Śatakatraya

2021-07-06T18:09:24Z

171.76.12.147: /* Translation */

The '''''Śatakatraya''''' ({{lang-sa|शतकत्रय}}, "the three ''śataka''s", also known in Southern India sometimes as सुभाषित त्रिशति [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: సుభాషిత త్రిశతి [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''subhāṣita triśati ,''"the three hundred poems of moral values") refers to three Indian collections of [[Sanskrit poetry]], containing a hundred verses each. The three ''śataka''s, or "centuries", are known as the ''Nītiśataka'', ''Śṛṅgāraśataka'', and ''Vairāgyaśataka'', and are attributed to [[Bhartṛhari]].<ref>Bhartrihari's Satakatrayam by [[D D Kosambi]], {{ISBN|81-215-1034-1}}, in 2001</ref>

==The three ''Śataka''s==
K. M. Joglekar in his book{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} on Nītiśataka says that it is not easy to say in which order the Śatakas were written.

The ''Nītiśataka'' deals with ''nīti'', roughly meaning ethics and morality. ''Śṛṅgāraśataka'' deals with love and women. ''Vairāgyaśataka'' contains verses on renunciation. The Sanskrit scholar [[Barbara Stoler Miller]] translated these sections as ''Among Fools and Kings'', ''Passionate Encounters'' and ''Refuge in the Forest'' respectively.

Especially in the ''Vairāgyaśataka'', but also in the other two, his poetry displays the depth and intensity of his renunciation as he vacillates between the pursuits of fleshly desires and those of the spirit. Thus it reveals the conflict experienced "between a profound attraction to sensual beauty and the yearning for liberation from it", showing how "most great Indian art could be at once so sensuous and so spiritual".<ref name=miller>Miller, Foreword and Introduction</ref>

There is great variation between versions of his Śatakas, and together the available manuscripts have over 700 verses instead of 300. [[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]] identified about 200 verses that appear in all manuscripts.<ref name=Ingalls>{{citation | year=1968 | title = Sanskrit poetry, from Vidyākara's Treasury | author1=Vidyākara | editor=Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=978-0-674-78865-7 | page=39 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjEdCVZ5uoQC&pg=PA39&dq=bhartrhari}}</ref> Despite the variation in content, there is remarkable similarity in theme; Kosambi believes that each ''śataka'' came to attract a certain type of stanza similar to the ones present in the original collection. Moreover, at least among the 200 "common" stanzas, there is a distinctive voice of irony, scepticism and discontent, making the attribution to a single author plausible.<ref name=miller/>

According to one legend associated with him (possibly in confusion with the legend of king [[Bharthari (king)|Bharthari]]), he was a king, who once gave a magic fruit to his wife, who gave it to another man, who in turn gave it to another woman, and finally it reached the king again. Reflecting on these events, he realised the futility of love and worldly pleasures, renounced his kingdom, retired to the forest, and wrote poetry. This is connected with a famous verse that appears in the collections:
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{{quote|
Devanāgari :

यां चिन्तयामि सततं मयि सा विरक्ता

साप्यन्यम् इच्छति जनं स जनो ऽन्यसक्तः ।

अस्मत्कृते च परिशुष्यति काचिद् अन्या

धिक् तां च तं च मदनं च इमां च मां च ॥

IAST : 
yāṃ cintayāmi satataṃ mayi sā viraktā 
sāpyanyam icchati janaṃ sa jano 'nyasaktaḥ । 
asmatkṛte ca pariśuṣyati kācid anyā 
dhik tāṃ ca taṃ ca madanaṃ ca imāṃ ca māṃ ca ।।
}}
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{{quote|
 
The maid my true heart loves would not my true love be; 
She seeks another man; another maid loves he; 
And me another maid her own true love would see: 
Oh, fie on her and him and Love and HER and me!
|Translation by [[Arthur W. Ryder|Ryder]]
}}
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However, the verse is probably a later addition, and many of the other verses suggest that the poet was not a king but a courtier serving a king — thus there are many verses rebuking the foolish pride of kings, and bemoaning the indignity of servitude.<ref name=miller/>

=== Nītiśataka ===
The Sanskrit scholar and commentator Budhendra has classified the Nītiśhataka into the following sections, each called a ''paddhati'':
* mūrkha-paddhati – On Fools and Folly
* vidvat-paddhati – On Wisdom
* māna-śaurya-paddhati – On Pride and Heroism
* artha-paddhati – On Wealth
* durjana-paddhati – On Wicked People
* sujana-paddhati – On Wise Men
* paropakāra-paddhati – On Virtue
* dhairya-paddhati - On Firmness, Valor
* daiva-paddhati – On Fate
* karma-paddhati – On Work

; Some verses from Nītiśataka
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<poem>
संगीतसाहित्यकलाविहीनः
साक्षात् पशुःपुच्छविषाणहीनः |
तृणं नखादन्नपिजीवमानः
तद्भागधेयंपरमंपशूनाम् ||
</poem>
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<poem>
saṅgīta-sāhitya-kalā-vihīnaḥ
sākṣāt paśuḥ puccha-viṣāṇa-hīnaḥ |
tṛṇaṃ na khādann api jīvamānaḥ
tad bhāgadhēyaṃ paramaṃ paśūnām ||
</poem>
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This verse means that a human devoid of poetry, music and arts is equivalent to an animal which does not have horns and tails.It is the great good luck of other beasts that they don't graze grass, and still survive.

==Editions of the Śatakatraya==

===Without translation===
* {{citation | year=1874 | title = The Nîtiśataka and Vairâgyaśataka of Bhartṛhari: with extracts from two Sanskṛit commentaries | author=Kashinath Trimbak Telang | publisher=Bombay Sanskrit series, No. 11 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheNtiatakaAndVairgyaatakaOfBharthariWithExtractsFromTwo}}. Includes detailed notes in English.
* {{citation | year=1888 | title = Satakatrayam | author=Kr̥ṣṇa Śāstrī Mahabala | publisher=Nirnaya Sagara Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pygpAAAAYAAJ}}. With Sanskrit commentary by the author.
* {{citation | year=1888 | title = Çataka-traya | author1=Bhartr̥hari | author2=Kavalesara Sinha | publisher=Victoria Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSgpAAAAYAAJ}}. With Sanskrit commentary by the author.
* [[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]], 1945 ''The Satakatrayam of Bhartrhari with the Comm. of Ramarsi'', edited in collaboration with Pt. K. V. Krishnamoorthi Sharma (Anandasrama Sanskrit Series, No.127, Poona)
* [[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]], 1946 ''The Southern Archetype of Epigrams Ascribed to Bhartrhari'' (Bharatiya Vidya Series 9, Bombay) (First critical edition of a Bhartrhari recension.)
* [[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]], 1948 ''The Epigrams Attributed to Bhartrhari'' (Singhi Jain Series 23, Bombay) (Comprehensive edition of the poet's work remarkable for rigorous standards of text criticism.) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/596273 Review] by [[Emeneau]]. Digitized by the [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=The%20Epigrams%20Attributed%20To%20Bhartrhari%20Vol-23%20%281948%29&author1=Kosambi%20D.%20D.&subject1=NULL&year=1948%20&language1=English&pages=348&barcode=99999990259226&author2=NULL&identifier1=NULL&publisher1=Bharatiya%20Vidya%20Bhavan.&contributor1=NULL&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=LBS%20National%20Academy%20Of%20Administration&scannerno1=0&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20Of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=2010-01-19&numberedpages1=0&unnumberedpages1=0&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=NULL&copyrightexpirydate1=0000-00-00&format1=Tagged%20Image%20File%20Format%20&url=/data4/upload/0112/030 Digital Library of India]
* [[Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]], 1959 ''Bhartrihari's Satakatrayam With the Oldest Commentary of Jain Scholar Dhanasāragaṇi With Principal Variants from Many Manuscripts etc.'' (Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan). Digitized by the [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Bhartriharis%20Satakatrayam%20Vol-29%20%281959%29%29&author1=Kosambi%20D.%20D.&subject1=NULL&year=1959%20&language1=English&pages=188&barcode=99999990258008&author2=NULL&identifier1=NULL&publisher1=Bharatiya%20Vidya%20Bhavana.&contributor1=NULL&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=cdac,noida&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=LBS%20National%20Academy%20Of%20Administration&scannerno1=0&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20Of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=2010-01-20&numberedpages1=0&unnumberedpages1=0&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=NULL&copyrightexpirydate1=0000-00-00&format1=Tagged%20Image%20File%20Format%20&url=/data4/upload/0110/812 Digital Library of India]

===Sanskrit with translation===
* {{citation | year=1833 | title = Bhartriharis sententiae et carmen quod Chauri nomine circumfertur eroticum | author=Peter von Bohlen | place=Berlin | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhIpAAAAYAAJ}}. Sanskrit text with introduction, translation and notes in Latin. All three ''śataka''s, also includes [[Bilhana]]'s Chaura-panchashika.
* {{citation | year=1896 | title = The Nîtiśataka Śringâraśataka and Vairâgyaśataka | author=Purohita Gopīnātha | place=Bombay | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XikpAAAAYAAJ}}. Hindi and English translation.
* {{citation | year=1898 | title = The Nîtiśataka and Vairâgyaśataka | author1=Moreshvar Ramchandra Kāle | author2=M. B. Gurjar | url=https://archive.org/details/ntiatakaandvair00gurjgoog}} [https://archive.org/details/ntisatakaandvai00gurjgoog]. Translation and notes.
* {{citation | year=1900 | title = Niti and Vairagya Shatakas with notes, translation, a critical introduction | author1=K. M. Joglekar | author2=Bhaskar Rajaram Joshi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ygpAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{citation | year=1902 | title = The Nîtiśataka and Vairâgyaśataka | author=Moreshvar Ramchandra Kāle | url=https://archive.org/details/ntiatakaandvair00klgoog}}. Reprinted as ''Nīti and Vairāgya Śatakas of {{IAST|Bhartṛhari}}'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0642-5}}. Brief commentary in Sanskrit, translation and notes in English.
* {{citation | year=1967 | title = Bhartrihari: Poems | author=Barbara Stoler Miller | publisher=Columbia University Press (UNESCO collection of representative works) | isbn=978-0-231-02999-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsyZQAAACAAJ}}. Sanskrit text with facing free-verse translation.
* Greg Bailey and Richard F. Gombrich, 2005, ''Love Lyrics by Amaru [and] Bhartṛhari, translated by Greg Bailey & by Bilhaṇa edited and translated by Richard Gombrich'' (New York: NYU). [https://openlibrary.org/b/OL3299167M See: Open Library] {{ISBN|0-8147-9938-8}}. Sanskrit text with facing free-verse translation.

===Translation===
(without Sanskrit text)
* {{citation | year=1835 | title = Die Sprüche des Bhartriharis | author=Peter von Bohlen | publisher=August Campe | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yos-AAAAcAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/diesprchedesbha00bhargoog]. German verse translation of all three ''śataka''s, based on Bohlen's edition.
* {{citation | year=1875 | title = Les stances érotiques, morales et religieuses de Bhartrihari | author=Paul Regnaud | publisher=E. Leroux, Les classiques de l'Inde ancienne | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq5DAAAAYAAJ}}. French prose translation of all three ''śataka''s.
* {{citation | year=1877 | title = Two centuries of Bhartrihari |author=Charles Henry Tawney | publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co. | url=https://archive.org/stream/twocenturiesofbh00bhar#page/n5/mode/2up}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=_igpAAAAYAAJ],[https://books.google.com/books?id=EykpAAAAYAAJ]. Rhyming translation of the Nīti and Vairāgya Śatakas.
* J M Kennedy, ''[https://archive.org/details/satakasorwisesay00bharrich The Satakas; or, Wise sayings of Bhartrihari]''. London, 1913. Prose translation of all three ''śataka''s.
* {{citation | year=1886 | title = The Śatakas of Bhartr̥ihari | author=Biscoe Hale Wortham | publisher=Trübner | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwbAAAAYAAJ}} [https://archive.org/details/atakasbhartriha00wortgoog]. London: Trübner, 1886, reprint Routledge 2000, {{ISBN|0-415-24510-9}}. Prose translation of the Nīti and Vairāgya Śatakas.
* {{citation | year=1898 | title = A century of Indian epigrams: chiefly from the Sanskrit of Bhartrihari | author=Paul Elmer More | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | url=https://archive.org/details/acenturyindiane00moregoog}} [https://archive.org/details/acenturyindiane00conggoog]. Rhyming translation of 100 verses, mostly from Bhartṛhari.
* {{citation | year=1910 | title=Women's Eyes | author=Arthur William Ryder | author-link=Arthur W. Ryder | publisher=A.M. Robertson | url=https://archive.org/details/WomensEyes}}. Rhyming translation of 85 verses from Bhartṛhari, plus 15 from other sources.
* {{cite book |title=The Vairagya-Satakam Or The Hundred Verses On Renunciation|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|year=1916|url=https://archive.org/stream/vairagyasatakamo025367mbp/vairagyasatakamo025367mbp_djvu.txt}}
* {{citation | year=1924 | title=The Century of Life | author=Sri Aurobindo| author-link=Sri Aurobindo }}. Republished 1998 by the Sri Aurobindo Society, {{ISBN|978-81-7060-120-3}}. [http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/sriauro/writings.php Available online] in Volume 5 (Translations) of his complete works. Verse translation of the Nīti Śataka.
* {{citation | year=2017| title=Three Hundred Verses: Musings on Life, Love and Renunciation | author=A N D Haksar| author-link=A N D Haksar | publisher=Penguin}} {{ISBN|978-0670090068}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
; About Bhartṛhari
* [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/descriptions_detail.php?id=5 On Bhartṛhari] by Greg Bailey, Clay Sanskrit Library translator
* [http://www.poetry-portal.com/poets45.html Bhartṛhari on Poetry Portal]
*[http://buddhistdoor.com/journal/issue009-08Academic3.html ‘Detachment’ in Vairāgyaśataka of Bhartṛhari: Where Buddhist and Brahmanic Ideas Concord Rev. Upali]

; The poems
* [http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/5_subhas/bharst_u.htm Transliterated Sanskrit text] of all shatakas at [[GRETIL]]
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/shringar.pdf Ṣrṇgārashatakam by Bhartṛhari] at Sanskrit Documents Collection
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/vairagya.pdf Vairāgyashatakam by Bhartṛhari] at Sanskrit Documents Collection
* [http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/niiti.pdf Nītishatakam by Bhartṛhari] at Sanskrit Documents Collection
* [http://www.blackcatpoems.com/b/bhartrhari.html Some of Bhartṛhari's poems] in English
* {{Librivox book |title=Vairagya Shatakam |author=Bhartṛhari}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satakatraya}}
[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]
[[Category:5th-century works]]

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Śatakatraya