Muktikā

2021-08-22T13:16:22Z

183.82.206.41: /* Categories */Fixed typo and link

{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''Muktikā''' ([[Sanskrit]]: मुक्तिका) refers to the [[Sanskrit]] language [[anthology]] of a canon of 108 [[Upanishads|Upaniṣhads]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&q=telugu&pg=PA725|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|pages=558|language=en}}</ref> The date of composition of each is unknown, with the oldest probably from about 800 BCE.<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1998), Upaniṣhads. Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199540259}}, see Introduction</ref><ref>Gudrun Buhnemann (1996), Review: The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Śakta Tantrism, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 116, Number 3, page 606</ref> The [[Principal Upanishads]] were composed in the 1st millennium BCE,<ref>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1, pages 28-30</ref> most Yoga Upanishads composed probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period,<ref>[[Gavin Flood]] (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521438780}}, page 96</ref> and seven of the Sannyasa Upanishads composed before the 3rd century CE.<ref>[[Gavin Flood]] (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521438780}}, page 91</ref><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1992), The Samnyasa Upanisads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195070453}}, pages 5, 8-9</ref>

Muktikā refers to the collection of 108 Upanishads available in printed form since 1883 CE in the Telugu language.<ref name=":0" /> The canon is part of a dialogue between [[Rama]] and [[Hanuman]] dealing with the inquiry into [[mukti]] in the Muktikā Upanishad (108 in the list). The other collections of Upanishads include ''Oupanekhat'', a Persian language anthology of 50 Upanishads; the Colebrooke Collection of 52 Upanishads, and the 52 Upanishad Collection of Nārāyana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|pages=556–565|language=en}}</ref>

==The canon==
The canon is part of a dialogue between [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and [[Hanuman]]. Rama proposes to teach [[Vedanta]], saying "Even by reading one verse of them [any Upanishad] with devotion, one gets the status of union with me, which is hard to get even by sages." Hanuman inquires about the different kinds of "liberation" (or ''mukti'', hence the name of the Upanishad), to which Lord Rama answers, "The only real type [of liberation] is [[Kaivalya]]."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2021|title=Samadhi {{!}} 8 Limbs of Yoga|url=https://www.unitedwecare.com/self-care/yoga/types-of-yoga/raja-yoga/8-limbs-of-yoga/samadhi/|url-status=live|website=United We Care}}</ref>

The list of 108 Upanishads is introduced in verses 26-29:<ref name=":1" />

{{quote|But by what means does one attain the Kaivalya kind of [[Moksha]]? The [[Mandukya]] [Upanishad] is enough; if knowledge is not attained from it, then study the Ten Upanishads. Attaining knowledge very quickly, you will reach my abode. If certainty is not attained even then, study the 32 Upanishads and stop. If desiring Moksha without the body, read the 108 Upanishads. Hear their order.}}

Some scholars list ten upanishads as principal, or the [[Mukhya Upanishads]], while most consider twelve or thirteen as principal, or the most important Upanishads (highlighted).<ref>Robert C Neville (2000), Ultimate Realities, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791447765}}, page 319</ref><ref name=stephenphillips28>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, pages 28-29</ref><ref name=PeterHeehs>Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736500}}, pages 60-88</ref>

The list of 108 names is given in verses 30-39. They are as follows:
{{div col|small=yes|colwidth=22em}}
#[[Isha Upanishad]]
#[[Kena Upanishad]]
#[[Katha Upanishad]]
#[[Prashna Upanishad]]
#[[Mundaka Upanishad]]
#[[Mandukya Upanishad]]
#[[Taittiriya Upanishad]]
#[[Aitareya Upanishad]]
#[[Chandogya Upanishad]]
#[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]
#[[Brahma Upanishad]]
#[[Kaivalya Upanishad]]
#[[Jabala Upanishad]]
#[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]]
# [[Hamsopanishad]]
#[[Aruneya Upanishad]]
#[[Garbha Upanishad|Garbhopanishad]]
# [[Narayana Upanishad|Narayanopanishad]]
# [[Paramahamsa Upanishad|Paramahamsopanishad]]
#[[Amritabindu Upanishad]]
#[[Amritanada Upanishad]]
# [[Atharvashiras Upanishad]]
#[[Atharvashikha Upanishad]]
#[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]]
#[[Kaushitaki Upanishad]]
#[[Brihajjabala Upanishad]]
# [[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad]]
#[[Kalagni Rudra Upanishad]]
#[[Maitreya Upanishad]]
#[[Subala Upanishad]]
#[[Kshurika Upanishad]]
#[[Mantrika Upanishad]]
#[[Sarvasara Upanishad]]
#[[Niralamba Upanishad]]
#[[Shukarahasya Upanishad]]
#[[Vajrasuchi Upanishad]]
#[[Tejobindu Upanishad]]
#[[Nada Bindu Upanishad]]
#[[Dhyanabindu Upanishad]]
#[[Brahmavidya Upanishad]]
#[[Yogatattva Upanishad]]
#[[Atmabodha Upanishad]]
#[[Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad]]
#[[Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad]]
#[[Sita Upanishad]]
#[[Yogachudamani Upanishad]]
#[[Nirvana Upanishad]]
#[[Mandala-brahmana Upanishad]]
#[[Dakshinamurti Upanishad]]
#[[Sharabha Upanishad]]
#[[Skanda Upanishad]]
#[[Mahanarayana Upanishad]]
#[[Advayataraka Upanishad]]
#[[Rama Rahasya Upanishad]]
#[[Rama tapaniya Upanishad]]
#[[Vasudeva Upanishad]]
#[[Mudgala Upanishad]]
#[[Shandilya Upanishad]]
#[[Paingala Upanishad]]
#[[Bhikshuka Upanishad]]
#[[Maha Upanishad]]
#[[Sariraka Upanishad]]
#[[Yogashikha Upanishad]]
#[[Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad]]
#[[Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad]]
#[[Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad]]
#[[Akshamalika Upanishad|Malika Upanishad]]
#[[Avyakta Upanishad]]
#[[Ekakshara Upanishad]]
#[[Annapurna Upanishad]]
#[[Surya Upanishad]]
#[[Akshi Upanishad]]
#[[Adhyatma Upanishad]]
#[[Kundika Upanishad]]
#[[Savitri Upanishad]]
#[[Atma Upanishad]]
#[[Pashupatabrahma Upanishad]]
#[[Parabrahma Upanishad]]
#[[Avadhuta Upanishad]]
#[[Tripuratapini Upanishad]]
#[[Devi Upanishad]]
#[[Tripura Upanishad]]
#[[Kathashruti Upanishad]]
#[[Bhavana Upanishad]]
#[[Rudrahridaya Upanishad]]
#[[Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad]]
#[[Bhasmajabala Upanishad|Bhasma Upanishad]]
#[[Rudrakshajabala Upanishad|Rudraksha Upanishad]]
#[[Ganapati Upanishad]]
#[[Darshana Upanishad]]
#[[Tarasara Upanishad]]
#[[Mahavakya Upanishad]]
#[[Pancabrahma Upanishad]]
#[[Pranagnihotra Upanishad]]
#[[Gopala Tapani Upanishad]]
#[[Krishna Upanishad]]
#[[Yajnavalkya Upanishad]]
#[[Varaha Upanishad]]
#[[Shatyayaniya Upanishad]]
#[[Hayagriva Upanishad]]
#[[Dattatreya Upanishad]]
#[[Garuda Upanishad]]
#[[Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad|Kali-Santarana Upanishad]]
#[[Jabali Upanishad]]
#[[Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad]]
#[[Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad]]
#[[Bahvricha Upanishad]]
# Muktikā Upanishad (this text)
{{div col end}}

==Transmission==
Almost all printed editions of ancient Vedas and Upanishads depend on the late manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years, not on the still-extant and superior oral tradition.<ref>Quotation of "... almost all printed editions depend on the late manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years, not on the still extant and superior oral tradition" is from: Witzel, M., "Vedas and {{IAST|Upaniṣads}}", in: {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|p=69}}.</ref> [[Michael Witzel]] explains this oral tradition as follows:

{{quote|The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalized early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a ''tape-recording''.... Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present.<ref>For the quotation comparing recital to a "tape-recording" see: Witzel, M., "Vedas and {{IAST|Upaniṣads}}", in: {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|pp=68–69}}.</ref>}}

==Categories==
In this canon,
*10 ''upaniṣads'' are associated with the ''[[Rigveda]]'' and have the ''śānti'' beginning ''{{IAST|vaṇme-manasi}}''.
*16 ''upaniṣads'' are associated with the ''[[Samaveda]]'' and have the ''śānti'' beginning ''{{IAST|āpyāyantu}}''.
*19 ''upaniṣads'' are associated with the ''[[Shukla Yajurveda]]'' and have the ''śānti'' beginning ''{{IAST|pūrṇamada}}''.
*32 ''upaniṣads'' are associated with the ''[[Krishna Yajurveda]]'' and have the ''śānti'' beginning ''{{IAST|sahanāvavatu}}''.
*31 ''upaniṣads'' are associated with the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' and have the ''śānti'' beginning ''{{IAST|bhadram-karṇebhiḥ}}''.

The first 13 are grouped as ''[[mukhya]]'' ("principal"), and 21 are grouped as ''[[Sāmānya Vedānta]]'' ("common [[Vedanta]]"). The remainder are associated with five different schools or sects within [[Hinduism]], 20 with ''[[Sannyāsa]]'' (asceticism), 8 with ''[[Shaktism]]'', 14 with ''[[Vaishnavism]]'', 12 with ''[[Shaivism]]'' and 20 with [[History of Yoga|Yoga]].

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" border=1
|-
!   !! {{IAST|Shukla Yajurveda}} !! Krishna Yajurveda !! Atharvaveda !! Samaveda !! {{IAST|Ṛgveda}}
|- valign = "top"
| [[Mukhya]];<ref name="PeterHeehs"/>
these form the core of ancient texts, predating classical Hinduism; they span the 1st millennium BCE and reflect the emergence of [[Vedanta]] from [[historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].
|
 [[Isha Upanishad|{{IAST|Īṣa}}]]
 {{IAST|[[Bṛhadāraṇyaka]]}}
|
 [[Katha Upanishad|{{IAST|Kaṭha}}]]
 [[Taittiriya Upanishad|{{IAST|Taittirīya}}]]
 [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad|{{IAST|Śvetāśvatara}}]]
|
 [[Prashnopanishad|{{IAST|Praśna}}]]
 [[Mundaka Upanishad|{{IAST|Muṇḍaka}}]]
 {{IAST|[[Māṇḍūkya]]}}
|
 [[Kenopanishad|{{IAST|Kena}}]]
 [[Chandogya|{{IAST|Chāndogya}}]]
 [[Maitrayaniya Upanishad|{{IAST|Maitrāyaṇi}}]]
|
 {{IAST|[[Kauśītāki]]}}
 [[Aitareya Upanishad|{{IAST|Aitareya}}]]
|- valign = "top"
|{{IAST|Sāmānya}};{{anchor|Samanya}}
These are general Upanishads, and do not focus on any specific post-classical Hindu tradition. Some are referred to as Vedantic Upanishads.<ref>{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|page=567}}</ref>
|
 [[Subala Upanishad|Subāla]]
 [[Mantrika Upanishad|{{IAST|Mantrikā}}]]
 [[Niralamba Upanishad|Nirālamba]]
 [[Paingala Upanishad|{{IAST|Paiṅgala}}]]
 [[Adhyatma Upanishad|Adhyātmā]]
 {{IAST|Muktikā}}
|
 [[Sarvasara Upanishad|{{IAST|Sarvasāra}}]]
 [[Shukarahasya Upanishad|Śukarahasya]]
 [[Skanda Upanishad|Skanda]]
 [[Sariraka Upanishad|Śārīraka]]
 [[Garbha Upanishad|Garbha]]
 [[Ekakshara Upanishad|Ekākṣara]]
 [[Akshi Upanishad|Akṣi]]
 [[Pranagnihotra Upanishad|{{IAST|Prāṇāgnihotra}}]]
|
 [[Surya Upanishad|Sūrya]]
 [[Atma Upanishad|{{IAST|Ātmā}}]]
|
 [[Vajrasuchi Upanishad|Vajrasūchi]]
 [[Maha Upanishad|{{IAST|Maha}}]]
 [[Savitri Upanishad|Sāvitrī]]
|
 [[Atmabodha Upanishad|{{IAST|Ātmabodha}}]]
 [[Mudgala Upanishad|Mudgala]]
|- valign = "top"
| {{IAST|[[Sannyāsa]]}}<ref name=olivellesamnyasa>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1992), The Samnyasa Upanisads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195070453}}, pages x-xi, 5</ref>{{anchor|Sannyasa}}
These are Upanishads that focus on [[sannyasa|renunciation]]-related themes and the life of a ''sannyasi'' (monk)
|
 [[Jabala Upanishad|{{IAST|Jābāla}}]]
 [[Paramahamsa Upanishad|Paramahaṃsa]]
 [[Advayataraka Upanishad|Advayatāraka]]
 [[Bhikshuka Upanishad|{{IAST|Bhikṣuka}}]]
 {{IAST|Turīyātīta}}
 [[Yajnavalkya Upanishad|Yājñavalkya]]
 [[Shatyayaniya Upanishad|{{IAST|Śāṭyāyaniya}}]]
|
 [[Brahma Upanishad|{{IAST|Brahma}}]]
 [[Tejobindu Upanishad|{{IAST|Tejobindu}}]]
 [[Avadhuta Upanishad|{{IAST|Avadhūta}}]]
 [[Kathashruti Upanishad|{{IAST|Kaṭharudra}}]]
|
 [[Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad|Nāradaparivrājaka]]
 [[Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad|Paramahaṃsa parivrājaka]]
 [[Parabrahma Upanishad|Parabrahma]]
|
 [[Aruni Upanishad|{{IAST|Āruṇeya}}]]
 [[Maitreya Upanishad|Maitreya]]
 [[Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad|{{IAST|Sannyāsa}}]]
 [[Kundika Upanishad|{{IAST|Kuṇḍika}}]]
|
 [[Nirvana Upanishad|{{IAST|Nirvāṇa}}]]
|- valign = "top"
| {{IAST|[[Śākta]]}}{{anchor|Shakta}}
These are Upanishads that focus on goddess [[Devi]]-related themes
|  
|
 [[Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad|{{IAST|Sarasvatīrahasya}}]]
|
 [[Sita Upanishad|Sītā]]
 [[Annapurna Upanishad|Annapūrṇa]]
 [[Devi Upanishad|{{IAST|Devī}}]]
 [[Tripuratapini Upanishad|Tripurātapini]]
 [[Bhavana Upanishad|Bhāvana]]
|  
|
 [[Tripura Upanishad|{{IAST|Tripura}}]]
 [[Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad|Saubhāgya Lakshmi]]
 [[Bahvricha Upanishad|{{IAST|Bahvṛca}}]]
|- valign = "top"
| {{IAST|[[Vaiṣṇava]]}}{{anchor|Vaishnava}}
These are Upanishads that focus on god [[Vishnu]]-related themes
|
 [[Tarasara Upanishad|Tārasāra]]
|
 [[Narayana Upanishad|{{IAST|Nārāyaṇa}}]]
 [[Kali-Santarana Upanishad|{{IAST|Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa}}]]
|
 [[Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad|Nṛsiṃhatāpanī]]
 [[Mahanarayana Upanishad|{{IAST|Mahānārāyaṇa}}]]
 [[Rama Rahasya Upanishad|Rāmarahasya]]
 [[Rama tapaniya Upanishad|Rāmatāpaṇi]]
 {{IAST|[[Gopālatāpani]]}}
 [[Krishna Upanishad|Kṛṣṇa]]
 [[Hayagriva Upanishad|Hayagrīva]]
 [[Dattatreya Upanishad|Dattātreya]]
 [[Garuda Upanishad|Gāruḍa]]
|
 [[Vasudeva Upanishad|Vāsudeva]]
 [[Avyakta Upanishad|Avyakta]]
|  
|- valign = "top"
|{{IAST|[[Śaiva]]}}{{anchor|Shaiva}}
These are Upanishads that focus on god [[Shiva]]-related themes
|
|
 [[Kaivalya Upanishad|{{IAST|Kaivalya}}]]
 [[Kalagni Rudra Upanishad|{{IAST|Kālāgnirudra}}]]
 [[Dakshinamurti Upanishad|Dakṣiṇāmūrti]]
 [[Rudrahridaya Upanishad|Rudrahṛdaya]]
 [[Pancabrahma Upanishad|Pañcabrahma]]
|
 [[Atharvashikha Upanishad|{{IAST|Atharvaśikha}}]]
 [[Brihajjabala Upanishad|{{IAST|Bṛhajjābāla}}]]
 {{IAST|Śarabha}}
 [[Bhasmajabala Upanishad|{{IAST|Bhasma}}]]
 [[Ganapati Upanishad|Gaṇapati]]
|
 [[Rudrakshajabala Upanishad|{{IAST|Rudrākṣa}}]]
 [[Jabali Upanishad|{{IAST|Jābāli}}]]
|
 [[Akshamalika Upanishad|{{IAST|Akṣamālika}} ({{IAST|Mālika}})]]
|- valign = "top"
| [[Yoga]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n3/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads] SS Sastri, Adyar Library</ref> {{anchor|Yoga}}
These are Upanishads that focus on [[Yoga]]-related themes
|
 [[Hamsa Upanishad|{{IAST|Haṃsa}}]]
 [[Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad|Triśikhi]]
 [[Mandala-brahmana Upanishad|Maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa]]
|
 [[Amritabindu Upanishad|{{IAST|Amṛtabindu}}]]
 [[Amritanada Upanishad|Amṛtanāda]]
 [[Kshurika Upanishad|{{IAST|Kṣurika}}]]
 [[Dhyanabindu Upanishad|{{IAST|Dhyānabindu}}]]
 [[Brahmavidya Upanishad|Brahmavidyā]]
 [[Yogatattva Upanishad|{{IAST|Yogatattva}}]]
 [[Yogashikha Upanishad|{{IAST|Yogaśikhā}}]]
 [[Yogakundalini Upanishad|Yogakuṇḍalinī]]
 [[Varaha Upanishad|Varāha]]
|
 [[Shandilya Upanishad|{{IAST|Śāṇḍilya}}]]
 [[Pashupatabrahma Upanishad|Pāśupata]]
 [[Mahavakya Upanishad|Mahāvākya]]
|
 [[Yogachudamani Upanishad|Yogachūḍāmaṇi]]
 [[Darshana Upanishad|{{IAST|Darśana}}]]
|
 {{IAST|[[Nada Bindu Upanishad|Nādabindu]]}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Muktika Upanishad, Translated by Dr. A. G. Krishna Warrier, Published by The Theosophical Publishing House, Chennai, {{year needed|date=June 2013}}
*{{Citation | editor-last=Flood | editor-first =Gavin | year =2003 | title =The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism | publisher =Blackwell Publishing Ltd. | isbn =1-4051-3251-5}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|उपनिषत्}}
*[http://www.vedarahasya.net/muktika.htm Muktika Upanishad - Translated by: Dr. A. G. Krishna Warrier] The Theosophical Publishing House, Chennai
*[http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/ 108 ''Upanishads'' of the ''Muktika'']

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muktika}}
[[Category:Upanishads]]

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Muktikā