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	<updated>2026-08-06T08:27:30Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsaas&amp;diff=481113</id>
		<title>Ehsaas</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsaas&amp;diff=481113"/>
		<updated>2026-04-26T17:48:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;172.71.102.12: Name of Rahul Roy&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Short description|Indian Hindi Television Serial}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{multiple issues|&lt;br /&gt;
{{notability|Television|date=October 2012}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{unreferenced|date=October 2012}}&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox television&lt;br /&gt;
| name            = Ehsaas - Kahani Ek Ghar Ki&lt;br /&gt;
| image                = &lt;br /&gt;
| caption              = &lt;br /&gt;
| picture_format       = [[480i]] &lt;br /&gt;
| runtime              = approx. 25 minutes&lt;br /&gt;
| creator              = Raman Kumar &amp;amp; Vinta Nanda&lt;br /&gt;
| director             = [[Abhishek Dudhaiya]]&lt;br /&gt;
| starring             = [[Ehsaas#Cast|see below]]&lt;br /&gt;
| opentheme            = &amp;quot;Ehsaas&amp;quot; performed by [[Jagjit Singh]] and [[Chitra Singh]] &lt;br /&gt;
| country              = [[India]]&lt;br /&gt;
| language             = [[Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;
| network              = [[DD National]] &lt;br /&gt;
| first_aired          = {{start date|2003|8|27|df=y}}&lt;br /&gt;
| last_aired           = &lt;br /&gt;
| num_episodes         = 1049&lt;br /&gt;
| website              = http://www.tvasiausa.com&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Ehsaas - Kahani Ek Ghar Ki&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; is a Hindi serial that was launched on [[DD National]] channel in India. It is the story of people who don’t believe in only &amp;quot; life, but also feeling&amp;quot; the life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Plot ==&lt;br /&gt;
The family saga is the story of Parvati(Bhairavi Raichuriya) her husband Nikhil (Ravi Gossain) and her two sisters whose father has died in a mysterious accident after being cheated by his business partner. The three sisters are now on a mission to destroy the man they think is responsible for their father’s death.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Amidst the drama of hate and vendetta, there is a love triangle when Parvati and one of her sisters discover they love the same man. The main cast consist of&lt;br /&gt;
Mukesh Khanna, Arun Govil, Rahul Roy, kiran kumar, sudha chandran, navnee parihar, purvi jain, sameer iqbal patel,etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cast ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mukesh Khanna]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Arun Govil]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rahul Roy]] .... Arjun&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sudha Chandran]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bhairavi Raichura]] .. Parvati&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ravi Gossain]]... Nikhil&lt;br /&gt;
* Purvi Jain ... Meera&lt;br /&gt;
* Tarana Singh ... Sheetal&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sameer Iqbal Patel]] ... Sudhanshu&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Narendra Gupta]] ... Era Mama&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kiran Kumar]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Avtar Gill]] ... Vedprakash&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mohan Bhandari]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Navni Parihar]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Amita Nangia]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Neeraj Bharadwaj&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Prachi Shah]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sudesh Berry]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Jasbir Thandi...Kulkarni&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.unitechiptv.com/www/programmes.htm Unitech Indraprastha TV LTD]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.tvasiausa.com Official Site]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{TV ASIA Programmes}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:DD National original programming]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>172.71.102.12</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_India&amp;diff=480744</id>
		<title>Category:History of India</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_India&amp;diff=480744"/>
		<updated>2026-04-17T07:22:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;172.71.102.12: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Puri tour packages are the perfect way to enjoy a memorable holiday without overspending. Whether you are planning a family trip, honeymoon, weekend getaway, or pilgrimage, Puri offers affordable travel options for every type of traveler.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Why Choose Puri for Your Next Vacation? ====&lt;br /&gt;
Puri is one of Odisha’s most popular tourist destinations, known for its sacred Jagannath Temple, peaceful beaches, vibrant markets, and nearby attractions like Konark and Chilika Lake. It is a destination where relaxation and devotion come together beautifully.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Benefits of Affordable Puri Tour Packages! ====&lt;br /&gt;
Choosing a tour package can save both time and money. Most packages include: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comfortable hotel stays &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Local sightseeing tours  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pickup and drop transportation  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Temple visit arrangements  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Customized plans for families and couples  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Budget-friendly pricing options &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Top Places Included in Puri Packages! ====&lt;br /&gt;
Jagannath Temple&lt;br /&gt;
One of India’s most sacred pilgrimage sites and the spiritual heart of Puri.&lt;br /&gt;
Puri Beach&lt;br /&gt;
Enjoy sunrise views, camel rides, local snacks, and peaceful evenings by the sea.&lt;br /&gt;
Konark Sun Temple&lt;br /&gt;
A world-famous UNESCO heritage monument located near Puri.&lt;br /&gt;
Chilika Lake&lt;br /&gt;
Experience dolphin spotting and natural beauty at Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon.&lt;br /&gt;
Raghurajpur Heritage Village&lt;br /&gt;
Discover Odisha’s traditional art, crafts, and local culture.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Best Time to Book Your Puri Trip! ====&lt;br /&gt;
The ideal time to visit Puri is from October to March, when the weather is pleasant and perfect for sightseeing. Festival seasons like Rath Yatra are also popular for spiritual travelers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Who Can Book These Packages? ====&lt;br /&gt;
Affordable Puri packages are ideal for: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Families  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Couples  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Solo travelers  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Senior citizens  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pilgrims  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Friends groups &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A trip to Puri doesn’t have to be expensive. With affordable Puri tour packages, you can enjoy temples, beaches, culture, and relaxation at the best price. Book your dream trip today and create unforgettable memories in one of India’s most loved destinations. Puri is a destination that beautifully combines spirituality, scenic beauty, culture, and relaxation. From the divine atmosphere of Jagannath Temple to the calming shores of Puri Beach, every traveler can find something special here. Whether you are planning a peaceful getaway, a family holiday, or a spiritual journey, Puri promises unforgettable memories and a truly enriching experience. For more information Visit us:https://puritourism.com/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>172.71.102.12</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&amp;diff=478614</id>
		<title>Polyandry in India</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&amp;diff=478614"/>
		<updated>2026-04-05T10:50:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;172.71.102.12: Minor edits regarding structuring of the article and also removal of misconception that polyandry was only among matrilineal communities&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Short description|none}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{use Indian English|date=May 2016}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|[[Draupadi]] and her five husbands, the [[Pandava]]s. Top down, from left to right: the twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] stand either side of the throne on which [[Yudhishthira]] and Draupadi sit between [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]].]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{Anthropology of kinship |studies}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Polyandry in India&#039;&#039;&#039; refers to the practice of [[polyandry]], whereby a woman has two or more husbands at the same time, either historically on the Indian subcontinent or currently in the country of [[India]]. An early example can be found in the Hindu epic &#039;&#039;[[Mahābhārata]]&#039;&#039;, in which [[Draupadi]], daughter of the king of [[Panchala]], is married to five brothers.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;India, Past and Present&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=India, Past and Present, Historical, Social, and Political | first = James |last= Samuelson |year=1890 |publisher=Trübner &amp;amp; Co. |place= London |url=https://archive.org/stream/pli.kerala.rare.6522#page/n0|pages=18, 20, 46, 47 |access-date= 6 September 2018 |via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polyandry was mainly prevalent in the [[Kinnaur]] region, a part of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in India which is close to the [[Tibet]] or currently the [[China–India border]]. As mentioned in the epic &#039;&#039;Mahabharata&#039;&#039;, the [[Pandavas]] were banished from their kingdom for thirteen years and they spent the last year hiding in this hilly terrain of Kinnaur. Some Kinnauris claim that this practice has been inherited from the Pandavas, who they identify as their ancestors.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The [[Jaunsari people]] similarly identify their practice of polyandry with their descent from the Pandavas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polyandry is also seen in [[South India]] among the [[Toda people|Todas]] tribes of [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]]s, Nanjanad Vellala of [[Travancore]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Lakshmi Raghunandan |title=At the Turn of the Tide: The Life and Times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi, the Last Queen of Travancore|year=1995 |page=185}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While polyandrous unions have disappeared from the traditions of many of the groups and tribes, it is still practiced by some in the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] region in [[North India]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Recent years have seen the rise in [[fraternal polyandry]] in the [[agrarian societies]] in [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to avoid division of farming land.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155730/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-16/india/27861707_1_agrarian-crisis-family-farm-punjab &amp;quot;Draupadis bloom in rural Punjab&amp;quot;] &#039;&#039;[[The Times of India]]&#039;&#039;. 16 July 2005.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Legal developments==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Section 494 and 495 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] of 1860, prohibited polygamy for the Christians. In 1955, the [[Hindu Marriage Act]] was drafted, which prohibited marriage of a Hindu whose spouse was still living. Thus [[polygamy]] became illegal in [[India]] in 1956.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=XFtcAgAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=india+polygamy+law&amp;amp;pg=PA189 &#039;&#039;Modern Indian Family Law&#039;&#039;, Werner Menski, Routledge, 2013 p. 194] {{ISBN?}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Himachal Pradesh==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;
Polyandry is in practice in many villages of [[Kinnaur]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Fraternal polyandry (where husbands are related to each other) is mainly in practice in villages, where the societies are male dominated and which still follow ancient rituals and customs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are many forms of polyandry which can be found here. Most often, all the brothers are married to a woman and sometimes the marriage to brothers happens at a later date. The wife can only ascertain the blood-relationship of the children, though recently there have been a few instances of [[paternity test]]s using [[DNA]] samples to resolve inheritance disputes. The rules for breaking the marriage are strict and a brother going against the marriage agreement can be treated as an outcast while losing his entire share in the property.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Negi|first1=Sunder Kala|last2=Singh|first2=Hoshiar|date=2014|title=Marital Satisfaction and Well Being among Fraternal Polyandrous and Monogamous Tribal People of Kinnaur|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331816023|journal=Irc&#039;s International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Social &amp;amp; Management Sciences|volume=2|issue=4|pages=47–57}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Historically, fraternal polyandry has been practiced by wealthier families, associated with a higher [[Caste system in India|caste]], in Kinnaur as a way to keep wealth within one family. This allowed for land to be properly inherited and kept in one family. It was assurance that the land and wealth held by one family could not be partitioned. Those in lower castes also practiced fraternal polyandry if they had a larger amount of land.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:03&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aghaghia |first=Rahimzadeh |date=October 2020 |title=Fraternal Polyandry and Land Ownership in Kinnaur, Western Himalaya |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2473341683 |journal=Human Ecology |volume=48 |issue=5 |page=574 |id={{ProQuest|2473341683}} }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The territory of Kinnaur remained forbidden for many years as the land route was only established 30 years ago. The joint families are now fragmented into nuclear families. The level of economies and financial resources have transformed the life of the people of Kinnaur into city.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gautam|first1=Rajesh K|last2=Kshatriya|first2=Gautam K|title=Polyandry: A Case Study of Kinnauras|url=https://www.academia.edu/4466645|journal=Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=30|issue=1–2|date=2011|pages=146–161}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{clarify|date=May 2016|reason=30 years back from when?}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Kerala==&lt;br /&gt;
Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. Castes practicing polyandry were Ezhavas,  [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Kammalar]], and [[Mukkuvar]] of Kerala &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Gough313&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title=Matrilineal Kinship |editor1-first=David Murray |editor1-last=Schneider |editor2-first=E. Kathleen |editor2-last=Gough |chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala |first=E. Kathleen |last=Gough |authorlink=Kathleen Gough |page=412 |year=1961 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&amp;amp;dq=tiyyar+polygamy&amp;amp;pg=PA412}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Hardgrave|first=Robert L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad|publisher=University of California Press|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark&#039;&#039; (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar&#039;&#039; (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC |title = Polyandry in Ancient India|isbn = 9788120804876|last1 = Singh|first1 = Sarva Daman|year = 1988| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;074531693&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&amp;amp;pg=PA38 |title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia|isbn = 9004045104|last1 = Smith|first1 = Bardwell L.|year = 1976| publisher=Brill }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Mann|first=Rann Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&amp;amp;q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&amp;amp;pg=PA16|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology|date=1996|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Historians assert that there exists no authenticated case of polyandry among the Nairs. The evidence presented for such a custom during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries primarily stems from accounts provided by foreign travelers who were prohibited from approaching within sixty yards of a Nair&#039;s residence. Consequently, their testimonies offer an exceedingly unsatisfactory basis for definitive conclusions regarding Nair customs. Conversely, the extensive Malayalam literature on the subject provides a more nuanced and culturally informed perspective.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Panikkar |first=K. M. |date=July 1918 |title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=48 |pages=254–293 |doi=10.2307/2843423|jstor=2843423 |url-access=subscription }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the case of polyandry, depending upon the communities,  a man&#039;s property is inherited by his own children, his brother&#039;s children or his sister&#039;s children and not his own.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 &amp;lt;!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --&amp;gt; The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, polyandry is a contested issue with opinion divided between those who support its existence&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal| last = A. Aiyappan| title = Nayar Polyandry| journal = [[Man (journal)|Man]] | volume = 32| pages = 78–79| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] | date = March 1932| jstor =2790087}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer| title = Nayar Polyandry | journal = [[Man (journal)|Man]] | volume = 32| pages = 269–270| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] | date = November 1932| jstor = 2790609}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and those who do not.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Opler | first1 = Marvin K. | title = Woman&#039;s Social Status and the Forms of Marriage | journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]| volume = 49| issue = 2| pages = 125–148| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | date = September 1943| jstor = 2770359| doi = 10.1086/219347| s2cid = 143509766 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Ezhavas]], [[Mukkuva]]s, [[Kammalar]]s of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among [[Thiyya]]s of Malabar and [[ezhava]]s. According to Cyriac Pullipally, female members of the [[Thiyya]], [[ezhava]], and [[mukkuva]]s community associated with English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese men as their concubines.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Bardwell L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&amp;amp;q=polyandry|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia|date=1976|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1|page=34|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Punjab and Haryana==&lt;br /&gt;
In certain areas of Punjab, especially the [[Bathinda]] and [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]] districts of Malwa region, poor farmers follow the practice of polyandry under economic compulsion to avoid further fragmentation of their already small landholdings. A study conducted in 2019 by [[Panjab University]] found evidence of polyandry in Haryana and Punjab. The study culminated in the book &#039;&#039;Gender Culture and Honour&#039;&#039; and found cases of wife sharing in the districts of Yamunanagar in Haryana and Mansa and Fatehgarh Sahib of Punjab.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modern-draupadis-exist-in-mansa-villages/articleshow/7847515.cms | title=Modern Draupadis exist in Mansa villages | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 April 2011 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
==Tamil Nadu==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Toda men women 1871.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of two [[Toda people|Toda]] men and a woman. [[Nilgiri Hills]], 1871.]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Toda people|Toda]]s are tribal people residing in the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri]] hills in [[Tamil Nadu]] who for several centuries practiced polyandry.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news| last=Anthony R Walker| author-link=Oliver Cowdery| title=The truth about the Todas| newspaper=Frontline| volume=21| issue=5| date=28 February – 12 March 2004| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2105/stories/20040312000206600.htm| url-status=usurped| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183019/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2105/stories/20040312000206600.htm| archive-date=13 October 2007| df=dmy-all}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They practiced a form of polyandrous relationship which is considered to be a classic example of polyandry. They practiced both fraternal and [[sequential polyandry]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The men who shared one or two wives were not always full or half-brothers.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Evolution and human kinship&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book | title=Evolution and Human Kinship| last=Austin L. Hughes| year= 1988| publisher=OUP USA| isbn=978-0-19-505234-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5g9002yyTW8C&amp;amp;q=Evolution+and+human+kinship&amp;amp;pg=PP1|page=101 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A Toda woman when married was automatically married to her husband&#039;s brothers.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Families in global and multicultural perspective&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book | title=Families in Global and Multicultural Perspective| last=Bron B. Ingoldsby and Suzanna D. Smith| year=2005| publisher=Sage Publications, Inc| isbn=978-0-7619-2819-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR3HhhtRy3gC&amp;amp;q=Families+in+global+and+multicultural+perspective|page=104 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; When the wife became pregnant, one husband would ceremonially give a bow and arrow to the wife, and would be the father of that child. When the next child arrived, same husband who performed that ceremony continues to be called father even though child is not biologically related to him, unless another husband would perform the ceremony and become the father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog &amp;lt;!-- quote=The Todas William Halse Rivers. --&amp;gt; The Todas by William Halse Rivers Rivers].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{clarify|date=February 2017}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Uttarakhand==&lt;br /&gt;
Polyandry was practised in [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] in [[Uttarakhand]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=The mystique of the mountains |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2024/stories/20031205000106600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111114506/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2024/stories/20031205000106600.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 November 2006|work=Frontline|date=November–December 2003}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Jaunsari people|Jaunsaris]] live in the lower ranges of [[Himalaya]]s in [[Northern India]] from southeastern [[Kashmir]] all the way through [[Nepal]]. Polyandry has been reported among these people in many districts but studied in great detail in Jaunsar-Bawar. It is a region in [[Dehradun district]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. The practice is believed to have descended from their ancestors who had earlier settled down in the plains from Himalayas.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;Polygamy&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book | title=Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis| last=Miriam Koktvedgaard Zeitzen| year= 2008| publisher=Berg Publishers| isbn=978-1-84520-221-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&amp;amp;q=Polygamy+Miriam+Koktvedgaard+Zeitzen|page=109 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polyandrous union occurs in this region when a woman marries the eldest son in a family. The woman automatically becomes the wife of all his brothers upon her marriage. The brothers can be married to more than one woman if the first woman was sterile or if the age difference of the brothers were large. The wife is shared equally by all brothers and no one in the group has exclusive privilege to the wife. The woman considers all the men in the group her husband and the children recognise them all as their father.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Berreman | first1 = Gerald D. | title = Pahari Polyandry: A Comparison| journal = [[American Anthropologist]] | volume = 64| issue = 1| pages = 60–75| year = 1962| doi = 10.1525/aa.1962.64.1.02a00070| doi-access = free}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal| last1 = Berreman|  first1 = Gerald D. | title = Himalayan Polyandry and the Domestic Cycle| journal = [[American Ethnologist]] | volume = 2| issue = 1| pages = 127–138| publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]], on behalf of the [[American Anthropological Association]] | date = February 1975| jstor =643539| doi = 10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00070| doi-access = free}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Tibetans in India ==&lt;br /&gt;
By 1976, 83.3% of Tibetans who were [[Tibetan diaspora|exiled from China]] had taken refuge in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last1=Sachdeva |first1=Swati Ashkay |title=Identity in Question: The Study of Tibetan Refugees in the Indian Himalayas |last2=Surjyajeevan |first2=Yumnam |publisher=Vernon Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781622739127 |location=Wilmington, DE |page=33}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In Tibet, monogamy, polygamy, and polyandry have traditionally been practiced. Some Tibetan refugees now settled in India practice polyandry as a result of their material conditions.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Grent |first=Nellie |title=Polyandry in Dharamsala: Plural-Husband Marriage in a Tibetan Refugee Community in Northwest India |year=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004489455 |pages=105–106}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Fraternal polyandry is a way for Tibetans to avoid having to build multiple houses every time a male in the family marries. One wife married to many brothers allows for less resources to be used on one brother and his one wife. Polyandry is also a way for Tibetans to not have to marry non-Tibetans whilst they are settled in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tanka |first=Subba B. |date=1988 |title=Social Adaptation of the Tibetan Refugees in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43301058 |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=49–57 |jstor=43301058 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other tribal peoples==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Polyandry (bold, color).svg|thumb|Polyandry]]&lt;br /&gt;
Fraternal polyandry exists among the Khasa of Dehradun; the [[Mala Madessar]], the [[Mavilan]], etc. of Kerala and among the Sirmur, Shimla, Kullu, and Lahaul-Spiti of Himachal Pradesh.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:03&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; Non-fraternal polyandry exists among the Kota; and among the [[Karvazhi]], [[Pulaya]], [[Muthuvan]], and [[Mannan people|Mannan]] in Kerala.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the [[1911 Census of India]], E.A. Gait mentions polyandry of the [[Bhotias]], [[Kanet]]s of Kulu valley, people of state of [[Bashahr]], [[Thakkar]]s and [[Megs]] of [[Kashmir]], [[Gondi people|Gond]]s of [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces]], [[Todas]] and [[Kuruba|Kurumbas]] of [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris]], [[Kallar (caste)|Kallars]] of [[Madurai]], [[Tolkolan]]s of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kaniyan]]s and [[Kammalan]]s of [[Cochin]], [[Muduva]]s of [[Travancore]] and of Nairs.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UZF-ckLEnYC&amp;amp;dq=polyandry+Jaunsar+Bawar&amp;amp;pg=PA165   Polyandry in Ancient India by Sarva Daman Singh]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|title=Madura, a Tourist&#039;s Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xANOL3bu5YC&amp;amp;q=polyandry+kallar&amp;amp;pg=PA165|isbn=9788120607064|year=1913| publisher=Asian Educational Services }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Portal|India|Society}}&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Polygyny in India|Polygamy in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{clear}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*Manis Kumar Raha &amp;amp; Palash Chandra Coomar : &#039;&#039;Polyandry in India&#039;&#039;. Gian Publishing House, Delhi, 1987. {{ISBN?}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Indian wedding}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Social issues in India}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Marriage in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Polyandry|India]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>172.71.102.12</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalpaiguri_Institute_of_Technology&amp;diff=452479</id>
		<title>Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalpaiguri_Institute_of_Technology&amp;diff=452479"/>
		<updated>2026-03-29T07:13:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;172.71.102.12: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Short description|College in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Infobox university&lt;br /&gt;
| name                  = Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology&lt;br /&gt;
| native_name           =&lt;br /&gt;
| native_name_lang      =&lt;br /&gt;
| image                 =&lt;br /&gt;
| image_upright         =&lt;br /&gt;
| image_alt             =&lt;br /&gt;
| caption               =&lt;br /&gt;
| latin_name            =&lt;br /&gt;
| other_name            =&lt;br /&gt;
| former_name           = IMPS Polytechnic College&lt;br /&gt;
| motto                 =&lt;br /&gt;
| motto_lang            =&lt;br /&gt;
| mottoeng              =&lt;br /&gt;
| top_free_label        =&lt;br /&gt;
| top_free              =&lt;br /&gt;
| type                  = Polytechnic college&lt;br /&gt;
| established           = {{start date and age|2015}}&lt;br /&gt;
| closed                = &amp;lt;!-- {{end date|YYYY}} --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| founder               =&lt;br /&gt;
| parent                =&lt;br /&gt;
| affiliation           = [[West Bengal State Council of Technical Education]](WBSCTE)&lt;br /&gt;
| religious_affiliation =&lt;br /&gt;
| academic_affiliation  =&lt;br /&gt;
| endowment             =&lt;br /&gt;
| budget                =&lt;br /&gt;
| officer_in_charge     =&lt;br /&gt;
| chairman              =&lt;br /&gt;
| chairperson           =&lt;br /&gt;
| chancellor            =&lt;br /&gt;
| president             =&lt;br /&gt;
| vice-president        =&lt;br /&gt;
| superintendent        =&lt;br /&gt;
| vice_chancellor       =&lt;br /&gt;
| provost               =&lt;br /&gt;
| rector                =&lt;br /&gt;
| principal             =&lt;br /&gt;
| director              =&lt;br /&gt;
| dean                  =&lt;br /&gt;
| head_label            =&lt;br /&gt;
| head                  =&lt;br /&gt;
| academic_staff        =&lt;br /&gt;
| administrative_staff  =&lt;br /&gt;
| students              =&lt;br /&gt;
| undergrad             =&lt;br /&gt;
| postgrad              =&lt;br /&gt;
| doctoral              =&lt;br /&gt;
| other                 =&lt;br /&gt;
| address               = Chewara para, Patkata, 735133&lt;br /&gt;
| city                  = [[Jalpaiguri]]&lt;br /&gt;
| state = [[West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
| province              =&lt;br /&gt;
| country               = [[India]]&lt;br /&gt;
| postcode              =&lt;br /&gt;
| coordinates           = {{coord|26.542834|N|88.637798|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
| pushpin_map           = India West Bengal#India&lt;br /&gt;
| pushpin_map_caption   =&lt;br /&gt;
| campus                = Rural&lt;br /&gt;
| language              =&lt;br /&gt;
| free_label            = Approvals&lt;br /&gt;
| free                  = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]&lt;br /&gt;
| free_label2           =&lt;br /&gt;
| free2                 =&lt;br /&gt;
| colors                = &amp;lt;!--or, colours= --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| athletics             =&lt;br /&gt;
| athletics_nickname    = &amp;lt;!--or,  sports_nickname= --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| sporting_affiliations =&lt;br /&gt;
| mascot                = &amp;lt;!--or, mascots= --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| sports_free_label     =&lt;br /&gt;
| sports_free           =&lt;br /&gt;
| sports_free_label2    =&lt;br /&gt;
| sports_free2          =&lt;br /&gt;
| website               = https://jitpolytech.in/&lt;br /&gt;
| logo                  =&lt;br /&gt;
| logo_size             = 150px&lt;br /&gt;
| logo_alt              =&lt;br /&gt;
| footnotes             =&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology&#039;&#039;&#039; Previously known as- &#039;&#039;&#039;IMPS Polytechnic College&#039;&#039;&#039; established in 2015, is a self-financed polytechnic college located in Raninagar, Patkata,&lt;br /&gt;
[[Jalpaiguri district]], [[West Bengal]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==About College==&lt;br /&gt;
This polytechnic is affiliated to the [[West Bengal State Council of Technical Education]] ,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Affiliated Polytechnic with the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education |url=http://wbscte.net/info/list-of-politichnic.html |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627082310/http://wbscte.net/info/list-of-politichnic.html |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Affiliated Polytechnic with the Department of Technical Education,Training and Skill Development,Government of West Bengal|url=https://www.wbtetsd.gov.in/technical_education_and_training/institutes}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
and recognized by [[All India Council for Technical Education]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=AICTE Affiliated Colleges | url=https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/Get_Institute_Id.pdf#page=121}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; New Delhi. This polytechnic offers Diploma in Engineering courses four variant branches.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=List of Polytechnic Colleges in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal|url=https://list.polytechniccolleges.in/westbengal/jalpaiguri/}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.On academic season 2023-24, changed the present name of the college from &#039;IMPS Polytechnic College Jalpaiguri&#039; to &#039;Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology&#039;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Affiliated Polytechnics with the West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development |url=https://sctvesd.wb.gov.in/academic/polytechnic/course_list/1 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=AICTE EoA Letter | url=http://www.impspolytech.com/images/eoa.pdf |access-date=25 October 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Departments==&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Full Time Diploma Courses:&#039;&#039;( Duration: 3 years)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Civil Engineering]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Electrical Engineering]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Mechanical Engineering]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science &amp;amp; Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Education in India]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Education in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[All India Council for Technical Education]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{reflist}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://jitpolytech.in/ Official website]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.impspolytech.com/ IMPS Polytechnic College]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://webscte.co.in/ Official website WBSCTE]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://sctvesd.wb.gov.in/ Official website WBSCT&amp;amp;VE&amp;amp;SD]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://www.aicte-india.org/ Official website AICTE]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{WBSCTE}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{Jalpaiguri district}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jalpaiguri district]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2015]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:2015 establishments in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Education in Jalpaiguri]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges in West Bengal]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{WestBengal-university-stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>172.71.102.12</name></author>
	</entry>
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