-majority PEPSU, as well as [[Himachal Pradesh]], with the Punjab, which was rejected by the Akali Dal a day after the report's release;{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=190}} a Commission member reportedly remarked that if the Hindi-speaking areas were removed from Punjab, it would yield a Sikh-majority area, prompting accusations of discrimination from the Akalis, who saw the verdict as another majoritarian maneuver to contain the Sikhs.<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|370}} Tara Singh regarded the verdict as a "decree of Sikh annihilation," believing that if there were no Sikhs, a Punjabi state would have been granted like other linguistic states had been. To him, its refusal was tantamount to religious discrimination.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=118}}{{sfn|Nayar|1966|p=245}}

Resolving to start a passive resistance movement,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=118}} he took the opportunity to exhibit Sikh unity and resolution on this point, summoning a representative convention of Sikhs of all parties and organizations at Amritsar on 16 October 1955;{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=190}} nearly 1,300 invitees attended.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}}

===Amritsar Convention===
The Amritsar convention strongly rejected the commission's proposal, castigating it for bias against Sikh claims,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} as the commission's recommendation was fully in accord with the most extreme elements opposing the Punjabi Suba, and even the Sachar Resolution, acknowledged as never even having been adhered to by those elements, was eroded.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=191}}

The resolution of the Amritsar Convention stated in part, "this convention of the Sikhs view with alarm and great resentment the complete and callous resolution of the States Reorganisation Commission of the just and reasonable demand for a Punjabi-speaking state."{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=427}} The resolution called on the government to create the Punjabi Suba not only in the interest of the Sikhs but in the interest of the Hindi-speaking peoples of East Punjab; Tara Singh received authorization from the Amritsar Convention "to take suitable steps to for conveying the views and sentiments of the Sikh community to Government of India and urging them to do their duty to the Sikhs;"{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=427}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=191}} his first action was to arrange a conciliatory meeting with the Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]],{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} who had previously been a strong advocate of linguistic states.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=186}}

The meeting was facilitated by Baldev Singh, a former cabinet minister, who presented Nehru with correspondence between Sikh leaders and the Muslim League, reminding him that the Sikhs had rejected the League's overtures to side with India.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} Baldev Singh would act as a mediator between the Akali leaders and the government in their meetings.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}}

==Compromises and countermovements (1956-1960)==
The first meeting took place on 24 October 1955 in [[Delhi]] between the government, represented by Nehru and two of his senior cabinet colleagues, [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and [[Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant]], and the Sikhs, represented by [[Master Tara Singh]], who would present opening statements, Bhai [[Jodh Singh]], also a member of the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]],{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=427}} who would explain the language problem, Giani Kartar Singh and [[Sardar Hukam Singh]], who were to meet the political points, and Sardar [[Gian Singh Rarewala]]; a second meeting followed on 23 November the same year.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=191}}

Following the 1955 Golden Temple raid, Sachar had faced heavy internal criticism for apologising to the Akalis instead of "taming" them; following his resignation, [[Partap Singh Kairon]] would succeed him in January 1956.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=120}}

Further meetings were put on hold in December due to the announcement of a general session of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] to be held on 11 February 1956 in [[Amritsar]];{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=393}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=120}} the Shiromani Akali Dal's announcement of its own parallel congress, the orderly five-hour-long procession of which dwarfed in size that of the Congress convention,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=393}} provided another show of Sikh solidarity, with a large turnout of Sikhs from all over Punjab and beyond, with conservative estimates of over 100,000 marchers.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=393}} Nehru biographer and contemporary observer [[Michael Brecher]] estimated the figure to be over double that,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=393}} as many as half a million,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=120}} with participants being old and young, men and women, with many of them wearing the traditional Akali symbols of the [[kirpan]] and the blue turban, and observed the processioners raising chants of "Punjabi Suba Zindabad" ("Long live a Punjabi State") and "Master Tara Singh Zindabad," with intermittent music. The success of the Akali march helped talks with the government to resume,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=191}} after an invite from Nehru.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=120}}

===1956 Regional Formula===
Eventually both parties managed to break the impasse with a preliminary compromise, based on a proposal first made in January 1956 by Hukam Singh{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=191}} and reached on the 22nd:{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=120}} while stopping short of a Punjabi Suba, the state would be split into two regions in what would be called the Regional Formula: Punjabi and Hindi, with each region having its own committee consisting of its own share of Punjabi legislators, with powers to deliberate on all matters except law and order, finance, and taxation.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} The region would remain bilingual, but Punjabi in [[Gurmukhi]] would be the "regional" language, and the official language of the "Punjabi zone;" additionally, the Punjab Government would set up a separate department for the development of Punjabi alongside the one for Hindi, the central government would finally encourage Punjabi like any other regional language, and only PEPSU, and not Himachal Pradesh, would be merged with Punjab.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=191}}

Talks again stalled by 26 February 1956 after the Sikh delegation perceived a lack of action during the meetings, but were resumed after Joginder Singh, a Sikh parliamentarian from [[Uttar Pradesh]], persuaded the Sikhs to rejoin the talks.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}}

====Acceptance====
The Regional Formula was put to a vote at a general meeting of the Shiromani Akali Dal at Amritsar on 11 March 1956.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=191}} There were critical voices raised, on grounds of constitutional propriety as well as the perceived inadequacy of the measure, and Giani Kartar Singh conceded that what was offered was not the Punjabi Suba of their conception. Nevertheless, leaders including him, Jodh Singh, and Sardar Ajit Singh advocated acceptance of it as the starting point, or tentative promise, of a Punjabi Suba.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} The Sikh-majority PEPSU was also merged with Punjab for the arrangement as per the States Reorganization Commission's recommendation.{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=451}} Master Tara Singh, however, was apprehensive of accepting the measure, which would weaken the Akali negotiating position,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} though it would go into effect on 1 November 1956.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=193}} In a resolution passed by the Akalis at their meeting of 30 September 1956:
{{blockquote|“There was no doubt that the Formula fell short of the Sikh demand, but the Akali Dal accepted it in the larger interests of the country, in the hope that with goodwill and mutual accord, this might afford the protection that we had been asking for all these years."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=121}}}}

On 23 September 1956 after approving the Regional Formula, the Akali Dal renounced its political programme, as part of its deal with Congress. Shifting its focus to the promotion of Sikh religious, educational, cultural, social and economic interests, and protecting Sikh fundamental rights,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=193}} it was proposed that its large number of politically active members, including Giani Kartar Singh, be presented to Congress{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} to further Akali political goals by joining and working through Congress.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=195}} However, when the Congress assigned the Akali entrants 22 nominations for the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly]] and 3 for [[Parliament of India|Parliament]],{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} Master Tara Singh, though now on good terms with Nehru,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=193}} considered this as grossly inadequate, and considered the settlement void as far as he was concerned, though the Akali Dal continued to abide by it. Among the options left to him were to put up his own candidates against the Congress, which proved unsuccessful, and to politically reactivate the Shiromani Akali Dal, which he still controlled and set out to do.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}}

====Opposition to the Formula====
While each regional committee, consisting of ministers and legislators, were to have special powers to advise the state government and assembly, this "unworkable" arrangement would collapse amidst conflicting interpretations of the extent of these powers, and mutual accusations of bad faith between the state government and the Akali Dal. As a result, it was never fully implemented by the state government.{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=451}}

Languages had been communalised far before independence, when Hindi was selected to be the symbol of Hindu nationalism, regardless of whose actual native language it was.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|pp=186-187}} The Arya Samaj had introduced Devanagari as the vehicle of Hindu education in Punjab in the late 19th century, along with an artificial, heavily Sanskritized Hindi "divested as far as possible" from the colloquial Punjabi of the masses.{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=153}} Hindi advocates would variably count non-Hindi languages as "dialects" to inflate the count of Hindi speakers as the national level, while trying to overpower such languages at the state level; the expansion and contraction of what was conveniently considered Hindi stemmed from its usage as a tool in political conflicts.{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=152}}

===1957 Hindi agitation===
Hindi language supporters of Punjab,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} including Punjabi Hindus opposing the formation of a Sikh-majority state, resisted the Regional Formula.<ref name=kudaisya>{{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-44047-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CriAAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22it+met+with+resistance+from+the+Punjabi+Hindus%22&pg=PA123| pages=123–124}}</ref> The Arya Samaj regarded the Regional Formula as worse than the Sachar Formula they had ignored earlier, and led the campaign to have it annulled,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} as the Punjabi-speaking "region" did not retain the Hindi option in the area for parents who wished to "choose" it as their language,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}} which would have impinged on the unilingual character of the Punjabi Zone.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=122}} Its leadership and that of the Jan Sangh formed the Hindi Raksha Samiti ("Save Hindi" Committee),{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=155}} supported by Arya Samaji newspaper editors, educational board members, and others,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}} as the Arya Samaj controlled a large number of educational institutions.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=122}}

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On 30 April 1957, Swami Atmanand Saraswati, the octogenarian leader of the agitation, launched it by sitting in indefinitely at the Secretariat at Chandigarh.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=122}} According to him, the push to have Punjabi receive status in the Punjabi region was used to "gain political power," while Hindi was being "relegated to a secondary position," in an appeasing affront to what he called the "national language."{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=155}} Founded by the Jan Sangh for the purposes of the agitation, the Hindi Raksha Samiti's charter made five main demands:
*the medium of instruction in the educational institutions should be left entirely to the choice of the parents (the main demand);
*no compulsion to teach either language as a second language at any particular stage;
*Hindi should replace English at all levels of administration;
*official notifications up to the district level should be in both Devanagari and Gurmukhi; and
*there should be one language "formula" in the whole state of Punjab,{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=155}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=122}} as opposed to "Punjabi zone" and "Hindi zone" formulas.

The Government quickly conceded the demand for bilingual government notifications up to the district level to the Hindi movement.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=122}} Such concessions to their communal demands compromised the strictly linguistic nature of the Regional Formula.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}}

The Hindi agitation was opposed to the formation of either Punjabi or Hindi linguistic states carved out of East Punjab.<ref name=sharma/> Far from any linguistic basis, the goal was specifically to create a greater Punjab in order to maintain a Hindu majority, and thus contain Sikh influence in the state's politics and assure Hindu dominance. The communal strategy also linked Hindi with Hindu demands, in order to draw support from other Hindu-oriented Hindi movements in other states.{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=155}}

The movement quickly spread all over the Hindi area of East Punjab, with neighboring Hindi-speaking states sending large numbers of volunteers. About 30,000 participants took part against the Punjab Congress government, with 6,000 arrested by November for violating law and order.{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=156}}

Explicitly anti-Sikh language was used by the communalists.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=122}} The Hindi Rakshi Samiti, while in Punjab, would launch anti-Punjabi slogans like ''langri bhasha nahin parhenge, gandi bhasha nahin parhenge, jabri bhasha nahin parhenge'' ("we won't study a crippled language, we won't study a dirty language, we won't study a language made obligatory");<ref name="langri"/> at Ambala and Yamunanagar, ''Ura Aira nahin parhenge, gandi bhasha nahin parhenge'' ("we shall not read the [[Gurmukhi|script]] of (Punjabi,) a filthy language"); at [[Patiala]] by Swami Rameshwaranand, ''kainchi ustra karo tiar'' ("Ready the scissors and razors"); at Jagadhri, leader Sohan Lal Tiwari had uttered, "If the Sikhs wish to live here, they shall have to shave off and take Hindu appearance."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=123}} Such behavior from the Hindi agitation until the end of the movement would leave lasting bitterness in Punjab.<ref name="langri">{{cite web |author=IP Singh |title=Punjabi is becoming language of resistance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/punjabi-is-becoming-language-of-resistance/articleshow/80242511.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=opposed>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=I. P. |title=Jawaharlal Nehru opposed 'Punjabi Suba', but so did ally Jana Sangh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/punjab/news/jawaharlal-nehru-opposed-punjabi-suba-but-so-did-ally-jana-sangh/articleshow/69408252.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

During the course of the seven-month-long{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=156}} movement,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}} several Sikh gurdwaras had been desecrated.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}} Cigarette packets had been thrown into the pool of the Golden Temple in early July, and again on 24 December containing a poster threatening Sikhs, into a Patiala gurdwara in on 10 August, and into a [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] gurdwara on 13 September. Pages of the Guru Granth Sahib were torn and strewn on a road in Amritsar on 1 August.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=123}} The new Congress government, which had commenced on 3 April 1957 and was headed by [[Partap Singh Kairon]] as [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] and former Akalis and current cabinet members Giani Kartar Singh and Gian Singh Rarewala who served under him, dealt with it harshly.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}}

Nevertheless, the Hindi agitation provided Kairon with a pretext for delaying implementation of the Regional Formula, after which the Hindi agitation was withdrawn on 23 December 1957.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=125}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}}

====Akali response====
The Akali Dal Working Committee, during its 8 September 1957 meeting, described the Hindi agitation as violent, vulgar, and abusive "hooliganism" rather than a [[satyagraha]], noting that its leader had threatened marches on gurdwaras if Congress youth sat in on Arya Samaj temples, agitators had assaulted the persons of Sikhs, gurdwaras and Sikh scriptures had been desecrated, and that the central government had done nothing until "the Sikhs, giving up hopes of protection by the police and the Government, began to move and organise themselves for self-protection." Calling upon the government to stop yielding to and placating such hooliganism, he encouraged the Sikhs to stand firm.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=124}}

Sikh sentiments remained hurt by the violent desecrations, the Sikh masses had not enthusiastically accepted the Regional Formula either, and though the post-independence intellectual and cultural context that had driven Punjabi advocacy and the initial drive toward the Formula did yield efforts for [[Punjabi University]] in 1956,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=395}} the Formula was increasingly viewed as an inadequate solution to the Punjab problem, with neither the government or the political parties seeing potential in it.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=395}}

The replacement of the Regional Formula became even more imperative for the central authorities with growing opposition to the usage of Punjabi and [[Gurmukhi]] among Punjabi Hindus even in the Punjabi zone,<ref name=kirpal/> who "frequently" preferred Devanagari script alongside Hindi in place of what was regarded as an "arrogant" imposition.{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=450}} Many Sikhs would agree with Tara Singh's sentiments however,{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=451}} that a unilingual Punjabi state was just and justifiable on the same linguistic basis recognized in the formation of other states,{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=449}} and was not being done due to what the Akalis regarded as the central government's fundamental lack of trust in Sikhs.{{sfn|Nayar|1966|p=117}} In a pamphlet, he expressed his view that:

{{blockquote|"India claims to be a secular state. At present Hindus are in the majority in every state of the Union. The unilingual principle has been applied to all states except the Punjab. The Punjab is the only state where application of the unilingual principle may reduce Hindus to a minority community. If the principle is not made applicable in [the] case of Punjab, the unavoidable inference would be that this is done to see that Hindus do not lose their majority in any state."{{sfn|Smith|1963|pp=450–451}}}}

An outcome of the Hindi agitation was the revival of the Punjabi Suba movement, amidst growing fears of Hindi and Hindu domination.<ref name=ahluwalia/> While the Akali Dal supported the Formula until March 1958, Tara Singh stated in June that he would be compelled to restart the Punjabi Suba struggle if the Resolution was not implemented, holding a Punjabi Province conference in October.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} Language frontiers had become communal frontiers, and Master Tara Singh considered the Punjabi Suba as the only solution against rising Hindi fanaticism.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=395}} He called a general meeting of the Shiromani Akali Dal at Patiala on 14 February 1959, which 299 out of 377 members attended.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=395}} The convention strongly supported restoring the political operation of the Akali Dal.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=394}}

====Aftereffects====
The movement's openly militant Hindu revivalist stance, its violent attitudes and methods, and heavy usage of Hindi speakers from outside Punjab as agitators was strongly criticized across the country. Observed by non-Hindi language movement leaders, one South Indian anti-Hindi leader remarked that all non-Hindi speakers ""should take a lesson from what is happening in Punjab;"{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=156}} there had also been a [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|struggle for cultural preservation]] in Tamil Nadu against Hindi imposition that same year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnett |first1=Marguerite Ross |title=The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India |date=1976 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400867189 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFF9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224}}</ref>

Even after their withdrawal, Hindi-language activists in Punjab and Hindu nationalist leaders outside the state remained committed to mobilizing their marshalled resources in future movements.{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=156}} The movement had served a range of political interests, including for Hindu Congress leaders despite the movement having been against their party, one had been the demand for 50% political appointment share from the Hindi areas, leading to inter-Congress factionalism; instead of making such demands from their party, this "Haryana faction" used the movement to "harass the [Congress] government" to avenge their defeat within their own party.{{sfn|Gupta|1970|p=157}}

=====Haryana Lok Samiti=====
One such future outgrowth, the Haryana Lok Samiti, characterized the struggle as a "''dharam yudh'', a battle with Sikhs," and a "war between ''dharam'' and ''adharam'' (righteousness and unrighteousness), between Hindi and Punjabi, between Haryana and Sikhistan,"{{sfn|Election Commission, India|1962|p=1594}} refused to learn Gurmukhi as Hindi was "the national language," vowed to "fight against Sikhs"{{sfn|Election Commission, India|1962|pp=1603, 1604}} and "finish Sikhs from Punjab,"{{sfn|Election Commission, India|1962|p=1596}} described 1.5 million Sikh refugees as "thieves" and "worse than Muslims,"{{sfn|Election Commission, India|1962|p=1601}}{{sfn|Kahol|1955|p=13}} boasted of their Arya Samaj affiliation, threatened "''adharmi''" Pratap Singh Kairon with assault{{sfn|Election Commission, India|1962|p=1596}} even though he was also against a Punjabi Suba, and repeatedly chanted anti-Sikh and Hindu nationalist songs in Chandigarh meetings, which was "highly provocative and created bitter feelings among Sikhs."{{sfn|Election Commission, India|1962|p=1598}} According to the 1962 Election Commission, the "real object" of the Arya Samaj leaders who were the chief organizers of the 1957 agitation had been to "promote feelings of enmity and hatred between the Sikhs and Hindus of Punjab on the grounds of religion and language," and then to exploit those divisions in future elections, as in 1962.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Election Commission, India |title=Part II – Section 3 – Sub-section (ii) |journal=Bhārata Kā Rājapatra: The Gazette of India |date=2 May 1962 |pages=1586–1605 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCEPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1586}}</ref>{{rp|1588}}

=====Golwalkar=====
Through 1960, in preparation for the 1961 linguistic census, the Jan Sangh and the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha continued to publish propaganda that again encouraged the state's Hindus to register their mother tongue as Hindi, as in 1951. These efforts were undercut by RSS chief [[M. S. Golwalkar]], who in a meeting in Jalandhar, Punjab in 1960 declared that "Punjabi is the mother tongue of every Punjabi." Jan Sangh leadership would meet him in Ambala to urge him to amend of withdraw his statement, though he would not do so, which discouraged the delegation from pursuing another Hindi agitation with the same fervour.
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=I. P. |title=Future tense? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/future-tense/articleshow/71408895.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 Oct 2019}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=I. P. |title=RSS-affiliate Vidya Bharati recalls Golwalkar's take on Punjabi in 1960 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rss-affiliate-vidya-bharati-recalls-golwalkars-take-on-punjabi-in-1960/articleshow/105197918.cms |website=The Times of India |date=14 Nov 2023}}</ref>

During partition times, his fellow partisan [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|V. N. Savarkar]] had supported the formation of "a Sikhistan in the Punjab."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Jamil-ud-din |title=Some Recent Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah |date=1942 |publisher=Kashmiri Bazar |location=Lahore |page=252 |url=https://archive.org/details/SomeRecentSpeechesAndWritingsOfMr.Jinnah-JamiluddinAhmad/page/n283/mode/2up |quote=Having urged the Sikhs to take their due share in arms of the defence Mr. Savarkar assured the Sikhs that "when the Muslims woke from their day-dreams of Pakistan, they would see established instead a Sikhistan in the Punjab." Mr. Savarkar not only talked of Hindudom, Hindu Nation and Hindu Raj, but he wanted to depend upon the Sikhs in the Punjab to establish a Sikhistan.}}</ref>

=====Kairon=====
Partap Singh Kairon, though himself an advocate of the Punjabi language and the eventual 1962 founding of the Punjabi University for the support and development of the language along with Giani Kartar Singh,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=395}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=202}} opposed the formation of either a Punjabi state or a Hindi state, like the Hindi agitation had.<ref name=sharma>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sadhna |title=States Politics in India |date=1995 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170996194 |page=331 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HdDbdKa8UC&pg=PA331}}</ref> His own father Nihal Singh had been a prominent figure in the [[Singh Sabha]] enlightenment,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=395}} the influence of which his own cultural perceptions and affiliations to Punjab and [[Sikhism]] had been moulded; he would refer to his proud Singh Sabha upbringing both privately and publicly. He pressed for the establishment of the university, though he repressed Akali influence in favour of bringing Congress influence into rural Punjab;{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=395}} politically active Akalis were still working through Congress per their earlier agreement during this time, joining during his leadership.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}} Congress controlled 120 seats in the legislature out of 164, with 58 Sikhs among them, with nearly 50 representing the Punjabi "region," which had 71 seats total,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}} though former Akali Sikhs were underrepresented compared to Congress Sikhs, and Tara Singh was not satisfied with the number of tickets given to former Akalis, regarding which he had not been consulted.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=196}}

===Goodwill Committee===
Following the Hindi agitation, the Chief Minister appointed a ''Sidh Bhawna'' ("Goodwill") Committee, ostensibly for "promoting good relations between the communities," but rather taking upon itself the function of a language committee, centered on a single proposal for the language problem: making Punjabi digraphic with Gurmukhi and Devanagari, with its members specifically selected to support this foregone proposal.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=125}}

While the Regional Formula had already delineated a Punjabi Zone with Gurmukhi as the language's exclusive and historical script, the new strategy sought to fundamentally change the language. The Sikhs saw no grounds for this committee, as per the Regional Formula, any change in the existing arrangements was to be made only with the consent of the concerned parties, and they saw the attempt to graft another script on Punjabi as an attack on their religious and cultural identity. Even Nehru pushed back on this, stating:

{{blockquote|"A change in script is a very vital change for any language with a rich past, for the script is the most intimate part of its literature. Change the script and different word pictures arise, different sounds and different ideas. An almost insurmountable barrier is put up between the old and the new literature and the former becomes almost a foreign language that is dead. It would be a cruel vivisection to force such a change and it would retard the progress in popular education."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=126}}}}

A subsequent 26-member Language Committee assembled by the state government in 1960 and espousing the same solution, was, like the "Sidh Bhawna" Committee, appointed under threats from Hindi agitators. Both committees were seen by the Sikhs as attempts to negate the Sachar and Regional Formulas that were earlier agreed to.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=126}}

An SGPC resolution in March 1960 boycotted the Language Committee, stating that "the only solution of the linguistic trouble of Punjab is to bifurcate Punjab on the basis of Punjabi and Hindi."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=126}}

==Renewed efforts (1960-61)==
The Punjab Government under Kairon remained as politically firm dealing with rival supporters of Punjabi as it had done over the supporters of Hindi,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}} and the political rivalry between Congress and the Akali Dal resulted in the narrow loss of Master Tara Singh in the election for the office of president of the [[SGPC]] to another Akali candidate, [[Prem Singh Lalpur]]a.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}} Tara Singh reacted by arranging a Punjabi Suba conference in Chandigarh, at which he announced his intention of launching a mass movement. He was subsequently arrested, though a silent procession in [[Delhi]] on 15 March 1959 proceeded as arranged; the procession, with portraits of Tara Singh, ended in a religious ''divan'' at [[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]], and Tara Singh was released from jail in under a week.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}}

While in November 1958 Kairon narrowly dislodged Tara Singh from the SGPC presidency, his subsequent unconstitutional attempt to dilute the SGPC's democracy under the action of accommodating PEPSU representatives in the SGPC earned strong opposition from non-Congress Sikhs, which Tara Singh capitalized on by announcing another SGPC bid on the platform of the Punjabi Suba, securing the presidency and 132 out of 139 seats for the Akali Dal.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} The 1960 election was another contest between Kairon's Congress and Tara Singh's Akalis. Congress Sikhs worked to defeat the Akalis; Giani Kartar Singh even resigned from his ministry to focus solely on campaigning, and with help from the state government created the Sadh Sangat Board to contest the elections.

===Reviving the movement===
{{external media
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| video1 = [https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/246537/ INDIA: Sikhs Demonstrate for Separate State - Patiala. (1959)]
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Regardless, spurred by the electorate's sentiment against the conduct of the 1957 Hindi agitation, the Akalis under Tara Singh swept back into power in the 1960 SGPC elections.<ref name=ahluwalia>{{cite book |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Manjit Singh |title=Social, Cultural, and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173870897 |pages=38–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&pg=PA38}}</ref> Taking 136 seats to the Sadh Sangat Board's four;{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}} following this, all the Akali members assembled at the [[Akal Takht]] on 24 January 1960 to pledge to resume the Punjabi Suba struggle.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}}{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=451}} Following a 10 May announcement from Tara Singh echoing this,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=127}} another Punjabi Suba convention was held on 22 May 1960, to which members of the [[Swatantra Party]] and [[Praja Socialist Party]] were invited.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}} Presided over by Pandit Sundar Lal and former Congress member [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], the main resolution was moved by Sardar [[Gurnam Singh]], calling upon the government "not to delay any more the inevitable formation"{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}} of a Punjabi-speaking state, especially when language-based states had been carved out in other parts of the country.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=396}}

The attendance of Indian Muslim leaders from Delhi like Kitchlew led [[Darbara Singh]], the President of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, to characterize the convention on 9 October 1960 as a conspiracy between Tara Singh and Pakistan to create trouble in the state, wildly alleging that Tara Singh and [[Ayub Khan]] planned to have Akalis trained in guerilla warfare in Pakistan.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=168}} After the convention ended, the government began arresting Akali leaders.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=127}} Tara Singh was arrested and detained in jail under the 1950 Preventive Detention Act{{sfn|Smith|1963|p=451}} on the night of 24 May and detained in Kangra,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=127}} and the government cracked down heavy-handedly on the Akalis, with large-scale arrests made throughout the Punjab,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}} including many other Akali leaders and legislators,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} and lines of arrests at [[Amritsar]], at which the [[Golden Temple]] was the main center of mobilization, and [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} About 500 preemptive arrests were made, though several top Akalis, including Fateh Singh, Harcharan Singh Hudiara, and [[Jiwan Singh Umranangal]], managed to make it to Amritsar.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=127}}

With the movement again gaining momentum,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} another march was announced to commence on 29 May 1960, going through the Punjabi countryside to end at [[Delhi]] to join a Sikh procession on 12 June 1960, stopping at important [[Gurdwara]]s to make speeches to rally support for the Punjabi Suba.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} Starting from the Akal Takht as scheduled, the 12 June procession was arrested a few miles from Amritsar.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=127}} Daily processions of 11 Sikhs from Amritsar from 30 May onward marched to court arrest, and a procession was planned from [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]] in Delhi.

The central government banned the procession on 9 June, sealing Delhi's borders to prevent their entry. A congregation of thousands of Delhi Sikhs at Gurdwara Sis Ganj was disrupted on 12 June by police, who used tear gas and batons in an attempt to disperse them.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=128}} Nearly 18,000 Akalis courted arrest by July.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} Akali leaders made stirring speeches asserting the Sikhs’ right to self-determination, and the evening ''divans'', or assemblies, at [[Manji Sahib]] attracted vast audiences.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}} Nehru, recommending bilingualism for everyone in the province, continued to oppose its bifurcation, though Kairon would start to release some Akali protesters from jail to give the impression that they were easing their position.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} Four detainees would be killed in police fire while agitating for their release.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}}

In its 21 July issue, the ''Statesman Calcutta'' warned, "Eighteen thousand people in jails means a big drain on the state's exchequer and a big loss of productive labour to the State's economy. Nor does it mean present loss alone. Throttling of popular sentiment may generate explosive heat, which once it bursts can lay waste whole tracts." According to a 22 July ''Times of India'' editorial, "The truth is that the situation in the State is far more serious than the government makes it out to be."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=129}}

====Press suppression====
To suppress the spread of the movement, the government sealed and offices of two pro-Akali newspapers (the Punjabi-language ''Akali'' and the Urdu-language ''Parbhat'') and detained their staff, though following objections of the All India Journalist Association against the curtailing of press freedom, were allowed to resume operation.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=127}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}}

The government issued two measures to stifle the renascent movement: one banning newspapers from discussing Akali demands at the center of the movement, whether for or against them, and one setting heavy penalties against those evading arrest, or aiding or sheltering those who were.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=129}}

====Punjabi University granted====
To undercut the agitation's popular support, the Punjab Congress Government granted two concessions: declaring Punjabi in the Gurmukhi script as the official language of Punjab at district level effective 2 October 1960, and the appointment of a commission, headed by the Maharaja of Patiala and several academics, for the establishment of [[Punjabi University]].{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=129}} Punjab Ekta Samiti, a Hindu communalist organization, protested on 23 September against these ordinances.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=130}}

====Punjabi Suba Students Front====
On 22 September 1960, Inderjeet Singh, a 10-year-old boy from [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]] visiting relatives in [[Karnal]], would be beaten with batons, killed, and thrown in an irrigation well by policemen for raising slogans. The Akali Dal held a day in his honor on 24 September, and the killing spurred the formation of the Punjabi Suba Students Front on 26 September.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dilgeer |first1=Harjinder Singh |author-link=Harjinder Singh Dilgeer |title=Sikh History, Vol. 4 (1947-1984): Kurbānīāṅ te Ghaddārīāṅ dā Daura |date=2008 |publisher=Sikh University Press |location=Waremme, Belgium |isbn=978-2-930247-28-1 |page=1145 |url=https://punjabilibrary.com/wp-content/plugins/wonderplugin-pdf-embed/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=https://punjabilibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Sikh-History-1947-to-1984-.pdf |language=Punjabi |chapter=ਕਾਕਾ ਇੰਦਰਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਾ ਕਤਲ (Kākā Indarajīta Siṅgha dā Katala)}}</ref>

===Under Sant Fateh Singh===
With Tara Singh in jail, his second-in-command{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Sant Fateh Singh]] directed the movement from the Golden Temple in his absence,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=197}} assisted by the [[All India Sikh Students Federation|Sikh Students Federation]] in delivering speeches drawing from Sikh history to garner support,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}} in 1960.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate">{{cite news |last1=Dhaliwal |first1=Sarbjit |title=Punjabi Suba: What's there to celebrate? |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjabi-suba-what-s-there-to-celebrate/292265.html |access-date=4 August 2018 |work=The Tribune |date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231111518/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjabi-suba-what-s-there-to-celebrate/292265.html |archive-date=31 December 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A religious leader without a long political background,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}} having been brought into politics by Tara Singh,{{sfn|Nayar|1966|p=249}} Fateh Singh was nevertheless an effective leader, and presented the demand for the Punjabi Suba as based on linguistic considerations alone, bringing it in line with the country's declared goals of democracy and secularism, and what was considered most important was the creation of a unit comprising all Punjabi-speaking areas, with Punjabi as the official language, over religious demography.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}}{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=94}} He tactically stressed the linguistic basis of the demand, while downplaying its religious basis — a state where the distinct Sikh identity could be preserved,<ref name="paul_brass_north_india">{{cite book | first = Paul R. | last = Brass | title = Language, Religion and Politics in North India | publisher = iUniverse | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-595-34394-2 | page = 326 |url=https://archive.org/details/languagereligion0000bras/page/334/mode/2up}}</ref> though, in regard to the additional significance of minority rights,{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=94}} stating, "No status is given to the Punjabi language, because Sikhs speak it. If non-Sikhs had owned Punjabi as their mother tongue, then the rulers of India would have seen no objection in establishing a Punjabi State."{{sfn|Deol|2000|pp=95-96}}

As a [[Jat Sikh]], he held a strong constituency among, and furthered the shift in political power to, the rural peasantry and the gurdwaras.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} Rural Jatt Sikhs had felt politically disenfranchised from Akali leadership positions under Tara Singh during the three decades prior, which had been dominated by urban non-Jatts, as did Sikhs from the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region in relation to those of [[Majha]], as well as local Sikhs in relation to Partition refugee Sikhs.{{sfn|Nayar|1966|pp=198–199}}

The government resorted to rigorous measures to put down the agitation, but volunteers continued to join and the movement continued, even as thousands of Sikhs were put in jail.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}}

===Bathinda Special Jail===
As the rate of volunteers courting arrest increased, government agents began infiltrating the jails in order to spread disinformation, demoralize the volunteers, and offer releases in exchange for solicited unconditional apologies. Jail officials misrepresented thumb marks signing apologies as for the purposes of railway passes; upon discovery of this, Akali prisoners began demanding notes stipulating that their releases were unconditional. Along with subpar conditions in the overcrowded Bathinda Special Jail, tensions in the prison increased, and on 9 October 1960, the use of signatures for apologies misrepresented as rail passes again came to light, and Akali prisoners refused to exit. Police, surrounding the jail, fired into the Akali mob, killing 4 protesters (Jaswant Singh, Chanchal Singh, Nazar Singh, and Ranjt Singh) and injuring 150.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=130}}

The next day, a procession of 250 Sikhs from [[Gurdwara Dukh Nivaran Sahib]], Patiala, protesting the Bathinda firing were themselves fired upon, killing two more (Dewan Singh, Hari Singh). The incidents lent to denunciations from several political parties of the state government's tactics to suppress civil liberties, which threatened to worsen the political climate.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=131}}

===Fateh Singh's fast===
As for the central government, Nehru forcefully reiterated his position against the Punjabi Suba in a Delhi press conference on 21 October; on 17 November, while giving a speech at an agricultural college opening ceremony in [[Nainital]], Sikh protesters released slogans for Punjabi Suba, at which he angrily stated that the Punjabi Suba had been left in Pakistan and taunted, "go to your Punjabi Suba. Why are you here?"{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=133}}

This outburst would harm his image further among Sikh circles, including the executive committee of the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]] which reiterated the constitutional right to advocate for a unilingual state within the country without being called unpatriotic, Hukam Singh of the Akali leadership who denounced him forcefully as a "Goebbelsian liar," and Fateh Singh, who on 29 October wrote that to Nehru that denying the Punjabi Suba closed all avenues for the legitimate demand, which left him no choice but to "resort to fast unto death to prick [his] conscience," to begin on 9:00 a.m. on 18 December.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=133}}{{sfn|Nayar|1966|p=136}}

{{external media
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| video2 = [https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/114904/ INDIA: Sikh Leader Ends "Fast to Death" After 47 Days. (1961)]
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On 29 October 1960, Fateh Singh wrote to [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] saying that if the Sikhs’ democratic and constitutional demand for a Punjabi-speaking area was not accepted, he would go on a [[Fasting|fast]] (a novelty in Sikh tradition), seeking to impress upon him the Sikhs’ sense of grievance and the repressiveness of the Congress-run [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]],{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=397}} and arguing that it was necessary to give his life to save the country from "dictatorial rule under the garb of democracy."{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} Nehru did not intervene, and the fast commenced on 18 December 1960.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} Before entering his hut on the Golden Temple premises, he addressed a large gathering of Sikhs, instructing them to keep the movement peaceful, saying that damage to the country was damage to themselves.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} A roster of ten Sikhs was drafted to continue the movement in case Fateh Singh's fast ended in death.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}}

Indian leaders of diverse opinion attempted to intervene to persuade Fateh Singh to abandon the fast, though he would not withdraw from his resolution.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} As national concern grew over Fateh Singh's life, as his possible death was feared to possibly lead to major Sikh estrangement from the government and further consequences, and more than 50,000 Sikhs had been jailed at this point, Nehru in a speech in [[Chandigarh]] on 20 December 1960 conceded that Punjabi was the dominant language of the Punjab and that it must be promoted in every way; this was repeated in a speech in [[Rajpura]] later in the day.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=135}} On 23 December in a public address at Delhi,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=136}} and again on 31 December, he made a personal appeal to Fateh Singh to stop the fast.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}}

====Tara Singh's release====
Chief Minister [[Partap Singh Kairon]], under the advice of his old teacher and informal [[Counsel#Non-legal usage|counsel]] [[Jodh Singh]], set Tara Singh free on 4 January 1961,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} ostensibly to consult Fateh Singh, but in the hopes of reducing the chances of agreement between him and Nehru.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} Along with this strategic timing by Congress, a section of Sikhs pressured Tara Singh to have the fast ended, believing that he had incentive to delay any rapprochement, to bring about Fateh Singh's death and consolidate his own leadership.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=139}}

Similarly, some Sikh members of Congress were also under pressure; two Sikh MLAs resigned in solidarity with the fast, and former Defense Minister in the first Congress ministry, Baldev Singh, criticized the central government for backing out of their responsibility to implement the established compromise of the Regional Formula five years before, and that Tara Singh was being unfairly blamed now. Believing that the government was never sincere in implementing it then, at the state government's renewed "half-hearted" attempts to implement it after 35,000-40,000 arrests at that point and in light of Fateh Singh's potential death, he declared the Regional Formula "dead", and that "those very men who murdered the Regional Formula have now started shouting "Long Live Regional Formula".{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=139}}

Tara Singh immediately called on Fateh Singh, severely weakened from his fast, then arranged to meet Nehru while he was in [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]] for the annual Congress session. On a specially chartered flight from Delhi to Bhavnagar, he was accompanied by Harbans Singh Gujral, [[Lachhman Singh Gill]], Hargurnad Singh, Harcharan Singh of [[Bathinda]], and Seth Ram Nath, one Punjabi Hindu who openly espoused the cause for a Punjabi-speaking state. While in flight the group held mutual consultations and reduced their minimal demand in writing.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}}

On 7 January 1961, Tara Singh held a two-hour meeting with Nehru, without result. While Nehru considered the Punjabi Suba as a communal demand in the garb of linguistic reorganization,<ref name=rai>{{cite book | last=Rai | first=S.M. | title=Punjab Since Partition | publisher=Durga Publications | year=1986 | isbn=978-0-8364-1944-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LQtAAAAMAAJ | language=sl | access-date=2023-03-10 | page=307}}</ref> Tara Singh countered that it was the opposition to the linguistic demand that was in fact being made on a communal basis.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=137}}

The next day, Nehru added a postscript to what he had told Tara Singh, that the formation of forming linguistic states had not halted due to any discrimination against Punjab or distrust of the Sikhs, and that "Punjab state is broadly speaking a Punjabi Suba with Punjabi as the dominant language,"{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} conveying consideration to making all of Punjab unilingual.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} He also expressed concern regarding Fateh Singh's health and wished to see his fast ended.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} While there was no indication of any change in the government's stance toward the Punjabi Suba,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=138}} this reassured Tara Singh, who had a call made to Amritsar stating that the obligations of his vow had been fulfilled, and asking him to terminate his fast,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} a motion also adopted by the Working Committee of the Akali Dal, who on behalf of the Khalsa, told Fateh Singh that they were satisfied his pledge had been complied with and that he must end his fast.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}}

====Conclusion====
Fateh Singh ended his 22-day fast with a glass of juice on 9 January 1961, marking the end of the seven-month-long ''morcha'', or movement.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} According to official government figures, 30,000{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} Sikhs had been placed in jail over the course of the ''morcha''{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} which had taken place over the period of 1960–1961;{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} they were released when Fateh Singh ended his fast.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}}

Due to his role in having Fateh Singh's fast ended without its objectives fulfilled, Tara Singh began to attract criticism among the masses and his leadership among them began to be questioned; during speeches over the next few days he was heckled and interrupted by congregations at Gurdwara Manji Sahib.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=138}}

===Ascendance of Fateh Singh===
Political negotiations resumed between the Akalis and the government, with three meetings between Fateh Singh and Nehru on 8 February 1961, 1 March 1961, and 12 May 1961. While cordial, they did not yield solid results; Nehru offered to extend protection to the [[Punjabi language]] and look into Sikh grievances, but continued to oppose Punjabi-speaking areas forming a separate state, which was not accepted by Sikhs.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=399}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}}

Nehru had invited Fateh Singh for the 8 February talks; the pending creation of [[Nagaland]] for "the protection and preservation of Naga culture" had given Sikhs new hope for the acceptance of the Punjabi Suba on similar grounds.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=140}} Nehru reiterated his suspicion that a Sikh-majority state was the objective, and that Hindus being a minority there would engender harmful anti-Sikh sentiment in other states. Fateh Singh replied that it was Nehru's responsibility to dispel, not encourage, those sentiments, to treat communities equally, and that as Sikhs were able to live safely in foreign countries, so they should be able to live in their own, demanding nothing but a unilingual state akin to others in the country. Nehru nevertheless continued to oppose the Punjabi Suba on religious demographic grounds in the following meetings. Gurbakhsh Singh, a deputy of Fateh Singh, stated that the maintenance of a Hindu majority could not be kept "as a hanging sword over the Punjabi language."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=141}}

The talks would end in failure; referring to Tara Singh, Nehru had said on 1 March, ''"kya main taqat dushmanon ke haath men de dun?"'' ("How can I entrust power into the hands of the enemies?").{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=143}} Tara Singh in return wrote a letter of protest to Nehru, stating that if he was the root of Nehru's suspicion and the main obstacle against the Punjabi Suba, he was willing to exile himself from public life and India itself if it meant the agreement to its formation.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=142}}

====Tara Singh's fast====
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In addition to Nehru's own view on the matter, political pressure on him and false propaganda from other communities began to depict Akalis as foreign agents, which the Akalis took offense at.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} To impress this point, Tara Singh himself embarked on a fast on 15 August 1961, during which notable Sikh mediators like Maharaja [[Yadavindra Singh|Yadavinder Singh]] of Patiala, and [[Hardit Malik|Hardit Singh Malik]] kept in touch with Nehru and Home Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] on one hand and Akali leaders on the other.

Rejecting Nehru's 10 August appeal letter otherwise, Tara Singh's fast, meant to draw national and international attention to the cause, again led to the Punjab Congress government's suppression of pro-Akali newspapers (the Punjabi-language ''Jathedar'' and again ''Parbhat''), the arrest of approximately 50 Akali leaders on 1 June, the withholding of funds to [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] until its pro-Akali principal Dr. Harbans Singh was suspended in order to suppress student protests. Tara Singh has stated that the focus of the movement would shift from mass agitation to individual martyrdom; Harcharan Singh Hudiara declared that the deaths of Tara Singh and Fateh Singh would potentially prompt the Akali leadership to call for Punjab sovereignty.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=143}}

Hardit Singh Malik had come to Amritsar as an emissary of Nehru, and Tara Singh ended his fast during his visit. Seeing this as a sign of an impending settlement between the Akalis and Congress, anti-Punjabi lobbies reacted strongly. Arya Samaj ideologue and news editor [[Lala Jagat Narain]], who had resigned as minister in protest of the Regional Formula, warned on 6 October that "the Hindus of Punjab would never accept the settlement."{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=199}}

====Tara Singh's censure====
On 29 September, just before 30 September talks between Malik and Nehru implied compromise in the form of a commission, Nehru asked Tara Singh to end his fast, after the Akali Dal's Working Committee approved the compromise.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=145}} The commission was announced on 31 October after Tara Singh's recovery and meeting with Nehru, though he and the Akali Dal would immediately take issue with the proposed appointees as neither being the ones proposed during the fast, nor politically neutral and unaligned with Nehru as promised.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=146}} Malik would later disclose in a 26 August 1965 letter to the editor of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that Nehru had backed out of the agreement.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=147}}

Having broken the fast without concrete progress on the issue after 48 days on 1 October 1961, criticism among Sikhs and damage to his reputation among them continued to grow, as the pledge solemnized at the Akal Takht was perceived to have been broken without achieving the stated target, and was thus seen as violating a religious vow. The responsibility for having Fateh Singh's vow ended was also directed at Tara Singh.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=399}}

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A committee of five Sikh religious notables (''[[Panj Pyare]]'' council), including religious scholars, [[jathedar]]s of [[Kesgarh Sahib]] and the [[Akal Takht]], and the head [[granthi]] of the [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]], were selected and authorized on 24 November 1961 to investigate and determine the circumstances leading to the ending of the fast and determine penalties.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=399}} Five days later, they pronounced Tara Singh guilty of breaking his word and blemishing the Sikh tradition of religious steadfastness and sacrifice, and he was ordered to perform additional prayers for a month and clean the shoes of the ''sangat'', or congregation, and the dishes of the ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'', or open community kitchen, for five days.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=400}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=200}} Fateh Singh was also to recite extra prayers and wash "langar" dishes for five days for his own fast ending, though it was recognized that his fast had ended at Tara Singh's request.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=400}} Photographs of Tara Singh's service were circulated widely in newspapers and served to somewhat rehabilitate his popular image and he was forgiven by the council of five, though his political reputation never fully recovered, and he had begun to be rejected by crowds at ''divans'' as far back as when after Fateh Singh's fast had ended.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=401}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=200}} As a result of developing differences over strategy and tactics among the Akali leadership,{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} Fateh Singh would begin to eclipse him as the leader of the movement. By 1962, after a period of interparty schism, Fateh Singh would be elected president of the Akali Dal, and had the support of the majority faction,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=401}} having formed a parallel Akali faction in 1963.<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|371}} Government media also presented Fateh Singh as the leader at the complete expense of Tara Singh, as a strategy to widen the divide.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=144}}

Sikh votes, often divided among the Congress and Akali Dal, were consolidated for the Akalis in the 1962 elections; while Congress won with 90 out of 154 votes, Kairon only narrowly re-won his office, regarded by many as resulting from rigging.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=200}} In the Punjabi-speaking region, over 70 percent of the over 2 million Sikh votes went for the Akalis, though while Tara Singh also won back his position on the SGPC, only 74 of the 160 voting members had voted, with the rest abstaining in protest due to the continued stigma of Tara Singh breaking his pledge, and he was condemned again in a July 1962 convention in Ludhiana; Fateh Singh would continue to lead the movement on a purely linguistic basis after Tara Singh was narrowly dislodged from his position in a no-confidence vote in October with 76 votes to 72, which created a brief rift among the Akalis when the [[DSGMC|Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] broke with the SPGC in Amritsar in support of Tara Singh;{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=200}} another attempt by Tara Singh to dislodge Fateh Singh from the SGPC with a no-confidence vote in June 1963 failed.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=201}}

Sant Fateh Singh's style was seen as more tactful than Tara Singh's, attracting back followers disillusioned with Tara Singh's policies; in a letter to Nehru he maintained that "We want a linguistic and only linguistic unit, where Punjabi language and culture are prevalent," regardless of religious demographics.<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|371}} He would hold a large rally to this end on 22 July 1962 at Mullanpur, and the political sidelining of Tara Singh amongst the Akalis would be assisted by Kairon, the Punjab Congress, and Communists, in a bid to take over the SGPC. Tara Singh and supporters including SGPC president Kirpal Singh Chak Sherwala and Akali Dal General Secretary Atma Singh would again be arrested on 17 August, with more arrest of supporters on 2 September.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=151}}

===1962 Das Commission===
Meanwhile, following the pending settlement made up to that point, Nehru appointed a commission chaired by [[Sudhi Ranjan Das|S. R. Das]] to address the question of Sikh grievances in December 1961.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=199}} The Akali Dal did not agree with its composition or its scope, and did not present its case to it, though the commission carried on regardless, and rejected suggestions of anti-Sikh discrimination while denying the demand for a Punjabi-speaking state as a Sikh state.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=399}}

It was boycotted by all Sikh organizations, except for a newly formed "Nationalist Sikhs" group, whose spokesman appeared at the behest of Kairon. Even he, however, would present instances of discrimination and those noted by others, including against the Punjabi language, the treatment of Sikh farmers in the [[Terai]], and the lack of industrial development in Punjab. Characterizing the lack of a Punjabi Suba as discrimination against all Punjabis and not just Sikhs, he would assert that it was "a travesty of facts to suggest that no cases of discrimination had been listed in this memorandum."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=148}}

The few recommendations that were fielded by the Das commission included those by Arya Samaj editor Virendra, on behalf of the Hindi Raksha Samiti, who denied Punjabi as the mother tongue of the state's Hindus,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=149}} its separate status, and the legitimacy of [[Gurmukhi]] as anything more than a religious script, as well as that of [[Balraj Madhok]] of the Jan Sangh, who cited the Regional Formula and regional committees as the real sources of trouble to be scrapped,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=199}} and also denied the legitimacy of Gurmukhi for Punjabi.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=149}} Submitting its report in February 1962, which was accepted immediately by the central government in light of rapidly approaching elections, it relayed that the Regional Formula had been delayed but not blocked, and therefore no injustice had been done.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=199}} It also deemed the Punjabi Suba as a continuation of Sikh demands for a state during Partition, and hence beyond the commission's scope.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=149}}

==Progress (1962-1965)==
===1962 wartime contributions===
With border tensions with China flaring up in 1962, the Akalis announced the suspension of further agitation in support of the war effort. The Punjabi contribution in soldiers and materiel matched that of the rest of India put together.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=152}}

In 1963, the Sikhs and the Punjab had contributed massive amounts of wealth to the war effort against [[Sino-Indian War|China in 1962]], with over 20 million rupees to the defense fund,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=201}} including 50,000 rupees directly from Fateh Singh to Nehru on 7 February.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=201}} On his 73rd birthday, Nehru was gifted 130 kilograms (287 lbs) of gold by the Punjab Government, of which half had come from the people of Amritsar, and which had been donated to the government by the people of Punjab in the form of ornaments, medals, and other items from personal collections. Some of the 12,000 gold coins collected dated back to the [[Sikh Empire]]. In total, 252 kilograms (556 lbs) of gold would be donated. [[Bhola Nath Mullick]], Nehru’s intelligence chief, had noted that Kairon had promised Nehru that the people of Punjab would support the war effort with 'gold and blood'. On 28 November, the [[National Defence Fund]] (NDF) reported that it had received 80,000,000 rupees from national donations, of which 46 per cent (37,000,000 rupees) had been contributed by the people of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rajivlochan |first1=M |title=How Kairon made Punjabis offer gold, blood in 1962 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/how-kairon-made-punjabis-offer-gold-blood-in-1962-100706/ |website=Tribune India |date=17 June 2020}}</ref> The giving of the gold on Nehru's birthday, in an amount double his weight, was encouraged by the Akalis,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=201}} who anti-Punjabi groups in Punjab had earlier attempted to portray as traitorous.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=198}} The only region to give more in gold was Ganganagar district in Rajasthan, itself heavily populated with Sikh refugees from Partition.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=152}}

Sikh soldiers took the brunt of Chinese reprisals, with [[Bhola Nath Mullik]] reporting, "The Chinese perpetrated untold cruelties on the brave wounded Sikhs. Many of them were tied and then dragged and their brains were battered." Upon hearing such accounts, various concessions for Sikhs were offered from Chief Ministers across the country, including that of [[Madhya Pradesh]] announcing Punjabi in Gurmukhi script as a secondary school subject in his state while visiting Punjab, and large land grants for Punjabi soldiers from the CMs of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in their states following accounts from the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] and [[Ladakh]].{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=152}}

On 24 December 1962, Sikh leaders met at Patiala, under the Maharaja of Patiala as the Chief Organizer, in order to continue national defense after the 1962 war, amidst a spate of anti-Sikh comments and incidents involving government officials through the following year.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=154}}

Only following the change in Akali Dal leadership and the significant role of the Sikhs in the later [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]],<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|371}} which generated strong support among the Sikh population, did the center begin to consider acceding to the long-standing Sikh demand.<ref name=kudaisya/>

====Punjab Raksha Dal====
During the 1962 war effort, Pratap Singh Kairon, who opposed the Punjabi Suba from the beginning, had undertaken efforts to raise a rural volunteer force called the Punjab Raksha Dal ("Punjab Protection Army") for further reinforcement and manpower, and enlisted an American firm towards the construction of an air suspension factory in Punjab. Arya Samajists would nevertheless decry these efforts as a "consolidation of Sikh strength" and a steps towards a power seizure, and under such characterizations Kairon was told by the central government to merge the Punjab Raksha Dal with the [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guard]]; factory plans were cancelled.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=153}}

===Changes in leaderships (1964-1965)===
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Amidst lingering suspicions among Congressites,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=153}} Partap Singh Kairon's administration had also been attracting corruption charges amidst ebbing support in 1963; he resigned on 14 June 1964,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=201}} facing 33 charges compiled by Congress MLAs on 29 August 1963 and an enquiry on 22 October,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=153}} with his detractors and opponents characterizing the American-educated Kairon's political tactics, resulting in charges of corruption and nepotism, as the "American technique."{{sfn|Nayar|1966|pp=153–156}} During his defense facing S. R. Das of the Das Commission, he reiterated his stance against the Punjabi Suba and on the national border.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=153}} The leakage of Das' report would nevertheless prompt his preemptive resignation a week before its official release.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=157}}

His legacy would include the founding of [[Punjabi University]], helping Punjab's agricultural peasantry with farming loans and techniques, electric power, infrastructure to attempt to draw the [[Jat Sikh|Jatts]] and other agriculturalists away from the Akalis, and the beginnings of Punjab's [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]],{{sfn|Grewal|1998|pp=201-202}} which would go on to have strong influence on Punjab's political course in the coming decades, though Akali disagreement with Congress also alienated Sikh peasantry from Congress.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=202}}

Jawaharlal Nehru would die shortly before on 27 May 1964, also remaining an opponent of the Punjabi Suba.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=156}}

In January 1965,{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=151}} a close associate of Fateh Singh, Sant Channan Singh, was elected [[SGPC]] president, further consolidating Fateh Singh's position{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=401}} when his faction defeated Tara Singh's with ninety seats to 45 in the SGPC on 18 January.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=202}} With the parallel factions remaining divided, Tara Singh withdrawing from the scene for six months for contemplation amid dwindling political fortunes,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=401}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=202}} though his supporters remained active.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=202}} Tara Singh would retire to Salogra, a small village in Himachal Pradesh, to enable Fateh Singh to lead the movement freely.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=157}}

===1965 Nalwa Conference===
A subsequent spate of desecrations of Sikh scriptures in the following period led to another Sikh convention in Patiala on 29 April 1965. The ''Sikh Review Calcutta'' noted these and past incidents of forced shavings and police assaults on Sikhs, ongoing Arya Samaj newspaper attacks on Sikh gurus, and vandalisms and burnings of various gurdwaras, all without redress from state or central governments. Internationally, a Malaysian Sikh convention at Punjabi School Kuala Lumpur also noted the continued desecrations as "a result of pre-meditated conspiracy by the people who are out to injure the religious susceptibilities of the Sikhs in order to create disorder in the country by such provocations."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=158}}

Following a conference in Ludhiana beginning in May 1965,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=202}} attention to the Punjabi Suba, the shared objective of both factions of the Akali Dal, was renewed on 4 July. Named the Nalwa Conference after famed Sikh general [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], the main Conference resolution was drawn up by eminent Sikh scholar and intellectual [[Kapur Singh]], and moved by [[Gurnam Singh]], then leader of the opposition in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]], and seconded by Giani Bhupinder Singh, then president of Tara Singh's faction of the Akali Dal.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=401}} The resolution read as follows:
{{Blockquote|text=1. This Conference in commemoration of General Hari Singh Nalwa of historical fame reminds all concerned that the Sikh people are makers of history and are conscious of their political destiny in a free India. 
2. This Conference recalls that the Sikh people agreed to merge in a common Indian nationality on the explicit understanding of being accorded a constitutional status of co-sharers in the Indian sovereignty along with the majority community, which solemn understanding now stands cynically repudiated by the present rulers of India. Further, the Sikh people have been systematically reduced to a sub-political status in their homeland, the Punjab, and to an insignificant position, in their mother-land India. The Sikhs are in a position to establish before an impartial International Tribunal, uninfluenced by the present Indian rulers that the laws, the judicial processes and the executive actions of the union of India are consistently and heavily weighed against the Sikhs and are administered with bandaged eyes against Sikh citizens. 
3. This Conference, therefore, resolves, after careful thought and consideration that there is no alternative for the Sikhs in the interests of their self preservation but to frame their political demand for securing a self-determined political status within the Republic of the Union of India.|sign= Moved by: Sardar Gurnam Singh, 
Bar-at-law, Judge, High Court (Retd.) 
M.L.A. (Punjab), Leader of the Opposition|source={{sfn|Doad|1997|p=401}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=202}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=159}}}}

A similar statement of support was issued by the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]].{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=159}} While the demand of the Nalwa Conference had been for a self-determined status within the Union, the Hindi and Urdu presses interpreted this as a call for a sovereign Sikh state.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=203}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=159}}

Later in an agreement in October 1968, a resolution which would reflect the ideas of Kapur Singh, who would become the senior vice president of the Akali Dal in 1969, would state that the Khalsa was "a sovereign people by birthright," the command of Guru Gobind Singh, and by the course of Sikh history, advocating for autonomous status in a demarcated territory within India, and that the national Constitution "should be on a correct federal basis and that the states should have greater autonomy," referring to the powers of all states of the country.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=207}} This had been "the Congress party in power has abused the Constitution to the detriment of the non-Congress Governments, and uses its power for its party interest."{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=207}}

===Tara Singh's return===
On 24 July 1965, Tara Singh ended his self-exile from politics. On 2 August, he addressed a press conference in Delhi, applauded and pledged support for the Nalwa Conference resolution, calling for the Sikhs' "place in the sun of free India" in a statement.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=402}} He further stated that:{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=161–163}}

* promises regarding self-determined Sikh political status were cynically repudiated soon after Independence,
* A "resurgence of militant Hinduism [had] since 1947 completely taken control of the scene in free India," characterized by "an emphasis on ramming Sanskritised Hindi down the unwilling throats of non-Hindi speaking people, insistence on the performance of Hindu rituals at State functions" to the complete exclusion of minority ceremonies, towards whom "an aggressive attitude" was directed, including various anti-Muslim riots and "persistent and planned desecration of Sikh places of worship" by "communalist thugs", "discontent in the Hill areas of Assam and Nagaland" due to "unfair treatment of Christians", and the continuous stifling of Kashmiri aspirations, with their leaders placed under detention, "all while proselytising activities of the Hindus have been encouraged by the State", and that it was "clear that the minorities in India, in particular the Muslims, the Christians and the Sikhs, stand in great jeopardy"; and
* that "the Sikh people are makers of history, and the community's identity cannot be wiped out in the name of national unity" by "these new rulers of India" seeking to destroy or absorb it.

In response, the government would again try to boost Fateh Singh's profile in relation to Tara Singh's, following reaction and criticism to his statement among some Hindus characterizing it as treasonous. The new Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] invited Fateh Singh to talks on 7 August, though Fateh Singh would also reiterate the demand for a Punjabi Suba in the wake of continued government indifference to desecrations of Sikh scriptures and disregard of Akali and Sikh contributions to national defense.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=165–166}} On 14 August, his Akali faction's Working Committee passed a resolution stating that "the Government of India did not trust the Punjabis in general and the Sikhs in particular."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=167}}

In a 10 August address speech, Fateh Singh eulogized Inderjit Singh, the Bathinda Special Jail deaths, and the scores of martyrs for the cause.{{sfn|Singh|1991|p=152}} He announced on 16 August that in order to secure the Punjabi Suba he would commence another fast on 10 September, and if it was unsuccessful, on the 25th he would self-immolate at the Akal Takht.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=402}}

SGPC president Channan Singh, [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]], and Akali Dal vice president Harcharan Singh Hudiara went to Delhi on 8 September to attend a high-level meeting with prominent government leaders, including the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] [[Yadavindra Singh|Yadavinder Singh]], the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defense Minister]], The [[Minister of Home Affairs|Minister of State for Home Affairs]], and members of Parliament.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=402}}

===1965 war===
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}}
Requesting Fateh Singh to defer the fast in light of the declaration of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]; some, including Yadavinder Singh, gave their assurance of support for the Punjabi Suba cause if the government continued to avoid the demand after normalcy was restored. This message was relayed to Fateh Singh on 9 September as Channan Singh and the Akali leaders returned to [[Amritsar]]. Fateh Singh accepted the request and appealed to the Sikhs in Punjab to support the war effort and the senior commanders, who were almost all Sikh.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=402}} Pakistani radio would offer support to Fateh Singh and the Sikh soldiery and peasantry if Sikh nationhood was opted for, deploying paratroopers to aid expected widespread revolt, which never materialized and was strongly rejected.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=168}} Tara Singh stated, "We shall, of course, struggle and gain our freedom by our sacrifices and by the grace of our Great Guru, but shall never ask for support from Pakistan. Such a suicidal step can only help us in jumping from frying pan into fire," and Fateh Singh offered blood, "as much as can be taken leaving a bare minimum for me to exist or for self immolation for the Punjabi Suba." The SGPC directed all 700 gurdwaras under its control to provide all aid to soldiers and their families.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=170}}

The war ended 21 days later with a [[ceasefire]] on 22 September, with both sides claiming victory.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=403}} More demonstrations of patriotism{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=203}} prompted the Indian government, who after Nehru's death in 1964 had leadership that was more open to consider regional demands, to revisit the Punjabi Suba issue in light of the contributions in the war effort by Sikhs.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} The Sikhs had previously been seen with mistrust and apprehension by the government;{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=203}} retaining the loyalty of the Sikh citizenry and soldiery, amidst fears of increased receptivity resulting from disaffection to Pakistani overtures attempting to soften historical Sikh-Muslim enmity, "probably also played a role" in this decision.<ref name=horowitz/> Stories of the bravery and patriotism of the Sikhs during the war had already been circulating, and on 6 September the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]], [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], had made a statement in the [[Lok Sabha]] that "the whole question of formation of Punjabi-speaking state could be examined afresh with an open mind."{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=403}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=203}}{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=169–170}} Later on the 23rd he declared the formation of a committee of the Cabinet to pursue the matter further, with the stated hope that "the efforts of this Cabinet Committee and of the Parliamentary Committee will lead to a satisfactory settlement of the question."{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=403}} The Punjab Congress Committee also debated the issue at length, with [[Zail Singh]], [[Mohan Singh (general)|General Mohan Singh]], and [[Narain Singh Shahbazpuri]] lending their full support.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=403}}

==Formation (1966)==
In the Parliament, the Home Minister sent a list of nominees from the [[Rajya Sabha]] to the chairman and a list of nominees from the [[Lok Sabha]] to the Speaker, [[Sardar Hukam Singh]], who announced the final 22-person committee representing all sections of the House, including representatives from the Akali Dal, Congress, [[Jana Sangh]], [[Swatantra Party]], [[Communism in India|Communists]], and independents.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}}

===Parliamentary Consultative Committee===
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The period for receiving [[memoranda]] from the various parties and individuals was set from October to 5 November 1965. Preliminary discussions were held from 26 November to 25 December 1965. On 10 January 1966, the [[SGPC]]'s general secretary [[Lachhman Singh Gill]] and executive member Rawel Singh met the committee and presented the case for a Punjabi-speaking state. On the 27th, Giani Kartar Singh and [[Harcharan Singh Brar]] appeared in the Punjab legislature on behalf of Congress, also arguing in favor of it. Of the memoranda submitted to the committee, nearly 2,200 supported the Punjabi Suba and 903 opposing.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}} Hukam Singh was thus able to secure string support from the assembled committee for its creation.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}} [[Morarji Desai]], [[Ram Subhag Singh]] and [[Biju Patnaik]] were among those who voted against the resolution.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=173}}

Amidst perceived attempts by Nanda and [[Indira Gandhi]] to limit the Committee's purview, the Sikh Review Calcutta reiterated the constitutional and linguistic grounds for the Punjabi Suba;{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=171}} a memorandum submitted by [[Buta Singh]] on 5 November blamed "Hindu communalists and their hirelings" for creating the problem by renouncing Punjabi for Hindi, and Tara Singh reiterated the Sikh right to "demand a self-determined political status for themselves within the Republic of the Union of India such as might enable them to preserve themselves and prosper freely."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=172}}

The Parliamentary Committee's report was handed in on 15 March 1966; the Congress Working Committee had already adopted a motion on the 6th recommending the government to carve out a Punjabi-speaking state out of the erstwhile [[East Punjab]] state.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}} The report was made public on 18 March, and the demand was conceded on 23 April, with a commission appointed on 17 April{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=204}} to demarcate the new states of Punjab and [[Haryana]], and transferring certain areas to [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/future-tense/articleshow/71408895.cms|title=Future tense? |last=Singh|first=IP|website=The Times of India|date=5 October 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>The Sikhs as a "Minority" in a Sikh Majority State in India, by Paul Wallace, Asian Survey, 1986 University of California Press</ref><ref name="india_gov_PRA_1966">{{cite web | url = http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf | title = The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 | publisher = Government of India | date = 1966-09-18 | access-date = 2011-12-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf | archive-date = 19 January 2012 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}} The [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] was passed on 18 September in the Lok Sabha, and on 1 November 1966, a Punjabi-speaking state became a reality.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=204}}

In total, 57,129{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=398}} Sikhs would be placed in jail over the course of the movement.

====Jan Sangh agitation====
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In reaction to the committee's recommendation to the central government of a state with Punjabi as its official language on 9 March 1966, the [[Jan Sangh]] started an agitation, which would include strikes, arson, murders,{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=173}} and clashes, which would occur in Punjab and Delhi, in an attempt to maintain Hindu hegemony.<ref name=horowitz>{{cite book |last1=Horowitz |first1=Donald L. |title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520342057 |pages=160–161 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Deadly_Ethnic_Riot/PU_hEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA161&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

As [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Dutt Sharma]], the Jan Sangh's Punjab secretary, announced a counter-fast, during which he would consist on "holy Ganges water mixed with salt and lime juice" before a gathering of 15,000 in Amritsar,<ref name=yielding>{{cite news |title=India Yielding to Sikh Demand For a Punjabi-Speaking State; Leaders of the Congress Party Commit New Delhi to Move After Suicide Threats |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/03/10/archives/india-yielding-to-sikh-demand-for-a-punjabispeaking-state-leaders.html |work=The New York Times |date=10 March 1966 |page=1}}</ref> mobs of thousands of Hindi supporters would take to the streets, amidst chants of ''Punjabi Suba murdabad'' ("death to the [Sikh] state of Punjab") and ''Indira Gandhi murdabad'' ("death to Indira Gandhi"). In Punjab, the mobs attacked government property and set fire to Sikh shops.<ref name=flames/> In [[Panipat]], 3 Congress workers, including an old associate of [[Bhagat Singh]],{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=204}} would be burned alive when Hindu rioters set fire to the cycle shop in which they were trapped.<ref name=flames/>

In Amritsar, violence began on the afternoon of 14 March, when Hindu students attacked the Katra Sher Singh post office, and protested violently in Bombaywala Khu. The police opened fire at both places. In the Ludhiana suburb of Iqbal Ganj, a group attempted to set fire to the records and furniture in the post office, leading to a three-hour incident in which at least six were reported injured.<ref name=iqbalganj>{{cite news |last1=Lukas |first1=J. Anthony |title=Youth Killed as Language Riots in India Go On; Police Open Fire on Crowd in Amritsar Protest Hindu-Sikh Clash Is Reported Over Punjabi Issue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/03/14/archives/youth-killed-as-language-riots-in-india-go-on-police-open-fire-on.html |work=The New York Times |date=14 March 1966 |page=8}}</ref> A 15-minute armed battle between Jan Sangh members and Sikhs also took place in Ludhiana, with unknown casualties. Troops were summoned to quell the violence.<ref name=madera/>

In New Delhi, rioting began when Hindu nationalists attacked bearded Sikhs in response to the government decision.<ref name=madera/> Sikh guards of [[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib]], the main Sikh gurdwara in Delhi, would defend the site from attacks by stones and bricks by rioters for three hours.<ref name=sisganj>{{cite news |last1=Lukas |first1=J. Anthony |title=Hindu vs. Sikh: Why the Killing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/03/20/archives/hindu-vs-sikh-why-the-killing.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 March 1966 |page=209}}</ref> They "impassively shrugged off insults and ducked stones until the harassment by a mob of 2,000 Hindus became unbearable," after which they would charge the mob with war cries and drawn swords in defense.<ref name=flames>{{cite news |author1=Time |title=India: Flames in Punjab |url=https://time.com/archive/6889215/india-flames-in-punjab/ |agency=Time |publisher=Time USA, LLC |date=25 March 1966}}</ref> Over 100 were injured in the clash,<ref>{{cite news |title=Tara Singh, Chief of Militant Sikhs; Thorn in Side of British and Indians Alike Dies at 84 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/22/archives/tara-singh-chief-of-militant-sikhs-thorn-in-side-of-british-and.html |work=The New York Times |date=22 November 1967}}</ref> There were also widespread attacks on post offices, railway booking offices and other government installations in Delhi,<ref name=sisganj/> prompting a dusk-to-dawn curfew in New Delhi.<ref name=madera>{{cite news |title=Hindu, Sikhs Riots Spread In India |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19660315.2.25&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------#documentdisplayleftpanesectionleveltabcontent |work=Madera Tribune |agency=California Digital Newspaper Collection |volume=74 |issue=213 |publisher=Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research |date=15 March 1966}}</ref>

Disturbances were also reported in [[Jalandhar]] and [[Patiala]] as well as [[Bhiwani]], where troops fired on the mobs, killing one and injuring ten.<ref name=madera/> By 14 March, Punjab Chief Minister [[Ram Kishan]] reported 45 demonstrators and 91 policemen injured in clashes, and that 235 persons had been arrested in Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar and [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]].<ref name=iqbalganj/>

The violent agitation was withdrawn on 18 March. Drawing widespread condemnation, and with 200 total casualties, it failed to receive popular support.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=173}} Sharma would end his fast on 21 March after 13 days, following a statement which cited assurances from Indira Gandhi, issued by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who also dissented on the formation of the Punjabi Suba.<ref name=opposed/> From its origin in Amritsar to its spread to Delhi, the agitation would claim fourteen lives.<ref name=sisganj/>

=====Aftermath=====
After the Punjabi Suba was formed, the Jan Sangh pursued no further efforts. Its units throughout Punjab, Haryana, and Chandigarh would echo local sentiments on the burgeoning controversy of Chandigarh's status. It accepted Punjabi as the sole official language of the state in Punjab, displeasing many in the Arya Samaj,{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=334}} and facing "bitter attacks" from the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha for "betrayal of cause of Hindi" after the Punjabi Suba was formed,<ref name=opposed/> despite Hindi retaining compulsory status in schools.{{sfn|Brass|2005|p=334}}

Decades later, on 10 May 2015, commenting on the role that the Jan Sangh, the predecessor of the [[BJP]], played in the 1961 census alongside the Arya Samaj and senior Congress leaders, Punjab BJP president Kamal Sharma would remark that "mistakes were committed," as the Jan Sangh had broken even from the RSS on the issue of the language Hindus were encouraged to register as their native language.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=IP |title=No Punjabi versus Hindi divide now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-punjabi-versus-hindi-divide-now/articleshow/47313787.cms |website=Times of India |date=17 May 2015}}</ref>

==Implementation==
The Akali Dal took issue with the conceived form of the state of Punjab as presented, the form in which it continues to exist currently. Akali Dal opposed the implementation of the Punjab Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1966 and Akali leaders protested against it.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> Several months before its inauguration, Fateh Singh expressed his dissatisfaction over several issues of contention, including genuinely Punjabi-speaking areas being left out of the new state and given to Haryana and Himachal Pradesh,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} namely adjoining areas of [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Kalka]], [[Pinjore]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], [[Una district|Una]], [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]], and parts of [[Ganganagar district]],<ref name=evolution/>{{rp|371}} as well as [[Sirsa]], parts of [[Nalagarh]], [[Tohana]] and Guhla, [[Ratia]] block in Hisar, and [[Shahbad]] block in [[Kurukshetra]].{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=175}} (as a result of the falsified linguistic returns of the 1961 census),{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=204}} [[Chandigarh]] was being turned into a [[Union Territory]],{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} the level of autonomy of the states,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=207}} and power and irrigation projects were to be taken over by the central government,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} instead of the state retaining control of them.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=207}}

Over the use of the 1961 census, Tara Singh boycotted the commission, Fateh Singh's Akali faction passed a resolution stating that it had been done on religious and not linguistic lines, and the Chief Khalsa Diwan issued a press note:
{{blockquote|"The 1961 and 1951 census recordings were on communal lines and did not convey the real number of Punjabi and Hindi speaking people....For this reason soon after the 1961 census, the then Prime Minister condemned its language recordings as "false and unreliable." What an irony of facts that in the terms of reference the present Home Minister should ask the Commission to give due regard to these figures."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=174}}}}

===Chandigarh===
The trifurcation was to done by ''tehsil'', rather than village, and would further skew the process. Two Commission members had proposed the exclusion of [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] ''tehsil'' from Punjab, which, while unimplemented, had been the first sign that the adjacent Chandigarh was potentially not to go to Punjab state.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=204}} The third member of the commission, [[Subimal Dutt]], in his dissent noted that Kharar's rural population was majority Punjabi speaking, and that "the Hindu population in Chandigarh Capital project is purely migratory, having come from Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan for labour only. Therefore, Kharar tehsil and Chandigarh cannot be considered to be Hindi-speaking."{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=175}}

Chandigarh had been the planned capital of Punjab, built to replace [[Lahore]], the capital of erstwhile Punjab and of the [[Sikh Empire]],{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}} which became part of Pakistan during the partition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/history.html |title=Chandigarh History |work=Chandigarh Guide |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221092038/http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/history.html |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Government Information">{{cite web |url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_general.htm |title=About Chandigarh |publisher=Government of Chandigarh |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602043256/http://chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_general.htm |archive-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> Over 50 [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]-speaking Punjabi villages had been displaced to build the city, whose inhabitants remained marginalized.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjay |title=Displaced for making Chandigarh, their marginalization is still on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/displaced-for-making-chandigarh-their-marginalization-is-still-on/articleshow/13136226.cms |website=Times of India |date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

Chandigarh was claimed by both Haryana and Punjab. Pending resolution of the dispute, it was declared as a separate Union Territory which would serve as the capital of both the states,<ref name=topunjab/> while Haryana would ostensibly set up its own capital city.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=98}} Though the Union Government had decided to give Chandigarh to Punjab as solely its capital in 1970, per a formal communication issued by the Union government on 29 January 1970, and Haryana was granted five years and a proposed budget of 200 million rupees to set up its own capital, this has not been implemented, though Chandigarh had been conceived to be the capital of a single state.<ref name=topunjab>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/in-1970-centre-decided-to-give-chandigarh-to-punjab/articleshow/70985871.cms|title=In 1970, the Centre decided to give Chandigarh to Punjab|last=Sura |first=Ajay|website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> However, the 1970 decision to be implemented in 1975 was then made contingent on the transfer of territory in [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]] to Haryana, to be made accessible through a corridor,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=208}} and the process again stalled.

The provision that Chandigarh's civil employees would be drawn in a proportion of 60:40 from Punjab and Haryana respectively has gone unheeded, with the proportion of employees drawn from Punjab having plummeted. The city has instead created its own body of civil employees<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> drawn from outside the state. The Punjabi language has no official status in the city despite its creation in [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]] Punjabi-speaking territory and its dominant Punjabi presence. As it remains a Union territory, the central government remains in control of its entire executive process.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/>

===Black Day===
[[File:Jatha of Sikhs volunteers of Punjabi Suba movement.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of a ''[[jatha]]'' of Sikh volunteers of the Punjabi Suba movement]]
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A week after the implementation, Fateh Singh called for the continuation of the agitation, in order to have Chandigarh and adjoining Punjabi-speaking areas left in Haryana, as well as the control of the [[Bhakra Nangal Dam]] and other hydropower projects and headworks, returned to Punjab. Commencing on 16 November 1966, he began to send jathas of Akali leaders to the Punjabi countryside to rally support. 12 December was observed as a "Black Day."<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> The next day, Fateh Singh started his fast at the Akal Takht, announced that he would commit [[self-immolation]] on 27 December.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} The Union government was concerned at this announcement and continued negotiations on the demands. An hour before the scheduled time of 4 pm on 27 December for immolation, after Hukam Singh arrived in Amritsar and told a large congregation at the Golden Temple that Indira Gandhi, who had assumed power on 20 January 1966,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=204}} had agreed to arbitrate on the outstanding issues and that Chandigarh belonged to Punjab, Fateh Singh called off his immolation bid<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> under this understanding, though she would state on 8 January 1967 that no assurances had been made on Chandigarh, and talks were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} He would fast again before the 1970 decision.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=208}} He would continue to demand the inclusion of Chandigarh and other Punjabi-speaking areas left out of Punjab until his death in 1972.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/>

===Darshan Singh Pheruman===
The demand was additionally advanced by ''[[jathedar]]'' [[Darshan Singh Pheruman]], a veteran Akali leader with a long history of participating in Sikh political rights movements, from the [[Akali movement]] during which he was jailed for a year in 1921 and the [[Akali movement#Jaitu and Bhai Pheru agitations|Jaito Morcha]] of 1923–25 to reinstate Sikh leaders of Punjabi [[princely states]] removed by the British in which he was jailed again three years later.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> He went to the jail three times during the course of the Punjabi Suba movement.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> Believing that Sant Fateh Singh had reneged on his (''[[ardas]]'') before completing his objective of the return of Chandigarh and Punjabi-speaking areas by not following through on his vow of self-immolation, on 1 August, Pheruman announced his own fast to begin on 15 August 1969.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=207}}{{sfn|Singh|1991|p=13}}

Declaring the country as free but the ''panth'' still in bondage without a Sikh homeland, the party's Working Committee resolved to continue to struggle for the objectives of Fateh Singh's fast, with nearly all Punjabi parties participating in a huge procession in Chandigarh to have it included.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=208}} Pheruman was arrested and sent to jail, where he continued his fast-unto-death. He died on 27 October 1969, on the 74th day of his [[hunger strike]].<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/>{{sfn|Singh|1991|p=14}}

===Unresolved issues===
Despite the success of the movement in the creation of the [[Punjab, India|state of Punjab]], its implementation left many unresolved issues behind, including the allocation of the capital city of [[Chandigarh]],{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}} which is the only state capital in the country to be shared with another state, adjustment of some of the territorial claims of Punjab,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}} with many large Punjabi-speaking areas left out of the allocated state, and the distribution of river waters which remains unresolved.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}} The national government's centralizing impulses, as manifest in issues like wheat procurement, water resources, and power resources, generated further Sikh disaffection, strengthening the belief that New Delhi was trying to impose a "political brake" on the community's economic and social advancement. This unresolved tension would lead to campaigns for more state autonomy throughout the 1970s.<ref name=kudaisya/> To this end, the Akali Dal would draft the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] in the 1970s, and re-launch the movement in the form of the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] in 1982; by 1983 more than 40,000 Akali protestors had courted arrest,<ref name="JSChima">{{citation |last1=Chima |first1=Jugdep S |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9788132105381 |pages=71–75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72}}</ref> with thousands remaining in jail for months, and some for years.<ref name="Tribune_Celebrate"/> The [[Khalistan movement]], which gained traction in the subsequent decades, would also stress the right of control over territory and water.<ref>{{cite book | author=Rina Ramdev, Sandhya D. Nambiar, Debaditya Bhattacharya | title=Sentiment, Politics, Censorship: The State of Hurt | publisher=SAGE Publications| year=2015 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4GTCwAAQBAJ | quote=The forerunner to the Khalistan movement the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water. | page=91| isbn=9789351503057 }}</ref><ref name=chopra/> These issues continue to figure prominently in Punjab politics and remain points of contention between the state and the central government.{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=404}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal | last = Bal | first = Sarjit Singh | title= Punjab After Independence (1947-1956) | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year = 1985 | volume=46 |pages=416–430 | jstor = 44141382 |pmid=22491937 }}
* {{cite book | last = Doad | first = Karnail Singh | editor1-last = Siṅgh | editor1-first = Harbans | title = Punjabi Sūbā Movement | date = 1997 | publisher = Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 | location = Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=9788173803499 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/n407 391]-404 | edition = 3rd | url = https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r | language = en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York City, U.S.A. | pages = 92–101 |isbn=978-0415201087 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_AMX5RI_YUC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=9781316025338 |pages=181–209 |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |access-date=16 April 2020|author1-link=J. S. Grewal }}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurmit |title=History of Sikh Struggles, Volume I (1946-1966) |date=1989 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9780836458893 |pages=79–176 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyof-sikhs-vol-i}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurmit |title=History of Sikh Struggles: Volume II (1966-1984) |date=1991 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9780836427424 |pages=1–31 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-sikh-struggles-vol-ii}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sarhadi |first1=Ajit Singh |title=Punjabi Suba: The Story of the Struggle |date=1970 |publisher=U. C. Kapur and Sons |location=Delhi |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2653&page=1&CategoryID=1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Jyotirindra Das |title=Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India |date=1970 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520301115 |pages=150–158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111605/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=Baldev Raj |author1-link=Baldev Raj Nayar |title=Minority Politics in the Punjab |date=1966 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400875948 |url=https://archive.org/details/minoritypolitics0000unse_v1n5/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Donald Eugene |title=India as a Secular State |date=1963 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400877782 |pages=448–453 |edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117132/page/n403/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kahol |first1=Om Prakasha |title=Hindus and the Punjabi State: A Psycho-political Discussion on the Conception & Rationale of Punjabi State |date=1955 |publisher=The Hindu Prachara Sabha |location=Ambala Cantt. |page=9 |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduspunjabista0000kaho/mode/2up}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author1=Chief Khalsa Diwan Amritsar Educational Committee |title=The Complete Case of Punjabi Suba |date=22 February 1966 |publisher=Veekay Weekly |url=https://archive.org/details/panjabi-suba/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |author1-link=J. S. Grewal |title=Master Tara Singh in Indian History: Colonialism, Nationalism and the Politics of Sikh Identity |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199467099 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Master_Tara_Singh_in_Indian_History.html?id=6PPRswEACAAJ}}

{{Sikh politics}}
{{Punjab, India}}
{{Coord|31|00|N|76|00|E|display=title|region:IN_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi nationalism]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Statehood movements in India]]

Abhijeet Sawant

2026-03-14T07:15:10Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1981)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhijeet Sawant
| image = Abhijeet Sawant2015.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sawant in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|10|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Singer, actor
| years_active = 2004–present
| website =
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*''[[Indian Idol#Season 1|Indian Idol 1]]''
*''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''
*''[[Nach Baliye]]''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Shilpa Edvankar|2007}}
| children = 2
| module = {{infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = Vocals
| label = Abhijeet Sawant
| genre = [[Indian pop]], [[playback singing|playback]]
}}
}}
'''Abhijeet Sawant''' (born 7 October 1981) is an Indian [[Singing|singer]], [[television personality]], and the winner of first season of [[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Idol 12 winner to win Rs 25 lakh; here's how much the previous winners won|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/article/indian-idol-12-winner-to-win-rs-25-lakh-here-s-how-much-the-previous-winners-won/798609|access-date=2021-08-14|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=13 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was the first runner up of ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star]]'' and finished third in ''[[Asian Idol]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Indian Idol's First Winner Abhijeet Sawant Is Looking For Work Amid Lockdown- Details Inside! - Zee5 News|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/?p=606288|access-date=2021-08-14|website=ZEE5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=March 21, 2018|title=Remember Indian Idol winner Abhijeet Sawant? Here's what he is planning to do next|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/remember-indian-idol-winner-abhijeet-sawant-here-s-what-he-is-planning-to-do-next-1194080-2018-03-21|access-date=2021-08-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-07-14|title=Rahul Vaidya is the 'Superstar'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rahul-vaidya-is-the-superstar/story-0dVNGUwi57oqofKm3jMS0L.html|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He was also the first runner up of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 5 Finale: Suraj Chavan Lifts Trophy, Abhijeet Sawant Is First Runner-Up |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-season-5-grand-finale-suraj-chavan-wins-trophy-abhijeet-sawant-named-first-runner-up-6733143 |access-date= |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==

Abhijeet Sawant the first Indian Idol was born on October 7, 1981 in a middle class Marathi speaking family, he studied in Mumbai’s Raje Shivaji Vidyalay in Mahim before completing his graduation from Chetna College, Bandra.

Abhijeet has revealed that he was not a good student academically, but developed interest in singing and it was his uncle, a professional artist who guided him in finding his career path.

While working on his music career, he studied sound engineering, and IT at [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=Abhijeet Sawant: The Stardom, The Fall And The Rise Of A Star |url=https://jay-ho.com/abhijeet-sawant-the-stardom-the-fall-and-the-rise-of-a-star/ |website=jay-ho.com |language=en}}</ref> After graduating from [[Chetana College|Chetana College of Commerce & Economics]], Sawant joined the music industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abhijeet Sawant Profile|url=http://www.marathisanmaan.com/bollywood-actors/abhijeet-sawant-2|date=1 September 2014|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128083250/http://www.marathisanmaan.com/bollywood-actors/abhijeet-sawant-2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
===Singing===
Abhijeet Sawant won the 1st season of ''[[Indian Idol]]'', an adaptation of the Pop Idol format, in 2004. His first solo album, ''Aapka Abhijeet Sawant'', was released on 14 April 2005. That year he also did playback singing in the movie ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]'', performing the song ''Mar Jaawan Mit Jaawan''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The value of singers in the industry has reduced: Abhijeet Sawant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/the-value-of-singers-in-the-industry-has-reduced-abhijeet-sawant/story-DAuE5wOCS0RmasfbkOQOYM.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=3 August 2016}}</ref>

His second album, ''Junoon'', was released on 10 July 2007. The title track charted in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Idol's First Winner Abhijeet Sawant Is Looking For Work Amid Lockdown- Details Inside! - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/indian-idols-first-winner-abhijeet-sawant-is-looking-for-work-amid-lockdown-details-inside |website=ZEE5 |language=en |date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

Abhijeet Sawant was a finalist of ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star|Clinic All Clear Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar]]'' on [[Star Plus]] in 2008. The show was a competition between the winners and runners-up of various singing reality shows on Indian television. Sawant became the first runner up of the show.

He released his third studio album in 2013 which was titled ''Farida.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhijeet Sawant launches new album - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/abhijeet-sawant-launches-new-album/1100937/|access-date=2021-08-14|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-10|title=Coming from a reality show: Abhijeet Sawant|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/coming-from-a-reality-show-abhijeet-sawant/story-wbJdLv7btgHTXA9gPHuiZN.html|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

===Acting===
Sawant made his acting debut in the movie ''[[Lottery (2009 film)|Lottery]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Abhijeet-Sawant-hits-jackpot/articleshow/3695671.cms|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707151157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-11/news-interviews/27949691_1_music-videos-big-plunge-murder-conspiracy|url-status= live|archive-date= 7 July 2012|title=Abhijeet Sawant hits jackpot! |author=Zinia Sen |work= [[The Times of India]]|date= 11 November 2008 }}</ref> He also made a small appearance at the end of film ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''.

He made a special appearance as himself in the romantic drama series ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]'' and thriller crime series ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''

===Other===
Sawant and his wife Shilpa participated in the dancing reality show ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' ([[Nach Baliye#Nach Baliye 4|Season 4]]) in (2008–2009). They were eliminated after facing public votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abhijeetsawant.in/news/abhijeet-sawant-news-9.html |title=Abhijeet and Shilpa Sawant in Nach Baliye 4 |publisher=Abhijeetsawant.in |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721145902/http://www.abhijeetsawant.in/news/abhijeet-sawant-news-9.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He co-hosted ''[[Indian Idol 5]]'' along with [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]].

He has joined the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] with a mandate to attract youth to the party fold.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First 'Indian Idol' Abhijeet Sawant joins Shiv Sena|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-indian-idol-abhijeet-sawant-joins-shiv-sena-398634|access-date=2021-08-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gangan|first=Surendra|date=2009-07-26|title=Abhijeet Sawant joins Shiv Sena|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-abhijeet-sawant-joins-shiv-sena-1277160|access-date=2021-08-14|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, he competed and finished as the runner-up of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi Season 5]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 5: Internet Claims Abhijeet Sawant Didn't Win The Trophy Due To This Reason |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-5-internet-claims-abhijeet-sawant-didnt-win-the-trophy-due-to-this-reason-9078162.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, he competed on ''[[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)| Celebrity MasterChef India]]'' where he was the second person to be eliminated.

==Road incident in 2010==
In 2010, Sawant and his friend [[Prajakta Shukre]] (with three other aspiring singers) were driving their individual cars in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz]] (Mumbai), returning from a singers' meet. Shukre's car rammed into a scooter injuring two people. As public gathered, Sawant came out to help his friend. But an angry mob beat him. Later, police arrived rescuing them from mob.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/indian-idol-sawant-beaten-up-in-mumbai/articleshow/7026065.cms |title=Indian Idol Sawant beaten up in Mumbai |date=2 December 2010 |newspaper=TOI}}</ref>

==Discography==

'''Studio albums'''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1"
|+
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Album details
|-
! scope="row"| ''Aapka... Abhijeet Sawant''
|
* Released: 14 April 2005
* Label: [[Sony Music India|Sony BMG Music India]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Junoon''
|
* Released: 18 December 2007
* Label: [[Sony Music India|Sony BMG Music India]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Farida''
|
* Released: 2013
* Label: [[Universal Music India]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Fakira''
|
* Released: 2018
* Label: [[Universal Music India]]
|}

===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ As singer
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Composer !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2005 || "Mar Jaavan Mit Jaavan"|| ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]'' || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 2006 || "Yaad Teri Yaad" || ''[[Jawani Diwani - A Youthful Joyride]]'' || [[Sajid–Wajid]] || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 2010 || "Happy Ending" || ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' || [[Vishal–Shekhar]] || [[Harshit Saxena]], [[Debojit Saha]], [[Prajakta Shukre]]
|-
| 2012 || "Bechain Sapne" || ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'' || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] ||
|-
| 2014 || "Sar Sukhachi Shravani" || ''[[Mangalashtak Once More]]'' || [[Nilesh Moharir]]|| [[Bela Shende]]
|-
| 2014 || "Beating Beating" || ''[[Ishq Wala Love]]'' || [[S. J. Surya]] || [[Neha Rajpal]], Kirti Killedar
|-
| 2015 || "Ye Na" || ''[[Baji (2015 film)|Baji]]'' || [[Atif Afzal (composer)|Atif Afzal]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || "Sau Tarah Ke Revisited" || rowspan="2" | ''[[Dishoom]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Pritam]] || [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
|-
|"Ishqa"
|[[Antara Mitra]]
|-
| 2017 || "Hume Tumse Pyaar Kitna" || "Single"|| Shomu Seal|| None
|-
| 2017 || "Rangreza" || "Duet" || ''Sukumar Dutta'' || Pragya Patra
|-
| 2019 || "Tera Rishta"|| “Single” || Shahzeb Tejani || Shahzeb Tejani
|-
| 2023 || "Tum Ho Nazmm Hamaarii" || ''[[Moods with Melodies]]'' || [[Himesh Reshammiya]]|| None
|-
|}

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Lottery (2009 film)|Lottery]]''
|Rohit Awasthi
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Abhijeet makes acting debut|publisher=Glamsham|accessdate=6 February 2015|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/07/nov/16-abhijeet-sawant-lottery-hemant-prabhu-santosh-singh-aadesh-110713.asp}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2004 - 2005
|''[[Indian Idol]]''
|Contestant
|Winner<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Indian Idol 1 winner Abhijeet Sawant says live performances are his biggest source of income: 'I spend most of my time on stage…it is my business' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/indian-idol-1-winner-abhijeet-sawant-says-live-performances-are-his-biggest-source-of-income-9159289/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/mixed-reactions-for-sony%27s-%27kaisa-ye-pyar-hai%27-15734.html|title=Mixed reactions for Sony's 'Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai' – Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=11 April 2005 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Asian Idol]]''
| rowspan="3" |Contestant
| {{nowrap|Third Place}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-26 |title=Abhijeet Sawant, Rahul Vaidya, Amit Tandon: Here's what Indian Idol season 1 contestants are doing now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhijeet-sawant-rahul-vaidya-amit-tandon-heres-what-indian-idol-season-1-contestants-are-doing-now/photostory/53871018.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star]]''
|Runner-up
|-
|2008 - 2009
|''[[Nach Baliye]]''
|13th Place
|-
|2010
|''[[Indian Idol|Indian Idol 5]]''
|Host
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil|Comedy Nights With Kapil]]''
|Himself
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Love Me India]]''
|Mentor
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''
|rowspan="2"|Contestant
|1st Runner-up<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi Updates: इंडियन आयडॉल फेम अभिजीत सावंतची बिग बॉसच्या घरात एन्ट्री, छोटा पुढारी घनःश्याम दरवडेच्या नावाचीही लागली पाटी |url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/indian-idol-fame-abhijeet-sawant-entered-in-bigg-boss-house-ghanashyam-darwade-is-also-in-the-show-article-112087009 |access-date= |website=TimesNowMarathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|Celebrity MasterChef India]]''
|11th Place
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3234147/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk Abhijeet Sawant] on [[IMDb|IMDB]]
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{Indian Idol}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawant, Abhijeet}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Asian Idol]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian Idol winners]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Buddhist artists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]

Kazi Nazrul Islam

2026-03-12T09:18:30Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Short description|Bengali poet, writer and musician (1899–1976)}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Redirect2|Nazrul|Nazrul Islam|other persons with the same name|Nazrul Islam (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses}}
}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kazi Nazrul Islam
| image = Nazrul.jpg
| caption = Kazi Nazrul Islam in 1926, [[Chittagong]]
| birth_date = {{cslist|[[Nazrul Jayanti|{{Birth date|df=yes|1899|5|24}}]]<ref name=Banglapedia /><ref name="nazrul1">{{Cite book |last=Chakravarty |first=Basudha |year=1968 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam |series=National Biography Series |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust, India |page=1 |oclc=837539518 |quote=Kazi Nazrul Islam was born on Jaistha 11 of the Bengali year 1306, corresponding to May 24, 1899 at village Churulia in Burdwan district of what is now West Bengal.}}</ref> |semi=true}}
| birth_place = [[Churulia]], Asansol, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|8|29|1899|5|24}}
| death_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bangladesh]]
| resting_place = [[Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|23.7351|N|90.3950|E|region:BD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| citizenship = {{ubl|[[British Raj|British India]] (1899 – 1947)|[[India]] (1947 – 1976)|[[Bangladesh]] (1976)<ref name="Talukdar 1994 121">{{cite book |last=Talukdar |first=Rezaul |author-link= |date=1994 |title=Nazrul, The Gift of The Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v49jAAAAMAAJ&q=121 |location= |publisher=Manan |page=121 |isbn=978-9848156001 |quote=On February 18, 1976 Nazrul was awarded the citizenship of Bangladesh.}}</ref>}}
| other_names = Dukhu Mia, Rebel Poet
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|short-story writer|novelist|essayist|playwright|journalist|editor|translator|songwriter|composer|singer|actor|soldier|activist}}
| years_active = 1920–1942
| works = {{hlist|[[List of works of Kazi Nazrul Islam|Bibliography]]|[[Nazrul Geeti|discography]]}}
| party = [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Prathama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6EREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT79 |title=Elementary Aspects of the Political: Histories from the Global South |date=4 January 2021 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1244-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bairathi |first=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Zb04Eh1gkC&pg=PA48 |title=Communism and Nationalism in India: A Study in Inter-relationship, 1919–1947 |date=1987 |publisher=Anamika Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85150-00-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=25 January 2018 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |language=en}}</ref>
| movement = [[Bengali Renaissance]]
| criminal_charges = [[Sedition]]
| criminal_penalty = 3-month [[imprisonment]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Nargis Ashar Khanam|1921|1937|reason=div.}}
* {{marriage|Pramila Devi|1924|1962|reason=d.}}{{efn|Birth name Ashalata Sengupta.}}
}}
| children = {{hlist|Kazi Azad Kamal (Krishna Muhammad)|Kazi Arindam Khaled (Bulbul)|[[Kazi Sabyasachi]]|[[Kazi Aniruddha]]}}
| mother = Zaheda Khatun
| father = Kazi Faqeer Ahmed
| relatives = Kazi Saheb Jan, Kazi Ali Hossain, Umme Kulsum
| awards = {{plainlist|
* Jagattarini Medal (1945)
* [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] (1960)
* [[File:Ekushey Padak Ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Ekushey Padak]] (1976)
* [[File:Independence Award Ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Independence Award]] (1977)
}}
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| pseudonym = Dhūmketu
| nickname = Dukhumian, Tarakkhyapa
| language = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Persian language|Persian]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]}}
| period = [[Bengali literature#Modern (1800–present)|Modern]]
| genre = {{Cslist|Short story|novel|essay|poem|[[ghazal]]|song}}
| subject = {{Cslist|Revolution|[[freedom]]|[[humanism]]|[[communism]]|[[secularism]]|[[justice]]|[[women's rights]]|love}}
| notable_works = {{cslist|
| ''[[Notuner Gaan]]''
| ''[[Bidrohi (poem)|Bidrohi]]''
| ''[[Pralayollas]]''
| ''[[Dhumketu (magazine)|Dhumketu]]''
| ''[[Agnibeena]]''
| ''Bandhan Hara''
| ''[[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe]]''
}}
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{hlist|[[Nazrul Geeti]]|[[Hindustani classical]]|[[Folk music|folk]]|[[revolutionary song|revolutionary]]|[[March (music)|march]]|[[Arabic music|Arabic]]|[[Persian traditional music|Persian]]|[[ghazal]]|[[hamd]]|[[naʽat]]|[[Shyama Sangeet]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|[[harmonium]]|[[setar]]|[[tabla]]|flute}}
| discography = [[Nazrul Geeti|Full list]]
| years_active = 
| label = {{hlist|[[Gramophone Company India]]|[[All India Radio]]}}
| past_member_of = Leto group
}}
| module3 = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|British Raj}}
| branch = [[File:Purported flag of the Royal Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[British Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1917–1920
| rank = [[File:India-Army-OR-6.svg|20px]] [[Havildar]] ([[Sergeant]])
| unit = [[Bengali Regiment|49th Bengalee Regiment]]<ref name=":1A">{{Cite Banglapedia |last=Huq |first=Muhammad Lutful |article=Bangali Paltan}}</ref>
| battles = [[World War I]]
}}
| signature = কাজী নজরুল ইসলামের স্বাক্ষর.svg
| family = [[Kazi family of Churulia]]
}}
{{Listen
| type = music
| filename = কারার_ঐ_লৌহকপাট.mp3
| title = ''Karar oi louhokopat'' in the voice of Girin Chakraborty
| description = Lyricist and composer Kazi Nazrul Islam
}}

'''Kazi Nazrul Islam'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম}}, {{IPA|bn|kad͡ʒi ˈnod͡ʒɾul islam|pron|Bn-কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম.ogg}}}} (24 May 1899{{efn|11 Jaistha 1306 Bengali Year.}} – 29 August 1976) was a Bengali poet,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Mandakranta |title=The Goddess |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-876702-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhJbDwAAQBAJ |access-date=May 2, 2025 |page=282}}</ref> short story writer, journalist, lyricist and musician.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langley |first=Winston |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam: The Voice of Poetry and the Struggle for Human Wholeness |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |page=5}}</ref> He was later honored with the title of [[national poet]] of [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Signed and sealed: Bangladesh officially recognises Kazi Nazrul Islam as national poet |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/4b95f5a98090 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103191415/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/4b95f5a98090 |archive-date=3 January 2025 |language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Nazrul produced a [[List of works by Kazi Nazrul Islam|large body of poetry, music, messages, novels, and stories]] with themes, that included equality, justice, [[anti-imperialism]], humanity, rebellion against oppression and religious devotion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hemal |first=Mahmudul |date=28 May 2015 |title=Nazrul's humanist vision |url=http://www.dhakacourier.com.bd/nazruls-humanist-vision/ |magazine=[[Dhaka Courier]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418191030/http://www.dhakacourier.com.bd/nazruls-humanist-vision/ |archive-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nazrul Islam's activism for political and social justice as well as writing a poem titled as "Bidrohī", meaning "the rebel" in Bengali, earned him the title of "Bidrohī Kôbi" (''Rebel Poet'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Priti K. |date=1 May 1993 |title=The Rebel Poet and the Mahatma: Kazi Nazrul Islam's Critique of Gandhi's Politics in the 1920s |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=46–55 |doi=10.1177/026272809301300103 |issn=0262-7280 |s2cid=144847702}}</ref> His compositions form the [[avant-garde music]] genre of [[Nazrul Geeti|Nazrul Gīti]] (''Music of Nazrul'').{{efn|Multiple references:<ref name="pmo">{{Cite web |last1=Sheik Hasina |title=India-Bangladesh Joint Celebration, 113th birth anniversary of Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and 90th year of his poem 'Rebel' |url=http://pmo.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pmo.portal.gov.bd/pm_speech/800b9859_57b3_46b8_8bfd_e34f45c8e249/India.pdf |access-date=26 December 2013 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617201022/http://pmo.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pmo.portal.gov.bd/pm_speech/800b9859_57b3_46b8_8bfd_e34f45c8e249/India.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Chakraborti |first=Suman |date=26 May 2015 |title=West Bengal government celebrates Kazi Nazrul Islam's birth anniversary |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-government-celebrates-Kazi-Nazrul-Islams-birth-anniversary/articleshow/47431715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419232039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-government-celebrates-Kazi-Nazrul-Islams-birth-anniversary/articleshow/47431715.cms |archive-date=19 April 2017 |access-date=6 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2018 |title=Nazrul Jayanti celebrated across Silchar |work=The Sentinel |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/nazrul-jayanti-celebrated-across-silchar/ |access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Anoop |date=26 April 2017 |title=List of public holidays in May 2017 to plan out your vacations |work=Travel India |url=http://www.india.com/travel/articles/list-of-public-holidays-in-may-2017-to-plan-out-your-vacations/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628182747/http://www.india.com/travel/articles/list-of-public-holidays-in-may-2017-to-plan-out-your-vacations/ |archive-date=28 June 2018 |quote=Tripura will be celebrating Nazrul Jayanti on 26 May}}</ref>}}

Born in the [[British Raj]] period into a [[Bengali Muslim]] [[Qadi|Kazi]] family from [[Churulia]] in Asansol, then in the [[Bardhaman district|Burdwan district]] in the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]),<ref name="nazrul1" /> Nazrul Islam received religious education and as a young man worked as a [[muezzin]] at a local mosque. He learned about poetry, drama, and literature while working with the rural theatrical group ''Leṭor Dôl'', ''Leṭo'' being a folk song genre of West Bengal<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ashutosh|title=''Bangiya Lok-Sangeet Ratnakar, Vol. 4 (An Encyclopaedia of Bengali Folk-song)''|language=bn|publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. Pvt. Ltd.|place=Calcutta|date=1977|page=1802|quote=''পশ্চিম বাংলার এক শ্রেণীর জনপ্রিয় লোক-সঙ্গীত লেটো গান, ইহাকে লাটু গান, লোট্যার গানও বলে৷''}}</ref> usually performed by the people from Muslim community of the region. He joined the [[British Indian Army]] in 1917 and was posted in Karachi. Nazrul Islam established himself as a journalist in [[Calcutta]] after the war ended. He criticised the [[British Raj]] and called for revolution through his famous poetic works, such as [[Bidrohi (poem)|"Bidrohī"]] ('The Rebel') and "Bhangar Gan" ('The Song of Destruction'),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Abu Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYRuAAAAMAAJ&q=kazi+nazrul+islam+Bhangar+Gaan |title=Muslims and Bengal Politics (1912–24) |date=2005 |publisher=Raktakarabee |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref> as well as in his publication ''[[Dhumketu (magazine)|Dhūmketu]]'' ('The Comet'). His nationalist activism in [[Indian independence movement]] led to his frequent imprisonment by the colonial British authorities. While in prison, Nazrul Islam wrote the "Rajbôndīr Jôbanbôndī" ('Deposition of a Political Prisoner').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hāldār |first=Gopāl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngWdRBPXjkAC&q=kazi+nazrul+islam+Rajbandir+Jabanbandi |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam |date=1973 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> His writings greatly inspired [[Bengalis]] of [[East Pakistan]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

Nazrul Islam's writings explored themes such as freedom, humanity, love, and revolution. He opposed all forms of bigotry and fundamentalism, including religious, [[caste]]-based and gender-based.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazi |first=Ankan |date=14 June 2017 |title=Diminishing A Poet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/diminishing-a-poet-kazi-nazrul-islam-4702739/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007135628/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/diminishing-a-poet-kazi-nazrul-islam-4702739/ |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his songs and poems. He introduced the [[ghazal]] songs in the Bengali language<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Azfar |date=3 April 2012 |title=Rereading Kazi Nazrul Islam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bf9nvzmIVvY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225000117/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bf9nvzmIVvY |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=15 July 2016 |format=Video lecture |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Sarwat |date=21 September 2014 |title=A taste of Bengal |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/firoza-begum-a-taste-of-bengal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628184010/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/firoza-begum-a-taste-of-bengal/ |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[The News International]] |publisher=The News on Sunday |quote=Firoza Begum too sang these Bengali ghazals of Nazrul Islam}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Shafiqul Islam |first=Mohammad |date=25 May 2007 |title=Nazrul: An ardent lover of humanity |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123949/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |quote=He is best known for his songs, in which he pioneered new forms such as Bengali ghazals}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= |date=15 September 2016 |title=Remembering the rebel poet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Remembering-the-rebel-poet/article14639464.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428031159/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Remembering-the-rebel-poet/article14639464.ece |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=2 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> and is also known for his extensive use of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] influenced [[Bengali language|Bengali]] words in his works.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shams |first=Ahmed Tahsin |date=24 May 2018 |title=The rebel icon of Bengal: Kazi Nazrul Islam |url=http://www.thebangladeshpost.com/national/29149 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528064030/http://www.thebangladeshpost.com/national/29149 |archive-date=28 May 2018 |access-date=7 July 2017 |work=The Bangladesh Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=Md Mumit Al |last2=Nur |first2=Tanjina Binte |date=24 November 2017 |title=Persian Words Used in Kazi Nazrul Islam's Poetry |journal=Language Art |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=117–128 |doi=10.22046/LA.2017.23 |issn=2538-2713}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Dr. Forqan Uddin |date=27 August 2018 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam : Classic and romantic |url=http://www.thedailynewnation.com/news/186431/kazi-nazrul-islam--classic-and-romantic |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=The New Nation |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003061435/http://www.thedailynewnation.com/news/186431/kazi-nazrul-islam--classic-and-romantic |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nazrul Islam wrote and composed nearly 4,000 songs—many recorded by the [[Gramophone Company of India]]—collectively known as ''Nazrul Gīti.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hossain |first=Quazi Motahar |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |publisher=Nazrul Institute |year=2000 |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=[[Mohammad Nurul Huda]] |location=Dhaka |page=55 |chapter=Nazrul Islam, the Singer and Writer of Songs |author-link=Qazi Motahar Hossain |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref> In 1942 at the age of 43, he began to be affected by an unknown disease, losing his voice and memory. A medical team in [[Vienna]] diagnosed the disease as [[Pick's disease]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farooq |first=Mohammad Omar |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam: Illness and Treatment |url=http://www.nazrul.org/nazrul_life/illness.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529083323/http://www.nazrul.org/nazrul_life/illness.htm |archive-date=29 May 2015 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=nazrul.org }}</ref> a rare incurable [[neurodegenerative disease]].
The ailing poet was taken to [[Bangladesh]] with the consent of the [[Government of India]] on 24 May 1972, at the invitation of the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |title=Islam, Kazi Nazrul |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Islam,_Kazi_Nazrul |website=[[Banglapedia]] |publisher=Banglapedia Trust, [[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |isbn=984-32-0576-6 |oclc=52727562}}</ref> His family accompanied him and relocated to [[Dhaka]]. Later, on 18 February 1976, the citizenship of [[Bangladesh]] was conferred upon him.<ref name="Talukdar 1994 121">{{cite book |last=Talukdar |first=Rezaul |author-link= |date=1994 |title=Nazrul, The Gift of The Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v49jAAAAMAAJ&q=121 |location= |publisher=Manan |page=121 |isbn=978-9848156001 |quote=On February 18, 1976 Nazrul was awarded the citizenship of Bangladesh.}}</ref> He died on 29 August 1976.<ref name=":4" />

== Early life ==
Nazrul Islam was born during the late [[British Raj]] on 24 May, 1899<ref name="instibio">{{Cite web |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam: A Chronology of life |url=http://www.nazrulinstitute.org.bd/bio_graphy_e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424053441/http://www.nazrulinstitute.org.bd/bio_graphy_e.html |archive-date=24 April 2008 |access-date=28 April 2008 |publisher=Nazrul Institute, [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Cultural Affairs]], [[Government of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tripura celebrates 116th birth anniversary of Kazi Nazrul Islam |url=http://aninews.in/newsdetail2/story218001/tripura-celebrates-116th-birth-anniversary-of-kazi-nazrul-islam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303154148/http://aninews.in/newsdetail2/story218001/tripura-celebrates-116th-birth-anniversary-of-kazi-nazrul-islam.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |work=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> in the village of [[Churulia]], [[Asansol Sadar subdivision|Asansol Sadar]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[West Bengal, India]]). He was born into the [[Kazi family of Churulia|Bengali Muslim Taluqdar family]] of Churulia and was the second of three sons and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2018 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam Biography – Childhood, Life History, Achievements & Death |url=https://learn.culturalindia.net/kazi-nazrul-islam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626080810/https://learn.culturalindia.net/kazi-nazrul-islam.html |archive-date=26 June 2025 |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Cultural India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Mojlum |url=https://www.bmri.org.uk/biogs/KAZI-NAZRUL-ISLAM.pdf |title=KAZI NAZRUL ISLAM |publisher=Bengal Muslim Research Institute UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225062915/https://www.bmri.org.uk/biogs/KAZI-NAZRUL-ISLAM.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nazrul Islam's father Kazi Faqeer Ahmed was the [[imam]] and caretaker of the local Pirpukur mosque and mausoleum of Haji Pahlawan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Faber |first1=Roland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kb2aCwAAQBAJ |title=Living Traditions and Universal Conviviality: Prospects and Challenges for Peace in Multireligious Communities |last2=Slabodsky |first2=Santiago |date=15 March 2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-1336-4 |page=16 |language=en}}</ref> Nazrul Islam's mother was Zahida Khatun; he had two brothers, Kazi Saahibjaan and Kazi Ali Hussain, and a sister, Umme Kulsum. He was nicknamed ''Dukhu Miañ'' ( literally, 'the one with grief'). Nazrul Islam studied at a [[Maktab (education)|maktab]] and [[madrassa|madrasa]], run by a mosque and a [[dargah]] respectively, where he studied the [[Quran]], [[Hadith]], [[Islamic philosophy]], and theology. Following his father's death in 1908, the then 10 year old Nazrul Islam took his father's place as a caretaker of the mosque to support his family. He also assisted teachers in the school. He later worked as the [[muezzin]] at the mosque.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{Cite book |last=Rafiqul Islam |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-984-32-0576-6 |editor-last=Sirajul Islam |editor-first= |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Kazi Nazrul Islam |access-date=26 March 2016 |editor-last2=Jamal |editor-first2=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Kazi_Nazrul}}</ref><ref name="MOF2">{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dilip |date=22 September 2006 |title=Nazrul Islam: The unparalleled lyricist and composer of Bengal |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0899/f1608991.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105092034/http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0899/f1608991.html |archive-date=5 November 2002 |access-date=22 September 2006 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]]}} [http://nazrul.com.bd/nazrul/works_on_nazrul/articles/chaudhuri_lyricist.htm Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628183857/http://nazrul.com.bd/nazrul/works_on_nazrul/articles/chaudhuri_lyricist.htm|date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

Attracted to folk theatre, Nazrul Islam joined a ''leto'' (travelling theatrical group) run by his uncle Fazle Karim. He worked and travelled with them, learning to act, as well as writing songs and poems for the plays and musicals.<ref name=instibio /> Through his work and experiences, Nazrul Islam began studying Bengali and [[Sanskrit literature]], as well as Hindu scriptures such as the [[Puranas]]. Nazrul Islam composed folk plays for the group, which included ''Chāshār Shōng'' ('the drama of a peasant'), and plays about characters from the [[Mahabharata]] including ''Shokunībōdh'' ('the Killing of ''[[Shakun]]i''), Rājā Judhisthirer Shōng ('the drama of King [[Yudhishthira]]), ''Dātā Kōrno'' ('the philanthropic ''[[Karna]]'), Ākbōr Bādshāh'' ('[[Akbar]] the emperor'), ''Kobi Kālidās'' ('poet [[Kalidas]]'), ''Bidyan Hutum'' ('the learned owl'), and ''Rājputrer Shōng'' ('the prince's sorrow').<ref name="Banglapedia" />

In 1910, Nazrul Islam left the troupe and enrolled at the [[Searsole Raj High School]] in [[Raniganj]]. In school, he was influenced by his teacher, a [[Jugantar]] activist, Nibaran Chandra Ghatak, and began a lifelong friendship with fellow author Sailajananda Mukhopadhyay, who was his classmate. He later transferred to the Mathrun High English School, studying under the headmaster and poet [[Kumud Ranjan Mullick]]. Unable to continue paying his school fees, Nazrul Islam left the school and joined a group of [[Kavigan|kaviyals]]. Later he took jobs as a cook at Wahid Confectionery, a well-known bakery of the region, and at a tea stall in the town of Asansol. In 1914, Nazrul Islam studied in the Darirampur School (now Govt. Nazrul Academy) in [[Trishal]], [[Mymensingh District]]. Amongst other subjects, Nazrul Islam studied Bengali, [[Sanskrit]], Arabic, [[Persian literature]] and [[Hindustani classical music]] under teachers who were impressed by his dedication and skill.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2018 |title=Nazrul's birth anniv today |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/42030/nazruls-birth-anniv-today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425024621/https://www.newagebd.net/article/42030/nazruls-birth-anniv-today |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2018 |title=Nazrul's 119th birth anniversary today |url=http://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/176241/Nazrul%E2%80%99s-119th-birth-anniversary-today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426053806/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/176241/Nazrul%E2%80%99s-119th-birth-anniversary-today |archive-date=26 April 2025 |access-date=28 June 2018 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref>

Nazrul Islam studied up to grade{{nbsp}}10 but did not appear for the [[matriculation]] pre-test examination; instead in 1917, he joined the [[British Indian Army]] at the age of eighteen. He had two primary motivations for joining the British Indian Army: first, a youthful desire for adventure and, second, an interest in the politics of the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Buddhadeva |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=80 |chapter=Modern Bengali Poetry and Nazrul Islam |author-link=Buddhadeb Bosu |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref> Attached to the 49th [[Bengal Regiment]], he was posted to the [[Karachi Cantonment]], where he wrote his first prose and poetry. Although he never saw active fighting, he rose in rank from corporal to [[havildar]] (sergeant), and served as [[quartermaster]] for his [[battalion]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zaman |first=Niaz |date=17 December 2014 |title=Impact on Nazrul |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/impact-on-nazrul-55852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417123412/https://www.thedailystar.net/impact-on-nazrul-55852 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=12 July 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref>

During this period, Nazrul Islam read extensively the works of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], as well as the Persian poets [[Hafez (poet)|Hafez]], [[Omar Khayyam]], and [[Rumi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Aziz |date=27 August 2015 |title=Nazrul: The rebel and the romantic |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/70741/Nazrul:-The-rebel-and-the-romantic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417122146/http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/70741/Nazrul:-The-rebel-and-the-romantic |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=12 July 2016 |work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shafiqul Islam |first=Mohammad |date=25 May 2007 |title=Nazrul: An ardent lover of humanity |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123949/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/25/d70525140299.htm |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=12 July 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> He learned Persian poetry from the regiment's [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] [[Moulvi]], practiced music, and pursued his literary interests. His first prose work, ''"Life of a Vagabond"'' (''{{'}}Baunduler Atmakahini''), was published in May 1919. His poem "Mukti" ("মুক্তি", 'Freedom') was published by the ''[[Bengali Muslim Literary Journal]]'' (''Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti'') in July 1919.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

== Career ==
{{Quote box
| title = Bidrohi (The Rebel)
| quote = <poem>I am the unutterable grief,
I am the trembling first touch of the virgin,
I am the throbbing tenderness of her first stolen kiss.
I am the fleeting glance of the veiled beloved,
I am her constant surreptitious gaze...

I am the burning volcano in the bosom of the earth,
I am the wildfire of the woods,
I am Hell's mad terrific sea of wrath!
I ride on the wings of lightning with joy and profundity,
I scatter misery and fear all around,
I bring earthquakes on this world! "(8th stanza)"

I am the rebel eternal,
I raise my head beyond this world,
High, ever erect and alone!</poem>
| source = {{snds}}Translation by Kabir Choudhary<ref name="Bidrohi">{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Choudhary |title=Rebel |url=https://www.nazrul.org/nazrul_works/poems_lyrics/kabir_rebel.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026083724/http://www.nazrul.org/nazrul_works/poems_lyrics/kabir_rebel.htm |archive-date=26 October 2007 |access-date=8 July 2006 }}</ref>
| align = left
| qalign =
| salign = right
}}
[[File:Kazi nazrul islam with Setar.jpg|thumb|Kazi Nazrul Islam playing [[Sarod]]]]
Kazi Nazrul Islam joined the army in late 1917. Nazrul Islam left the British Indian army in 1920, when the 49th Bengal Regiment was disbanded,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=Nazrul's death anniversary today |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/nazruls-death-anniversary-today-133309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522232050/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/nazruls-death-anniversary-today-133309 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |access-date=5 March 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> and settled in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He joined the staff of the ''[[Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti]]'' ("Bengali Muslim Literary Society").<ref>{{Citation |last=Khondkar Sirajul Haque |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |year=2012 |editor-last=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |chapter=Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Patrika |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Patrika |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> He published his first novel ''Bandhan-hara'' (''বাঁধন-হারা'', 'Freedom from Bondage') in 1920, on which he continued to work over the next seven years.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> His first collection of poems, which included "''Bodhan''", "''Shat-il-Arab''", "''Kheya-parer'' ''Tarani''", and "''Badal Prater Sharab''", received critical acclaim.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

Nazrul Islam grew close to other young Muslim writers, while working at the Bengali Muslim Literary Society, including [[Md.Mozammel Haque|Mohammad Mozammel Haq]], [[Kazi Abdul Wadud]], and [[Muhammad Shahidullah]]. Nazrul Islam and Muhammad Shahidullah remained close throughout their lives. He was a regular at the social clubs for Calcutta's writers, poets, and intellectuals such as the Gajendar Adda and the Bharatiya Adda. Nazrul did not have the formal education of Rabindranath and as a result his poems did not follow the literary practices established by Rabindranath. Due to this he faced criticism from followers of Rabindranath.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nag |first=Sajal |year=2008 |title=Story of a Rebel Poet |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |type=Book Review |volume=43 |issue=26/27 |pages=84–85 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=40278906}}</ref> Despite their differences, Nazrul looked to Rabindranath Tagore as a mentor.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> In 1921, Nazrul Islam was engaged to Nargis, the niece of a well-known Muslim publisher, Ali Akbar Khan, in Daulatpur, [[Comilla District|Comilla]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nurul Huda |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co9jAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1921,+Nazrul+was+engaged+to+be+married+to+Nargis |title=Nazrul's Aesthetics and Other Aspects |publisher=Nazrul Institute |year=2001 |location=Bangladesh |page=124 |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> On 18 June 1921, the day of the wedding, upon public insistence by Khan that the term "Nazrul must reside in Daulatpur after marriage" be included in the marriage contract, Nazrul Islam walked away from the wedding ceremony.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmad]] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.456382 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam Smritikatha |publisher=National Book Agency |year=1998 |location=Kolkata, India |pages=66–67}}</ref>
[[File:Nazrul young in 1921.jpg|thumb|Young Kazi Nazrul Islam in-front of [[Dalmadal Cannon]] in [[Bishnupur, Bankura]], 1920s]]
Nazrul Islam reached the peak of his fame in 1922 with ''[[Bidrohi (poem)|Bidrohi]]'' (The Rebel), which remains his most famous work, winning the admiration of India's literary society for his description of a rebel.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Published in the ''Bijli'' ''(বিজলী'', "Lightning") magazine, the rebellious language and theme were well received, coinciding with the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]{{snds}}the first mass nationalist campaign of [[civil disobedience]] against British rule.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Nazrul Islam explores the different forces at work in a rebel, the destroyer, and the preserver who is able to express rage as well as beauty and sensitivity. He followed up by writing ''[[Pralayollas]]'' ('Destructive Euphoria'), and his first anthology of poems, the ''Agni-veena'' ("অগ্নি-বীণা", 'Lyre of Fire') in 1922, which enjoyed commercial and critical success. He also published a volume of short stories, the ''Byathar Dan'' "ব্যথার দান" ('Gift of Sorrow'),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |url=https://archive.org/details/hundredhorizons00suga |title=A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-02157-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hundredhorizons00suga/page/299 299] |language=en |author-link=Sugata Bose |url-access=registration}}</ref> and ''Yugbani'' ("যুগবাণী"), an anthology of essays.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Talukdar |first1=Rezaul Karim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v49jAAAAMAAJ&q=Jugbani+kazi+nazrul+islam |title=Nazrul, the gift of the century |last2=Nazrul Islam |first2=Kazi |date=1994 |publisher=Manan |isbn=9789848156001 |pages=47–48 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajesh |first=K. Guru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_dLCgAAQBAJ |title=Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9789352061730 |language=en |access-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>

Nazrul Islam started a bi-weekly magazine, ''Dhumketu'' ("ধূমকেতু", 'Comet') on 12 August 1922 that was critical of the British Empire. Earning the moniker of the "rebel poet", Nazrul Islam aroused the suspicion of British Raj authorities.<ref name="instibio" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Nawaz |first=Ali |date=20 January 2015 |title=Dhumketu |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhumketu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704005557/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhumketu |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref> The police raided the office of ''Dhumketu'' after it published "Anondomoyeer Agomone" ("আনন্দময়ীর আগমনে"), a political poem, in September 1922. Nazrul Islam was arrested on 23 January 1923 and charged with [[sedition]].<ref name=":5" /> He presented a long argument in the court, an excerpt of what he said:

{{blockquote|quote=I have been accused of sedition... To plead for me, the king of all kings, the judge of all judges, the eternal truth the living God... I am a poet; I have been sent by God to express the unexpressed, to portray the unportrayed. It is God who is heard through the voice of the poet... I am an instrument of God. The instrument is not unbreakable, but who is there to break God?<ref name="sedition">{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Serajul Islam |date=1 June 2006 |title=The Blazing Comet |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2006/may/26/may26/xtra_also1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719063851/http://www.newagebd.com/2006/may/26/may26/xtra_also1.html |archive-date=19 July 2010 |access-date=22 September 2006 |quote=Nazrul Islam did what no other Muslim poet in modern Bengal had dared to do. He created images and symbols out of the well-known heroes from Muslim history. Thus Tariq and Qasim, Ali and Omar, Hasan and Hussain and even the Prophet himself figure in his poetry as historical beings. He also transformed men like Kamal Pasha and Anwar Pasha into symbols. The method is somewhat similar to the one Yeats employed in his poetry. |newspaper=New Age}}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

[[File:Nazrul as Narad.jpg|thumb|Kazi Nazrul Islam in the role of [[Narada]], in the stage drama ''Dhruba.''|alt=]]

On 14 April 1923, he was moved from [[Alipore Jail]] to [[Hooghly Jail]] in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]. He began a 40-day fast to protest mistreatment by the British jail superintendent, breaking his fast more than a month later and eventually being released from prison in December 1923. Nazrul Islam composed numerous poems and songs during his period of imprisonment. In the 1920s, the British Indian government banned many of his writings.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> [[Rabindranath Tagore]] dedicated his play "Basanta" to Nazrul Islam in 1923. Nazrul Islam wrote the poem "Aj Srishti Shukher Ullashe" to thank Tagore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2015 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/its-true/kazi-nazrul-islam-86731 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530212014/https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/its-true/kazi-nazrul-islam-86731 |archive-date=30 May 2017 |access-date=27 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> His book ''Bisher Banshi'' ('The Flute of Poison'), published in August 1924,<ref>{{Cite book |last=(Bangladesh) |first=Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33xjAAAAMAAJ&q=Bisher+Banshi |title=Bangla Academy Journal |date=1995 |publisher=Bangla Academy. |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> was banned by the [[British Raj]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Chandan |first=Shahnawaz |date=30 August 2013 |title=The Life of a Rebel |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-life-of-a-rebel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203200301/http://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-life-of-a-rebel |archive-date=3 December 2017 |access-date=27 March 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> ''Bisher Banshi'' called for rebellion in India against the British Raj.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaman |year=1977 |title=The Voice of Nazr-ul-Islam |journal=Indian Literature |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=109–118 |issn=0019-5804 |jstor=24158699}}</ref> ''Bisher Banshi'' was read and distributed in secret following the ban.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Manikuntala |title=In search of freedom: an unfinished journey |publisher=Stree |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-85604-25-1 |page=17 |language=en |quote="Learning by heart the poems of his ''Agnibina'' and ''Bisher Banshi'', we hid the books in our breasts and passed them secretly to friends. As far as I remember, ''Bisher Banshi'' was banned." |author-link=Manikuntala Sen}}</ref>
[[File:Hooghly district Correctional Home at Hooghly- Chinsurah 10.jpg|thumb|Plaque in memory of Kazi Nazrul Islam in Hooghly Jail]]
Nazrul Islam was a critic of the [[Khilafat Movement]] in British India which he condemned as "hollow [[religious fundamentalism]]".<ref name="Banglapedia" /> His rebellious expression extended to rigid orthodoxy in the name of religion and politics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rushd |first=Abu |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=100 |chapter=Nazrul Islam's 'The Rebel' |author-link=Abu Rushd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref> He also criticised the [[Indian National Congress]] for not embracing outright political independence from the [[British Empire]]. Nazrul became active in encouraging people to agitate against British rule, and joined the Bengal state unit of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Along with [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]], Nazrul also helped organise the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Sramik Praja Swaraj Dal]] (Workers and Peasants Party), a socialist political party committed to national independence and the service of the working class. On 16 December 1925, Nazrul began publishing the ''Langal'' ('Plough'), a weekly, and served as its chief editor.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

During his visit to [[Comilla District|Comilla]] in 1921, Nazrul Islam met a young Bengali Hindu woman, Pramila Devi, with whom he fell in love, and they married on 25 April 1924. [[Brahmo Samaj]] criticised Pramila, a member of the Brahmo Samaj, for marrying a Muslim. Muslim religious leaders criticised Nazrul Islam for his marriage to a Hindu woman. He also was criticised for his writings. Despite controversy, Nazrul Islam's popularity and reputation as the "rebel poet" increased significantly.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Serajul Islam |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=141 |chapter=The Blazing Comet |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref>

With his wife and young son Bulbul, Nazrul Islam settled at [[Grace Cottage, Krishnanagar]] in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] in 1926. His work began to transform as he wrote poetry and songs that articulated the aspirations of the working class, a sphere of his work known as "mass music".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rafiqul Islam |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=113 |chapter=Nazrul |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| title = Daridro (Poverty)
| quote = <poem>O poverty, thou hast made me great
Thou hast made me honoured like Christ
With his crown of thorns. Thou hast given me
Courage to reveal all. To thee I owe
My insolent, naked eyes and sharp tongue.
Thy curse has turned my violin to a sword...
O proud saint, thy terrible fire
Has rendered my heaven barren.
O my child, my darling one
I could not give thee even a drop of milk
No right have I to rejoice.
Poverty weeps within my doors forever
As my spouse and my child.
Who will play the flute?</poem>
| source = {{snds}}Translated by Kabir Chowdhury<ref name="WB">{{Cite web |translator-last=Chowdhury |translator-first=Kabir |date=8 July 2006 |title=Poverty |url=http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/povlit/povlit2p29.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610003225/http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/povlit/povlit2p29.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=8 July 2006}}</ref>
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}}In what his contemporaries regarded as one of his greatest flairs of creativity, Nazrul Islam vastly contributed in profusely enriching [[ghazal]]s in Bengali, transforming a form of poetry written mainly in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="MOF2" /> Nazrul Islam's recording of Islamic songs was a commercial success and created interest in gramophone companies about publishing his works. A significant impact of Nazrul Islam's work in Bengal was that it made Bengali Muslims more comfortable with the Bengali arts, which used to be dominated by Bengali Hindus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Zillur R. |year=1985 |title=Islam and Bengali Nationalism |journal=Asian Survey |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=834–851 |doi=10.2307/2644113 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644113}}</ref> His Islamic songs are popular during Ramadan in Bangladesh. He also wrote devotional songs on the Hindu Goddess [[Kali]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamal |first=Nashid |date=11 July 2015 |title=Nazrul Islam's Islamic songs |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/lifes-lyrics/nazrul-islams-islamic-songs-110560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425043703/https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/lifes-lyrics/nazrul-islams-islamic-songs-110560 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=23 July 2015 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Nazrul Islam also composed a number of notable ''Shyamasangeet'', ''[[Bhajan]]'' and ''[[Kirtan]]'', combining Hindu devotional music.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Rafiqul Islam |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=115 |chapter=Nazrul |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref> In 1928, Nazrul Islam began working as a lyricist, composer, and music director for the [[Gramophone Company of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hossen |first=Iftikhar |date=25 May 2018 |title=Spreading the passion and enthusiasm of Kazi Nazrul Islam |url=http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=139463 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107122157/https://www.observerbd.com/news/139463 |archive-date=7 November 2025 |access-date=3 July 2018 |work=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]]}}</ref> The songs written and music composed by him were broadcast on radio stations across India, including on the [[Indian Broadcasting Company]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Field |first=Garrett |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.211 |title=Modernizing Composition: Sinhala Song, Poetry, and Politics in Twentieth-Century Sri Lanka |date=22 March 2017 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520294714 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.211/page/n115 101] |language=en |quote=kazi nazrul islam radio.}}</ref>{{Quote box
| title = Naari (Woman)
| quote = <poem>I don't see any difference
Between a man and woman
Whatever great or benevolent achievements
That are in this world
Half of that was by woman,
The other half by man.</poem>
| source = {{snds}}Translation by Sajed Kamal<ref name="SK">The Daily Star. 24 May 2003</ref>
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}}

Nazrul Islam believed in the equality of women, a view his contemporaries considered revolutionary, as expressed in his poem Naari (women).<ref name="Amin 1996 106">{{Cite book |last=Amin |first=Sonia Nishat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcAfpv6x0m4C |title=The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876–1939 |publisher=BRILL |year=1996 |isbn=978-90-04-10642-0 |page=106}}</ref> Nazrul Islam's poems strongly emphasised the confluence of the roles of both sexes and their equal importance to life. His poem "Barangana" (Prostitute) stunned society with its depiction of prostitutes who he addresses in the poem as "mother".<ref name="Huda 314">{{Cite book |last=Huda |first=Mohammad Nurul |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=314 |chapter=Nazrul's Personlore |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahsanuzzaman |first=Ahmed |title=No Nora's in Popular Bangla Literature |url=http://www.ibsensociety.liu.edu/conferencepapers/nonoras.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170341/http://www.ibsensociety.liu.edu/conferencepapers/nonoras.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=8 July 2006 |website=IB Sen society}}</ref>
In the poem, Nazrul Islam accepts the prostitute as a human being first, reasoning that this person belonged to the "race of mothers and sisters"; he criticises society's negative views on prostitutes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nazrul Islam |first=Kazi |title=The Rebel and Other Poems |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0607-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=52–54 |translator-last=Chakravarthy |translator-first=Basudha |chapter=Barangana |trans-chapter=The Courtesan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgTldf7BDioC&pg=PA52}}</ref>

An advocate of women rights, Nazrul Islam portrayed both traditional and nontraditional women in his work.<ref name="Huda 314" /> He talked about the working poor through his works such as the
poem: 'Poverty' (Daridro).<ref name="Bidrohi" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=Jay Guru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuIJAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE |title=Svabhabakabi Gobindadasera jibani o sahitya bicara |date=1978 |publisher=Sailasri Laibreri |language=bn}}</ref>

Nazrul Islam wrote thousands of songs, known collectively as ''[[Nazrul Geeti]]''. The exact number is uncertain. The complete text of 2,260 is known, and the first lines of 2,872 have been collected, but according to musicologist [[Karunamaya Goswami]], it is popularly believed that the total is much higher. Goswami has written that some contemporaries put the number near 4,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=Karumamaya |title=Aspects of Nazrul Songs |publisher=Nazrul Institute |year=1990 |location=Dhaka |pages=178–179 |oclc=23904256 |author-link=Karunamaya Goswami}}</ref>

== Religious beliefs ==
Nazrul Islam was born a Muslim, but engaged in religious syncretism so often such that he was seen by laymen as only a proud pluralist. Nazrul Islam wrote an editorial in ''Joog Bani'' in 1920 about religious pluralism,{{blockquote|''Come brother Hindu! Come Musalman! Come Buddhist! Come Christian! Let us transcend all barriers, let us forsake forever all smallness, all lies, all selfishness and let us call brothers as brothers. We shall quarrel no more.''|sign=|source=<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moniruzzaman |first=Mohammad |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=149 |chapter=Interaction of Cultures and Kazi Nazrul Islam}}</ref>}}
In another article entitled ''Hindu Mussalman'', published in ''Ganabani'' on 2 September 1922, he wrote that the religious quarrels were between priests and Imams and not between laymen Muslims and Hindus. He wrote that the Prophets had become property like cattle but they should instead be treated like a light that is for all men.<ref name=":7" />

[[File:Nazrul at Sitakunda 1929.jpeg|thumb|Kazi Nazrul Islam in [[Sitakunda]], [[Chittagong District]] in 1929.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |date=24 May 2002 |title=The Champion of a Modern and Peaceful Islam |url=http://www.nazrul.org/works_on_nazrul/articles/rafiqul_islam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126120753/http://www.nazrul.org/works_on_nazrul/articles/rafiqul_islam.htm |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work= |via=}}</ref>|alt=]]

Nazrul Islam criticised religious fanaticism, denouncing it as evil and inherently irreligious. He wrote about human equality in his writings. He also explored the philosophy of the [[Qur'an]] and [[Muhammad]] by writing about them. Nazrul Islam has been compared to [[William Butler Yeats]] by [[Serajul Islam Choudhury]], Bengali literary critic and professor emeritus at the [[University of Dhaka]], for being the first Muslim poet to create imagery and symbolism of Muslim historical figures such as [[Qasim ibn Hasan]], [[Ali]], [[Umar]], [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kamal Pasha]], and [[Muhammad]].<ref name="sedition" /> His condemnation of extremism and mistreatment of women provoked condemnation from Muslim and Hindu [[fundamentalists]] who opposed his [[Social liberalism|liberal]] views on religion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Salimullah |date=29 August 2015 |title=Reading Nazrul Islam after Walter Benjamin |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/reading-nazrul-islam-after-walter-benjamin-134326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022093559/http://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/reading-nazrul-islam-after-walter-benjamin-134326 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |access-date=26 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |quote=Nazrul Islam, all the same, faced condemnation and stiff resistance from all quarters, Brits, Hindus and Muslims alike.}}</ref>

Nazrul Islam's mother died in 1928, and his second son, Bulbul, died of [[smallpox]] the following year. His first son, Krishna Mohammad, had died prematurely. Pramila gave birth to two more sons{{snds}}Sabyasachi in 1928 and Aniruddha in 1931{{snds}}but Nazrul Islam remained grief-stricken and grieved for a long time. His works changed significantly from the rebellious exploration of society to a deeper examination of religious themes. His works in these years led Islamic devotional songs into the mainstream of [[Bengali music|Bengali folk music]], exploring the Islamic practices of ''[[namaz]]'' (prayer), ''[[sawm|roza]]'' (fasting), ''[[hajj]]'' (pilgrimage), and ''[[zakat]]'' (charity). He wrote the song "[[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe]]" on fasting during Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=10 key events in Kazi Nazrul's life |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/literature/10-key-events-kazi-nazrul%E2%80%99s-life-133459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906181725/https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/10-key-events-kazi-nazrul%E2%80%99s-life-133459 |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=26 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> This was regarded by his contemporaries as a significant achievement, as [[Bengali Muslims]] had been strongly averse to devotional music.<ref>Kamrunnessa Azad. 2001. Dharmiya Chetonay Nazrul. Nazrul Institute, Dhaka. 1999. pp. 173–174</ref>

Nazrul Islam was not limited to [[Ghazal|Islamic devotional music]] but also wrote Hindu devotional music. He composed [[Agamani-Vijaya|Agamanis]], [[Bhajan]]s, [[Shyama Sangeet]], and [[kirtan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title=Nazrul: unique creator of devotional songs |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/16251/nazrul-unique-creator-of-devotional-songs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203063646/https://www.newagebd.net/article/16251/nazrul-unique-creator-of-devotional-songs |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3079968_code2597468.pdf?abstractid=3079968&mirid=1 |title=Nazrul's Contributions in Equality and Egalitarianism: Twenty First Century Perspective |last1=Nazrul Islam |last2=Shamsul Arefin |first2=Mohammad |date=21 November 2017 |publisher=Uttara University |pages=1–19 |conference=International Conference on Nazrul in Twenty First Century (ICNTFC 2017) |ssrn=3079968}}</ref> Nazrul Islam wrote over 500 Hindu devotional songs.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Islam, Kazi Nazrul |encyclopedia=Chambers Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Chambers Harrap |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambbd/islam_kazi_nazrul/0 |access-date=5 March 2016 |editor-last=Roger |editor-first=L. |edition=9th |quote=and wrote more than 500 devotional Hindu songs. |editor2-last=Bakewell |editor2-first=J. |url-access=subscription}}</ref> However, a section of Muslims criticised for writing Shyama Sangeet and declared him [[Kafir]] (infidel). On the other hand, he became displeased with some Hindus for writing devotional songs about Hindu goddesses because he was a Muslim.<ref>{{cite news |title=Najrul Islam : মুসলমান বলে নজরুলের শ্যামাসঙ্গীত ব্যান! |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/eisamaygold/culture/muslim-nazrul-islam-shyama-sangeet-banned-on-radio/story/84940339.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902012147/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/eisamaygold/culture/muslim-nazrul-islam-shyama-sangeet-banned-on-radio/story/84940339.cms |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=bn}}</ref> Nazrul Islam's poetry and songs explored the philosophy of Islam and Hinduism.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Bardhan |first=Protik |date=29 May 2014 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam: Voice of Bengali Muslims and Secular Nationhood |url=http://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/news/48314/Kazi-Nazrul-Islam-Voice-of-Bengali-Muslims-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704093224/http://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/news/48314/Kazi-Nazrul-Islam-Voice-of-Bengali-Muslims-and |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=4 July 2018 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shafiqul Islam |first=Mohammad |date=29 May 2010 |title=I belong to the world . . . |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-140431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704100332/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-140431 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=4 July 2018 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref> Nazrul Islam's poetry imbibed the passion and creativity of [[Shakti]], which is identified as the [[Brahman]], the personification of primordial energy. He also composed many songs of invocation to Lord [[Shiva]] and the goddesses [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]] and on the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]].<ref name="MOF2" /> Nazrul Islam was an exponent of [[humanism]].<ref name="Moniruzzaman 153–54">{{Cite book |last=Moniruzzaman |first=Mohammad |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |pages=153–54 |chapter=Interaction of Cultures and Kazi Nazrul Islam}}</ref> Although a Muslim, he named his sons with both Hindu and Muslim names: Krishna Mohammad, Arindam Khaled (Bulbul), [[Kazi Sabyasachi]] and Kazi Aniruddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huda |first=Mohammad Nurul |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |pages=306–307 |chapter=Nazrul's Personlore |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref>

== Later life ==
In 1930, his book ''Pralayshikha'' was banned and he faced charges of [[sedition]] by the British Indian colonial government. He was sent to jail and released in 1931, after the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] was signed.<ref name=":2" /> In 1933, Nazrul Islam published a collection of essays titled "Modern World Literature", in which he analyses different styles and themes of literature. Between 1928 and 1935, he published 10 volumes containing 800 songs, of which more than 600 were based on classical ''[[ragas]]''. Almost 100 were folk tunes after ''[[kirtans]]'', and some 30 were patriotic songs. From the time of his return to Kolkata until he fell ill in 1941, Nazrul Islam composed more than 2,600 songs, many of which have been lost.<ref name="MOF2" /> His songs based on [[Baul]], ''jhumur'', [[Santali language|Santhali]] folksongs, jhanpan, or the folk songs of [[snake charmers]], ''bhatiali'', and ''bhaoaia'' consist of tunes of folk-songs on the one hand and a refined lyric with poetic beauty on the other. Nazrul Islam also wrote and published poems for children.<ref name="MOF2" />

Nazrul Islam's success soon brought him into Indian theatre and the then-nascent [[Cinema of India|film industry]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /> His first film as a director was ''[[Dhruba]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=বিনোদন |date=27 August 2023 |title= |script-title=bn:নজরুল: ছিলেন অভিনেতা, চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালকও |trans-title=Nazrul: He was an actor and film director. |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/song/নজরুল-ছিলেন-অভিনেতা-চলচ্চিত্র-পরিচালকও |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907200549/https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/song/নজরুল-ছিলেন-অভিনেতা-চলচ্চিত্র-পরিচালকও |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref> which made him the first Muslim director of a Bengali film''.''<ref name=":2" /> The film ''[[Vidyapati (1937 film)|Vidyapati]]'' (Master of Knowledge) was produced based on his recorded play in 1936, and Nazrul Islam served as the music director for the film ''[[Patalpuri]]'' and ''Gora'', (adaptation of Tagore's novel).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ekāḍemī (Bangladesh) |first=Bāṃlā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33xjAAAAMAAJ&q=Patalpuri+1935 |title=Bangla Academy Journal |date=1995 |publisher=Bangla Academy. |language=en}}</ref> Nazrul Islam wrote songs and directed music for [[Sachin Sengupta]]'s biographical epic play based on the life of [[Siraj-ud-Daula]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Mallick |first=Sadya Afreen |date=28 August 2015 |title=Nazrul's tryst with Bengali theatre |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/nazruls-tryst-bengali-theatre-133651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704155905/https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/nazruls-tryst-bengali-theatre-133651 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=5 March 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> He worked on the plays "Jahangir" and "Annyapurna" by Monilal Gangopadhyay.<ref name=":1" /> In 1939 Nazrul began working for Calcutta Radio, supervising the production and broadcasting of the station's musical programs. He produced critical and analytic documentaries on music, such as "Haramoni" and "Navaraga-malika". Nazrul Islam also wrote a large variety of songs inspired by the [[raga]] ''Bhairav''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rafiqul Islam |first=Rafiqul |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=117 |chapter=Nazrul Islam |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
[[File:Side view of Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam.jpg|thumb|As per a wish expressed in the Nazrul Geeti "''Mashjideri Pashe Amar Kobor Dio Bhai''" (Bury me next to the mosque, brother), Kazi Nazrul Islam is buried beside the Central Mosque of the [[Dhaka University]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2015 |title=The grave of National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam on the Dhaka University Central Mosque premises |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2015/08/28/107530.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026065021/http://www.observerbd.com/2015/08/28/107530.php |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=5 March 2016 |work=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]]}}</ref>|alt=]]
Nazrul Islam's wife Pramila Devi fell seriously ill in 1939 and was paralysed from the waist down. To provide for his wife's medical treatment, he mortgaged the royalties of his gramophone records and literary works for 400 rupees.<ref name="Kamal 325">{{Cite book |last=Kamal |first=Sajed |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=325 |chapter=Kazi Nazrul Islam: A Chronology of Life |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref> He returned to journalism in 1940 by working as chief editor for the daily newspaper ''[[Nabajug]]'' ('New Age'), founded by the Bengali politician [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]].<ref name="Kamal 325" />

On hearing about the death of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] on 8 August 1941, a shocked Nazrul Islam composed two poems in Tagore's memory. One of the two poems, "Rabihara" (loss of Rabi, or without Rabi), was broadcast on the [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nurul Huda |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co9jAAAAMAAJ |title=Nazrul's Aesthetics and Other Aspects |date=2001 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |page=129 |language=en}}</ref> Within months, Nazrul Islam himself fell ill and gradually began losing his power of speech. His behaviour became erratic, he started spending recklessly and fell into financial difficulties. In spite of her own illness, his wife constantly cared for her husband. However, Nazrul Islam's health had seriously deteriorated and he grew increasingly depressed. He received treatment under [[homeopathy]] as well as [[Ayurveda]], but little progress was achieved before mental dysfunction intensified and he was admitted to a mental asylum in 1942. Spending four months there without making progress, Nazrul Islam and his family began living a quiet life in India. In 1952, he was transferred to a psychiatric hospital in [[Ranchi]]. Through the efforts of a large group of admirers who called themselves the "Nazrul Treatment Society",<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2015 |title=10 key events in Kazi Nazrul's life |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/literature/10-key-events-kazi-nazrul%E2%80%99s-life-133459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906181725/https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/10-key-events-kazi-nazrul%E2%80%99s-life-133459 |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=5 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Nazrul Islam and Pramila were sent to [[London]], then to Vienna for treatment.<ref name="Kamal 326">{{Cite book |last=Kamal |first=Sajed |title=Nazrul: An Evaluation |date=2000 |publisher=Nazrul Institute |isbn=978-984-555-167-0 |editor-last=Mohammad Nurul Huda |location=Dhaka |page=326 |chapter=Kazi Nazrul Islam: A Chronology of Life |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtpVAAAACAAJ}}</ref> The examining doctors said he had received poor care, and Dr. [[Hans Hoff (psychiatrist)|Hans Hoff]], a leading [[neurosurgeon]] in Vienna, diagnosed that Nazrul Islam had [[Pick's disease]]. [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]], then the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]], was aware of Nazrul's illness and visited Vienna to meet with [[Hans Hoff (psychiatrist)|Dr. Hoff]]. Dr. Ashok Bagchi, a neurosurgeon from [[Kolkata]], also played a role in Nazrul's treatment while in [[Vienna]]. His condition was judged to be incurable, Nazrul Islam returned to Calcutta on 15 December 1953.<ref name="Kamal 326" /> On 30 June 1962 Pramila died,<ref name=":2" /> and Nazrul Islam remained in intensive medical care. He stopped working due to his deteriorating health.<ref>{{Citation |last=HR Channel |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam – a documentary 1956–1957 |date=10 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PwioVksT-A |access-date=29 June 2018}} Director: Manmath Roy</ref>

Despite receiving treatment and attention, Nazrul Islam's physical and mental health did not improve; and Nazrul Islam soon died from his long-standing ailments on 29 August 1976. In accordance with a wish he had expressed in one of his poems, he was [[Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam|buried beside a mosque on the campus of the University of Dhaka]].

Controversy has been reported around the funeral of Nazrul Islam. Nazrul Islam's sons requested the Bangladesh High Commission in [[Delhi]] to arrange for the return of their father's body to India by an aircraft so that he could be buried beside their mother's grave as per her last wishes. A space had been reserved for his burial next to her grave in the poet's native village, [[Churulia]]. When the sons arrived in Dhaka for the last rites, they found that they were completed without their attendance and that the poet had been buried in Dhaka University. Popular demand continues in [[West Bengal]] for the poet to be buried back in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/50/special-articles/two-nations-and-dead-body.html | title=Two Nations and a Dead Body | date=16 December 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419033 | jstor=4419033 | title=Two Nations and a Dead Body: Mortuarial Rites and Post-Colonial Modes of Nation-Making in South Asia | last1=Nag | first1=Sajal | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=22 January 2024 | volume=41 | issue=50 | pages=5183–5190 }}</ref>

Bangladesh observed two days of national mourning, and the [[Parliament of India]] observed a minute of silence in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2007 |title=References to demise of Heads of foreign States or eminent international personalities |url=http://164.100.24.167/rajya/19/94/i5/94I50H02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325222250/http://164.100.24.167/rajya/19/94/i5/94I50H02.htm |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2008}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
According to literary critic [[Serajul Islam Choudhury]], Nazrul Islam's poetry is characterised by abundant use of rhetorical devices, which he employed to convey conviction and sensuousness. He often wrote without care for organisation or polish. His works have often been criticised for [[egotism]], but his admirers counter that they carry more a sense of self-confidence than of ego. They cite his ability to defy God, or rather orthodox conceptions of God, yet maintain an inner, humble devotion to Him.<ref name="sedition" /> Nazrul Islam's poetry is regarded as rugged but unique in comparison to Tagore's sophisticated style. Nazrul Islam's use of [[Persian language|Persian]] vocabulary was controversial, but it increased the range of his work.<ref name="sedition" />

== Legacy ==
{{main|List of things named after Kazi Nazrul Islam}}
[[File:Nazrul Academy Churulia.jpg|thumb|Nazrul Academy in [[Churulia]], Asansol, [[West Bengal]], India which is also the birthplace of Kazi Nazrul Islam.]]
On 24 May 1972, the newly independent nation of Bangladesh brought Nazrul Islam to live in Dhaka with the consent of the [[Government of India]]. The government of Bangladesh conferred upon him the status of [[national poet]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar Das |first=Subrata |date=20 May 2011 |title=Nazrul . . . in the eyes of Benoykumar |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=186548 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161219110132/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=186548 |archive-date=19 December 2016 |access-date=26 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam: Rebel and Lover |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/1731 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706043407/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/1731 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=27 February 2016 |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |location=Dhaka |quote=The rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam was crowned in 1972 as the national poet of Bangladesh.}}</ref> However it was officially gazetted in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh officially recognizes late Kazi Nazrul Islam as 'national poet' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-officially-recognizes-late-kazi-nazrul-islam-as-national-poet-/3440772# |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |date=3 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam officially recognised as national poet |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/zoogq5cu7n |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=3 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In February 1976, during his stay in Bangladesh, he was awarded Bangladeshi citizenship.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

He was awarded an Honorary [[D.Litt.]] by the University of Dhaka in 1974 and in 1976. He was awarded the [[Ekushey Padak]] by the President of Bangladesh Justice [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Many centres of learning and culture in Bangladesh and India had been founded and dedicated to his memory. The [[Bangladesh Nazrul Sena]] is a large public organization working for the education of children throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Nazrul Sena |url=http://www.nazrulsena.org/indexmain.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111055412/http://www.nazrulsena.org/indexmain.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 |url-status=usurped |access-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> The Nazrul Endowment provides funding for research into the life and work of Kazi Nazrul Islam in U.S. Universities like [[California State University, Northridge]] and [[Connecticut State University System|Connecticut State University]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2013 |title=Nazrul at CSUN |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/nazrul-at-csun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107123030/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/nazrul-at-csun |archive-date=7 November 2025 |access-date=27 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alom |first=Zahangir |date=24 May 2012 |title=Nazrul on the global stage |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=235542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303064041/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=235542 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=27 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Nazrul was awarded the Jagattarini Gold Medal, the highest honour for work in Bengali literature by the [[University of Calcutta]], in 1945 and was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award of India, in 1960.<ref name="Kamal 326" />

Nazrul Islam's works for children have won acclaim for his use of rich language, imagination, enthusiasm, and an ability to fascinate young readers.<ref name="sedition" /> Nazrul is regarded for his secularism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2011 |title=A unique symbol of secularism, President says of the rebel poet Nazrul's birthday celebrated |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=b1234cae2f9d0e75a246f66753d2fce3&nttl=2011052520556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213827/http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=b1234cae2f9d0e75a246f66753d2fce3&nttl=2011052520556 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |work=[[Banglanews24.com]]}}</ref> His poetry has been translated to several languages including English, Spanish, and Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2016 |title=Nazrul's works translated in Spanish and Portuguese |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/nazruls-works-translated-spanish-and-portugese-574963 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704035937/http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/nazruls-works-translated-spanish-and-portugese-574963 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=26 February 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> The Uzbek poet [[Erkin Vohidov]] wrote an [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] about Nazrul Islam entitled ''Ruhlar isyoni'' (''The Rise of the Spirits'').<ref>{{cite news |date=29 December 2022 |title=Эркин Воҳидов таваллудига бағишланган хотира тадбири бўлиб ўтди |url=https://kknews.uz/uz/127535.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212030642/https://kknews.uz/uz/127535.html |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=2 November 2023 |language=Uzbek |agency=Karakalpakstan News Agency}}</ref> A major avenue is named after him in Dhaka, Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2016 |title=Karwan Bazar veg traders rout out Rajuk eviction team |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/traders-go-berserk-during-rajuks-eviction-drive-1204933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430103924/https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/karwan-bazar-veg-traders-rout-out-rajuk-eviction-team-1204933 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date= |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |quote=block the nearby Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue}}</ref> There is a cultural institution called Nazrul Academy, which is spread throughout Bangladesh. A chair has been named after him in University of Calcutta and the Government of West Bengal has opened a [[Nazrul Tirtha]] in [[Rajarhat]], a cultural centre with library, auditorium and movie theatre dedicated to his memory.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2014 |title='Nazrul Tirtha', a hub of cultural exchange with Bangladesh |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nazrul-tirtha-a-hub-of-cultural-exchange-with-bangladesh-114052601163_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629155410/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nazrul-tirtha-a-hub-of-cultural-exchange-with-bangladesh-114052601163_1.html |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=6 April 2016 |work=[[The Business Standard]]}}</ref> On 25 May 2020, Google celebrated his 121st birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2020 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam's 121st Birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/kazi-nazrul-islams-121st-birthday/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917121645/https://doodles.google/doodle/kazi-nazrul-islams-121st-birthday/ |archive-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[Google Doodle]]}}</ref>

== Family tree ==
{{Tree list}}
* Kazi Faqeer Ahmed, m. Zahida Khatun
** Kazi Saahibjaan
** Kazi Ali Hussain
** Umme Kulsum
** '''Kazi Nazrul Islam''', m. Pramila Devi (d. 1962)
*** Krishna Mohammad
*** Arindam Khaled Bulbul
*** [[Kazi Sabyasachi]] (1928–1979), m. Uma Kazi (d. 2020)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-16 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam's daughter-in-law passes away |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/454561/Kazi-Nazrul-Islam%E2%80%99s-daughter-in-law-passes-away |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref>
**** [[Khilkhil Kazi]]
**** Mistee Kazi
**** Babul Kazi (d. 2025)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam's grandson dies in treatment |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/1b39a3cd9c32 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=bdnews4.com |language=en |date=2025-01-18}}</ref>
*** Kazi Aniruddha (d. 1974), m. Kalyani Kazi (d. 2023)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-12 |title=Kazi Nazrul Islam's daughter-in-law Kalyani Kazi no more |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news/kazi-nazrul-islams-daughter-law-kalyani-kazi-no-more-3317856 |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
**** Kazi Anirban (d. 2024)
**** Kazi Arindam
**** Anindita Kazi<ref>{{Cite news |title=Grandson of Kazi Nazrul Islam critically injured in 'gas lighter blast' |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/de246eb20c4f |access-date=2025-01-20 |date=2025-01-18 |website=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of works of Kazi Nazrul Islam]]

== References ==

===Notes===
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Kazi Nazrul Islam}}
* {{Gbooks-author|Nazrul Islam (Kazi)}}
* [http://www.kazinazrulislam.org/ Kazi Nazrul Islam]
* [https://www.kobikolpolota.in/kazi-nazrul-islam-bangla-kobita/ Kazi Nazrul Islam] Poem

{{Kazi Nazrul Islam}}
{{Notable singers of Nazrul Geeti}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{Portal bar|Bangladesh|Biography|Poetry}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = y
|n = y
|n-search = Category:Kazi Nazrul Islam
|wikt = y
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}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazrul Islam, Kazi}}
[[Category:Kazi Nazrul Islam| ]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male musicians]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi poets]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Deaths from Pick's disease]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Muslim poets]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Bengali military personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Translators of Omar Khayyám]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mausoleum of Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian diarists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]

Rameshwar

2026-03-09T04:12:18Z

1muhammet237823: Creating New Entry - done

'''Rameshwar''' is an Indian masculine [[Indian name|given name]]. Notable people with the name include:

* [[J. Rameshwar Rao]] (1923–1998), Indian lawyer, diplomat, politician, MP, book publisher and the titular Raja of Wanaparthy
* [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], Indian composer, instrumentalist, music producer and singer
* [[Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh]] (born 1969), Indian politician
* [[Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai]] (born 1951), Indian scientist in the field of human genetics and cancer biology
* [[Rameshwar Banerjee]] (1925–1945), Indian revolutionary and martyr of the Indian independence movement
* [[Rameshwar S. Bhagat]], Indian film editor
* [[Rameshwar Das Birla]] (1892–1973), Indian entrepreneur
* [[Rameshwar Broota]] (born 1941), Indian visual artist
* [[Rameshwar Chaurasiya]], Indian politician
* [[Rameshwar Lal Dudi]] (born 1963), Indian politician and MP
* [[Acharya Rameshwar Jha]], Indian traditional Sanskrit scholar
* [[R. N. Kao|Rameshwar Nath Kao]] (1918–2002), Indian spymaster and the first chief of Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
* [[Rameshwar Singh Kashyap]] (1927–1992), Indian playwright, screenwriter and professor
* [[Rameshwar Mahto]] (born 1976), Indian politician
* [[Rameshwar Neekhra]] (born 1946), Indian politician and MP
* [[Rameshwar Oraon]] (born 1947), Indian politician and MP
* [[Rameshwar Pathak]] (1938–2010), Indian kamrupi lokgeet singer and teacher
* [[Rameshwar Patidar]] (1938–2021), Indian politician and MP
* [[Rameshwar Prasad (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rameshwar Prasad (politician)]] ({{circa|1930}}–2020), Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
* [[Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)|Rameshwar Prasad (politician)]] (born 1947), Indian politician from Bihar, MP
* [[Rameshwar Sahu]] (1919–?), Indian politician, MP and chairman of Indian Railways
* [[Rameshwar Sharma]], Indian politician
* [[Rameshwar Prasad Sinha]] (died 1965), Indian politician and freedom fighter
* [[Rameshwar Singh]] (1860–1929), Indian maharaja of Darbhanga
* [[Rameshwar Singh (politician)]], Indian politician
* [[Rameshwar Tantia]] (1910–1977), Indian politician and MP
* [[Rameswar Teli]] (born 1970), Indian politician
* [[Rameshwar Thakur]] (1925–2015), Indian politician, union minister and state governor
* [[Rameshwar Prasad Yadav]], Indian politician
* [[Rameshwar Raya Yadav]] (born 1955), Nepalese politician, MP and cabinet minister
* [[Rameshwar Singh Yadav]] (born 1953), Indian politician and MP

==See also==
* [[Rameshwar (disambiguation)]]
* {{srt}}

{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Central Bus Station, Erode

2026-03-04T08:29:26Z

1muhammet237823: Done

{{Short description|Terminal bus station in Erode, India}}
{{citation style|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Central Bus Station, Erode {{R-I|bus}}<hr />{{small|Independance day Silver Jubilee Central Bus Terminus}}
| cta_header =
| type = Integrated Bus Terminus
| style = Class-A
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| hangul =
| hanja =
| rr =
| mr =
| address = Swastik Circle, VCTV Road, [[Erode]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.3470|77.7197|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line =
| other =
| structure = On ground
| platform = 11 (100 Bays)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|title=Erode CMP Page E8|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104913/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20City%20Mobility%20Plan-Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1973|df=y}}<ref name=built>{{cite news|title=Erode Municipal Central Bus Stand to get facelift|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/20/stories/2005122004650300.htm|access-date=3 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 December 2005|location=Erode}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = ERO ([[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]]) IRD ([[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]])
| owned = [[Erode City Municipal Corporation]]
| operator = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = Caters to over 1,20,000 passengers everyday
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 4,200 services per day; 2,530 mofussil and 1640 city services <ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20CMP.pdf|title=Erode comprehensive mobility plan 2015 page 134|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425002607/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20CMP.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Erode Central Bus Stand''' or '''Independence day Silver Jubilee Central Bus Terminus''' is a major [[Bus terminus|terminal]] [[bus station]] located in the City of [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located near Swastik Circle at the junction of [[National Highway 544H (India)|Mettur Road]] and [[State Highway 15 (Tamil Nadu)|Sathy Road]] about 3 km north of [[Erode Junction|Erode Junction Railway Station]].

It was the first largest bus terminal in Tamil Nadu before the establishment of Madurai Mattuthavani and Chennai Koyambedu bus terminals and even at present it is one of the largest bus terminals in Tamil Nadu.

==History==
The Central Bus Station was established in 1973 and named Independence day Silver Jubilee Bus Terminus to commemorate the [[Silver Jubilee]] celebrations of the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]]. Though it was opened for operations in 1973, the main terminal building facility opened only in 1980. It was followed by the opening of a second terminal building in 1982 and further expanded in the year of 2003 with a separate terminal for town (Intra-city) bus services. Later in 2011, a dedicated terminal facility has been opened for catering to Intra-city mini-bus services. The bus station is located at the heart of the city, with two entry and two exit points. [[Erode City Municipal Corporation]] owns the property and takes care of its maintenance. The entire terminus is spread over an area of {{convert|12|acre|m2}} and has enough parking bays to accommodate around 200 buses simultaneously.

==Facilities==
An air conditioned passenger waiting hall, a reverse osmosis water treatment plant and a separate station for mini-buses are in operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Drinking water promised to bus passengers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Drinking-water-promised-to-bus-passengers/article14780115.ece|access-date=3 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 June 2007|location=[[Erode]]}}</ref> An underground parking facility has been constructed for two-wheelers and a multi level shopping complex has been developed along with additional public convenience facilities inside the complex.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newly built buildings remain unutilised in Erode town|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/newly-built-buildings-remain-unutilised-in-erode-town/article2364042.ece|access-date=3 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 August 2011|location=[[Erode]]}}</ref>

[[File:Layout of CBS, Erode.jpg|thumb|Original layout of the Central Bus Stand in Erode (before 2024)]]
The bus station is modernized with concrete flooring, high mast lamps and the introduction of various extension counters, e-governance facilities and bank ATMs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Railway, TNEB counters to be set up in Erode bus stand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Railway-TNEB-counters-to-be-set-up-in-Erode-bus-stand/article14752678.ece|access-date=3 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 April 2007|location=[[Erode]]}}</ref>

==Operations and Traffic==
This Class-A Bus Station caters to both intra-city and inter-city services originally with 8 bus fingers, 13 platforms and 120 bus bays.<ref name="auto"/> The Station is an Integrated facility operating with three terminals namely, [[Intercity bus service|Mofussil bus]] Stand, [[City bus]] Stand and Minibus Stand. The original Mofussil Terminal had 75 bus bays for Outstation buses (5 platforms each having 15 bays). The Town bus Terminal has 35 parallel bus bays in 6 platforms for Intra-city buses and the Mini-bus Terminal has 10 bays in single bus finger and two platforms for intra-city minibus services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20CMP.pdf|title=Erode_comprehensive_mobility_plan_2015-page-45|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425002607/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/pdf/Erode%20CMP.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Buses ply from here to all major towns in [[Tamil Nadu]] and other important places in [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].

As of 2014, this terminal handles around 4200 bus services with a share of 2530 Mofussil ([[Intercity bus service]]s) and 1640 [[City bus]] services.<ref name="auto1"/> Apart from this there are 65 Minibuses operating multiple services from this station and there are around 268 private buses being operated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bus services in Erode resumes|url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-coimbatore/erode/2020/sep/08/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3460880.html|access-date=8 September 2020|newspaper=[[Dinamani]]|date=8 September 2020|location=[[Erode]]}}</ref>

Around 40,000 to 50,000 passengers were catered by this terminal every day in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Erode busstand to be modernised|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/erode-bus-stand-to-be-modernised/article3167998.ece|access-date=3 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2006|location=[[Erode]]}}</ref> This keeps increasing and as of 2024 data, this bus terminal caters to over 1,20,000 passengers everyday.<ref>{{cite news|title=Commuters raise concern over lack of name boards at Erode bus stand|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/commuters-raise-concern-over-lack-of-name-boards-at-erode-bus-stand/article69029007.ece|access-date=21 December 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 December 2024|location=[[Erode]]}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable"
|-
!Platform!!Bus Route
|-
|1|| Buses waiting for schedule / Halt
|-
|2|| [[Coimbatore]], [[Tirupur]], [[Ooty]], [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Palani]], [[Mysuru]], [[Gobichettipalayam]]
|-
|3|| [[Karur]], [[Trichy]], [[Madurai]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Rameshwaram]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Velankanni]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Oddanchatram]]
|-
|4|| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Namakkal]], [[Vilupuram]], [[Rasipuram]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Vellore]], [[Attur]], [[Kallakurichi]], [[Chidambaram]]
|-
|5||[[Dharmapuri]], [[Bhavani, Erode|Bhavani]], [[Anthiyur]], [[Mettur]], [[Ammapettai, Erode|Ammapettai]], [[Mecheri]]
|-
|6|| City bus services towards [[Perundurai]], [[Chennimalai]], [[Arachalur]], [[Sivagiri, Erode|Sivagiri]], [[Solar, Erode|Solar]]
|-
|7, 8|| City bus services towards [[Bhavani, Erode|Bhavani]], [[Komarapalayam]], [[Chithode]], [[BP Agraharam]], [[Pallipalayam]], [[Tiruchengode]], [[Sankagiri]]
|-
|9, 10|| City bus services
|-
|11|| City bus services towards [[Erode Junction]], [[Erode|P.S.Park]], [[Surampatti]], [[Thanthai Periyar Government Hospital|Thanthai Periyar GH]]
|-
|12, 13|| City minibus services
|}

==Renovation==
The Central Bus Station has been renovated and redeveloped under the Central Government supported Smart City Mission at a cost of Rs.40 Crore, in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Erode Corporation keenly pursuing satellite bus stand projects|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/main-works-on-new-bus-terminal-in-erode-to-commence-on-september-1/article35329096.ece|access-date=19 September 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 September 2021|location=Erode, India}}</ref> During this renovation, the platforms and bus bays were rearranged and reconstructed in the mofussil bus terminal area, making it as linear bus bays with parallel parking in 5 platforms, each with a capacity of parking around 12 buses. The renovation also included a large commercial complex and a huge parking area in the basement.

==Additional Satellite Bus Terminals==
Owing to the congestion and narrow access roads in the core area of the city, [[Erode City Municipal Corporation]] has decided to construct two satellite bus terminals for handling the [[intercity bus service]]s as a measure to reduce the traffic flow in core city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Erode Corporation keenly pursuing satellite bus stand projects|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/erode-corporation-keenly-pursuing-satellite-bus-stand-projects/article7650299.ece|access-date=3 February 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 September 2015|location=Erode, India}}</ref>

One additional bus terminal has been established and open in the South at [[Solar, Erode|Solar]] along Karur Highway near [[Outer Ring Road, Erode|Southern ORR]] with a capacity to handle 1200 mofussil services bound for Southern and Central districts of the state; while another terminal is soon to be established at [[Periyasemur]] (near [[Kaniravutharkulam]] lake) along Sathyamangalam Highway near with a capacity to handle 900 mofussil services bound for Western TN districts and Omni bus services.<ref>[https://ippai.org/powernewsdetails/land-identified-for-new-bus-terminal-at-solar Land identified for new bus terminal at solar] {{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Steps taken to establish three bus stands in Erode: Minister|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/steps-taken-to-establish-three-bus-stands-in-erode-minister/article36639825.ece|access-date=14 October 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2021|location=Erode, India}}</ref> While there are two other small terminals in the city limits at [[Surampatti]] and [[Pudur, Erode|46-Pudur]] which are established to cater intra-city local bus services.

The [[Solar Bus Terminus, Erode|Solar Bus Stand]] near Solar Transport Nagar [[Lakkapuram]] along Karur Road on 24 acres land has been established at a cost of Rupees 75 crore and opened for operations in 2025. While the third major bus stand at [[Periyasemur]] (near Kanirowther Kulam) along Sathy Road on 15 acres of land is on progress.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three new bus terminals in Erode|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/85-projects-proposed-for-erode-district-says-minister/article36578663.ece|access-date=14 October 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 September 2021|location=Erode, India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in Erode]]
* [[Solar Bus Terminus, Erode]]
* [[Erode Junction railway station]]
* [[Outer Ring Road, Erode]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Erode district}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Erode|C]]
[[Category:Transport in Erode]]

Karune Illada Kanoonu

2026-03-03T22:14:59Z

1muhammet237823: small fix

{{short description|1983 film by K. S. L. Swamy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karune Illada Kanoonu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravee)
| producer = Girija
| writer = [[K. Balachandar]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Lokesh]] [[Tiger Prabhakar]] [[Sripriya]] Ashok
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = B. Purushottham
| editing = N. M. Victor
| studio = Sri Chamundeshwari
| distributor = Sri Chamundeshwari
| released = {{Film date|1983|11|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Karune Illada Kanoonu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕರುಣೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ ಕಾನೂನು.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Merciless Law}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]] (Ravee) and produced by Girija. The film stars [[Lokesh]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Sripriya]] and Ashok. The film has musical score by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Karune-Illada-Kannu-1983/9219801482|title=Karune Illada Kanoonu|accessdate=2015-01-13|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118045038/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Karune-Illada-Kannu-1983/9219801482|archive-date=18 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://paaru.in/movies/karune-illada-kaanunu-kannada-1905|title=Karune Illada Kanoonu|accessdate=2015-01-13|publisher=paaru.in}}</ref> The film was an adaptation of [[K. Balachander]]'s play ''[[Major Chandrakanth (play)|Major Chandrakanth]]''.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Lokesh]]
*[[Tiger Prabhakar]]
*[[Sripriya]] as Kavitha
*Ashok in Special Appearance
*Shivaram
*Chandrashekar
*Sudheer
*Balagangadhara Thilak
*Shivaprakash
*Ashwath Narayan
*Saikumar
*Tomato Somu
*Veerendra Kumar
*Pranavamurthy
*Ramesh
*Kokila
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Karune-Illada-Kaanoonu-songs-K0000451|title=Karune Illada Kaanoonu Songs|accessdate=2015-01-13|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Hareyada Cheluva Hoove" || [[Vani Jairam]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] || 04:55
|-
| 2 || "Neenu Thandantha Raaga" || Vani Jairam || R. N. Jayagopal || 04:20
|-
| 3 || "Thangiya Maduveya Madona" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Doddarange Gowda || 04:11
|-
| 4 || "Dhairyave Himalaya" || P. B. Sreenivas || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || 04:17
|-
| 5 || "Beladingala Holeyali" || Vani Jairam || S. U. Rudramurthy Shastry || 05:01
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|karune_illada_kanoonu}}

{{K. S. L. Swamy}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. L. Swamy]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

All Parties Hurriyat Conference

2026-02-27T19:09:27Z

1muhammet237823: updated details

{{Short description|Political alliance in Kashmir}}
{{Redirect|Hurriyat|the settlement in Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan|Hurriyat, Uzbekistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = All Parties Hurriyat Conference
| logo = Hurriyat Conference Logo.jpg
| caption =
| colorcode = Darkgreen
| chairperson = [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] (Mirwaiz faction) [[Masarat Alam Bhat]] (Geelani faction; interim)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/masarat-alam-succeeds-geelani-as-hurriyat-chairman-7495424/|title=Masarat Alam succeeds Geelani as Hurriyat chairman|author=Bashaarat Masood|work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230204070907/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/masarat-alam-succeeds-geelani-as-hurriyat-chairman-7495424/|archive-date=4 February 2023|date=8 September 2021|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Muslim United Front]]<ref>{{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |page=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |entry-url=http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1651?_hi=0&_pos=5705|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072304/http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1651?_hi=0&_pos=5705|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2017|entry=Muslim United Front|dictionary=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=An alliance of Islamic parties organized to contest the 1987 state elections in Indian-controlled Kashmir. The alliance won only three seats, allegedly due to massive electoral fraud. The group's poor showing in 1987 inspired a new phase of armed resistance to Indian rule in Kashmir that continues today. | title=Muslim United Front - Oxford Islamic Studies Online }}</ref>
| founders = [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz]] [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] [[Abdul Gani Lone]] [[Yasin Malik]] [[Abdul Gani Bhat]] 
| foundation = 31 July 1993
| ideology = [[Kashmiri separatism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/hurriyat.htm|title=All Parties Hurriyat Conference}}</ref> [[Self-determination]]<ref name="Caravan 2010">
{{Citation |last=Jeelani |first=Mehboob |date=2010-09-01 |title=How defiance made Syed Ali Geelani relevant in Kashmir |newspaper=The Caravan |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/man-who-says-no-new-delhi |url-access=subscription }}
</ref> [[Islamism]]<ref name="Amir-e-Jhad">
PTI, [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jamaat-e-lslami-j-k-established-strong-links-with-isi-in-regular-touch-with-pak-119030900221_1.html Why India banned Jamaat-e-lslami and the 'Amir-e-Jihad' Geelani connection], Business Standard, 9 March 2019.
</ref><ref name="Praveen Swami">
Praveen Swami, [https://www.news18.com/news/politics/the-sunset-of-kashmirs-jihadist-patriarch-syed-ali-shah-geelani-2692929.html The Sunset of Kashmir's Jihadist Patriarch, Syed Ali Shah Geelani], News18, 29 June 2020 (updated 1 September 2021).
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Jamal|2009|pp=141–143}}: "Among top leaders of the organization [Jamaat-i-Islami] in 1989, only Syed Ali Shah Geelani was willing to publicly support armed ''jihad''. ... A pro-militancy constituency secretly arranged for Syed Ali Shah Geelani to address the group [of leaders]. When negotiations stalled, Geelani appeared suddenly, made an impassioned speech and, according to accounts of the meeting, succeeded in pushing the group toward openly supporting the jihad [which ended with the creation of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]]."
</ref>
| position = [[Big tent]]<ref name=Statesman>
Geelani floats new party, ''The Statesman'', 8 August 2004. {{ProQuest|284218680}}
</ref><ref name=oed_insurgency>{{citation|title=insurgency, n|publisher=Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97279?redirectedFrom=insurgency#eid|access-date=27 November 2019}} Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; = insurgence n. = The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)</ref>
| colors = [[Green]]
| headquarters = [[Srinagar]]
| website = {{URL|www.huriyatconference.com}}
| country = India
}}
'''All Parties Hurriyat Conference''' ('''APHC''') is an alliance of several political, social and religious organizations formed on 9 March 1993, as a united political front to raise the cause of Kashmiri independence in the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Mehmood Ahmed Saghar was the first convener of the APHC-PAK chapter when the alliance was established in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/hurriyat-its-history-role-and-relevance/|title=Hurriyat: Its History, Role and Relevance|date=31 August 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=13 May 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The alliance has historically been viewed positively by [[Pakistan]] as it contests the claim of the Indian government over the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="kashmirherald1">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirherald.com/profiles/hurriyat.html |title=All Party Hurriyat Conference (APHC) |publisher=Kashmirherald.com |access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/Hurriyat.htm |title=All Parties Hurriyat Conference |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/opinion/2002/05/23o05.htm|access-date=9 December 2007 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The organisation is split into two main factions, the Mirwaiz and Geelani factions. [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] is the founder and chairman of Mirwaiz faction and [[Masarat Alam Bhat]] is the interim chairman of Geelani faction, who succeeded [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], the founder of the faction after his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/separatist-leader-mirwaiz-umar-farooq-placed-under-house-arrest/article26160439.ece |title=Separatist leader Mirwaiz Umar Farooq placed under house arrest |work=Press Trust of India|publisher=The Hindu |access-date=14 February 2023 |date=2 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Desk">{{Cite web|author=News Desk|date=2021-09-07|title=Masarat Alam is new chairman of Hurriyat Conference {{!}} Free Press Kashmir|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/09/07/masarat-alam-is-new-chairman-of-hurriyat-conference/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=freepresskashmir.news|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==History==
The All Parties Hurriyat Conference was founded on 31 July 1993.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-31 |title=Hurriyat: Its History, Role and Relevance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/hurriyat-its-history-role-and-relevance/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 27 December 1992, the 19-year-old Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, who had taken over as chairman of J&K Awami Action Committee (J&KAAC) and become the head priest of Kashmir after the assassination of his father Mirwaiz Farooq, called a meeting of religious, social and political organisations at Mirwaiz Manzil leading to the creation of the formation the following year.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

The APHC executive council had seven members from seven executive parties: [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] of Jamat-e-Islami, [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] of Awami Action Committee, [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz]] of People’s League, Moulvi [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] of Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen, Prof Abdul Gani Bhat of Muslim Conference, [[Yasin Malik]] of JKLF, and [[Abdul Ghani Lone|Abdul Gani Lone]] of People’s Conference.

Now, the leadership of the some executive parties have changed with time like [[Mukhtar Ahmed Waza]] of people's league, [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]] of Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen and [[Bilal Ghani lone]] of people's conference, renamed as JK peoples independent movement[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jammu-kashmir/bilal-lone-renames-his-faction-of-pc-721567/]

==Ideology and role==
According to the Hurriyat, Jammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory and India's control of it is not justified. It supports the Pakistani claim that [[Kashmir]] is the "unfinished agenda of Partition" and needs to be solved "as per the aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir."<ref name="satp.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/Hurriyat.htm|title=All Parties Hurriyat Conference|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

The APHC perceives itself to be the sole representative of the Kashmiri people.<ref name="satp.org"/>

The organisation's primary role has been to project an image of counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir and to mobilise public opinion against Indian security forces. The alliance has consistently followed up local allegations of security force excesses, and in several documented cases, false allegations about human violation by Indian security forces. For instance, the Haigam firing incident of 16 February 2001, was an assault on a peaceful gathering whereas, but later claimed in news reports and official clarifications, the army contingent fired upon the mob only when they were blocked and prevented from moving.<ref name="satp.org"/>

The APHC has also an observer's status in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). OIC has invited [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] for its June 2005 Foreign Ministers Conference in Yemen.<ref name="satp.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mirwaiz-gets-oic-invite-hurriyat/article1-1004477.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115705/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mirwaiz-gets-oic-invite-hurriyat/article1-1004477.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|title=Mirwaiz gets OIC invite: Hurriyat|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

==Internal Split==
There are currently two main factions of the Hurriyat Conference, formed by [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]] and [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]. The Mirwaiz-led group, also referred to as the "moderate faction" along with non-Hurriyat leaders like [[Yasin Malik]] undertook, between 2–16 June 2005, the first formal visit of Kashmiri separatists to Pakistani Kashmir and subsequently, though unsanctioned by Indian authorities, to Pakistan.<ref name="satp.org"/>

Internal fissures within the Hurriyat Conference culminated in a formal split on 7 September 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/all-party-hurriyat-conference-jammu-and-kashmir-geelani/story/1/5594.html|title=Seven reasons why Hurriyat's sun is setting in Kashmir}}</ref> with at least 12 of its 26 constituents "removing" the then Chairman Maulana [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] "replacing" him with [[Masarat Alam]] as its interim chief. The dissenters reportedly met at the residence of hardliner and pro-Pakistan [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] (JeI) leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani and decided to depose Ansari and "suspend" the seven-member executive committee, the highest decision-making forum of the APHC. A five-member committee was formed to review the Hurriyat Constitution and suggest amendments to reverse what the dissenters perceived as "autocratic" decisions taken by the executive committee.<ref name="satp.org"/>

Following this, Geelani formed his own faction of the Hurriyat called All Party Hurriyat Conference (G) and took over its leadership in 2003. He was later appointed as its lifetime chairman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/06/29/separatist-leader-syed-ali-shah-geelani-quits-hurriyat-conference.html|title=Separatist leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani quits Hurriyat Conference|author=Tariq Bhat|work=The Week|date=29 June 2020|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/geelani-parts-ways-with-hurriyat-conference-after-27-years-106068|title=Geelani 'parts ways' with Hurriyat Conference after 27 years|author=Samaan Lateef|work=The Tribune|date=29 June 2020|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> It consists of 24 parties. In 2004 he founded his own party named [[Tehreek-e-Hurriyat]] due to differences with the Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/19/syed-ali-shah-geelani-quits-as-tehreek-e-hurriyat-party-chairman-but-will-continue-to-head-hurriyat-1789362.html|title=Syed Ali Shah Geelani quits as Tehreek-e-Hurriyat party chairman but will continue to head Hurriyat|author=Fayaz Wani|work=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2018|access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> He was appointed as the party chairman in October 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2004/kashmir20041012c.html|title=
Geelani Elected Chairman Of Tehreek-e-Hurriyat|work=The Hindustan Times|publisher=Jammu-Kashmir.com|date=12 October 2004|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

The Hurriyat Conference again split in 2014. The moderate Hurriyat Conference led by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq faced the split after four senior leaders raised a banner of revolt against the chairman and other members of the conglomerate.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-split-stares-at-moderate-hurriyat-1947196|title=Another split stares at moderate Hurriyat|work=dna|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
Democratic Freedom Party president Shabir Ahmad Shah, National Front chairman Nayeem Ahmad Khan, Mahaz-e-Azadi chief Mohammad Azam Inqlabi and Islamic Political Party Mohommad Yousuf Naqash were up in arms against Mirwaiz after he dashed off a letter to the convener in [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]], Mohommad Yousuf Naseem, asking him not to entertain the leaders who have left the conglomerate on their own.
The leader Shabir Shah and his lieutenant Nayeem Khan along with Shia leader Agha Hassan joined Hurriyat Conference (G) led by Syed Ali Geelani.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Views on right to self-determination==
All JKLF factions support the right to self-determination as per [[UN Security Council Resolution 47]]. Hurriyat, led by [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], Shabir Shah, Nayeem Khan & Azam Inquilabi, demand the right to self-determination as per [[UN Security Council Resolution 47]].
Members of the Executive Council of the original APHC were:
* Peoples Conference: [[Abdul Ghani Lone]]
* Jamat-e-Islami: [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]
* Awami Action Committee: [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]]
* People's League: [[Mukhtar Ahmed Waza]]
* Itehad-ul-Muslimeen: [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]
* Muslim Conference: [[Abdul Ghani Bhat]]
* JKLF: [[Yasin Malik]]

==Criticism and controversies==

===Relations with Pakistan and Afghanistan===
[[Sheikh Mustafa Kamal]], a senior leader of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] and son of [[Sheikh Abdullah]] criticised Hurriyat leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani for working on "dictations" given by Pakistan. He accused Geelani of being "a double agent" on "the payroll of Pakistan's [[Inter-Service Intelligence|ISI]]".<ref name="outlookindia.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Geelani-on-ISI-Payroll-NC-Leader/768901|title=Geelani on ISI Payroll: NC Leader|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com">{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-geelani-on-payroll-of-isi-says-nc-leader-3529449.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150316105520/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-geelani-on-payroll-of-isi-says-nc-leader-3529449.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2015|title=geelani on payroll of isi, says nc leader - daily.bhaskar.com|work=daily.bhaskar.com|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="in.com">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/geelani-on-payroll-of-isi-says-nc-leader/271529-37-64.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150316105439/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/geelani-on-payroll-of-isi-says-nc-leader/271529-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2015|title=Geelani on payroll of ISI, says NC leader|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

Kamal said "Geelani has tried to 'ignite and incite' people by 'hollow slogans and destructive emotionalism', whenever even a Pakistani clerk comes to India and summons this ex-lawmaker(Geelani), he rushes to Delhi to take dictation about how to ensure that uncertainty prevails in the state."<ref name="outlookindia.com1"/><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com"/><ref name="in.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20020601a.html|title=Hurriyat Leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani's Arrest – ISI Funding for Kashmiri Militants|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/hawala-nia-links-hurriyat-to-isi-138770-2011-08-03|title=NIA nails Hurriyat's links with the ISI|date=4 August 2011 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

Pakistan also openly supported Geelani and Hurriyat, and representatives have had several meetings with Hurriyat leaders. A three-member delegation from the [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|Pakistan High Commission]] led by Abdul Basit met Geelani at his Malviya Nagar residence in March 2015. Pakistan [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] Abdul Basit assured Geelani of complete support conveying that the country's stand on Kashmir remains unchanged despite the regime change in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1168445|title=Pakistani high commissioner meets Hurriyat leader Geelani|date=9 March 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pakistan-assures-syed-ali-geelani-of-complete-support-2067448|title=Pakistan assures Syed Ali Geelani of complete support|work=dna|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="asianage.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/pakistan-mischief-again-envoy-meets-syed-ali-geelani-429 |title=Pakistan mischief again: Envoy meets Syed Ali Geelani |work=The Asian Age |access-date=1 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113543/http://www.asianage.com/india/pakistan-mischief-again-envoy-meets-syed-ali-geelani-429 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Basit also invited Geelani for a [[Pakistan Day]] function on 23 March. The Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi, ritually invites pro-separatist leadership of Jammu and Kashmir for the function every year.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/><ref name="dnaindia.com1"/><ref name="asianage.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-envoy-abdul-basit-meets-separatist-leader-geelani-invites-him-for-pakistan-day/532899-3-245.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311180229/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-envoy-abdul-basit-meets-separatist-leader-geelani-invites-him-for-pakistan-day/532899-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2015|title=Pakistan envoy Abdul Basit meets separatist leader Geelani, invites him for Pakistan Day|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

Indian media vehicles reported that Geelani and Hurriyat are paying local unemployed young men to stage protests.<ref name="india.com">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/hurriyat-paid-rs-400-for-jandk-stone-pelting-let-terrorist-participated_677068.html|title=Hurriyat paid Rs 400 for J&K stone-pelting, LeT terrorist participated|work=Zee News|date=27 December 2010 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> According to them, arrested participants confessed being paid Rs 400($6–7) every Friday.
Police said the money is being raised locally by Hurriyat hardliner Syed Ali Shah Geelani's followers. Most of the money comes from fruit markets and saw mills, Pakistan-based LeT terrorists also participate in stone peltings,<ref name="india.com"/> the police said.<ref name="india.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-stone-pelter-in-Kashmir-gets-paid-Rs-400-a-week/articleshow/7173104.cms|title=stone pelters paid Rs 400/week by Hurriyat|work=The Times of India|date=27 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlykashmir.blogspot.in/2010/12/every-stone-pelter-gets-rs-400-week.html|title=Only Kashmir|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

===Elections boycott===
Geelani and Hurriyat appealed to the people of Kashmir to boycott the 2014 [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections]] completely, arguing that: "India has been holding elections in the Valley using the power of gun and so such an exercise is not legitimate."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204083945/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2014|title=Syed Ali Shah Geelani's J&K election boycott call resonates in his hometown Sopore|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> But despite repeated boycott appeals, the 2014 assembly election recorded record voter turnout of more than 65% which was the highest in 25 years of history and higher than normal voting percentages in other states of India.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url = http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-in-25-years-jharkhand-breaks-records-715845|title = Jammu and Kashmir Registers Highest Voter Turnout in 25 Years, Jharkhand Breaks Records|date = 20 December 2014|work = NDTV.com|access-date = 1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141223/nation-current-affairs/article/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-25-years|title=Jammu and Kashmir registers highest voter turnout in 25 years, Jharkhand breaks records|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 December 2014 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150315203847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2015|title=J&K polls: 76 per cent voter turnout recorded in the final phase|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

While voter turnout in Jammu and Kashmir as a whole was high, it remained low in Kashmir, and in many thickly populated areas of Srinagar and Anantnag, it stayed considerably below the norm, reaching close to 20% in some of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2014/jammu-%26-kashmir/242/32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520150529/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2014/jammu-%26-kashmir/242/32|archive-date=20 May 2023|title=2014 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Jammu & Kashmir|access-date=20 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> This trend continued and became much worse during the 2019 Lok Sabha election in JK, where Srinagar and Anantnag recorded voter turnout of 15.6% and 9.7% each respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2019/jammu-%26-kashmir/17/32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520152408/https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/2019/jammu-%26-kashmir/17/32|archive-date=20 May 2023|title=2019 Lok Sabha election results for Jammu & Kashmir|access-date=20 May 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Member of the European Parliament]] [[Kosma Zlotowski]] welcomed the smooth conduct of the State Legislative Elections in the Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="prnewswire.com">{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-european-parliament-welcomes-the-elections-in-jammu--kashmir-285354511.html|title=The European Parliament Welcomes the Elections in Jammu & Kashmir|author=The Office of MEP Kosma Zlotowski|date=10 December 2014|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Zlotowski's office in its message said that: "The high voter turnout figure proves that democracy is firmly rooted in India. The EU would like to congratulate India and its democratic system for conduct of fair elections, unmarred by violence, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir [...] The European Parliament also takes cognizance of the fact that a large number of Kashmiri voters turned out despite calls for the boycott of elections by certain separatist forces."<ref name="prnewswire.com"/><ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/european-parliament-welcomes-elections-in-jammu-and-kashmir-114121101111_1.html|title=European Parliament welcomes elections in Jammu and Kashmir|author=ANI|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=11 December 2014|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/eu-hails-huge-turnout-jk/|title=EU hails huge turnout in J&K|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News – Tourism – Breaking News J&K|date=11 December 2014 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

==Current members==
Current{{when|date=June 2020}} members of All Parties Hurriyat Conference include:{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Number || Party || Leader
|-
| 1 || Aawami Action Committee || [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]]
|-
| 2 || People's League ||
[[Mukhtar Ahmed Waza]]
|-
| 3 || Anjamani Auqafi Jama Masjid || Mohammad Umar Farooq
|-
| 4 || Anjaman-e-Tablig-ul Islam|| Syed Qasim Shah Bukhari
|-
| 5 || Ummat Islami|| Qazi Ghulam Mohammad
|-
| 6 || [[Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen]] || [[Maulana]] [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]]
|-
| 7 || Anjuman e shari shiyan|| Aga Syed Hassan al-moosvi Al-safvi
|-
| 8 || Jammu Kashmir National Front || Nayeem Ahmed Khan
|-
| 9 || All Jammu & Kashmir Employees' Confederation || Ishtiaq Qadri
|-
| 10 || Jamiate Ulama-E-Islam || Abdul Gani Azhari
|-
| 11 || Jamiat-e-Hamdania || Mirwaiz Moulana Muhammad Yaseen Hamdani
|-
| 12 || Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference || [[Abdul Ghani Lone]] till 2002 assassination
|-
| 13 || [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] || Muhammad Yasin Malik
|-
| 14 || [[Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party]] || [[Shabir Shah]] & Mehmood Ahmed Saghar
|-
| 15 || Jammu and Kashmir People's Basic Rights (Protection) Committee || Mufti Bahauddin Farouqi
|-
| 16 || Liberation Council || Azhar Bhat
|-
| 17 || Kashmir Bazme Tawheed || Tajamul Bhat
|-
| 18 || Kashmir Bar Association || Zaroon bhat
|-
| 19 || Muslim Khawateen Markaz || Zaid Bhat/ Anjum Zamarud Habib<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guichaoua|first=Yvan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxtLkZLTrQQC|title=Understanding Collective Political Violence|date=2011-11-08|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-28546-0|pages=128|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 20 || [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]] || Khokhar e aazam
|-
| 21|| Tehreek-e-Hurriyat Kashmiri|| Saqib Bhat
|-
| 22 || Jammu and Kashmir People's Independent Movement<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2019-01-30 |title=Separatist Bilal Lone renames his faction of People's Conference as 'People's Independent Movement' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/separatist-bilal-lone-renames-his-faction-of-people-s-conference-as-people-s-independent-movement-119013001131_1.html |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref>|| Bilal Ghani Lone
|-
| 23 || Peoples Political Party || Eng Hilal Ahmad War
|-
| 24 || Imam Ahmad Raza Islamic Mission || Rafeeq Ahmad Mir
|-
| 25 || [[Tehreek-e-Soutul Auwliya|Saut-Ul-Aliya]]|| Moulana Abdul Rashid Dawoodi
|-
| 26 || Jammu and Kashmir People's Freedom League || Muhammad Farooq Rehmani
|-
| 27 || Peoples Political Party Hilal Ahmed War for Azad Jammu and Kashmir n Pakistan chapter || Mian Muzaffar Shah
|-
| 28 || [[Dukhtaran-e-Millat]] || [[Asiya Andrabi]]
|-
| 29 || J & K Muslim League || [[Masarat Alam]]
|-
| 30 || [[Difa-e-Pakistan Council]] || [[Sami ul Haq]]
|-
| 31 || Jammu and Kashmir Human Rights Committee || Noor-Ul-Hassan
|-
|32
|Employees and Workers Confederation || Mohiuddin
|-
|33
|Majlis-e-Tehfuz-ul-Islam ||
|-
|34
|Muslim Zone Employees Front ||
|-
|35
|Unjman-e-Itehad-e-Muslimeen Tral ||
|-
|36
|Muslim Employees Front ||
|
|-
|37
|Shia Rabitta Committee ||
|
|-
|38
|[[Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party]] || Sardar Hassan Ibrahim Khan<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-9350298978|location=India}}</ref>
|
|-
|39
|[[Milli Muslim League]] || Saifullah Khalid Kasuri<ref name="dawn">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1350202|title=Jamaatud Dawa enters political arena, launches Milli Muslim League party|last=AP|date=8 August 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|40
|[[Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir]] || Ghazi Shahzad<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2024-07-01 |title=AJK prison break mastermind was wanted by India: sources |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330367807/ajk-prison-break-mastermind-was-wanted-by-india-sources |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=[[Aaj TV]] |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|41
|[[Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam]] || Syed Muhammad Kafeel Bukhari<ref name="jasarat">{{cite news|url=https://www.jasarat.com/2021/02/26/210226-11-18/|publisher=Daily Jasarat (newspaper)|language=ur|title=سید محمد کفیل بخاری مجلس احرار اسلام کے قائم مقام مرکزی امیر منتخب|date=26 February 2021|access-date=12 April 2021|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113135823/https://www.jasarat.com/2021/02/26/210226-11-18/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|}
Hurriyat Conference has three factions: Hurriyat led by [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], Hurriyat led by [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], and Hurriyat led by [[Shabir Shah]], Azam Inquilabi & Nayeem Khan. [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] is not part of these factions.

==See also==
* [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]]
* [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]]
* [[Abdul Gani Lone]]
* [[Mukhtar Ahmed Waza]]
* [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Jamal |first1=Arif |title=Shadow War : The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |date=1 September 2009 |publisher=Vij Books |isbn=978-93-80177-10-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re1PQQAACAAJ}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040826020733/http://hurriyat-conference-news.newslib.com/ Hurriyat Conference news]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130603091037/http://jkaphc.com/ Official website]

{{Jammu and Kashmir freedom movement}}
{{India separatist movements}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in Pakistan]]

Blackia

2026-02-27T15:26:00Z

1muhammet237823: New

{{short description|2019 Indian Punjabi-language period-action film}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Blackia
| image = Blackia poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sukhminder Dhanjal
| producer = [[Vivek Ohri]] Atul Ohri Deepak Bali Pranav Kapoor Mahesh Sharma
| screenplay = [[Inderpal Singh]]
| story = Inderpal Singh
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Inderpal Singh
}}
| starring = [[Dev Kharoud]] [[Ihana Dhillon]] Arsh Hundal Ashish Duggal
| narrator =
| music = '''Score''': [[Amar Mohile]] '''Songs''': [[Jaidev Kumar]] Gurmeet Singh Desi Crew K.V. Singh
| cinematography = Shiv Shakti
| editing = Som Chavan
| released = {{Film date|2019|05|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| studio = Yellow Music Ohri Productions
| distributor = PTC Motion Pictures Globe Moviez
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = {{INR|5}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=Punjabi Box Office Collection 2019 - 2020 & Box office verdict Hit or Flop, Budget |url=https://top10bhojpuri.blogspot.com/2018/10/punjabi-box-office-collection-budget-box-office-verdict-hit-or-flop.html |website=top10bhojpuriblogspot.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|12}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |date=18 February 2020 |title=Punjabi Box Office Collection 2019 - 2020 & Box office verdict Hit or Flop, Budget |url=https://top10bhojpuri.blogspot.com/2018/10/punjabi-box-office-collection-budget-box-office-verdict-hit-or-flop.html |website=top10bhojpuriblogspot.com}}</ref>
}}
'''''Blackia'''''<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=Dev: Blackia reopens history chapters |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/dev-blackia-reopens-history-chapters-765688 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref> is a 2019 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]], [[Period piece|period]] [[action film]] directed by Sukhminder Dhanjal under the banner of HRI Productions and Ohri Productions. The film is produced by [[Vivek Ohri]], Atul Ohri, Deepak Bali, Pranav and Mahesh Sharma. The film stars [[Dev Kharoud]], [[Ihana Dhillon]], Arsh Hundal, and Ashish Duggal in lead roles. The film was released in cinemas on 3 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date= 1 May 2019 |title= Blackia (film) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/blackia/movieshow/68030910.cms |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

A sequel titled ''[[Blackia 2]]'', directed by [[Navaniat Singh]] and Dev Kharoud reprising his role was released on 8 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=Dev Kharoud's 'Blackia 2' postponed; now to release on THIS date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/dev-kharouds-blackia-2-postponed-now-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/99026556.cms |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the 1970s, Punjab gold smuggling was on its high. Gamma's father was a part of inter-national gold smuggling. His mother wants to see him living a respectful life so he refused to get corrupted. Later his father's enemies force him to step into the world of crime. He reaches the top of this business and realizes he is just a puppet of anti national agencies and then he tries to rectify his mistake.

==Cast==
*[[Dev Kharoud]] as Gamma
**Meharbaan Singh as Young Gamma
*[[Ihana Dhillon]] as Sheetal
*Parmod Pabbi as Iqbal Cheema
*Arsh Hundal as Billa, Gajjan's son
*Ashish Duggal as Gajjan Singh
*Sanju Solanki as Jagar Singh, Gamma's father
*Ekkta Singh as Naseeb, Gamma's mother
*Rana Jung Bahadur as Roshan Lal Suniyar, Sheetal's father
*Kumar John as Gulzar, Cheema's associate
*Lucky Dhaliwal as Bhau Swaran Singh
*Ravinder Mand as Sukha
*Peter Paras as Young Sukha
*Tarsem Paul as Baba Subeg Singh
*Naginder Gakhar as Thanedaar Baghel Singh
*Lakhvinder Singh as Hawaldar Lakha
*Chamkaur Sohal as D.S.P
*Balkarn Brar as MLA Maghar Singh
*Gagan Sandhu as Jailer
*Goni Sagoo as Sheetal's mother
*Rajat Manchanda as Sheetal's brother
*Robby Atwal as Shindi, Gamma's sister
*Tiya Lakhanpal as Young Shindi
*Sharanpreet Kaur as Gul Madam
*Bunty Dhillon as Amar
*Priya Ahluwalia as Rupi
*Harmeet Jassia as News anchor
*Pargat Samrao as Doctor

==Production==
The film was announced in October 2018 while the shooting began in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 May 2020 |title="'Blackia' is Punjabi cinema's 'The Godfather'- the biggest compliment I received", says director Sukhminder Dhanjal as 'Blackia' completes a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/blackia-is-punjabi-cinemas-the-godfather-the-biggest-compliment-i-received-says-director-sukhminder-dhanjal-as-blackia-completes-a-year/articleshow/75571126.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2018 |title=Dev Kharoud's Next Is Titled 'Blackia', Exclusive Details Inside |url=https://www.ghaintpunjab.com/ghaintpunjab/Article/11251/dev-kharoud-blackia |work=ghaintpunjab.com}}</ref> The film was shot in parts of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Bathinda]] and [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] and [[Fazilka]].<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=INTERVIEW: HERE'S WHY PRODUCER VIVEK OHRI THINKS THAT BLACKIA WILL SET A BENCHMARK IN PUNJABI CINEMA |url=https://iampunjaabi.com/movies/news/interview-here-s-why-producer-vivek-ohri-thinks-that-blackia-will-set-a-benchmark-in-punjabi-cinema-2/ |work=iampujaabi.com}}</ref>
The teaser of the film was released on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Blackia - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/punjabi/blackia-official-teaser/videoshow/69128308.cms |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 1 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 April 2019 |title=Blackia Trailer: High On Action As Dev Kharoud Steals Show With Stellar Performance |url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-film-trailer/blackia-trailer-high-on-action-as-dev-kharoud-steals-show-with-stellar-performance/5ca3511d64a3154dc1eb2b97 |work=spotboye.com}}</ref>

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by [[Jaidev Kumar]], Gurmeet Singh, Desi Crew and K.V. Singh while the background score is composed by [[Amar Mohile]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 18:35
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Blackia Meets Singga
| lyrics1 = [[Singga]]
| music1 = Desi Crew
| extra1 = [[Singga]]
| length1 = 3:11
| title2 = Blackia Title Track
| lyrics2 = Gill Raunta
| music2 = Desi Crew
| extra2 = Himmat Sandhu
| length2 = 2:17
| title3 = Channa
| lyrics3 = Jaggi Jaurkian
| music3 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra3 = [[Mannat Noor]], Feroz Khan
| length3 = 3:19
| title4 = Nakhra
| lyrics4 = Gill Raunta
| music4 = K.V. Singh
| extra4 = [[Ninja (singer)|Ninja]], Gurlez Akhtar
| length4 = 2:57
| title5 = Khand Da Khidona
| lyrics5 = Gurbinder Maan
| music5 = [[Jaidev Kumar]]
| extra5 = [[Nachhatar Gill]]
| length5 = 2:53
| title6 = Koka
| lyrics6 = Traditional
| music6 = Folk style
| extra6 = [[Karamjit Anmol]]
| length6 = 4:38
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released worldwide in cinemas on 3 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2019 |title=Blackia (film) cast, crew, release date |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/blackia-39811/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728180926/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/blackia-39811/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=28 July 2022 |work=cinestaan.com}}</ref><ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/blackia/ET00099830 Blackia (2019 film) on Bookmyshow.com]</ref>

===Home media===
The film is also available on [[Amazon Prime Video]] for digital streaming.<ref>[https://flixable.com/amazon-prime-video/title/blackia/ Blackia OTT Details, flixable.com]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt9614416}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films about smuggling]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]

Arun Pudur

2026-02-20T21:13:21Z

1muhammet237823: improved article

{{short description|Indian businessman}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Pudur
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = President of Celframe
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Arun Pudur''' is the founder and group president of Celframe Corporation.

== Early life and education ==
Pudur was born in [[Chennai]], but his family moved to [[Bengaluru]], as his father used to stay 7 to 8 months a year there. His father, Sri Ranga, was a cinematographer.<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |first=Tarannum |last=Khan |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/466022/arun-pudur-bengaluru-billions.html |title=Arun Pudur: From Bengaluru to billions |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170150/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/466022/arun-pudur-bengaluru-billions.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="High Flyers">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2016-07-08/arun-pudur-on-high-flyers-07-07 |title=Full Show: Arun Pudur on ''High Flyers'' |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016 |publisher=[[Bloomberg Television]] |archive-date=14 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714185226/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2016-07-08/arun-pudur-on-high-flyers-07-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pudur is a graduate of the University of Bangalore, majoring in Business Management.<ref name="BI 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=58296&t=1 |title=Daulton Capital enters into US$105 million forward gold sales contract with Dubai's Salam International |work=BusinessIntelligence Middle East |date=26 June 2012 |access-date=5 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817164338/http://www.bi-me.com/main.php?id=58296&t=1 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Billionaire 2015-08">{{cite web |url=http://www.billionaire.com/philanthropy/arun-pudur/2020/arun-pudur-billionaire-tech-lessons |title=Arun Pudur: Billionaire Tech Lessons |first=Tara |last=Loader Wilkinson |publisher=Billionaire.com |date=6 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808050828/http://www.billionaire.com/philanthropy/arun-pudur/2020/arun-pudur-billionaire-tech-lessons|archive-date=8 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==

Pudur founded Celframe in 2001.<ref name="Billionaire 2015-08"/>

Pudur has often claimed to be a highly successful entrepreneur,<ref name="Billionaire 2015-08" /><ref name="BI 2012" /> but a subsequent Forbes investigation could not confirm his claims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Grace |title=Wannabe Billionaire: Arun Pudur's Tech Fortune May Be Largely Fiction |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracechung/2016/07/06/wannabe-billionaire/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

Billionaire Arun Pudur "High Flyers" Bloomberg Television https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2016-07-08/arun-pudur-on-high-flyers-07-07

* {{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-12-04/asean-summit-movers-and-shakers-in-southeast-asia |title=ASEAN Summit: Movers and Shakers in Southeast Asia |publisher=Bloomberg Television |date=3 December 2015 |access-date=11 September 2016}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-12-23/asean-business-summit-turning-ideas-into-success |title=ASEAN Business Summit 2015: Turning Ideas Into Success |publisher=Bloomberg Television |date=22 December 2015 |access-date=11 September 2016}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pudur, Arun}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]

* Wannabe Billionaire: Arun Pudur's Tech Fortune May Be Largely Fiction https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracechung/2016/07/06/wannabe-billionaire/

Dushasana

2026-02-20T13:28:49Z

1muhammet237823: clean up

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{short description|One of the Kauravas in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Information
| alt = Dushasana
| image = File:Disrobing of Draupadi by M V Dhurandhar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dushasana disrobing Draupadi, painting by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]
| family = {{ubl|[[Dhritarashtra]] (father)|[[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] (mother)|[[Duryodhana]], [[Vikarna]], Chitrasena and 96 other brothers|[[Duhsala]] (sister)|[[Yuyutsu]] (half-brother)}}
| children = Drumasena (son)
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Pandavas]] (paternal half-cousins)
|[[Shakuni]] (maternal uncle)|[[Uluka]] (maternal cousin)}}
}}
'''Dushasana''' ({{langx|sa|दुःशासन|Duḥśāsana|hard to rule}}), also spelled '''Duhshasana''', '''Dussasana''' or '''Duhsasana''', is a prominent character in the ancient [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He is the second eldest of the hundred [[Kaurava]] brothers, born to King [[Dhritarashtra]] and Queen [[Gandhari]] of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru dynasty]]. As the younger brother and close confidant of [[Duryodhana]], the chief [[antagonist]] of the epic, Dushasana plays a significant role in many key events leading up to and during the [[Kurukshetra War]].

Dushasana is best known for his active involvement in the humiliation of [[Draupadi]], the wife of the [[Pandavas]], during the infamous dice game episode, where he dragged her in the royal court and unsuccessfully attempted to disrobe her. His actions earn him the wrath of Draupadi and the Pandavas, particularly [[Bhima]], who vows to kill Dushasana—a vow that is ultimately fulfilled during the war by tearing apart his chest.

==Etymology==
His name derives from the Sanskrit words ''duḥ-'' "hard" and ''śāsana'' "rule"; thus ''duḥśāsana'' means "[one who is] hard to rule."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wJBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA98 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature |author=John Dowson |edition=2nd |publisher=Trubner & Co. |location=London |year=1888}}</ref>

==Birth and early life==
When [[Dhritarashtra]]'s queen [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]'s pregnancy continued for an unusually long time, she beat her womb in frustration and out of jealousy towards [[Kunti]], the wife of [[Pandu]], who had just given birth to [[Yudhishthira]] (the eldest of the five [[Pandava]] brothers). At this, a hardened mass of grey-coloured flesh emerged from her womb. Gandhari was devastated and called upon [[Vyasa]], the great sage who had prophesied she would give birth to one hundred sons, to redeem his words.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01116.htm |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

Vyasa divided the ball of flesh into one hundred and one equal pieces, each piece no bigger than a thumb. He put them in pots of [[milk]], which were sealed and buried in the earth for two years. At the end of the second year, the first pot was opened and Duryodhana emerged. Within a period of one month all the other 99 sons and single daughter of Dhritarashtra were born. Dushasana was the second after Duryodhana.<ref name=":0"/>

Dushasana was devoted to his older brother [[Duryodhana]]. He (along with Duryodhana and [[Shakuni]]) was very closely involved in the various schemes and plots to kill the Pandavas.

==Draupadi's humiliation==
[[File:Draupadi dragged from her chamber.jpg|thumb|Dushasana dragging Draupadi from her chamber]]After [[Yudhishthira]] lost a game of dice with [[Shakuni]]—losing first his kingdom, then his brothers and his wife [[Draupadi]]—Dushasana, at the behest of his brother [[Duryodhana]], dragged Draupadi by the hair into the assembly and tried to disrobe her. Draupadi prayed to [[Krishna]], who made her [[sari]] to be of an infinite length so that Dushasana could not take it off. The assembled men were amazed at this miracle. They condemned Dushasana and praised Draupadi. However, Draupadi was humiliated at being dragged into court by her hair. Unlike the critical version, some tellings of the story say that she swore that she would never again tie up her hair until it was washed in Dushasana's blood. Then [[Bhima]], who could no longer watch Draupadi's insult in silence, arose. He vowed to tear open Dushasana's chest in battle and drink his blood. Bhima also exclaimed that if he could not fulfill his oath, then he would not meet his ancestors in heaven.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-08-02|title=The Clothes of Draupadi|url=https://devdutt.com/articles/the-clothes-of-draupadi/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Devdutt|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Kurukshetra war and death==
[[File:Bhima drink blood.jpg|thumb|Bhima drinks Dushasana's blood, Razmnama illustration ]] Dushasana played an important role in [[Kurukshetra War]] and fought many warriors.
[[File:Bheemsen washing tresses of Draupadi with the blood of Dushasan, Mahabharat; Kalighat Painting.jpg|thumb|Bhima washes the tresses of Draupadi with the blood of Dushasana, Mahabharata; Kalighat Painting]]
On the first day of war, Dushasana was the first one to shot the first arrow. He fought a fierce battle with [[Nakula]] and later with [[Yudhishthira]] and was defeated by them.
On the second day of war, Dushasana killed Nakula's bodyguards. An angry Nakula defeated and nearly killed Dushasana in a sword fight.
On the 10th day of war, Dushasana attacked and injured [[Shikhandi]] in order to save [[Bhishma]].
On the 13th day of war, Dushasana was among the powerful warriors who brutally murdered [[Abhimanyu]]. Abhimanyu badly injured Dushasana. Later, his son Drumasena killed Abhimanyu.
On the 14th day, Dushasana tried to stop [[Arjuna]] from reaching to
[[Jayadratha]] but was defeated by him in a small archery duel.
During the night war, Dushasana defeated and killed [[Virata]]'s bodyguards.
On the 16th day of the Kurukshetra War, Dushasana killed [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]'s minister Vrihanta. On the 17th day, [[Bhima]] fought with Dushasana in a mace war and beat him. When Dushasana was unable to fight Bhima uprooted both the arms of Dushasana. Then he took out his armour, tore his chest using his bare hands and killed Dushasana. Dushasana's death was the most brutal death in the entire epic. To fulfill his oath, Bhima drank the blood from Dushasana's open chest. The soldiers who witnessed this brutal scene fainted, thinking of Bhima as a monster. All the [[Kaurava]] supporting warriors were highly disturbed by this scene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section 83 |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08083.htm |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

Though not attested in the Mahabharata, according to folk narratives, Bhima washed Draupadi's hair with Dushasana's blood as a symbolic revenge for her humiliation.<ref>Ernest, Phillip. “TRUE LIES - BHĪMA’S VOWS AND THE REVISION OF MEMORY IN THE ‘MAHĀBHĀRATA’S’ CODE.” Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 87, 2006, pp. 273–82. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41692062. Accessed 4 Nov. 2024.</ref>

==References==
<references>
</references>

==External links==
* {{Commonscatinline|Duḥśāsana}}

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category: Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kauravas]]

Saramai

2026-02-19T07:03:17Z

1muhammet237823: made initial article needs work

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saramai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Saramai.png
| map_caption = Map showing Saramai in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.09300|N|78.49027|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.286
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1409
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Saramai''' ({{IAST|Saṛāmaī}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,409, in 246 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Saramai had a population of 1,409, in 246 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 53.7% male (757) and 46.3% female (652). The 0–6 age group numbered 235 (112 male and 123 female), making up 16.7% of the total population. 791 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 56.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Saramai as having a population of 861 people (475 male and 386 female), in 132 households and 132 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Saramai as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 726 people (388 male and 338 female), in 121 households and 104 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 318 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Saramai had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences

2026-01-27T19:10:40Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Short description|Medical institute in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{multiple issues|{{Primary sources|date=July 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2016}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
| image_name = Sanjay_Gandhi_Postgraduate_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_Logo.png
| image_size = 180px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|1983}}
| closed =
| type = [[Institute under State Legislature Act]]
| accreditation = [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABH]] [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] A++
| affiliation =
| endowment = {{INRConvert|1160.5|c}} (2024–25)<ref>{{Cite web |date= 5 February 2024|title=UP Budget 2024-25: State capital's super speciality healthcare gets "special care" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-budget-2024-25-state-capital-s-super-speciality-healthcare-gets-special-care-101707149135758.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| officer_in_charge =
| director = Dr. R. K. Dhiman
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| president = Chief Secretary, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| dean =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|26.7463|80.9360|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|649.72|acre|km2}}
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[National Medical Commission|NMC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
| NIRF_M_2021 = 5
}}
'''Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences''' (SGPGIMS) is a medical [[Institute under State Legislature Act|Institute under the State Legislature Act]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], {{cvt|14|km|miles}} south of [[Hazratganj]] on Raebareli Road. It was established in 1983 and is named after [[Sanjay Gandhi]]. The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked the institute 5th in its medical ranking 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Overview==
The institute is located on {{convert|649.72|acre|km2}} residential campus on [[Raebareli]] Road. The institute offers degrees recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]]. It provides tertiary-level medical care, teaching, training, and research for specialties. Degrees at the [[Doctorate in Medicine|DM]], [[MCh]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], and [[Ph.D.]] levels are offered, along with postdoctoral fellowships and postdoctoral certificate courses in various disciplines. Offers training programs for senior residents. The College of Medical Technology offers B.Sc. courses in nursing and BSc/MSc courses in paramedical technology in allied sciences. The institute is an autonomous institution. The institute functions as a state college is a member of the Association of Indian Universities, and is recognised by the College Grants Commission.

The institute employs over 250 faculty members across 32 departments. Each department consists of teaching, training, patient care, and research. The Director is Professor R.K. Dhiman, and the Dean is Professor S.P. Ambesh.

In 1997, SGPGI was among the first government hospitals in India to implement the Oracle-based HIS system. In 2019 the HIS was updated to be fully integrated with the PAX and telemedicine network.

The UP state government-owned SGPGI hospital is located nearly {{cvt|1|km|mi}} from the institute.

==Notable people==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2022}}

===Notable alumni===
{{Main|:Category:Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences alumni}}

*[[Amita Aggarwal]], DM (1993)
*[[Ashutosh Tewari]], MCh (1994)
*[[Kanneboyina Nagaraju]], Ph.D. (1995)
*[[Harish Poptani]], Ph.D. (1995)
*[[Ramakant Yadav (neurologist)|Ramakant Yadav]], DM (2006)


===Notable faculty===

*[[Shyam Swarup Agarwal]]<ref name="Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/05/0758.pdf |title=Shyam Swarup Agarwal (1941–2013) |last=Nitya Anand |date=2014 |publisher=Current Science}}</ref>
*[[Rakesh Aggarwal (gastroenterologist)|Rakesh Aggarwal]]<ref name="Professor Rakesh Aggarwal on WHO">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_aggarval/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313051411/http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/members/bio_aggarval/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2017 |title=Professor Rakesh Aggarwal on WHO |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mahendra Bhandari]]
*[[Sita Naik]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/profile/author/sita-naik/ |title=Supreme Court directive on making NEET compulsory is move in the right direction |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] - Online edition |access-date=24 August 2016 |date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918214031/http://indianexpress.com/profile/author/sita-naik/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Sunil Pradhan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sunil Pradhan Lucknow in Neurologists & Neurological Surgeons, Uttar Pradesh at Start Local - Your Local Indian Business Directory |url=https://www.startlocal.in/health_and_medical/neurologists_neurological_surgeons/uttar_pradesh/Sunil_Pradhan_3299801.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201207/https://www.startlocal.in/health_and_medical/neurologists_neurological_surgeons/uttar_pradesh/Sunil_Pradhan_3299801.html |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date= |website=www.startlocal.in}}</ref>
*[[Rajan Saxena (physician)|Rajan Saxena]]
*[[Amita Aggarwal]]<ref name="Current faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/faculty.html |title=Current faculty |date=16 December 2017 |website=Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences |access-date=16 December 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304233640/http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/faculty.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

*[[Nirmal Kumar Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/vaigyanik-samman-samaroh-in-lucknow|title=आम आदमी के जीवन में बदलाव लाने के लिए शोध करें वैज्ञानिक: मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=8 July 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205083133/https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/vaigyanik-samman-samaroh-in-lucknow|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. RML Hospital]], [[New Delhi]]
* [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
* [[King George's Medical University]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]]
* [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]], [[Bengaluru]]
* [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], [[Chandigarh]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sgpgims.org.in/ SGPGIMS Lucknow]
{{Education in Lucknow}}
{{Lucknow}}
{{Institute under State Legislature Act}}
{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences| ]]
[[Category:Institute under State Legislature Act]]
[[Category:Medical and health sciences universities in India]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Lucknow]]

One District One Product (Uttar Pradesh)

2026-01-27T12:50:34Z

1muhammet237823: new some place first draft

{{short description|Overview of the economy of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[File:Kala-Namakst-all-at-Siddharthnagar-Station.jpg|thumb|One District One Product (ODOP) retail outlet at [[Siddharthnagar railway station]] where [[Kalanamak rice]] can be obtained which is product of [[Siddharthnagar district]]]]
'''One District One Product - Uttar Pradesh''' ('''ODOP-UP''') is an initiative by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-25 |title=UP Diwas: Around 100 ODOP stalls display indigenous products at Shilpgram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/updiwas-around-100-odop-stalls-display-indigenous-products-at-shilpgram-101674587748722.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> to encourage state's domestic production of various handicrafts, readymade clothes, leather products etc. The aim of state government is to encourage indigenous and specialized products district wise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One District One Product Scheme |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1694805 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

By helping cottage and small industries, UP government is helping local workers to increase their income through branding of their products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ODOP scheme in Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Crafting a revival |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20220905-odop-scheme-in-uttar-pradesh-crafting-a-revival-1992458-2022-08-26 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The schemes has helped many handicrafts workers to get employment and boost the [[economy of Uttar Pradesh]].

The Government of Uttar Pradesh has implemented this programme in all [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|75 districts of Uttar Pradesh]]. The programme is praised not domestically but also at international level and got success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One District One Product (ODOP) Programme |url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/one-district-one-product-odop-programme |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.investindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-17 |title=ODOP scheme has doubled UP’s export since 2017: Yogi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/odop-scheme-has-doubled-ups-export-since-2017-yogi/articleshow/95569762.cms |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-09-10 |title=Exports of products from UP under ODOP scheme record significant rise |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/exports-of-products-from-up-under-odop-scheme-record-significant-rise-122091000443_1.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

Various products produced under the scheme of ODOP, were gifted to World leader in respective bilateral meetings and well praised by them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=PM Modi lavishes UP’s ODOP gifts for G7 leaders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lavishes-up-s-odop-gifts-for-g-7-leaders-101656393351434.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> During [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 presidency by India]], several handicrafts were distributed among world leaders to promote Indian handicrafts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirti |first=Khushbu |title=ODOP to get a boost at G20 Summit in Lucknow; Indigenous items to be presented as gifts |url=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/odop-to-get-a-boost-at-g20-summit-in-lucknow-indigenous-items-to-be-presented-as-gifts |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Knocksense |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-17 |title=Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath thanks PM Narendra Modi for gifting ODOP items at G-20 summit |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-thanks-pm-narendra-modi-for-gifting-odop-items-at-g-20-summit/articleshow/95570868.cms |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Launch ==
The mission was launched by [[Chief minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]] in January 2018, to promote state's handicrafts and to help handicrafts workers financially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Virendra Singh |date=2018-01-15 |title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath to launch 'One District, One Product' scheme |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-to-launch-one-district-one-product-scheme-118011500244_1.html |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>

== District wise products ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District
! Product
! Image
|-
|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|
* Leather products
* Products manufactured through stones and marbles
|
|-
|[[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|
* Musical instruments
* Readymade garments
|
|-
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|
* Locks and hardware
* Metal handicrafts
|
|-
|[[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
|
* Desi ghee (food processing)
|
|-
|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|
* Black pottery
|
|-
|[[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|
* Tanda terracotta (textiles)
|
|-
|[[Amethi district|Amethi]]
|
* Moonj products
|
|-
|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|
* Jaggery
|
|-
|[[Badaun]]
|
* Zari-Zardozi
|
|-
|[[Baghpat]]
|
* Home Furnishings
|
|-
|[[Bahraich]]
|
* (Wheat-Stalk) Handicrafts and Food Processing
|
|-
|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|
* Bindi
|
|-
|[[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
|
* Food processing (pulses)
|
|-
|[[Banda district, India|Banda]]
|
* Shazar Stone crafts
|
|-
|[[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|
* Textile
|
|-
|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|
* Zari-zardoshi
* Bamboo products
* Goldsmith
|
|-
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|
* Wood Craft
* Vinegar products
|
|-
|[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|
* Wood craft
|
|-
|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|
* Ceramic products
|
|-
|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|
* Zari-zardoshi
* Black rice
|
|-
|[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
|
* Wooden toys
|
|-
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|
* Decorative Products
* Embroidery and Weaving Products
* Readymade Garments
|
|-
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|
* Ankle bells and bells
* Brass products
|
|-
|[[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|
* Textile products
* Tailoring and Embroidery garments
|
|-
|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|
* Textile printing and zari-zardoshi
|
|-
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|
* Bedsheets and iron fabrication works
|
|-
|[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
|
* Glassworks
|
|-
|[[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
|
* Readymade Garments
|
|-
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
|
* Engineering goods
|
|-
|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|
* Jute wall hanging
|
|-
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|
* Food processing (pulses)
|
|-
|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|
* Terracotta
* Readymade Garments
|
|-
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|
* Shoes
|
|-
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|
* Home furnishing
|
|-
|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|
* Handloom
|
|-
|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|
* Hing (asafoetida)
|
|-
|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|
* Handmade paper art
|
|-
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|
* Woollen carpets
|
|-
|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|
* Soft toys
|
|-
|[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
|
*[[Kalanamak rice]]<ref name="v568">{{cite web |title=One District One Product (Kalanamak Rice) |website=District Siddharthnagar Government of UP |date=20 February 2018 |url=https://siddharthnagar.nic.in/one-district-one-product-kalanamak-rice/#:~:text=Kalanamak%20Rice%20is%20in%20cultivation,Geographical%20Indication%20tag%20in%202013. |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="h560">{{cite web |title=Official Website of One District One Product Uttar Pradesh |website=odopup.in|date=29 December 1988 |url=https://odopup.in/en/article/Siddharthnagar |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
|[[File:Kalanamak rice grains.jpg|160px|link=Kalanamak rice]]
|-
|
|+ Source: [http://odopup.in/en/page/district-wise-products%7COfficial ODOP - Government of Uttar Pradesh]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

11. One District One Product ‘[https://righttechinfo.com/one-district-one-product/ ODOP Wall]’ launched 12-08-2023
[[Category:Government schemes in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttar Pradesh]]

Magahis

2026-01-26T09:18:09Z

1muhammet237823: New new info needs work...

{{Short description|Overview of the Magadh culture}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Magahis
| native_name = मगहि लोग 𑂧𑂏𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂏 مگاہی قوم
| native_name_lang = mag
| image = Magadh Map.png
| languages = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] Additionally [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]
| religions = '''Majority:''' [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] 
'''Minority:''' {{hlist
|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]}}
| related_groups = [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuris]], [[Maithils]], and other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
'''Magahis''' ([[Devanagari]]: मगहि लोग, [[Kaithi]]: 𑂧𑂏𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂏, [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]: {{Nastaliq|مگاہی قوم}}) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to the [[Magadha (region)|Magadh]] region of the [[East India]]n states of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]. Magahi culture is rich with its distinct language, folk songs and festivals. They natively speak the [[Magahi language|Magahi]] language.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N81Di9EN8C&pg=PA6|title=Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study | access-date=30 March 2017 | pages=6|isbn=978-81-8069-525-4 |last1=Prasad |first1=Saryoo |year=2008 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PA91| title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India | access-date=30 March 2017 | pages=93| isbn=978-0-595-34394-2 | last1=Brass | first1=Paul R. | year=2005 | publisher=iUniverse }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N81Di9EN8C&dq=%22Magahi+people%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA6|title=Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study|access-date=19 January 2020|pages=6|isbn=978-81-8069-525-4|last1=Prasad|first1=Saryoo|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Magahi language}}
The Magahi language is mainly spoken in south [[Bihar]] and parts of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |page=29 |isbn=978-81-7304-804-3}}</ref> It is in the [[Bihari languages|Bihari group]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Around 12 million people speak Magahi as a native language according to the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf | title=Census 2011 - Language - India, states and union territories | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130173406/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf | archive-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> It is spoken in eleven districts of [[Bihar]] ([[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Patna]], [[Jehanabad]], [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]], [[Nalanda]], [[Nawada]], [[Sheikhpura]], [[Arwal]], Lakhisarai, Jamui and some parts of Banka), and in eleven districts of Jharkhand ([[Hazaribag district|Hazaribag]], Palamu, Garhwa, Deoghar, [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Koderma district|Koderma]], [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Giridih district|Giridih]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]]).<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mag|title=Magahi|website=ethnologue}}</ref>

The people of Bihar speak the Magahi dialect of Magahi and the peoples of Jharkhand speaks the [[Khortha language|Khortha]] dialect of Magahi.

===Religion===
[[Shaktism]] (most prominent sect of Magadha), Saurya sect (now got completely merged with Shaktism), [[Shaivism]] (Shaivism have great significance in Magadha mainly the newly emerged movement of Shiv Charcha is growing fastly and [[Baidyanath Temple|Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga]] is also too much important for Magadhi peoples), While [[Vaishnavism]] is not much famous but sites like [[Vishnupad Temple, Gaya|Vishnupad]] temple shows its influence in history.
[[File:Sun-temple DEO Aurangabad Bihar,India.jpg|thumb|200px|{{center|[[Deo Surya Mandir]] in [[Deo, Bihar|Deo]], [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad, Bihar]], [[India]]}}]]

Jainism was also born in Magadha as last Tirthankar, Mahaveer Jain were born in Magadh, and it's also believed that almost 20 Tirthankars got enlightenment in magadha (Sammed shikharji and Pavapuri).

Last and 10th guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh ji was born in Patna (Patna Sahib) that's why Magadha also have great significance in Sikhism.

Tribal beliefs are also present as many tribes like Munda, Oraon and Santhali live in high number in Magadh region of Jharkhand and also in some parts of Bihar. Even many Hindus worship pre-vedic or Tribal deities like Sokha Baba, Bir Kuar Baba, Dihvar baba etc.

===Festivals===
[[Chhath]] is an important festival of Magadhi people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-over-25k-devotees-perform-chatt-puja-with-religious-fervor| title=Bhopal: Over 25k devotees perform Chatt puja with religious fervor|date=4 November 2019|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Other important festivals are [[Durga Puja|Durga puja]], [[Holi|Fagua]](Holi), [[Sarswati Puja|Sarswati puja]], [[Teej]], [[Jitiya]], [[Sohrai|Gaiya dardh]]/Sohrai, [[Bhai Dooj|Godhan Kutai]], [[Karam festival|Karma Puja]], [[Ananta Chaturdashi|Anat puja]], [[Diwali|Deepavali]](Lachhmi puja), [[Chhath|Chaiti Chhath]], Jethaan puja/[[Tulasi Vivaha|Tulsi vivah]], [[Vat Savitri|Bar puja]]/Vat savitri vrat, [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]], [[Rama Navami|chaiti Navami pujai]], [[Mahanavami|Ashin Navami Pujai]], Savan satami pujai, [[Ganga Dussehra|Ganga Snan]], [[Satuaani|Satuaan]], [[Makar Sankranti|Til Sakraat]], [[Vishvakarma Puja|Vishwakarma puja]], [[Chaitra Navrati|Chaiti Navrat]] and [[Holi|Magadhi new year]](Holi or Fagua), [[Mauni Amavasya|Gungi snan]], [[Pitru Paksha|Pitra Paksh]], [[Basanti puja|Chaiti Durga puja]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ|title=Magahi Culture: A Monographic Study|access-date=19 January 2020|last1=Maitra|first1=Asim|year=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRHAAAAMAAJ|title=A Peep into seventyfive years of Bihar|year=1987|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>

===Music and dance===
[[File:Magahi folk singers.JPG|thumb|Magahi folk singers]]
Jhumar, Jatsaar, Samdaun(vidai geet), Domakch/Damkach, Pachraa, Saanjh, Deepavali geet( geet sung by women on dipavali for calling prosperity in house), Chhath geet, Paraat geet, Ropani-pavariha geet(sometimes known as only "Ropani geet" Shiv Charcha, Jharni geet(sung by Muslims during Muharram) and many types of songs sung during wedding rituals like Matkod geet, Bidai geet, Bhatwaan geet, Kanyadaan geet etc. are also integral part of Magadhi culture, performed on various occasions.

===Cinema===
Bhaiyaa was the first film with sound in the cinema of Bihar which was made in Magahi language and released in 1961 directed by Phani Majumdar.

===Painting===
In folk paintings Kohbar painting is most important in Magadhi culture, generally it's created on wedding. In Jharkhand (North part/Magadh) similar type of painting is famous called Sohrai-Kohbar painting it's also created during wedding and on the festival of Sohrai/Gaiya daardh. It achieved GI Tag in 2020.

Tikuli art is also a famous art of Magadh. It was originated in Patna around 800–1000 years ago. The word tikuli means "Bindi" in Magadhi(Magahi/Khortha) Language. This art have themes like Radhe shyam, Shiv and Parvati ji, sometimes animals could be part of it. During mughal period Tikuli art was generally carved on mirror but now it's also created on clothes and canvas.

Sujani art was originated in bhusura village of Arwal district of Magadh region during early 18th century, which got famous in whole Magadh region of Bihar and Jharkhand with time. Originally it was created on pillow and bedsheet of newborns, that's why it's called Sujani which means "auspiciouslly born". But during 19th century it became more famous and it became a tradition that every girl have to make Sujani embroidery on Pardah or Bedsheet or on canvas oranywhere to bring it to house of in laws. Sujani art achieved GI tag in 2006

Sohrai painting is painted during Sohrai festival. As during Deepavali there is a tradition of cleaning and decorating home so, peoples of Magadh celebrates Sohrai festival next day if Deepavali and to decorate homes they make Soharai painting on walls. Its history is traced bask to 7000BCE. them paitnings like Bhim betka are comsidered its origin. It aĺso got GI tag in 2020.

Khatwa embroidery and art is an art emerged from Patna.It's carved out on tents, saree, bedsheet.

===Folk ballads===
Despite "lacking literature", Magahi language contains an oral repertoire of folksongs and ballads,<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kummar |author-link=Suniti Kumar Chatterji |title=Languages and Literatures of Modern India |location=Prakash Bhavan |date=1963 |page=74}}</ref> some of their subject matter also known to the northern part of India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Linguistic Survey of India |volume=V: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group; Part 2: Specimens of the Bihari and Oriya Languages |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, India |date=1903 |page=35}}</ref> The ballads are sung by folk singers and bards, and tend to vary between each telling.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=N. |chapter=Glimpses of Magahi Ballads |title=Indian Publication Folklore Series |volume=13 |editor-last=Chaubey |editor-first=Ganesh |pages=233–234}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |page=87 |isbn=978-81-7304-804-3}}</ref> Among the more famous ballads of the Magahi repertoire, there are ''Song of Gopichandra'' and the ''Song of Lorik'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=Linguistic Survey of India |volume=V: Indo-Aryan Family Eastern Group; Part 2: Specimens of the Bihari and Oriya Languages |location=Calcutta |publisher=Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, India |date=1903 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kummar |title=Languages and Literatures of Modern India |location=Prakash Bhavan |date=1963 |page=74}}</ref> the latter also known as ''[[Lorikayan]]'' or ''Lorikayana''.

==Notable people==
*[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]], freedom fighter & educationist
*[[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], freedom fighter
*[[Nitish Kumar]], chief minister of Bihar
*[[Mathura Prasad Naveen]], poet

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography:
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=N. |chapter=Glimpses of Magahi Ballads |title=Indian Publication Folklore Series |volume=13 |editor-last=Chaubey |editor-first=Ganesh |pages=233–239}}
* {{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |isbn=978-81-7304-804-3}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |title=Magahi Culture: A Monographic Study |first=Asim |last=Maitra |publisher=Cosmo Publications |date=1983}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Nageswar |title=Three Magahi Ballads |journal=Folklore |volume=19 |issue=11 |date=November 1978 |pages=339–347}}

{{Bihar}}

[[Category:Culture of India by community]]
[[Category:Magadh division]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]

Mannat Kashyap

2026-01-05T22:13:21Z

1muhammet237823: New first article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Mannat Kashyap
| female = true
| image =
| country = India
| international = true
| fullname = Mannat Sanjeev Kashyap
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|12|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[Spin bowling|slow orthodox]]
| role = All-rounder

| internationalspan = 2024–present
| oneodi = true
| odidebutdate = 2 January
| odidebutyear = 2024
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 142
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =

| oneT20I =
| T20Idebutdate =
| T20Idebutyear =
| T20Idebutagainst =
| T20Icap =
| lastT20Idate =
| lastT20Iyear =
| lastT20Iagainst =

| club1 = {{nowrap|[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]}}
| year1 = {{nowrap|2024–present}}
| club2 = [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]]
| year2 = 2024

| date = 17 March 2024
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1346682.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry |{{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|ICC Under-19 Women’s T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2023 South Africa]]|}}
}}
'''Mannat Kashyap''' (born 15 December 2003) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]. She plays as a left-arm [[off spin|off break]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1346682.html |title=Player profile: Mannat Kashyap |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2191/2191127/2191127.html |title=Player profile: Mannat Kashyap |work=CricketArchive |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> She was part of the [[India women's national under-19 cricket team|India]] team that won the inaugural [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India U19 Women’s squad for ICC World Cup and SA series announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555953/india-u19-women-s-squad-for-icc-world-cup-and-sa-series-announced |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>

==International career==
In November 2022, she was selected to the [[India women's national under-19 cricket team|India women's under-19 team]] for a five-match T20 series against the [[New Zealand women's national under-19 cricket team|New Zealand women's under-19 team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kishore |first=Shashank |title=Sehrawat named India U-19 Women's captain for New Zealand T20s |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shweta-sehrawat-named-india-u-19-women-s-captain-for-t20-series-against-new-zealand-1345621 |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In December 2022, she was selected to the under-19 team for the [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shafali Verma to lead India at Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup, Richa Ghosh also picked |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shafali-verma-to-lead-india-at-under-19-womens-world-cup-richa-ghosh-also-picked-1348179 |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> She took 9 wickets, with her best bowling figure being 4/12 and was named Player of the Match against [[Scotland women's national under-19 cricket team|Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1336174.html |title=20th Match, Group D, Benoni (B), January 18, 2023, ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 March 2023}}</ref>

In December 2023, she was named in India's T20I squad for the series [[England women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|against England]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Renuka returns from injury, Ishaque and Patil get maiden call-up for England T20Is |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/renuka-singh-returns-from-injury-saika-ishaque-and-shreyanka-patil-get-maiden-call-ups-for-england-t20is-1411320 |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=India name squads for England T20Is and home Tests |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-name-squads-for-england-t20is-and-home-tests |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> In the same month she was named in the ODI squad for the series [[Australia women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|against Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 December 2023 |title=Team India’s ODI & T20I squad against Australia announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556077/team-india-s-odi-t20i-squad-announced?platform=international&type=women |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 December 2023 |title=Ishaque, Patil, Kashyap, Sadhu get maiden ODI call-up for Australia series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-aus-women-s-odi-richa-ghosh-shreyanka-patil-renuka-thakur-come-in-as-india-name-strong-squad-1414167 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 December 2023 |title=India name squads for the limited overs leg of Australia tour |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-name-squads-for-the-limited-overs-leg-of-australia-tour |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> She made her [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut against [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]] on 2 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=3rd ODI (D/N), Wankhede, January 02, 2024, Australia Women tour of India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406080.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
In December 2023, she was signed by [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] at the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] auction, for the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/women-s-premier-league-2024-auction-live-blog-1411991 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2024 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1346682}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=2191127}}

{{Gujarat Giants WPL squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Mannat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Patiala]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat Giants (WPL) cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2001–02

2025-12-03T04:55:53Z

1muhammet237823: new first data needs work

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2001–02
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 13 November 2001
| to_date = 3 December 2001
| team1_captain = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
| team2_captain = [[Carl Hooper]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_won = 3
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Brian Lara]] (688)
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Hashan Tillakaratne]] (403)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dinanath Ramnarine]] (10)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Chaminda Vaas]] (26)
| player_of_test_series = [[Brian Lara]] (WI)
| no_of_ODIs = 7 ''including Zimbabwe''
| team1_ODIs_won =
| team2_ODIs_won =
| team1_ODIs_most_runs =
| team2_ODIs_most_runs =
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets =
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets =
| player_of_ODI_series = ''See [[2001 LG Abans Triangular Series]]''
}}

The [[West Indies]] cricket team toured [[Sri Lanka]] from 13 November to 3 December 2001. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and the [[2001 LG Abans Triangular Series]], which also included [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]].

==Squads==
<div style="text-align: center;">
{| name="squads" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse;width:80%;margin:auto;"
|-
! style="background:#FFD8C1; border: 1px solid #000000;" colspan=2|Test squads
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! style="border: 1px solid #000000;" width=16%|'''{{cr|SRI}}'''
! style="border: 1px solid #000000;" width=16%|'''{{cr|WIN}}'''
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (c)
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Carl Hooper]] (c)
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Marvan Atapattu]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Daren Ganga]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Chris Gayle]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Russel Arnold]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Brian Lara]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Hashan Tillakaratne]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Marlon Samuels]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Thilan Samaraweera]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Ridley Jacobs]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Chaminda Vaas]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Neil McGarrell]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Niroshan Bandaratilleke]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Mervyn Dillon]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Dinanath Ramnarine]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Charitha Buddhika]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Colin Stuart (cricketer)|Colin Stuart]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Nuwan Zoysa]]
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Pedro Collins]]
|-
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |
| style="border: 1px solid #000000;" |[[Marlon Black]]
|}
</div>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = {{Start date|2001|11|13|df=y}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 448 (141.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Brian Lara]] 178 (294)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 6/126 (53.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 590/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (202.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 140 (373)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dinanath Ramnarine]] 3/158 (58 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 144 (78.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Brian Lara]] 40 (99)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 5/44 (31.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 6/0 (0.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 6 (4)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Colin Stuart (cricketer)|Colin Stuart]] 0/6 (0.4 overs)

| result = Sri Lanka won by 10 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63958.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Galle International Stadium]]
| umpires = [[John Hampshire]] (Eng) & [[Peter Manuel (umpire)|Peter Manuel]] (SL)
| motm = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies, who chose to bat
| rain =
| notes = 12th man: [[Suresh Perera]] (SL), [[Leon Garrick]] (WI)
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = {{Start date|2001|11|21|df=y}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 288 (96.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 88 (146)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Pedro Collins]] 4/78 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 191 (66.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Brian Lara]] 74 (154)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 4/54 (23.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 224/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (67 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 84 (169)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dinanath Ramnarine]] 4/66 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 190 (83.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 54 (117)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 6/81 (35.5 overs)

| result = Sri Lanka won by 131 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63959.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Asgiriya Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[John Hampshire]] (Eng) & [[Gamini Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka, who chose to bat
| rain =
| notes = 12th man [[Upul Chandana]] (SL), [[Wavell Hinds]] (WI)
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = {{Start date|2001|11|29|df=y}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 390 (113.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Brian Lara]] 221 (354)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 7/120 (32.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 627/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (197 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashan Tillakaratne]] 204 (343)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Pedro Collins]] 3/156 (47 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 262 (82 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Brian Lara]] 130 (215)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 7/71 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 27/0 (5.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 19 (18)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mervyn Dillon]] 0/12 (3 overs)

| result = Sri Lanka won by 10 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63960.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) & [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Brian Lara]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies, who chose to bat
| rain =
| notes = 12th man [[Upul Chandana]] (SL), [[Wavell Hinds]] (WI)
}}

==ODI Series==
The ODI series was the [[2001 LG Abans Triangular Series]] which also included [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LG Abans Triangular Series 2001/02|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61097.html|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61934.html West Indies tour of Sri Lanka 2001/02, Cricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}
{{International cricket in 2001–02}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2001-02}}
[[Category:2001 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2001 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2001–02]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka|2001-02]]

{{SriLanka-cricket-tour-stub}}

ITA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role

2025-11-29T13:18:34Z

1muhammet237823:

{{Short description|Indian Television Academy award}}
{{Distinguish|Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award]] for Best Actor in a Supporting Role | image =
|image_size =200
| image_upright =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role on Television
| presenter =
| country = [[India]]
| year = [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]] for ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' (2005)
| holder = [[Sanjay Narvekar]] for ''[[Udne Ki Asha]]'' (2024)
| website =
}}
'''ITA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role''' is an award given by [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] as a part of its annual event for TV serials, to recognize a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a Supporting Role.

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year || Actor || Character || Show
!Ref
|-
| 2005
|[[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|Rishi Grewal
|''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=324|title=GR8! TV Magazine – The Indian Television Academy Awards, 2005|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
|[[Ali Asgar (comedian)|Ali Asgar]]
|Kamal Aggarwal
|''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=316|title=GR8! TV Magazine – The Indian Television Academy Awards, 2002|website=www.gr8mag.com|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
|[[Paresh Ganatra]]
|Pravin Thakkar
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|
|-
| 2008
|[[Ali Asgar (comedian)|Ali Asgar]]
|Kamal Aggarwal
|''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
|
|-
| 2009
|[[Aditya Lakhia]]
|Nanku
|''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''
|
|-
| 2010
|[[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]]
|Jogi Thakur
|''[[Uttaran]]''
|
|-
| 2011
|[[Anup Soni]]
|Bhairon
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|
|-
| 2012
|colspan=4|Not Awarded
|-
| 2013
|[[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]]
|Dolly "Dadi" Sharma
|''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|
|-
| 2014
|[[Shakti Anand]]
|[[Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh]]
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/archive/indian-television-awards-2015-article24074.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925091100/https://www.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/archive/indian-television-awards-2015-article24074.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2019|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2015: Complete List Of Winners!|date=2015-09-08|website=Desimartini|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|[[Vishal Singh (TV actor born 1985)|Vishal Singh]]
|Jigar Modi
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|
|-
| 2016
|[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
|[[Chanakya]]
|''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-shabbir-ahluwalia-emerge-big-winners-see-pics-video-4374865/|title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Shabbir Ahluwalia emerge big winners, see pics, video|date=2016-11-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|[[Varun Badola]]
|Raghav Srivastava
|''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-helly-shah-smriti-irani-ekta-kapoor-lifetv-1080588-2017-11-06|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Helly Shah win big|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
|[[Anup Upadhyay]]
|Murari Bansal
|''[[Jijaji Chhat Per Hain]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|title=ITA Awards 2018 winners list: Surbhi Chandna, Divyanka Tripathi, Harshad Chopda win big|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Yogesh Tripathi]]
|Happu Singh
|''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|[[Kiku Sharda]]
|Bacha Yadav
| rowspan="3" |''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=ITA Awards 2021 full winners list out. Surbhi Chandna and Pratik Gandhi win big|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2021-full-winners-list-out-surbhi-chandna-and-pratik-gandhi-win-big-1769533-2021-02-15|access-date=2021-02-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|Sapna
|-
|2021
|[[Krushna Abhishek]]
|Sapna
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|Arvind Vaidya
|Hasmukh Shah
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|{{fact|date=December 2023}}
|-
|[[Yogesh Tripathi]]
|Happu Singh
|''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
|
|-
| 2023
|[[Aanjjan Srivastav]]
| Srinivas Wagle
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|
|-
| 2024
|[[Sanjay Narvekar]]
|Paresh Deshmukh
|''[[Udne Ki Asha]]''
|-
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Television Academy Awards|best actor supporting]]
[[Category:Television awards for Best Actor]]

New Zealand cricket team in India in 2024–25

2025-11-23T14:04:46Z

1muhammet237823: new some stub basic info...

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2024–25}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = New Zealand cricket team in India in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of New Zealand.svg
| team2_name = New Zealand
| from_date = 16 October
| to_date = 5 November 2024
| team1_captain = [[Rohit Sharma]]
| team2_captain = [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 3
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Rishabh Pant]] (261)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Rachin Ravindra]] (256)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (16) [[Washington Sundar]] (16)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ajaz Patel]] (15)
| player_of_test_series = [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]] (NZ)
}}

The [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand cricket team]] toured India in October and November 2024 to play three [[Test cricket|Test]] matches against [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India to host Bangladesh, New Zealand and England during 2024-25 home season|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-bangladesh-new-zealand-and-england-during-2024-25-home-season-1439839|access-date=22 June 2024|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-announce-international-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25|title=India announce international fixtures for home season 2024-25|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kanpur amongst Test venues as India announce home schedule |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130804/kanpur-amongst-test-venues-as-india-announce-home-schedule|access-date=25 March 2024|work=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> The Test series formed part of the [[2023–2025 World Test Championship|2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BCCI release India's 2024-25 home season schedule, Tests vs Bangladesh and New Zealand|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-bangladesh-home-tests-fixtures-bcci-new-zealand-england-2555774-2024-06-20|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="FTP">{{cite web|title=Men's Future Tours Program|url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf|access-date=18 August 2022|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|archive-date=26 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226133751/https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2024, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2024–25 home international season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556117/bcci-announces-fixtures-for-team-india-senior-men-international-home-season-2024-25|title=BCCI announces fixtures for Team India (Senior Men) international home season 2024-25|work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

Prior to the series, New Zealand had won only two test matches in India with their last win coming in the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1988–89|1988-89 season]]. New Zealand won all the three tests in the series, setting several records in the process, including their first series victory in India and the first instance of India being whitewashed 3-0 in a Test series at home. New Zealand for the first time won 3 Test matches in same series<ref name="AJ">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/10/26/new-zealand-inflict-indias-first-home-test-series-defeat-in-13-years|title=New Zealand inflict India's first home Test series defeat in 13 years|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="WW">{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2024-25-1439847/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-test-1439898/match-report-3|title=New Zealand do the unthinkable and hand India their first 3-0 whitewash at home|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=3 November 2024|access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> This was India's first Test series defeat at home since [[England cricket team|England]] beat them in [[English cricket team in India in 2012–13|2012]].<ref name="FD">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/world-test-championship/news/india-suffer-first-home-test-series-defeat-in-over-a-decade |title=India suffer first home Test series defeat in over a decade |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556150/india-s-squad-for-idfc-first-bank-test-series-against-new-zealand-announced |title=India's squad for IDFC First Bank Test series against New Zealand announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
!{{cr|NZ}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/injury-delays-williamson-s-departure-to-india-chapman-called-in-as-cover/ |title=Injury delays Williamson's departure to India {{!}} Chapman called in as cover |work=[[New Zealand Cricket]] |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009011329/https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/injury-delays-williamson-s-departure-to-india-chapman-called-in-as-cover/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Akash Deep]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Harshit Rana]]{{efn|In squad for third Test only.}}
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]{{efn|name="Squad2&3"|In squad for second and third Test only.}}
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Tom Blundell (cricketer)|Tom Blundell]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Michael Bracewell (cricketer)|Michael Bracewell]]{{efn|In squad for first Test only.}}
* [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]]
* [[Devon Conway]]
* [[Jacob Duffy]]
* [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]
* [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]
* [[William O'Rourke (cricketer)|William O'Rourke]]
* [[Ajaz Patel]]
* [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]]
* [[Rachin Ravindra]]
* [[Mitchell Santner]]
* <s>[[Ben Sears]]</s>
* [[Ish Sodhi]]{{efn|name="Squad2&3"}}
* [[Tim Southee]]
* <s>[[Kane Williamson]]</s>
* [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]]
|}
India named [[Harshit Rana]], [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]], [[Mayank Yadav]], and [[Prasidh Krishna]] as travelling reserves.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131972/no-mohammed-shami-yet-as-india-announce-squad-for-new-zealand-tests |title=No Mohammed Shami yet as India announce squad for New Zealand Tests |work=[[Cricbuzz]]|access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref> On 20 October 2024, [[Washington Sundar]] was added to India’s squad for the second and third Tests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/uACEb8ZN |title=Squad Update: Washington Sundar added to squad for the second and third Test |work=BCCI |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref> On 29 October, [[Harshit Rana]] was added to India’s squad for the third Test.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/harshit-rana-to-join-indian-squad-in-mumbai-ahead-of-third-test-2625171-2024-10-29 |title=Harshit Rana to join Indian squad in Mumbai ahead of third Test |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 October 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Vaidehi |last=Singh |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/harshit-rana-added-to-indias-squad-for-mumbai-test-against-new-zealand-reports |title=Harshit Rana added to India's squad for Mumbai Test against New Zealand |work=Sports Tiger |date=29 October 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

New Zealand named [[Michael Bracewell (cricketer)|Michael Bracewell]] for only the first match, whereas [[Ish Sodhi]] was named for the second and third matches only.<ref name=NZ>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-zealand-tour-of-india-2024-williamson-to-miss-early-part-of-india-series-with-a-groin-strain-1454403 |title=Williamson to miss early part of India series with a groin strain |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref> On 15 October 2024, [[Ben Sears]] was ruled out of the Test series due to knee injury,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132026/sears-ruled-out-of-india-tests-due-to-knee-injury |title=Sears ruled out of India Tests due to knee injury |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref> with [[Jacob Duffy]] named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/sears-ruled-out-of-india-tests-duffy-called-in/ |title=Sears ruled out of India Tests {{!}} Duffy called in |work=[[New Zealand Cricket]] |access-date=15 October 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121134354/https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/sears-ruled-out-of-india-tests-duffy-called-in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 22 October, [[Kane Williamson]] was ruled out of the second Test due to his rehabilitation from a groin strain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132151/williamson-out-of-second-test-against-india-as-he-continues-rehabilitation |title=Williamson out of second Test against India as he continues rehabilitation |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref> He missed the first Test for the same reason.<ref name=NZ/> On 29 October, Williamson was ruled out of the third Test.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/williamson-to-miss-final-india-test/|title=Williamson to miss final India Test|work=[[New Zealand Cricket]]|access-date=29 October 2024|archive-date=2 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102060439/https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/williamson-to-miss-final-india-test|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132245/williamson-to-miss-mumbai-test |title=Williamson to miss Mumbai Test |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 16–20 October 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 46 (31.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 20 (49)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] 5/15 (13.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 402 (91.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rachin Ravindra]] 134 (157)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/72 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 462 (99.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] 150 (195)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[William O'Rourke (cricketer)|William O'Rourke]] 3/92 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 110/2 (27.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]] 48[[not out|*]] (76)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 2/29 (8 overs)

| result = New Zealand won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439896.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Rachin Ravindra]] (NZ)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = No play was possible on Day 1 due to rain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132046/persistent-rain-washes-out-opening-day-in-bengaluru |title=Persistent rain washes out opening day in Bengaluru |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>
| notes = India recorded their [[List of India Test cricket records#Fewest runs in an innings|third-lowest Test score]], which was their lowest at home.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-46-all-out-in-bengaluru-record-lowest-ever-test-score-at-home-9624779/ |title=India 46 all out vs NZ in Bengaluru, record lowest-ever Test score at home |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-46-all-out-against-new-zealand-full-list-of-indias-lowest-scores-in-test-history-and-forgettable-records-101729149127367.html |title=India 46 all out against New Zealand: Full list of India's lowest scores in Test history and forgettable records |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] became the joint second-fastest player to take 100 wickets in Tests for New Zealand.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/five-star-matt-henry-celebrates-100-wicket-milestone-decimates-india-in-bengaluru-india-vs-new-zealand-2618405-2024-10-17 |title=Five-star Matt Henry celebrates 100-wicket milestone, decimates India in Bengaluru |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pant |first=Ashish |date=17 October 2024 |title='Relentless' Matt Henry revels in the gloom |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/matt-henry-revels-in-the-gloom-against-india-in-bengaluru-1455786 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored his [[List of India Test cricket records#Most career runs|9,000th run in Tests]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ind-vs-nz-virat-kohli-9000-test-runs-4th-indian-record-9626957/ |title=IND vs NZ: Virat Kohli completes 9000 Test runs, fourth Indian to record feat |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] (Ind) scored his first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in Tests.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ind-vs-nz-sarfaraz-khan-hits-maiden-test-hundred-at-no-4-for-india-9627991/ |title=IND vs NZ: Sarfaraz Khan hits maiden Test hundred at No. 4 for India |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
* This was New Zealand's first Test win against India in India [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1988–89|after 36 years]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/tom-latham-led-new-zealand-script-history-beat-india-in-a-test-at-their-home-after-36-years-101729405363998.html |title=Tom Latham-led New Zealand script history, beat India in a Test at their home after 36 years |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: New Zealand 12, India 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–26 October 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 259 (79.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Devon Conway]] 76 (141)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 7/59 (23.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 156 (45.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 38 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mitchell Santner]] 7/53 (19.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 255 (69.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] 86 (133)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 4/56 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 245 (60.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 77 (65)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mitchell Santner]] 6/104 (29 overs)

| result = New Zealand won by 113 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439897.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mitchell Santner]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Both [[Washington Sundar]] (Ind) and [[Mitchell Santner]] (NZ) took their first [[five-wicket haul]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-new-zealand-second-test-match-washington-sundar-first-five-wicket-haul-career-ind-v-nz/article68790910.ece |title=IND vs NZ, 2nd Test: Washington Sundar picks maiden Test five-wicket haul |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/cricket-2024-india-vs-new-zealand-results-mitchell-santner-fivewicket-haul-match-wrap-videos-highlights-ravindra-jadeja-scorecard/news-story/80bd963e4d244a776a82f0e9b89c8190 |title=Kiwi star's seven-wicket haul stuns India as NZ surge ahead in series-defining clash |work=[[Fox Sports]]|access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref> and first [[ten-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/washington-sundar-pens-history-with-his-first-10-wicket-haul-against-new-zealand |title=Washington Sundar pens history with his first 10-wicket haul against New Zealand |work=Sports Tiger |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132212/santner-magic-propels-new-zealand-towards-history |title=Santner magic propels New Zealand towards history |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
* This was India's first Test series defeat at home since [[English cricket team in India in 2012-13|2012]].<ref name="FD"/>
* This was New Zealand's first Test series victory in India.<ref name="AJ"/>
* World Test Championship points: New Zealand 12, India 0.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 1–3 November 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 235 (65.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] 82 (129)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 5/65 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 263 (59.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 90 (146)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ajaz Patel]] 5/103 (21.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 174 (45.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]] 51 (100)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 5/55 (13.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 121 (29.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 64 (57)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ajaz Patel]] 6/57 (14.1 overs)

| result = New Zealand won by 25 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439898.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Ajaz Patel]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was the first time India was whitewashed 3-0 in a Test series at home.<ref name="WW"/>
* World Test Championship points: New Zealand 12, India 0.
* [[Rohit Sharma]], [[Virat Kohli]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (all Ind) played their last test on Indian soil.
}}

== Statistics ==
=== Leading run-scorers ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left"
|+
! Rank !! Name !! Runs !! Matches !! [[Innings]] !! {{abbr|HS|High score}} !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! 50s
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishabh Pant]]
| '''261'''|| 3 || 6 || 99 || 43.50 || - || 3
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Rachin Ravindra]]
| '''256'''|| 3 || 6 || 134 || 51.20 || 1 || 1
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]]
| '''244'''|| 3 || 6 || 71 || 48.80 || - || 2
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Devon Conway]]
| '''227'''|| 3 || 6 || 91 || 37.83 || - || 2
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
| '''190''' || 3 || 6 || 77 || 31.66 || - || 1
|-
|colspan="9" style="text-align:left"| Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/batting-most-runs-career/new-zealand-in-india-test-series-2024-25-16435 ESPNcricinfo]
|}

=== Leading wicket-takers ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left"
|+
! Rank !! Name !! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Wickets]] !! Matches !! [[Innings]] !![[Over (cricket)|Overs]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Bowling analysis|{{abbr|Best.|Best figures (match)}}]]
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Washington Sundar]]
| '''16'''|| 2 || 4 || 70.5 || 14.12 || 7/59
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
| '''16'''|| 3 || 6 || 101.1 || 21.56 || 5/55
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Ajaz Patel]]
| '''15''' || 3 || 5 || 77.1 || 23.80 || 6/57
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Mitchell Santner]]
| '''13'''|| 1 || 2 || 48.3 || 12.07 || 7/53
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]
| '''10''' || 2 || 4 || 48.5 || 15.30 || 5/15
|-
|colspan="8" style="text-align:left"| Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/bowling-most-wickets-career/new-zealand-in-india-test-series-2024-25-16435 ESPNcricinfo]
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2024-25-1439847 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2024–25}}
{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship}}

[[Category:2024 in New Zealand cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]

Daphlapur State

2025-11-06T16:06:26Z

1muhammet237823: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Princely state of British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = डफळापूर संस्थान
|conventional_long_name =Daphlapur State
|common_name =Daphalapur
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|government_type = [[Jagir]] (until 1849) [[Princely state]] (from 1849)
|era =
|year_start = 1686
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1917
|date_end =
|event_end= Annexation by [[Jath State]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =Maratha Empire
|s1 = Jath State
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
|flag_s1 = Jath flag.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Kolhapur-Jath map.jpg
|image_map_caption = Daphlapur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 249
|stat_year1 = 1881
|stat_pop1 = 6006
|today = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Daphalapur State''', also spelled '''Dafalapur''', was a Hindu petty [[princely state]] of [[British India]]. It was a former [[Maratha]] territory, one of the former [[Southern Maratha Country|Southern Maratha]] [[Jagir]]s<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bombay Presidency |volume=4 |page=186}}</ref> (feudal estates).

Daphlapur State and neighbouring [[Jath State]] were the only two states belonging to the [[Bijapur Agency]] under the [[Bombay Presidency]],<ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_179.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 173.]</ref> which later would become part of the colonial [[Deccan States Agency]].

The state had six villages with an area of only {{convert|249|km2}} and a population of 6,006 inhabitants in 1881.<ref name="IGI"/>

== History ==
The state was founded in 1680 as Daphlapur.<ref name="WS"/> [[Akkalkot State|Akalkot]], [[Aundh State|Aundh]], [[Bhor State|Bhor]], Daphlapur, [[Jath State|Jath]], and [[Phaltan State|Phaltan]], which were [[Jagir]]s of [[Satara State]], became tributaries to the British when Satara state was abolished in 1849.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |author-link=William Wilson Hunter |volume=12 |edition=2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7JQbAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA285 285] |title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] |year=1887 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |language=en}}</ref> Following British rule in the area it came under the collector of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur District]], together with larger Jath State. The third widow of the last ruler, Ranibai Lakshmibai Saheb, died without succession and the dynasty line of the state became extinguished. Then Daphlapur ended up being annexed by Jath State on 27 January 1917.<ref name="WS"/>
The Chavan (Daphales) of Jath were one of the oldest and high caste Maratha noble families of the Deccan. Initially the Chavans were the Patil of Daphalapur. This role of the Chavans has been confirmed by Grand Duff.
The daphalapur state was founded by Satvaji Chavan allas Daphale in 1672. This state came into existence during the Maratha period and lasted up to the end of the British period. Satvaji was very ambitious. He was a great military general. He had a chequered career because he underwent various ups and downs and ultimately carved out an important Maratha state for his family near Bijapur. This fact itself indicates the great achievement of Satvaji Chavan. Satvaji Chavan, at the beginning of his career served Adilshahi and later joined the Maratha general Santaji Ghorpade

== Rulers ==
The rulers of the state belonged to the Dafle dynasty{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} and bore the (rarely modest) title of ''[[Deshmukh]]''.

On 27 January 1917, the state was incorporated into [[Jath]], whose rulers (also styled Deshmukh) shared the same Dafle bloodline, owing to lack of succession<ref name="WS">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html WorldStatesmen- Princely States of India A-J]</ref> and were awarded a [[Privy Purse in India|Privy Purse]] of 49,924 Rupees. The joint state ceased to exist on 8 March 1948 by accession to [[Bombay state]].

=== Deshmukhs ===
*1680 – 1703 Satvaji Rao I (d. 1706)
*1703 – 1704 Bovaji Rao (d. 1704)
*1704 – 1748 Yesu Bai "Au Sahib" (female) (d. 1754)
*1748 – 1759 Yeshwant Rao (d. 1759)
*1759 – 1790 Amrit Rao I (d. 1790)
*1790 – 1810 Khanji Rao (b. 17.. – d. 1810)
*1810 – 1822 Renuka Bai (female) – Regent (d. 1822) (administrator from 1816)
*1822 – December 1885 Satvaji Rao II (b. 1797 – d. 1885)
*16 December 1885<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35691/page/n146/mode/1up |page=144 |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, 1911 |year=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India }}</ref> – 13 January 1917<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Aitchison |editor-first=C. U. |editor-link=Charles Umpherston Aitchison |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32436/page/n189/mode/1up |page=160 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |edition=5|volume=8 |year=1983 |orig-date=1857}}</ref> Rani Bai Saheb Daphlé (female)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=St Nihal |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924011696261/page/n58/mode/1up |page=31 |title=The King's Indian Allies: The Rajas and Their India |year=1916 |location=London|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Co., Ltd. |quote=Daphlapur, in Bombay, is also under a woman Ruler; but it is a small State, and really forms a part of Jath, to which it will lapse on the demise of the Rani Bai Saheb (Sahiba) Daphlé.}}</ref> (b. 1834 – d. 1917)

== See also ==
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Deccan States Agency}}
{{Sangli district topics}}

{{coord|17|0|N|75|07|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sangli district]]
[[Category:1686 establishments in Asia]]

Mekhliganj

2025-10-28T05:51:35Z

1muhammet237823: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mekhliganj
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = SDO Office Mekhliganj UdiptoRoy Udipta 4647.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = SDO Office, Mekhliganj
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.35|N|88.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Mekhliganj Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Mekhliganj City|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Mekliganj.htm|website=sudawb.org|access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.88
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 58
| population_total = 9217
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mekliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mekliganj]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mekhliganj''' ({{IPA|bn|mekʰliɡɔnd͡ʒ}}), is a city and a municipality in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Mekhliganj subdivision]]. Earlier it was a Zamindari divided mainly in 3 parts under the Cooch Behar Kingdom. Sikarwar Rajputs, the trading clan along with other local clans started the process of rehabilitation in Mekliganj. It is said that the elephant in the Royal Symbol of Koch Kingdom, was a gift from the Sikarwar Rajputs to the Koch King, Shri Shri Maharaja Shivendra Narayan, in return of fertile land near the Teesta River and 2 Rupees as nazrana. Later the Rajputs established Chattradhari Estate here. After the succession by Shri Shri Maharaja Narendra Narayan named this place to Mekhliganj, a place where 'Mekhla' (born as Simha) also (people from Narmada) people stays.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|14|0|N|89|2|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Mathabhanga, Mekhliganj subdivisions and Sitai CD block of Dinhata subdivision in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, M: Municipal town Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|19|48|N|89|13|12|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Mathabhanga | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Mathabhanga]] (M)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|19|48|N|88|46|12|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2= Haldibari| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Haldibari, India]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|21|0|N|88|55|12|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3= Mekhliganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= Mekhliganj (M)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|24|47|N|88|55|9|E}}| label-pos4=top|label4=Changrabandha|labela4= Check-point| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Changrabandha]] (CT)| shape-color4= #A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|25|52|N|89|16|23|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Ghoksadanga| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ghoksadanga]] (R)| shape-color5= #C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|15|13|E}}| label-pos6=top|label6=Matiar Kuthi| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Matiar Kuthi]] (R)| shape-color6= #C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|56|N|89|18|35|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Nishiganj| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Nishiganj]] (R)| shape-color7= #C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|45|N|89|9|26|E}}| label-pos8=top|label8=Sikarpur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Sikarpur, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color8= #C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|10|23|N|89|10|46|E}}| label-pos9=top|label9=Sitalkuchi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sitalkuchi, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color9= #C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|18|11|N|88|59|0|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Kuchlibari| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kuchlibari]] (R)| shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|3|5|N|89|19|13|E}}| label-pos11=top|label11=Sitai| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Sitai, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|24|0|N|88|48|20|E}}|label12= Teesta River| label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12=50| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12=none
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|13|30|N|89|16|40|E}}|label13= Jaldhaka River| label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13=65| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|10|0|N|88|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-10| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Mekliganj is at {{Coord|26.35|N|88.92|E|}}. It adjoins the boundary of [[Teesta River]].<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Mekhliganj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mekliganj]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|58|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Also it is situated very near to Saniajan River

According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Koch Bihar'', Mekliganj covered an area of 3.88 km2.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 593-594 : Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 595| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the western part of the district. In Mekhliganj subdivision, 9.91% of the population lives in the urban areas and 90.09% in the rural areas. In Mathabhanga subdivision 3.67% of the population, the lowest in the district, lives in the urban areas and 96.35% lives in the rural areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full-screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Mekliganj had a total population of 9,217 of which 4,664 (51%) were males and 4,463 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,098. The total number of literate persons in Mekliganj was 6,009 (74.84% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 August 2020 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mekliganj had a population of 10,833. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Mekliganj has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 53%. In Mekliganj, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Mekhliganj police station has jurisdiction over Mekhligaganj municipal area and a part of Mekhliganj CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/CoB_Police.html | title = Police Stations under Cooch Behar district| publisher = Cooch Behar Police |access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Founded in 1996, [[Mekliganj College]] is an undergraduate college situated at Mekhliganj.

==Healthcare==
Mekhliganj Subdivional Hospital, with 120 beds, functions at Mekhliganj.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 August 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Cooch Behar District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Udakishunganj subdivision

2025-10-08T07:34:25Z

1muhammet237823: made the stub from scratch - done

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Madhepura district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udakishunganj
| native_name = उदाकिशुनगंज
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.6716262|N|86.9399368|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhepura district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = Udakishunganj
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Regional Language
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics2_title1 = Main
| demographics2_info1 = [[Angika]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 852220
| registration_plate = BR-43
}}

'''Udakishunganj''' is an administrative subdivision of [[Madhepura district]] in the state of [[Bihar]], India. It serves as a local administrative centre and has a Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) based at the subdivision headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subdivision Udakishunganj |url=https://madhepura.nic.in/divisions/subdivision-udakishunganj/ |publisher=Madhepura District Administration |accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Udakishunganj subdivision lies in the alluvial plains of northeastern Bihar within the Kosi basin. The subdivision headquarters are located at {{coord|25.6716262|N|86.9399368|E}}.

== Administrative composition ==
The subdivision comprises several community development blocks, together with their constituent panchayats and villages, as administered by the Madhepura district authority. The official Madhepura district website lists Udakishunganj as one of the district's recognised subdivisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |url=https://madhepura.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |publisher=Madhepura District Administration |accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== Administration and governance ==
The Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) heads the subdivision administration and coordinates revenue, development and law-and-order functions with block-level officers and line departments. Official contact information and administrative notices are published on the Madhepura district portal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subdivision Udakishunganj |url=https://madhepura.nic.in/divisions/subdivision-udakishunganj/ |publisher=Madhepura District Administration |accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Detailed population and socio-economic statistics for the subdivision are available in the ''District Census Handbook: Madhepura (2011)'' produced by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. The handbook's village and block tables provide figures for population, literacy and social composition.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Madhepura (2011) — Part A & Part B |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/284 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the primary economic activity in the subdivision; principal crops include rice, wheat, maize and pulses. Small-scale trade, services and government employment supplement rural incomes. District and central government industrial profiles provide further economic details.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Industrial Profile — Madhepura |url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPS-MADHEPURA_bihar.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Government of India |accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== Transport and infrastructure ==
Udakishunganj is connected by district and state roads to neighbouring blocks and the district headquarters. Regional railheads and highways serving the area are documented in state and project reports.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar State Highways — Udakishunganj Road Projects |url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/01/ADB-51180-001_pcFxldx.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank / Bihar State Roads Development Corporation |accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== Postal and communications ==
The Udakishunganj Sub Office (S.O.) serves the subdivision; the official PIN code is 852220, which falls under the Saharsa postal division (Muzaffarpur region).<ref>{{cite web |title=Post Office Locator — India Post |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/ |publisher=Department of Posts, Government of India |accessdate=23 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Madhepura district]]
* [[Bihar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Madhepura district]]

Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao

2025-08-12T08:26:17Z

1muhammet237823: made bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is the MLA from [[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota Assembly Constituency]] from 2019 to 2024.<ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-03-05 |title=YSRCP's strength remains intact in S. Kota constituency, says MLA Kadubandi Srinivasa Rao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcps-strength-remains-intact-in-s-kota-constituency-says-mla-kadubandi-srinivasa-rao/article67916760.ece |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srungavarapukota Assembly Election 2024: Srungavarapukota Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/srungavarapukota-constituency-result-1019 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rai hails from Gutchimi village in Dattirajeru mandalam, Vizianagaram district. His father is Ramu Naidu. He did his schooling in Zilla Parishad High School, Maradam village, Dattirajeru block, Viziangaram district in 1981<ref name=":0"/> and after his intermediate (plus two) from MR College Vizianagaram, he did his B.Tech. from J.N.T.U. Kakinada in 1988. Later, he did M.Tech. from the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]], US in 1993 and his M.S. in 1996. He married Sri Madhu, a doctor. He runs a software business.[https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2009/AFFIDAVITS/Affidavits_AC/135_3%20Kadubandi%20Srinivasa%20Rao.pdf]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ZPHS MARADAM - Maradam District Vizianagaram (Andhra Pradesh) |url=https://schools.org.in/vizianagaram/28121701402/zphs-maradam.html |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref> He belongs to Koppula Velama community and the constituency has a sizeable population of Velama community members.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pativada |first=Sreenu Babu |date=2024-01-15 |title=MLA, MLC 'differences' likely to hit YSRC in Srungavarapukota |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jan/15/mla-mlc-differences-likely-to-hit-ysrc-in-srungavarapukota |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao contested in 2009 on [[Praja Rajyam Party]] but lost the [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]] seat in Vizianagaram district.<ref name=":1" /> He shifted to [[YSR Congress Party]] and contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on YSRCP ticket from [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram Assembly Constituency]] but lost again.<ref name=":0" /> However, he won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] as a [[YSR Congress Party]] candidate from Srungavarapukota constituency in Vizianagaram district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=భీమాలి గ్రామాన్ని సందర్శించిన శృంగవరపు కోట MLA |url=https://www.sakshi.com/video/news-videos/mla-kadubandi-srinivasa-rao-great-words-about-cm-jagan-1952707 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> He defeated [[Kolla Lalitha Kumari]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 11,365.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srungavarapukota Constituency Election Results 2019: Srungavarapukota Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/srungavarapukota |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadubandi, Srinivasa Rao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]

Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam

2025-07-30T20:09:38Z

1muhammet237823:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy Temple కల్యాణ వేంకటేశ్వర స్వామి ఆలయం
| image =Marriage of God Srinivasa and Goddess Padmavathi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district]]
| location = [[Narayanavanam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Venkateswara]] [[Padmavati (Hinduism) |Padmavati]]
| year_completed = 1541 AD
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] situated at [[Narayanavanam]], a town in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, [[India]].<ref name=temple1>{{cite book | title = Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums| publisher = Roli Books Private Limited | year = 2013 | isbn = 9788174369031 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&q=nagalapuram&pg=PT339}}</ref><ref name=temple2>{{cite book | title = Tourist Guide to Andhra Pradesh| publisher = Sura Books | isbn = 9788174781765 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E4l78qG3TkAC&q=nagalapuram&pg=PA23}}</ref> The Temple is dedicated to Kalyana [[Venkateswara]], a form of [[Vishnu]].<ref name=temple2 /> The temple is situated at 2 km east of [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] and 45 km south of [[Tirupati]].<ref name=temple1 /> It is believed that Venkateswara married his consort [[Padmavathi]] at this place and then moved to [[Tirumala]].<ref name=temple2 />

==Legend==
{{main|Legend of Tirumala}}
[[File:Celestial Wedding of Srinivasa and Padmavathi.jpg|thumb]]
As per legend, [[Narayanavanam]] is the capital of King Akasaraja, who is ruling this region. Akasaraja performed the marriage of his daughter [[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavati]], the presiding deity of [[Padmavathi Temple|Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur]] to [[Venkateswara]], the presiding deity of [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], at this place.<ref name=temple2 />

==History==
The temple was established in the year 1541 AD.<ref name=temple1 /> It was extended in later times.

==Administration==
The temple at present is being administered by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tirumala.org/ttd_board.htm | title=TTD – Overview | publisher=TTD | access-date=15 April 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808055601/http://www.tirumala.org/ttd_board.htm | archive-date=8 August 2002 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Poojas and Festivals==
Daily rituals are held as per
[[Vaikhanasa|Vaikanasa Agama]].
<ref>{{cite news |title=Voice of a mighty philosophy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Voice-of-a-mighty-philosophy/article16614610.ece |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu Temples in Tirupati]]
* [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh |state=collapsed}}
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
[[Category:Venkateswara temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]

Prithvi Theatre

2025-02-13T22:45:31Z

1muhammet237823: small changes

{{Short description|Theatre in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox theatre group
| bgcolour =
| name = Prithvi Theatre
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| formed = 1944
| founder = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Jennifer Kapoor]]
| location = [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]]
| disbanded =
| notable = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Jennifer Kapoor]] [[Kunal Kapoor (Kapoor family)|Kunal Kapoor]] [[Sanjana Kapoor]]
| homepage =[http://www.prithvitheatre.org prithvitheatre.org]
| genre =
}}
'''Prithvi Theatre''' is a [[Theater (structure)|theatre]] located in the upscale neighbourhood of [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]]. [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] the spearhead of one of the most influential actor and director families in [[Bollywood]], the [[Kapoor family]], founded the travelling theatre company 'Prithvi Theatres' in 1944 and the company ran for sixteen years.<ref name="mum">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001211113300/http://www.mumbainet.com/travel/prithvi.htm Prithvi]}} www.mumbainet.com.</ref> The theatre was built by [[Shashi Kapoor]] and his wife [[Jennifer Kapoor|Jennifer]] in memory of Prithviraj, Shashi's father, who had dreamt of having a "home" for his repertory theatre company. It was designed by architect Ved Segan and opened in 1978. The building and running of the theatre was supervised by Jennifer until her death in 1984. Shashi Kapoor was the theatre's Managing Trustee and the daily affairs were looked after by trustee [[Kunal Kapoor (Kapoor family)|Kunal Kapoor]] with a small but efficient team.

Prithvi Theatre has shows everyday except Mondays and hosts an annual summertime programme of workshops and plays for children, the Memorial Concert on 28 February, an annual Theatre Festival in November, and many partnership programmes promoting language, poetry, international cinema & documentaries, and performing arts, which are free to the public.<ref name="ben">{{cite news |title=Prithvi, pioneer in theatre |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/07/stories/2003110701340600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101014620/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/07/stories/2003110701340600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2003 }}</ref>

==History==
Prithvi Theatre was founded in 1942,<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477270/Prithvi-Theatre#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Prithvi%20Theatre%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia Prithvi Theatre] [[Britannica.com]]</ref> by [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], as a travelling troupe with 150 members,<ref>[http://www.junglee.org.in/ptheatre.html Prthvi Theatre History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817051543/http://www.junglee.org.in/ptheatre.html |date=17 August 2008 }} www.junglee.org.</ref> which staged productions across India. Its maiden performance was [[Kalidasa]]'s classic "Shakuntala". In subsequent years the theatre staged more than 2,600 plays such as "Deewar" (Wall), "Pathan" (a community comprising Hindus and Muslims of North India), "Ghaddar" (Traitor), "Aahuthi" (Offering), "Kalaakar" (Artist), "Paisa" (Money) and "Kisaan" (Farmer). Prithviraj starred as the lead actor in ''every show''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004432/bio Prithviraj Kapoor biography] ''[[IMDb]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.prithvitheatre.org/about_us.php?about_us_sub_page=our_history History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185147/http://www.prithvitheatre.org/about_us.php?about_us_sub_page=our_history |date=27 July 2011 }} Prithvi Theatre.</ref> His work in the Indian film industry funded the activities of the company <ref name=dna>[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1060555 How ‘Papaji’s’ films funded Prithvi Theatre] ''[[DNA (newspaper)]]'', 27 October 2006."[[Zohra Sehgal]] once asked Prithviraj, 'Why the plural? Why Prithvi Theatres?' and he replied, 'I wish there were many Prithvi Theatres all over the world that do what we do.'"</ref>

[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]'s youngest son [[Shashi Kapoor]], who had trained as an actor and director in the Prithvi Theatres, married [[Jennifer Kendal]], daughter of Laura and [[Geoffrey Kendal]], and the leading actress of their theatre company, Shakespearana. Shashi and Jennifer toured with both their parent’s companies – Prithvi Theatres and Shakespeareana, and shared a deep passion for theatre, and a great respect for [[Prithviraj Kapoor|Prithviraj's]] dream for Indian theatre.

==Re-emergence==
[[File:A play performance at Prithvi Theatre, Mumbai.jpg|left|thumb|A play performance at Prithvi Theatre, [[Mumbai]]]]

Prithviraj Kapoor’s dream was to have a permanent place for his theatre company. In 1962 he managed to lease a plot of land in Juhu on which to create a theatre space. Unfortunately his ill-health and subsequent death in 1972 delayed his dream turning into reality.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050125193740/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/22/stories/2004112201500100.htm Kissing the firmament with Prithvi Theatre] [[The Hindu]], 22 November 2004.</ref> The year he died the lease on the land expired and was offered on sale to his family. Shashi Kapoor and his wife Jennifer decided to make Prithviraj’s dream a reality by buying the land, and setting up the 'Shri Prithviraj Kapoor Memorial Trust & Research Foundation' in his memory with the intention of building a space to promote [[Hindi theatre]] and the performing arts.

Prithvi Theatre was inaugurated on 5 November 1978 in Mumbai. "Udhwastha Dharmashala", written by [[Govind Purushottam Deshpande|G P Deshpande]], staged by [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Om Puri]] and [[Benjamin Gilani]] was Prithvi's first play. This was followed by a play by the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA), a political satire, "Bakri", directed by actor-director [[M. S. Sathyu]].

Theatre in Mumbai at the time was dominated by amateur English theatre of South Mumbai, Gujarati farce and low-key [[Marathi theatre]] in Dadar. Hindi theatre was at an all-time low with few venues available. Prithvi Theatre offered Hindi theatre an affordable platform where new styles and forms could be experimented with, a new exciting venue for the performers, directors, writers of theatre in the city, and creating a new audience for the genre.

[[File:Prithvi Theatre 1995 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Prithvi Theatre and Prithviraj Kapoor on a 1995 stamp of India]]

The theatre's fifth anniversary in 1983 was celebrated with a festival to showcase the best of Prithvi, an event considered a success with audience and critics alike. By now the Prithvi Café, attached to the Theatre had become a well known meeting place for artists and art lovers.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031130/spectrum/main4.htm Preserving a theatre tradition] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 30 November 2003.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30978120.cms Sanjana Kapoor] [[Times of India]], 11 December 2002.</ref>

Jennifer Kapoor, the driving strength, mentor and inspiration of Prithvi Theatre died on 7 September 1984. The theatre was not allowed to close on the day of her death, and the ‘show went on’ in true theatre tradition. Jennifer and Shashi's eldest son, Kunal Kapoor, with the help of Feroz Abbas Khan, took over the running of the theatre, and held a month-long Festival in February 1985 showcasing theatre from all over India.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981101/30550474.html Prithvi theatre festival starts today] [[Indian Express]], 1 November 1998.</ref> Ustad Zakir Hussain, of whom Jennifer was great fan, performed on her birthday, 28 February during the festival, along with Pandit Shivkumar Sharma. Ustad Zakir Hussain has continued to perform every year on this date at Prithvi – probably the only place where audience members can experience Indian classical music without amplification – in the classic style of a ‘''baithak''’ – as was traditionally performed.

In the 1990s, Jennifer’s daughter Sanjna Kapoor started to help her brother [[Kunal Kapoor (Kapoor family)|Kunal Kapoor]] in the running of the theatre and its various activities. Gradually, as she learned and grew with experience, she added a host of activities and workshops, ‘Prithvi Players’ and ‘Little Prithvi Players’ (Theatre for Children).

The Indian government issued a commemorative stamp in 1995 to mark 50 years of 'Prithvi Theatre'. In 2006, its annual festival celebrated the birth centenary of Prithviraj Kapoor, and was titled, "''Kala Desh ki Sewa mein''" (Art in service of the Nation).<ref name=dna/><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2006/11/24/stories/2006112402940200.htm A celebration of theatre]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[The Hindu]], 24 November 2006.</ref>

Prithvi Theatre continues to flourish, providing a home for new talent and source of inspiration to the theatre fraternity and audience with over 540 shows a year, Tuesday through Sunday.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Theatre}}
* ''Shashi Kapoor presents the Prithviwallahs'', by [[Shashi Kapoor]], Deepa Gahlot, Prithvi Theatre (Bombay, India). Roli Books, 2004. {{ISBN|81-7436-348-3}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Prithvi Theatre}}
* [http://www.prithvitheatre.org Prithvi Theatre Official Site]
* [http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/P/PRITHVI%20THEATER Citation of the commemorative stamp issued in the Golden Jubilee Year of ''Prithvi Theatre'']
*[http://www.unesco.de/fileadmin/medien/Dokumente/Kultur/U40/Mapping_Cultural_Diversity_FINAL.pdf UNESCO: Mapping Cultural Diversity: Good Practices from Around the Globe, Prithvi Theatre on p56]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Theatres in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1978]]

Bangalore Gayana Samaja

2024-11-08T18:15:46Z

1muhammet237823: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Short description|Indian cultural organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bangalore Gayana Samaja
| native_name = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಗಾಯನ ಸಮಾಜ
| native_name_lang = kn
| named_after =
| image = Bengaluru-Gayana-Samaja.jpg
| image_size =
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| caption =
| logo =
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| map_size =
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| abbreviation =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| formation = 1905
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
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| type = [[Sabhā]]
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status =
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| headquarters =
| location = K.R. Road, [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| coords = 
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'''Bangalore Gayana Samaja''' ({{langx|kn|ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಗಾಯನ ಸಮಾಜ}}) is one of the oldest [[Cultural institution|cultural organisations]] in [[Bangalore]] and was established in 1905.<ref name="establishment">{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul52007/metrothurs2007070410980.asp|work=Online Edition of Deccan Herald, dated 2007-07-05|title=Mute testimony to Citys [sic] history|accessdate=2007-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406015830/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul52007/metrothurs2007070410980.asp|archive-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="cultural">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/23/stories/2005112317570500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302094221/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/23/stories/2005112317570500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-03-02|title= Bangalore Gayana Samaja award for Pattammal, Lalgudi Jayaraman|accessdate=2007-11-09|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-11-23}}</ref> It is the oldest operational [[sabhā]] (or arts society) in India. The organisation focuses on various Indian forms of Indian music such as [[Carnatic music]], [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]], devotional, light music, [[Harikathe]], [[Indian folk music|folk music]] and theatre along with various Indian dance forms such as [[Bharatanatya]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathak]], [[Kathakali]], [[Chau (dance)|Chau]], [[Odissi]] and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]].<ref name="music/dance">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/25/stories/2004082506110500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927132214/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/25/stories/2004082506110500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-09-27|title= Gayana Samaja launches centenary celebrations|accessdate=2007-11-07|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-08-25}}</ref>

==History==
The organisation was founded in 1905 and celebrated its [[centenary]] in 2005.<ref name="establishment"/> K. Ramachandra Rao, who was the headmaster of the London Mission High school in Bangalore, was one of the key persons responsible for the formation of Gayana Samaja. During the initial years, music concerts organised by the Gayana Samaja were held either at the Ekamabara Sauji Hall or at the hall of London Mission High school. During the early 1920s, the venue was changed to the old Sanskrit college building. The initial location of the Gayana Samaja was in a rented building in [[Chamarajapete]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jun142004/metro12.asp|work=Online Edition of Deccan Herald, dated 2004-06-14|title= In the service of music, dance|accessdate=2007-11-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071117095656/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jun142004/metro12.asp| archivedate= 17 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

In 1926, the Samaja was moved to Shankaraiah Hall, which was specifically built for the Gayana Samaja. In 1962 the organisation moved to its present location on K.R. Road. It was M.S. Subbulakshmi's personal contribution and funds collected out of her benefit concerts that increased the reserves enormously to see the building take shape. The present building housing the Gayana Samaja was built in various stages. The main [[auditorium]] and the stage were built as part of the first stage of construction. The front foyer, additional balcony in the auditorium and caretakers quarters were built in later stages. The auditorium has been recently renovated to improve the [[acoustics]].<ref name="history"/>

In 2016, the Bangalore Gayana Samaja building on K.R. Road was renovated and refurbished at a cost of {{INR}}1.5 crore. The work was completed over a period of eight months and was officially inaugurated on 15 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Govind|first1=Ranjani|title=Oldest running sabha in country gets a makeover|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Oldest-running-sabha-in-country-gets-a-makeover/article17032020.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Govind|first1=Ranjani|title=Oldest running sabha gets a makeover|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Oldest-running-sabha-gets-a-makeover/article17026792.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref>

== Events ==

Bangalore Gayana Samaja has regular events such as the annual conference of members, musical demonstrations, lectures and concerts. Renowned musicians are honoured with the title ''Sangeeta Kalarathna'' during the annual conference. There is also a ''Composer's Day'' event to pay respects to renowned composers of Carnatic music.<ref name="music/dance"/>

== Publications ==

Gayana Samaja publishes a monthly journal, ''Gayana Samrajya'', which contains reports of the organisation's various activities. A book on the history of the Gayana Samaja has also been published. The group is working on publishing a compendium of compositions of various composers of Indian classical music.<ref name="music/dance"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in India]]

Dalavanur

2024-10-13T14:32:13Z

1muhammet237823: Post

{{Short description|Rock temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Dalavanur Satrumalla Pallava Cave rockcut Temple
| image =
N-TN-C225 Dalavanur Rockcut pallava Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Satrumalla Pallava Cave rockcut Temple, Dalavanur, [[Viluppuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Satrumalla Pallava Cave Temple, Dalavanur, [[Viluppuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.166573|N|79.468741|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
| location = Dalavanur
| elevation_m = 97.73
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity = One
| inscriptions = Found
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Dalavanur Sathrumalleswaram Pallava rockcut temple''' is situated between [[Gingee]] and Mandagapattu in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Attributed to the 7th-century [[Pallava]] king [[Mahendravarman I]], the temple, cut out of the rock, is thought to have been dedicated to [[Shiva]], and is noted for its unusual inscriptions. It is an [[Archaeological Survey of India]] site.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dalavanur – Satrumalla Pallava Cave Temple|url=http://puratattva.in/2010/09/20/dalavanur-%E2%80%93-satrumalla-pallava-cave-temple-38|website=Indian History and Architecture|accessdate=10 February 2016|date=20 September 2010|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215114138/http://puratattva.in/2010/09/20/dalavanur-%E2%80%93-satrumalla-pallava-cave-temple-38|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Elisabeth Beck, ''Pallava Rock Architecture and Sculpture'' (2006), Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences, Puducheri, {{ISBN|8188661465}}</ref><ref>K R Srinavasan, ''Temples of the Pallavas'' (1964), Archaeological Survey of India</ref>

Above the cave temple there are Jain [[Bed (geology)|rock bed]] resembles.{{clarify|date=April 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Epigraphia Indica'', Vol XII (1913-14), Archaeological Survey of India
* A. H. Longhurst, ''Pallava Architecture'' (3 vols, 1930), Archaeological Survey of India
* G Jouveau Dubreuil, ''Pallava Antiquities'' (1917), Asian Education Services, Chennai {{ISBN|8120605713}}
* ''South Indian Inscriptions'', Vol XII, Archaeological Survey of India
* T V Mahalingam, ''Inscriptions of the Pallavas'', Agam Prakashan, Delhi

[[Category:Hindu temples in Viluppuram district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin

2024-03-25T16:06:23Z

1muhammet237823: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rajapur Saraswat]]

Narayana Reddy

2024-02-04T10:22:44Z

1muhammet237823: New new info basic info...

'''Narayana Reddy''' or '''Narayana Reddi''' may refer to:
* [[C. Narayana Reddy]] (1931–2017), Indian poet and writer
* [[G. Narayan Reddy]] (1926–1998), Indian politician and Member of Parliament of India
* [[Ravi Narayana Reddy]] (1908–1991), Indian communist freedom fighter
* Narayana Reddy, central figure of the YouTube channel [[Grandpa Kitchen]]

{{hndis}}

[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Subramaniam Raman

2023-07-03T02:22:33Z

1muhammet237823: quick reworked structure per sources and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Raman Subramanyan]]