Ludhiana district

2021-10-16T09:42:35Z

182.93.71.202:

{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ludhiana district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Punjab, India|District of Punjab]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Ludhiana in Punjab (India).svg
| image_map_capitation = Location in Punjab,India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|53|N|75|51|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ludhiana]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 1 (out of 23)
| area_total_km2 = 3767
| population_total = 3600000
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = 1 (out of 23)
| population_density_km2 = 975
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/873 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 73.5%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = 1
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = 14
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2006)}}
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.761<ref name="un-gdl">{{cite web |title=United Nations HDI report - Punjab |url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Punjab.html }}</ref> ({{color|green|High}})}}
| website = {{URL|www.ludhiana.nic.in}}
| footnotes = {{cnote|‡|Population increase (2001–2011): 15%}}
}}
'''Ludhiana District''' is one of the 23 districts in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is Punjab's largest district by both area and population. [[Ludhiana]], the largest city in Punjab, is the district headquarters.

The main industries are [[bicycle]] parts and hosiery. Ludhiana is a hub of ladies footwear manufacturing small scale units around 10000 units. Ludhiana is the largest city in the state. The district is made up of eight [[tehsil]]s, seven sub-[[tehsil]]s and twelve development blocks.<ref name="official">{{cite web | url=http://ludhiana.nic.in | title=Administrative Set-Up | publisher=District official website | access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>

Ludhiana district has the highest [[Human Development Index|HDI]] in Punjab at 0.761 (2004 UNDP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Punjab.html|title=Punjab|website=UNDP in India|language=en|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

==History==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=685,038|13=1911|14=527,575|15=1921|16=579,161|17=1931|18=687,387|19=1941|20=839,622|21=1951|22=858,487|23=1961|24=1,078,269|25=1971|26=1,384,957|27=1981|28=1,778,689|29=1991|30=2,428,382|31=2001|32=3,032,831|33=2011|34=3,498,739|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}
Ludhiana gets its name from the [[Lodhi Dynasty]], which is believed to have founded the city in 1480. During the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] the area formed part of the [[Sarkar (country subdivision)|Sarkar]] of [[Sirhind]]. Chakar, [[Talwandi Rai]] in 1478 AD, Raikot in 1648 AD and Jagraon in 1688 AD were founded by the Rai family of [[Raikot]].<ref>Ludhiana Dist. Gazetteer 1888-89 & 1904. Chiefs of Punjab 1890, 1909 & 1940</ref>

In the latter period of Mughal rule the western part of the district was leased to the [[Rais]] of [[Raikot]]. By the early eighteenth century, they had become semi-independent of the Mughals. The villages in Ludhiana district remained independent and under the rule of local powerful village Sikh chieftains, from 1707 to 1835. In 1747 [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded and battled the imperial army near [[Khanna (city)|Khanna]]. Although the Mughals were able to stop Ahmad Shah, his subsequent invasions weakened the Mughals, which allowed the Rais to take control of [[Ludhiana]] town in 1760.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_206.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 200 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], Ludhiana became an important British [[cantonment]]. Initially, in 1805, Ranjit Singh occupied Ludhiana. However, in 1809, the British decided to curb his advance eastward and sent troops to confront him. Ranjit Singh was forced to sign the treaty of 'perpetual friendship' with the British, which confined his activities to the right bank of the Sutlej. British troops were permanently stationed in Ludhiana and the [[Cis-Sutlej]] states came under British protection.

According to the 1901 census, Hindus numbered 269,076, or 40% of the total; Muslims, 235,937, or 35%; and Sikhs, 164,919, or 24%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_208.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 202 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> In 1947 due to violence and strife between the communities, most of the Muslim population left for Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdpi.org/help/research_and_news_bulletin/Nov_Dec_2004/violence_displacement_1947.htm|title=Violence, Displacement and the Issue of Identity - 1947|date=9 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309201057/http://www.sdpi.org/help/research_and_news_bulletin/Nov_Dec_2004/violence_displacement_1947.htm|archive-date=9 March 2005}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Ludhiana district<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS|title= C-1 Population By Religious Community Data - Census 2011 - Ludhiana district, Punjab|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|53.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|42.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|2.22}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|0.47}}
{{bar percent|Others|#9955BB|1.11}}}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Ludhiana district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,498,739<ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Ludhiana district |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=36347 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Panama]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote =Panama 3,460,462 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Connecticut 3,574,097 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> Ludhiana district has a total of 2,560,225 literates which constitutes 73.5% of the population, of which male literary is 76.5% and female literacy is 69.4%. The effective literacy of 7+ population of Ludhiana district is 82.20%, of which male is 86% and female literacy is 77.9%. The [[sex ratio]] of 873 females for every 1,000 males.<ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov"/> The total [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] population is 923,358. There were 716826 households in the district in 2011.<ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov"/>

The number of workers in the district is 1285,000, which means a work participation rate of 36.7%. Out of the total workforce of the district, 18.7% are engaged in the agriculture sector, 5.6% are working in the household industry, and the rest are employed in other sectors/industries.<ref name="www.punjabdata.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabdata.com/Population-of-Ludhiana.aspx|title=Population of Ludhiana, Ludhiana Population 2018|website=www.punjabdata.com}}</ref>

==Location==

Ludhiana is a centrally located city of Punjab, which is on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from [[Delhi]] to [[Amritsar]] at [[latitude]] 30.55 [[North]] and [[longitude]] 75.54 [[East]] in Northern India.

Ludhiana is the most centrally located district in the [[Malwa]] region of the state of Punjab. For administrative purposes, it has been placed in the Patiala Division. It lies between north latitude 30°-34' and 31°-01' and east longitude 75°-18' and 76°-20'.

It is bounded on the north by the [[Satluj River]], which separates it from [[Jalandhar district]]. The river forms its northern boundary with [[Hoshiarpur district]]. On other sides it shares common boundaries with [[Rupnagar district]] in the east, [[Moga district]] in the west, and [[Barnala district|Barnala]], [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]] and [[Patiala district]]s in the south and southeast, respectively.<ref name=official/>

==Topography==

The topography of the district is a typical representative of an [[alluvial plain]]. It owes its origin to the aggravation work of the Satluj River. The [[alluvium]] deposited by the river has been worked over by the wind, which gave rise to a number of small dunes and sand mounds. Most of these dunes have been leveled by farmers.

The district can be divided into the flood plain of the Satluj and the upland plain.

==Climate==

Ludhiana features a [[semi-arid]] climate under the [[Köppen climate classification]], with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon, and winter. This climate is characterized by dryness except for a brief spell of [[monsoon]] season, a very hot summer, and a bracing winter. The cold season is from mid-November to the early part of March. The succeeding period until the end of June is the hot season. July, August and half of September constitute the southwest monsoon. The period of mid-September to about the middle of November may be termed as a post-monsoon or transitional period.

June is generally the hottest month. Hot and scorching dust-laden winds blow during the summer season. December and January are the coldest months. Ludhiana on average sees roughly {{convert|809.3|mm|in}} of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here data back to 1 August 1868.

{{Weather box
| location = Ludhiana (1981-2010 normals, extremes 1868–present; relative humidity 1961-1990)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 29
|Feb record high C = 30.4
|Mar record high C = 36.3
|Apr record high C = 43.4
|May record high C = 46.6
|Jun record high C = 46.6
|Jul record high C = 43.2
|Aug record high C = 39.8
|Sep record high C = 37.9
|Oct record high C = 36
|Nov record high C = 35.1
|Dec record high C = 27.9
|year record high C = 46.6
| Jan avg record high C = 23.8
| Feb avg record high C = 26.9
| Mar avg record high C = 32.6
| Apr avg record high C = 40.7
| May avg record high C = 43.8
| Jun avg record high C = 43.5
| Jul avg record high C = 37.9
| Aug avg record high C = 35.8
| Sep avg record high C = 35.6
| Oct avg record high C = 34.7
| Nov avg record high C = 30.7
| Dec avg record high C = 25.1
| year avg record high C = 44.8
|Jan high C = 18.6
|Feb high C = 22.2
|Mar high C = 27.3
|Apr high C = 35
|May high C = 38.9
|Jun high C = 37.9
|Jul high C = 34
|Aug high C = 33.1
|Sep high C = 33
|Oct high C = 31.9
|Nov high C = 27.3
|Dec high C = 21.6
|year high C = 30.1
|Jan low C = 5.6
|Feb low C = 8.2
|Mar low C = 12.3
|Apr low C = 17.7
|May low C = 22.9
|Jun low C = 25.3
|Jul low C = 25.8
|Aug low C = 25.1
|Sep low C = 22.8
|Oct low C = 16.5
|Nov low C = 10.7
|Dec low C = 6.5
|year low C = 16.6
| Jan avg record low C = 1.2
| Feb avg record low C = 3.4
| Mar avg record low C = 7.3
| Apr avg record low C = 12
| May avg record low C = 17.6
| Jun avg record low C = 20.5
| Jul avg record low C = 22
| Aug avg record low C = 21.7
| Sep avg record low C = 18.8
| Oct avg record low C = 12.6
| Nov avg record low C = 6
| Dec avg record low C = 2.5
| year avg record low C = 0.8
|Jan record low C = -1.7
|Feb record low C = −0.1
|Mar record low C = 4.6
|Apr record low C = 9.5
|May record low C = 13.6
|Jun record low C = 16.1
|Jul record low C = 20.4
|Aug record low C = 18
|Sep record low C = 15.5
|Oct record low C = 10.6
|Nov record low C = 3.1
|Dec record low C = 0.1
|year record low C = −1.7
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 28.3
|Feb rain mm = 37
|Mar rain mm = 29.9
|Apr rain mm = 17.3
|May rain mm = 22.3
|Jun rain mm = 69.2
|Jul rain mm = 215
|Aug rain mm = 205.2
|Sep rain mm = 146
|Oct rain mm = 19.8
|Nov rain mm = 4.3
|Dec rain mm = 15.1
|year rain mm = 809.3
|Jan rain days = 2.2
|Feb rain days = 2.7
|Mar rain days = 2.4
|Apr rain days = 1.7
|May rain days = 2
|Jun rain days = 4.3
|Jul rain days = 8.4
|Aug rain days = 8.6
|Sep rain days = 5
|Oct rain days = 1
|Nov rain days = 0.6
|Dec rain days = 1
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jan humidity = 74
| Feb humidity = 66
| Mar humidity = 62
| Apr humidity = 44
| May humidity = 39
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 68
| Oct humidity = 61
| Nov humidity = 68
| Dec humidity = 74
|year humidity = 63
|source 1 = Ludhiana Climatological Table, 1981-2010 {{cite web
|url=http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20(STATWISE).pdf
|title=Ludhiana Climatological Table, 1981-2010
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|access-date= 2 April 2020
}}</ref>
| date = June 2013}}

===Rainfall===

The rainfall in the district increases from the southwest toward the northeast. About 70% of the rainfall is received during the period of July through September. The rainfall between December and March accounts for 16% of the rainfall; the remaining 14% rainfall is received in the other months.

===Pollution===
Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India, with particulate matter being over six times the [[World Health Organization]] recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world in the year 2014.<ref name="Majeed">{{Cite news|author=Majeed, Shariq |date=26 March 2014 |title=Ludhiana worries over its PM |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327153327/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Preet, Jatinder|date=16 October 2011|title=Ludhiana fourth most polluted city in the world|location=Delhi, India|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184445/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the [[Buddha Nullah|Budha Dariya]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2013|title=How air and water pollution plagues Indian cities|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129025745/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-date=29 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Rivers and drains==

The [[Sutlej]] and its tributary, the [[Buddha Nullah|Buddha Nala]], constitute the chief hydrographic features of the district. A brief description of these is as follows.

; Sutlej River: originates from [[Lake Manasarovar]] in [[Tibet]]. After flowing through [[Himachal Pradesh]], it [[debouches]] from the [[Shivaliks]]. Just about [[Rupnagar]], 32 km east of the boundary of [[Samrala]] [[Tehsil]], it flows due west along the top of the district for 96 km and turns, as it leaves [[Jagraon]] Tehsil, slightly north toward its junction with the [[Beas River|Beas]] at [[Harike]]. It maintains an east-west direction. It can be devastating during floods. The Sutlej has experienced a westward drift during recent times. Old towns and villages, such as Bahlulpur, [[Machhiwara]], and Kum Kalan, were built on its banks. The river has since been dammed at Bhakhra, which has considerably checked its flooding menace in the district.

; Buddha Nala: It runs parallel to the Satluj on its south for a fairly large section of its course in the district and ultimately joins the Satluj at Gorsian Kadar Baksh in the northwestern corner of the district. It floods during the rainy season, but in the dry season, it can be crossed on foot at certain points. Ludhiana and Machhiwara are to the south of the Buddha Nala. The water of the stream is polluted after it enters Ludhiana City.

==Ludhiana Tehsil==
Ludhiana West Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 125 villages.
*{{Main|Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil}}
Ludhiana East Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 181 villages.
*{{Main|Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil}}

== Places of interest ==
{{cmn|
* [[Manji Sahib|Alamgir]]
* [[Chupki]]
* [[Chhapar Mela|Chhapar]]
* [[Jaipura, Ludhiana|Jaipura]]
* [[Gurusar Sahib|Katana Sahib]]
* [[Kila Raipur]]
* [[Nanaksar]]
* [[Pandher Kheri]]
* [[Serai Lashkari Khan]]
* [[Sidhwanbet]]
* [[Sudhar]]
* [[Sarabha]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://ludhiana.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ludhiana district
|North = [[Jalandhar district]]
|Northeast = [[Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district]] <br> [[Rupnagar district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
|South = [[Sangrur district]]
|Southwest = [[Barnala district]]
|West = [[Moga district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Ludhiana district}}
{{Punjab (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ludhiana district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Punjab, India]]

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Ludhiana district