Ludhiana

2022-01-10T21:45:45Z

180.188.237.4: /* City transportation */

{{short description|Metropolis in Punjab, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Punjab, India|its namesake district|Ludhiana district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ludhiana 
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Cities of India |url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |website=cpcb.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210838/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |access-date=22 December 2020|archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>
| image_skyline = Ludhiana Montage.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gurudwara Sri Dukhniwaran Sahib, Clock Tower, Gurudwara Shri Manji Sahib Alamgir, Lodhi Fort, Maharaja Ranjit Singh War Museum, Shri Krishna Mandir and Guru Nanak Dev Bhavan, Tiger Safari
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|30.91|75.85|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| subdivision_name3 = Ludhiana West
Ludhiana East
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Lodhi dynasty
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Deputy Commissioner
| leader_name = Varinder Kumar Sharma, I.A.S<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Commissioners of Ludhiana {{!}} District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/about-district/deputy-commissioners-of-ludhiana/ |website=ludhiana.nic.in |access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = Balkar Sandhu<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Nidhi |title=Balkar sandhu becomes mayor of Ludhiana {{!}} Ludhiana News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/balkar-sandhu-becomes-mayor-of-ludhiana/articleshow/63463203.cms |access-date=14 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='LMC'>{{cite web|title=Ludhiana City|url=http://mcludhiana.gov.in/about_%20introduction.html}}</ref><ref name='Smart City Ludhiana'>{{cite web|title=Smart City Ludhiana|url=http://smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Punjab_Ludhiana.pdf}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 159
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 247
| population_total = 1,618,879
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='LMC'/><ref name='Smart City Ludhiana'/><ref name=":0"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|22nd]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.823<ref name="un-gdl">{{cite web |title=United Nations HDI report - Punjab |url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Punjab.html |date=9 March 2012 |work=in.undp.org |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> ({{color|green|Very High}})}}
| population_demonym = Ludhianvi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = Multiple 141001-141016
| area_code = 0161
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = PB-10, PB-91
| website = {{URL|www.ludhiana.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Ludhiana''' <small>(</small>{{IPA-pa|lʊdiˈɑːnə|-}} ) is the most populous and the largest [[Cities in India|city]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Citation|title=List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population|date=19 October 2021|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Punjab_and_Chandigarh_by_population&oldid=1050736444|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> The city has an estimated population of 1,618,879 {{as of|2011|alt=as of the}} [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]] And distributed over Land area of just 159 square kilometres (61 sq mi), making Ludhiana the most densely populated major city in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] Region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: Ludhiana_Municipal_Corporation ::|url=http://mcludhiana.gov.in/about_%20introduction.html|access-date=3 November 2021|website=mcludhiana.gov.in}}</ref> It is a Major Industrial center of northern India, often referred to as Indian [[Manchester]] by BBC.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 February 2006|title=India's Manchester|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/02/28/280206_ludhiana_manchester_feature.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818191404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/02/28/280206_ludhiana_manchester_feature.shtml|archive-date=18 August 2014|access-date=25 May 2014|work=BBC}}</ref>

It stands on the old bank of [[Sutlej River]], that is now {{convert|13|km}} to the south of its present course. Ludhiana is among the list of smart cities that will be developed by government of India and has been ranked as the easiest city in [[India]] for business according to the World Bank.

Ludhiana is {{convert|107|km}} west of the state capital, [[Chandigarh]], and is centrally located on [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], which runs from [[New Delhi]] to [[Amritsar]]. It is 315 km (194 miles) north of [[Delhi]] and 142 km (88 miles) southeast of [[Amritsar]].

==History==
Ludhiana was founded in 1480 by members of the ruling [[Lodhi dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Ludhiana |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ludhiana |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> The ruling sultan, [[Sikandar Lodhi]], dispatched two ruling chiefs, Yusaf Khan and Nihand Khan, to re-assert Lodhi control. The two men camped at the site of present Ludhiana, which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusaf Khan crossed the Sutlej and established [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]], while Nihand Khan founded Ludhiana on the site of Mir Hota.

The name was originally "''Lodhi-ana''", meaning "Lodhi town", which has since shifted from "Lodiana" to the present form of Ludhiana.<ref name="ludhiana.nic.in">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/about-district/history/ |website=Ludhiana |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Lodhi Fort ( Purana Qila)|Lodhi Fort]], or "''Purana Qila''", is the only surviving structure in the city from this period; located in the neighbourhood of [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh]], it was well-maintained under [[Ranjit Singh]] and the British after him, but then fell into disrepair. It was declared a state-protected monument in December 2013.<ref name="Express Lodhi Fort">{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Ananya |title=Ripe with history, Ludhiana's Lodhi Fort lies forgotten without ASI protection |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/ripe-with-history-ludhianas-lodhi-fort-lies-forgotten-without-asi-protection-6192424/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |agency=The Indian Express |date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

The Semi Centennial Celebration of the American Presbyterian Lodiana Mission was held in Ludhiana from 3–7 December 1884.<ref>J.J. Lucas, "Literary Work of the American Presbyterian Mission, North India, Including Bible TranslatioLun and Revision, and Circulation of Religious Books and Tracts," ''Indian Evangelical Review'' 13 (July 1886): 43-63.</ref>

Ludhiana's Old City includes landmarks like the Lodhi Fort, Daresi Grounds, The Clock Tower, & Sood Family Haveli.
[[File:Sood Family Haveli Facade.jpg|thumb|alt=The Sood Family Haveli|The Sood Family Haveli is one of the last Havelis in all of Ludhiana.]]

==Geography==
Ludhiana is located at {{Coord|30.9|N|75.85|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Ludhiana.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Ludhiana|work=fallingrain.com|access-date=8 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529001025/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Ludhiana.html|archive-date=29 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 244 meters (798 ft). Ludhiana City, to its residents, consists of the Old City and the New City. The new city primarily consists of the Civil Lines area which was historically known as the residential and official quarters of the colonial British encampment.

The land dips steeply to the north and the west where, before 1785, the river Sutlej ran.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

The Old Fort was at the banks of the Sutlej (and now houses the College of Textile Engineering). Legend has it that a tunnel connects it to the fort in [[Phillaur]]– although why this should be is debatable, as the Sutlej was the traditional dividing line between the principalities, often occupied by enemy forces (see History section).

The ground is of yellow sandstone and granite, forming small hillocks, plateaus and dips.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

The tree of largest natural extraction was the kikar, or ''[[Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica|Acacia Indica]]'', but has been supplanted by the eucalyptus, transplanted from rural Australia in the late 1950s by the government of Chief Minister [[Pratap Singh Kairon]].

[[Delonix regia|Gulmohars]] and [[jacaranda]]s were planted by the British along the avenues of Civil Lines, as were other flowering trees, while the Old City contains almost no vegetation or parks, except for a few isolated [[Ficus religiosa|pipal]] trees, holy to the Hindus, as it is supposed to be the abode of Lord Shiva.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

===Climate===
Ludhiana features a relatively dry monsoon-influenced [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although bordering on a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''), with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon and winter. Ludhiana on average sees roughly {{convert|809.3|mm|in}} of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here date back to 1 August 1868.

Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India since 2002, with particulate matter being over six times the [[World Health Organization]] recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world.<ref name="Majeed">{{Cite news|author=Majeed, Shariq |date=26 March 2014 |title=Ludhiana worries over its PM |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327153327/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Preet, Jatinder|date=16 October 2011|title=Ludhiana fourth most polluted city in the world|location=Delhi, India|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184445/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the [[Buddha Nullah|Budha Dariya]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2013|title=How air and water pollution plagues Indian cities|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129025745/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-date=29 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = [[Ludhiana Airport]] (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1868–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 29.0
| Feb record high C = 30.4
| Mar record high C = 41.1
| Apr record high C = 46.1
| May record high C = 48.3
| Jun record high C = 47.9
| Jul record high C = 47.8
| Aug record high C = 44.4
| Sep record high C = 41.7
| Oct record high C = 40.0
| Nov record high C = 35.8
| Dec record high C = 29.4
|year record high C = 48.3
| Jan avg record high C = 23.8
| Feb avg record high C = 26.9
| Mar avg record high C = 32.6
| Apr avg record high C = 40.7
| May avg record high C = 43.8
| Jun avg record high C = 43.5
| Jul avg record high C = 37.9
| Aug avg record high C = 35.8
| Sep avg record high C = 35.6
| Oct avg record high C = 34.7
| Nov avg record high C = 30.7
| Dec avg record high C = 25.1
| year avg record high C = 44.8
| Jan high C = 18.6
| Feb high C = 22.2
| Mar high C = 27.3
| Apr high C = 35.0
| May high C = 38.9
| Jun high C = 37.9
| Jul high C = 34.0
| Aug high C = 33.1
| Sep high C = 33.0
| Oct high C = 31.9
| Nov high C = 27.3
| Dec high C = 21.6
|year high C = 30.1
| Jan low C = 5.6
| Feb low C = 8.2
| Mar low C = 12.3
| Apr low C = 17.7
| May low C = 22.9
| Jun low C = 25.3
| Jul low C = 25.8
| Aug low C = 25.1
| Sep low C = 22.8
| Oct low C = 16.5
| Nov low C = 10.7
| Dec low C = 6.5
|year low C = 16.6
| Jan avg record low C = 1.2
| Feb avg record low C = 3.4
| Mar avg record low C = 7.3
| Apr avg record low C = 12.0
| May avg record low C = 17.6
| Jun avg record low C = 20.5
| Jul avg record low C = 22.0
| Aug avg record low C = 21.7
| Sep avg record low C = 18.8
| Oct avg record low C = 12.6
| Nov avg record low C = 6.0
| Dec avg record low C = 2.5
| year avg record low C = 0.8
| Jan record low C = -2.2
| Feb record low C = −1.1
| Mar record low C = 1.4
| Apr record low C = 7.1
| May record low C = 11.7
| Jun record low C = 18.0
| Jul record low C = 17.4
| Aug record low C = 18.0
| Sep record low C = 15.2
| Oct record low C = 9.4
| Nov record low C = 0.3
| Dec record low C = -1.1
|year record low C = −2.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 28.3
| Feb rain mm = 37.0
| Mar rain mm = 29.9
| Apr rain mm = 17.3
| May rain mm = 22.3
| Jun rain mm = 69.2
| Jul rain mm = 215.0
| Aug rain mm = 205.2
| Sep rain mm = 146.0
| Oct rain mm = 19.8
| Nov rain mm = 4.3
| Dec rain mm = 15.1
|year rain mm = 809.3
| Jan rain days = 2.2
| Feb rain days = 2.7
| Mar rain days = 2.4
| Apr rain days = 1.7
| May rain days = 2.0
| Jun rain days = 4.3
| Jul rain days = 8.4
| Aug rain days = 8.6
| Sep rain days = 5.0
| Oct rain days = 1.0
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 1.0
|year rain days = 39.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 63
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 46
| Apr humidity = 25
| May humidity = 23
| Jun humidity = 41
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 73
| Sep humidity = 65
| Oct humidity = 49
| Nov humidity = 49
| Dec humidity = 63
|year humidity = 51
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Ludhiana Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 449–452
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M171
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Ludhiana ([[Punjab Agricultural University]]) 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1966–2011
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C = 29.2
| Feb record high C = 30.0
| Mar record high C = 37.0
| Apr record high C = 44.0
| May record high C = 46.6
| Jun record high C = 46.0
| Jul record high C = 43.6
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 37.6
| Nov record high C = 35.4
| Dec record high C = 27.2
|year record high C = 46.6
| Jan high C = 18.1
| Feb high C = 21.1
| Mar high C = 26.6
| Apr high C = 34.5
| May high C = 38.4
| Jun high C = 38.2
| Jul high C = 34.4
| Aug high C = 33.5
| Sep high C = 33.5
| Oct high C = 31.9
| Nov high C = 26.8
| Dec high C = 21.0
|year high C = 29.8
| Jan low C = 5.7
| Feb low C = 7.8
| Mar low C = 12.4
| Apr low C = 17.4
| May low C = 22.8
| Jun low C = 25.9
| Jul low C = 26.3
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 23.2
| Oct low C = 16.7
| Nov low C = 10.9
| Dec low C = 6.7
|year low C = 16.8
| Jan record low C = -1.6
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 2.1
| Apr record low C = 9.0
| May record low C = 12.0
| Jun record low C = 18.0
| Jul record low C = 20.5
| Aug record low C = 20.6
| Sep record low C = 14.5
| Oct record low C = 8.4
| Nov record low C = 4.3
| Dec record low C = 0.2
|year record low C = −1.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 28.0
| Feb rain mm = 30.4
| Mar rain mm = 24.2
| Apr rain mm = 21.9
| May rain mm = 26.5
| Jun rain mm = 68.6
| Jul rain mm = 221.4
| Aug rain mm = 195.3
| Sep rain mm = 101.6
| Oct rain mm = 12.9
| Nov rain mm = 6.9
| Dec rain mm = 14.1
|year rain mm = 751.7
| Jan rain days = 2.3
| Feb rain days = 2.6
| Mar rain days = 2.3
| Apr rain days = 2.3
| May rain days = 2.3
| Jun rain days = 4.2
| Jul rain days = 8.4
| Aug rain days = 8.0
| Sep rain days = 4.3
| Oct rain days = 0.9
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 1.1
|year rain days = 39.0
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 67
| Feb humidity = 62
| Mar humidity = 52
| Apr humidity = 30
| May humidity = 28
| Jun humidity = 42
| Jul humidity = 66
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 49
| Nov humidity = 51
| Dec humidity = 62
|year humidity = 54
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals/><ref name=IMDextremes/>
}}

==Demographics==
{{see also|List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh}}

{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Ludhiana city<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Ludhiana (M. Corp)|access-date=2 December 2019 }}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=

{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|65.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFC600|28.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|2.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|0.68}}
{{bar percent|Others|#1543BB|1.80}}}}

As per provisional data from the [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]], Ludhiana had a population of 1,618,879.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/area_population.html|title=Area and Population|website=Official Website of Ludhiana|access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307015410/http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/area_population.html |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> The literacy rate was 82.50 per cent, and the population consisted of 950,123 males and 743,530 females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402233834/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Religion===
With around 66% adherents according to [[2011 Indian Census]], [[Hinduism]] is the predominant religion of Ludhiana, followed by [[Sikhism]] with 29% of the population. [[Islam]] is followed by 2.8% and [[Christianity]] by less than 1%.<ref name="Religion"/>

Prior to [[Partition of India|India's partition]], Ludhiana had a population of 111,639 with Muslims being the majority with 63%. The Hindus were 31% and Sikhs 5%. It changed post-partition with a drastic reduction in Muslim percentage and simultaneous increase in Hindu and Sikh population, owing to migration of people between West and East Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|title=From the Ashes of 1947|last=Virdee|first=Pippa|date=February 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-42811-8|pages=138}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Ludhiana}}
{{POV section|date=October 2019}}
The [[World Bank]] ranked Ludhiana as the city in India with the best business environment in 2009 and 2013.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/subnational/exploreeconomies/India2009.aspx|title=Doing Business in India 2009|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007005506/http://doingbusiness.org/subnational/exploreeconomies/India2009.aspx|archive-date=7 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The riches are brought mostly by small-scale industrial units,<ref>''Entrepreneurship in India's small-scale industries''. Richard P. Taub, Doris L. Taub</ref> which produce industrial goods, machine parts, auto parts, household appliances, hosiery, apparel, and garments. Ludhiana is Asia's largest hub for bicycle manufacturing and produces more than 50% of India's bicycle production of more than 10 million each year. Ludhiana produces 60% of India's tractor parts and a large portion of auto and two-wheeler parts. Many parts used in German cars such as Mercedes and BMW are exclusively produced in Ludhiana to satisfy the world requirement. It is one of the largest manufacturer of domestic sewing machines. Hand tools and industrial equipment are other specialties. Ludhiana contribute most to Punjab than any other city.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

[[File:Feroze gandhi market.png|thumb|Feroze Gandhi Market, Ludhiana]]
The apparel industry of Ludhiana, popularly known as Ludhiana hosiery industry provides employment to numerous people<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-apparel-guide|title=Ludhiana Portal Digital directories & Newspapers|last=Staff|website=City Vibes|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215221835/https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-apparel-guide|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and produces India's largest share of winter clothing. It is especially known for its woolen sweaters and cotton T-shirts with the majority of India's woolen clothing brands being based here. Ludhiana is also famous for its industry of shawls and stoles and satisfies the demand of major domestic and international brands. As a result of its dominance in the textile industry it is often dubbed as the Manchester of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana-industry-gives-thumbs-down-to-arun-jaitley-s-union-budget/story-JB7wNj4njJJggazgzSuc6K.html|title=Punjab industry gives thumbs down to Arun Jaitley's Union Budget|date=1 February 2018|website=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103516/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana-industry-gives-thumbs-down-to-arun-jaitley-s-union-budget/story-JB7wNj4njJJggazgzSuc6K.html|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ludhiana also has a growing IT sector with multiple software services and product companies having development centers in the city. In April 2021, BizMerlinHR, a HR management software firm with development center in Ludhiana was awarded Cool Vendor in HCM for 2021 by industry analyst Gartner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizmerlin.com/bizmerlinhr-gartner-cool-vendor-in-human-capital-management|title=BizMerlinHR Named a Cool Vendor in the 2021 Gartner 'Cool Vendors in Human Capital Management: Technology Innovations to Support the Future of Work' Report|date=30 April 2021|website=BizMerlinHR |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

Ludhiana is also home to the [[Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association]]. LSC is situated on NH95 (Chandigarh-Ferozepur Highway) in Feroze Gandhi market near Mini Secretariat Ludhiana.There are many agricultural based businesses in the city from farms in the surrounding area.

==Attractions==
[[File:GURU NANAK STADIUM AT LUDHIANA.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Nanak Stadium]]]]

===Sports===
[[Guru Nanak Stadium]] in Ludhiana hosts a number of sporting events including athletics, football, badminton, basketball, gymnastics, handball, ''kabaddi'', table tennis, volleyball, as well as other other indoor games.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Sports Office {{!}} District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/departments/state-govt/district-sports-office/ |website=ludhiana.nic.in |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

;Kabaddi
Kabaddi world cup finals have been played twice in Guru Nanak Stadium Ludhiana.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kabaddi World Cup: India all the way|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111121/sports.htm#1|work=The Tribune – Sports Page|date=21 November 2011|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223044619/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111121/sports.htm#1|archive-date=23 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium often hosts high-profile Kabaddi matches.

;Football
Various competitions like finals of [[National Games of India|National Games]] Football Matches (2001) and I-League matches of clubs like [[Minerva Punjab FC]] (now RoundGlass Punjab Football Club) have been played in Guru Nanak Stadium.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nitin |title=Chandigarh’s Minerva Football Club inducted into AIFF league |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/citys-minerva-football-club-inducted-into-aiff-league-4423184/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

===Kila Raipur Sports Festival===
Kila Raipur Sports Festival, popularly known as Rural Olympics Games, is held annually in Kila Raipur, near Ludhiana. Competitions are held for rural sports, including ''[[gatka]]'', bullock cart races, trolley races, kabaddi, loading unloading trucks and acrobatics.<ref name="TribuneIndia">{{cite news|title=Racy start to Kila Raipur Rural Olympics|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110204/ldh1.htm|work=The Tribune – Ludhiana Tribune|date=4 February 2011|access-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617181215/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110204/ldh1.htm|archive-date=17 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Skating===
A skating rink for roller skating is in Leisure Valley, Sarabha Nagar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leisure Valley rink hosts roller-skating competition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/leisure-valley-rink-hosts-roller-skating-competition-589348 |access-date=9 September 2020 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=15 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Places of interest ===
* [[Manji Sahib|Alamgir]]
* [[Doraha, Ludhiana|Doraha]]
* [[Jagraon]]
* [[Gurusar Sahib|Katana Sahib]]
* [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]]
* [[Kila Raipur]]
* [[Machhiwara]]
* [[Mullanpur Dakha]]
* [[Nanaksar]]
* [[Payal, India|Payal]]
* [[Serai Lashkari Khan]]
* [[Sidhwanbet]]
* [[Sudhar]]

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Alamgir backside.JPG|[[Manji Sahib|Alamgir]]
File:Nanaksar.jpg|Nanaksar Kaleran
File:An old building in city khanna.jpg|Pre independence architect [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]]
File:Sarai Lashkari.jpg|[[Serai Lashkari Khan]]
File:Ludhiana - zoo-tiger safari 3.jpg|Ludhiana Zoo
</gallery>

==Transportation==
Ludhiana is well connected by road and rail as [[Ludhiana railway station]] is on the main Delhi-Amritsar route, and is an important railway junction with lines going to [[Jalandhar]], [[Ferozepur]], [[Dhuri]], and [[Delhi]]. The city is very well connected with daily or weekly trains to most places in India including the major cities of [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Patiala]], [[Pathankot]], [[Kanpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ajmer]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Ambala]], [[Panipat]], [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Nanded]], [[Patna]], and [[Kolkata]]. For administrative reasons the station is under [[Firozpur railway division|Ferozepur Railway Division]]. The railway line between Ludhiana and [[Chandigarh]] opened in 2013. The government has even passed a dedicated freight track between Ludhiana and Kolkata. {{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ludhiana to Kolkata|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/railways/ludhiana-kolkata-train-tickets.html}}</ref>
[[File:India Train.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Diesel Multiple Unit|DMU]] Train in Ludhiana]]

=== Road ===
Ludhiana is connected with other cities of Punjab and also with other states by bus service. Major national highways [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]], [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] (old [[National Highway 1 (India, old numbering)|NH1]], NH95 respectively) and state highway SH 11 connect to the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RStateHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1395&linkid=197|title=State Highways in Punjab|website=PWD - Govt. of Punjab, India|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204925/http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RStateHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1395&linkid=197|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RNationalHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1394&linkid=198|title=National Highways in Punjab|website=PWD - Govt. of Punjab|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204904/http://pwdpunjab.gov.in/RNationalHighway.aspx?languageid=1&pageid=1394&linkid=198|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The transportation services are provided by the state owned [[Punjab Roadways]] and private bus operators.

===Airport===
Ludhiana is served by the city based [[Sahnewal Airport]] ({{Airport codes|LUH|VILD}}), also known as Ludhiana Airport. It is located near the town of [[Sahnewal]], {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} southeast of Ludhiana on the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The airport is spread over more than {{cvt|130|acre}}. The current airport arrival/departure halls can accommodate 40 passengers.<ref>http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/ludhiana.jsp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324103033/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/ludhiana.jsp |date=24 March 2013 }} Airport website</ref> A new airport in Ludhiana is coming up at [[Halwara Air Force Station]] with work under progress.

[[Chandigarh Airport]] is the nearest [[International Airport]] to Ludhiana. Other nearby airports are [[Adampur Airport]] in [[Jalandhar]] and [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] in [[Amritsar]].

===Railway===
[[File:LDH RLY STN.JPG|thumb|[[Ludhiana Junction railway station]]]]
[[Ludhiana Junction railway station]] is connected to other metro cities. It also has [[Sahnewal]], [[Doraha, Ludhiana|Doraha]], [[Kila Raipur]] railway stations which serve cargo and passenger trains. [[Vande Bharat Express]] has a stop at Ludhiana junction on its [[New Delhi Railway Station|New Delhi (NDLS)]] - [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra (SVDK)]] route.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi-Katra Vande Bharat Express: Fare, timings, features, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-katra-vande-bharat-express-fare-timings-features-other-details-11569759203221.html |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=Livemint |date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

===City transportation===
City bus service has been cancelled. Moving around inside the city is done mostly by auto-rickshaws, and [[cycle rickshaw]]s, while latest [[Ludhiana BRTS]] was planned to be constructed but due to lack of funds allotted and weak planning and management the project too has been scrapped by the government thus worsening the traffic problems in the industrial city.

===Auto rickshaw===
[[File:An Air View of Ludhiana.jpg|thumb|An Air View of Ludhiana]]
The [[Auto rickshaw]] is a three-wheel drive vehicle, which is one way to travel in the city. They have the capacity to hold three to six passengers. It can be hired individually or on a sharing basis. The auto rickshaws are easily available at every major place, including the interstate bus terminal and the railway station at a nominal fare which varies from ₨ 10 to ₨ 30.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Jugnoo, an on demand auto rickshaw application launched its operations in February 2015 to provide low cost, reliable, 24 × 7 service to the citizens of Ludhiana.

===Rickshaw===
Cycle rickshaws are widely used in Ludhiana. The rickshaw or tricycle is pulled by a person and is a relatively cheap way of travelling in the city, but has become pricey after the autos were being scrapped. Nowadays many electric rickshaws are also available in Ludhiana and most of them can be spotted on the road which connects Samrala Chowk to Station.

===Taxi===
Radio taxis are also easily available. This is the most used means of transport by the people of Ludhiana. Ola Cabs launched in the city on 7 October 2014. Uber is also very popular in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ola-now-available-in-ludhiana-amritsar-visakhapatnam--surat-25444|title =Ola Cabs launch in Ludhiana and Amritsar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030160159/http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ola-now-available-in-ludhiana-amritsar-visakhapatnam--surat-25444|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoomcar provides cars for self-drive car rental in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zoomcar.com/ludhiana|title=Self Drive Cars in Ludhiana|last=Ltd.|first=Zoomcar India Private|website=Zoomcar|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160527/https://www.zoomcar.com/ludhiana|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
=== Schools ===
Ludhiana has 363 senior secondary, 367 high, 324 middle, 1129 primary, and pre-primary recognised Schools, with a total of 398,770 students.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/education_medical.html#Education|title =Education and Medical Facilities - Official Website of Ludhiana|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122904/http://ludhiana.nic.in/html/education_medical.html#Education|archive-date =22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of these schools are either run by the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] or by [[Punjab School Education Board]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-education|title=Digital directories & Newspapers|last=Staff|website=City Vibes|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101135933/https://cityvibesindia.com/ludhiana-education|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Ludhiana is home to the largest agricultural university in Asia{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} and one of the largest in the world, [[Punjab Agricultural University]].<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/ludhiana/colleges.html Ludhiana Colleges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202014724/http://www.mapsofindia.com/ludhiana/colleges.html |date=2 December 2011 }}. Mapsofindia.com. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.</ref> The College of Veterinary Sciences at PAU was recently upgraded to the [[Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]] (GADVASU).

GADVASU was established at Ludhiana by an act of the Punjab Legislature No. 16 of 2005 notified in the Punjab Government Gazette on 9 August 2005 and it started functioning 21 April 2006 for promoting livestock production, health and prevention of disease through integrated teaching, research and extension programmes.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Medical===
[[File:CollgeGatew.jpg|thumb|The entrance of the old building of Christian Medical College]]
[[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana]], the first medical school for women in Asia, was founded by [[Dame Edith Mary Brown]] in 1894. Christian Medical College is a major and reputed tertiary care hospital in India, also the location of the world's first face transplant. [[Dayanand Medical College|Dayanand Medical College and Hospital]] is another tertiary care teaching hospital in Ludhiana. Both these institutions are recognised by the [[Medical Council of India]]. The college is affiliated to [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]], Punjab.{{fact|date=June 2021}}

===Engineering===
[[File:Gndec4.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]]]]
[[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana|Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College]] is an institution offering facilities and education for engineering students. It has a research and development center for bicycles and sewing machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsrdindia.org/|title=www.bsrdindia.com|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801050755/http://bsrdindia.org/|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable individuals ==


* [[J. C. Mahindra]], Indian industrialist and co-founder of Mahindra & Mahindra
* [[K.C. Mahindra]] Indian industrialist who co-founded Mahindra & Mahindra
* [[Sukhdev Thapar]], Freedom fighter
* [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], Freedom fighter
* [[Gippy Grewal]], Singer, actor
* [[Sukh Sanghera]], Film director and music video director
* [[Bhai Randhir Singh]], Freedom fighter
* [[Neelkamal Puri|Neel Kamal Puri]], novelist, columnist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/punjabs-victory-over-history/1/251178.html|title=Punjab's victory over history|date=4 March 2013|access-date=28 July 2015|publisher=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914162015/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/punjabs-victory-over-history/1/251178.html|archive-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Dharmendra]], actor
* [[Sunil Mittal]], entrepreneur, founder of [[Airtel]] and Bharti Enterprises
* [[Simarjit Singh Bains]], Social worker, politician
* [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], lyricist
* [[Sukhdeep Singh Chakria (Boxer)|Sukhdeep Singh Chakria]], Boxer
* [[Divya Dutta]], actress
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Singer, actor
* [[Manjit Rupowalia]], Singer
* [[Rajinder Gupta]], Industrialist, Chairman of TridentGroup
* [[Trishneet Arora]], Ethical hacker, author
* [[Shubha Phutela]], actress
* [[Dakssh Ajit Singh]], actor
* [[Jainti Dass Saggar]], Physician, politician
* [[Abhinav Shukla]], actor
* [[Sudarshan Agarwal]], politician
* [[Shilpi Sharma (actress, born 1994)|Shilpi Sharma]], actress
* [[Gulzar Singh Sandhu]], writer
* [[Naina Dhaliwal]], Indian model
* [[Inderjit Hasanpuri]], songwriter
* [[Ram Singh (activist)|Ram Singh]], Social reformer
* [[Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], One of the founders of Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam
* [[Barkat Ali Ludhianwi]], Muslim Sufi and founder of the Dar ul Ehsan organisation
* [[Agha Talish|Talish]], Pakistani actor
* [[Raj Khosla]], director
* [[Baldev Raj Chopra]], producer and director
* [[Kuldeep Manak]], Singer
* [[Inderjit Nikku]], Singer
* [[Ravinder Grewal]], Singer
* [[Amar Singh Chamkila]], Singer
* [[Surinder Shinda]], Singer
* [[Karnail Gill]], Singer
* [[Ishmeet Singh]], Singer
* [[Lal Chand Yamla Jatt]], Singer
* [[Mandeep Singh]] Cricketer
* [[Pankaj Kapoor]] Actor
* [[Hardev Dilgir]], lyricist
* [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], writer, playwright
* [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]], MLA Ludhiana West, Punjab Cabinet Minister
* [[Ish Sodhi]], New Zealand Cricketer
* [[Happy Raikoti]], lyricist, singer
* [[Chetan Sharma]] , Indian cricket player
* [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)| Yashpal Sharma]], Indian cricket player
* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]], actor in [[Punjabi cinema]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Diksha |title=Happy Birthday Jaswinder Bhalla! Watch His 5 Best Comedy Films To Drive Away Your Monday Blues |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/happy-birthday-jaswinder-bhalla-watch-his-5-best-comedy-films-to-drive-away-your-monday-blues/ |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=PTC Punjabi |date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
*[[Anuv Jain]], singer and songwriter
*[[Anand Arnold]], bodybuilder

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Mahan Kosh'', Bhai Kahan Singh Nabha, pp 311.
* ''Encyclopaedia of Sikhism'', Prof. Harbans Singh vol 2 pp 416
* ''The Sikh Ref Book'', Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer p464 & p196
* {{cite web|url=http://www.shah-kamal.com|title=Hazrat Shah Kamal Qadri Kaithaly|work=shah-kamal.com}}
* {{cite book|author=Pankaj Mishra|title=Butter chicken in Ludhiana: travels in small town India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGkMAQAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780140250671}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330736963_Study_of_Toxic_Elements_in_River_Water_and_Wetland_Using_Water_Hyacinth_Eichhornia_crassipes_as_Pollution_Monitor/ "Heavy metal contamination of the ecosystems by industrial emissions from Ludhiana"]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://ludhiana.nic.in Official website of District Ludhiana (Punjab)]
* [http://ludhianacitypunjab.com Everything Ludhiana (Punjab)]
* [http://www.myludhiana.com/ Ludhiana City Smart City Web Portal]

{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Ludhiana district}}
{{Punjab (Indian state)|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ludhiana| ]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1480s]]

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