Malik Maqbul Tilangani

2026-03-13T08:46:42Z

172.71.162.139: I wrote from resources I gathered from history books and inscriptions,don't just believe what other references online says without checking facts outside.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Malik Maqbul''' ('''Mala Yugandarudu ) from Mala Community of Warangal''' also referred to as '''Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani'''<ref name=Delhiinfo>[https://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/tombs/khanijahanstomb-tombofmaqbulkhan.html Khan-i-Jahan's Tomb - Tomb of Malik Maqbul Khan], Delhi Information, retrieved 17 April 2019</ref> and '''Jahan Khan'''<ref name=Kulke/>) was a commander in the [[Kakatiya Empire]], who rose to become the [[Vizier|Wazir]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] ({{reign|1351|1388}}).<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=97}}</ref>

== Career in Warangal ==
Malik Maqbul, born Nagaya Ganna, was a commander of the [[Kakatiya Empire]] under [[Prataparudra]] ({{reign|1289|1323}}). Marana's ''Markandeya Puranamu'' (in Telugu) names him as "Nagaya Ganna Vibhudu" and describes him as the commander (''Kataka paludu'') of [[Warangal Fort]], the capital of Kakatiyas. The term ''Vibhudu'' (meaning "Lord") implies that he was very high up in the hierarchy.{{sfn|Wagoner|Rice|2001|p=48}}

After [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughluq's]] son and general Ulugh Khan ([[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]) captured Warangal in 1323, Ulugh Khan himself took over the Governorship of what is now a new province of "Teling" (Telangana) in the Sultanate. Nagaya Ganna was converted to Islam and named Malik Maqbul to find a place in the new regime. When Ulugh Khan left for Delhi soon afterwards, he left Warangal in the charge of Malik Maqbul, who became its new governor. Ulugh Khan succeeded Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq as the new [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] under the name Muhammad bin Tughluq.{{sfn|Wagoner|Rice|2001|p=48}}{{sfn|Somasekhara Sarma|1945|loc=p. 25, footnote 1}}

The new regime was beset with rebellions and the Muslims were not welcomed as rulers. The coastal region around [[Rajahmundry]] slipped out immediately after Ulugh Khan's departure, the area south of [[Krishna river]] in 1325, [[Bhadrachalam]] area in 1330 and western Telangana between 1330–1335.{{sfn|Rama Rao|1947|p=297}} The Sultan marched on South India in 1334 in order to suppress the rebellions, but his army was struck by an epidemic, and he was forced to return to Delhi.{{sfn|Jackson|1993|p=268}} Soon afterwards, [[Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka]] captured Warangal, and Malik Maqbul fled to Delhi. Facing significant losses in his army due to the epidemic, the Sultan was in no position to recover Telangana.{{sfn|Jackson|1993|pp=268–269}}

==Career in Delhi==
Malik Maqbul was initially made the governor of [[Multan]] and sent to administer [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>T. H. Beale and [[Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|H. G. Keene]], ''[https://archive.org/details/orientalbiograp00benggoog/page/n7 An Oriental Biographical Dictionary]'', W. H. Allen, 1894, p. 214</ref>

After his return to [[Delhi]], Maqbul earned the trust of Tughlaq. He accompanied the sultan on an expedition to [[Gujarat]] to subdue the rebels in Broach. He put all the rebels to death and captured enormous amount of wealth.<ref>[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]], Vol. III, H. M. Elliot, Adamant Media Corporation, p. 256, {{ISBN|1-4021-8212-0}}</ref> Subsequently, by making himself indispensable in the Delhi durbar (court), he became the [[finance minister]] and finally, the [[Vizier|Wazir]], of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Firuz Shah Tughluq|Feroz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref>Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq by M. Ahmed, 1978, Chugh Publications, New Delhi p. 46 and 95</ref> When Feroz Shah was away on a Campaign to Sind and Gujarat for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.<ref name=Kulke>{{Citation |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |title=A History of India |publisher=Routledge |edition=Third |year=1998 |isbn=0-415-15482-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |p=167}}</ref> He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Feroz Shah's court and retained the trust of the sultan.{{sfn|Jackson|1993|p=186}} Feroz Shah used to call Maqbul as 'brother'. The sultan even remarked that Khan-i-Jahan was the real ruler of Delhi. The fiscal and general administration were entirely left to Maqbul. On his part, Maqbul never exceeded his powers, and kept the sultan fully informed. He was also scrupulously honest. Although he did take presents from the governors of the provinces, he entered them in the royal treasury. He was also strict in collecting government dues. His powers, however, were restricted by the auditor (''mustaufi'') and by the Accountant-General (''mushrif''). Sometimes it led to bitter disputes in which the sultan mediated.<ref>Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals, S. Chandra, 2007, Har Anand Publications, p.122, {{ISBN|81-241-1064-6}}</ref> On one occasion, Maqbul threatened to leave for Mecca when he came into conflict with Ain-i-Mahru, the Accountant General. Sultan had to retrench Ain-i-Mahru. Maqbul was paid annually 13 [[lakh]] tankas over and above the expenses of his army and servants and separate allowances for his sons and sons-in-law. Maqbul also maintained a retinue of 2000 concubines.<ref>The Cambridge Economic History of India, T. Raychaudhuri and I. Habib, Orient Longman, 2005, p. 90, {{ISBN|81-250-2730-0}}</ref>

===Successor===
Firoz Shah gave an undertaking that the position of Wazir will be inherited by Maqbul's son. After the death of Maqbul in 1369 CE, his son Jauna Khan became the Wazir.<ref>Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals, S. Chandra, 2007, Har Anand Publications, p.161, {{ISBN|81-241-1064-6}}</ref> Jauna Khan was as competent as his father but he was no military leader. He failed in the conflict for succession, which began even during the lifetime of Feroz Shah. Jauna Khan was captured and executed. Also known as Junan Shah, he built seven large mosques in and around Delhi of which Khirki Masjid is very well known.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/sacred-seven/article2275143.ece | title=Sacred Seven | date=15 April 2007 | first=Abhilash | last=Gaur | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=3 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Monuments==
[[File:Malik Maqbool tomb Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Malik Maqbul's tomb in Delhi]]
Built in 1388 by Junan Shah (son of Malik Maqbul), his [[tomb]] ([[Tughluq tombs]]) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=14206 |title=Khan-i Jahan Maqbul Tilangani Mausoleum |access-date=3 May 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120701173344/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=14206 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Bunce, Fredrick W. 2004. Islamic Tombs in India: The Iconography and Genesis of Their Design. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, 52-55</ref><ref>Sharma, Y.D. 2001. Delhi and its Neighbourhood. New Delhi: Directory General Archaeological Survey of India, 27, 118.</ref> was the first [[octagon]]al [[mausoleum]] to be built in Delhi. The only other octagonal mausoleum that pre-dates this tomb in the Indian subcontinent is the Tomb of Shah Rukn-i Alam in [[Multan]].
The mausoleum occupies the northwestern corner of [[Nizamuddin West]].<ref>Tomb of Telanga nawab: Anon (1997) Delhi, The Capital of India; Asian Educational Services. pp. 85. {{ISBN|81-206-1282-5}}, 9788120612822</ref> The plan is composed of an octagonal [[burial]] chamber wrapped by a larger [[octagon]]al veranda. The verandah has three arched openings on each side, with a finial bearing cupola crowning the central arches. A large raised dome sits on top of the central chamber. While the parapet wall of the veranda is articulated with crenellations, a slanting stone overhang ([[chhajja]]) runs beneath it, encasing all sides of the structure.
The main entry to the structure is through the central arch of its south façade. The walls of the chamber are substantially thick. The [[mihrab]] is set in a stepped niche on the west wall of the chamber. A stairwell leading to the crypt below is also built into the western wall and accessed from inside a doorway. A large rectangular [[sarcophagus]] sits centred in the chamber beneath the dome in a two tiered arrangement. The tomb stands today in a very poor state of repair.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sanatani|first1=Rohit Priyadarshi|title=The Tomb of Khan - i Jahan Tilangani: A forgotten gem.|url=http://thespeakingarch.com/tomb_of_tilangani/|website=The Speaking Arch|accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref>

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==References==
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==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Jackson |first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization/page/n6 |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
* {{citation |first=M. |last=Rama Rao |title=The Fall of Warangal and After |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |pages=292–297 |year=1947 |jstor=44137150}}
* {{citation |last=Somasekhara Sarma |first=Mallampalli |title=A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History: History of the Musunūri Nāyaks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnxAAAAAMAAJ |year=1945 |publisher=Andhra University/Ananda Press}}
* {{citation |first1=Phillip B. |last1=Wagoner |first2=John Henry |last2=Rice |title=From Delhi to the Deccan: Newly Discovered Tughluq Monuments at Warangal-Sult̤ānpurand the Beginnings of Indo-Islamic Architecture in Southern India |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=61 |pages=77–117 |number=1 |year=2001 |jstor=3249963|doi=10.2307/3249963 }}

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[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
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[[Category:Tughlaq dynasty]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:History of Delhi]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]

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Malik Maqbul Tilangani