Malnutrition in India

2021-07-17T11:59:57Z

122.171.160.75: Same as before

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{short description|Overview of malnutrition in India}}
[[File: India - Varanasi green peas - 2714.jpg|thumb|300px|Providing all people with access to healthy food is a challenge for every country, including India.]]
Despite India's 50% increase in GDP since 2013, <ref>{{cite news|title=The Indian exception|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18485871|work=The Economist|access-date=13 February 2012|date=31 March 2011}}</ref> more than one third of the world's [[malnourishment|malnourished]] children live in [[India]]. Among these, half of the children under three years old are underweight.

One of the major causes for '''malnutrition in India''' is [[economic inequality]]. Due to the low [[social status]] of majority of the population, their diet often lacks in both quality and quantity. Women who suffer from [[malnutrition]] are less likely to have healthy babies. Nutrition deficiencies inflict long-term damage to both individuals and society. Compared with their better-fed peers, nutrition-deficient individuals are more likely to have infectious diseases such as [[pneumonia]] and [[tuberculosis]], which lead to a higher mortality rate. Besides, nutrition-deficient individuals are less productive at work. Low productivity not only gives them low pay that traps them in a vicious circle of under-nutrition, <ref name="Turning the tide of malnutrition">{{cite web|title=Turning the tide of malnutrition|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO_NHD_00.7.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> but also brings [[inefficiency]] to the society, especially in India where labor is a major input factor for [[Economy|economic]] production. <ref>{{cite web|title=A call for reform and action|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> On the other hand, over-nutrition also has severe consequences. In India national obesity rates in 2010 were 14% for women and 18% for men with some urban areas having rates as high as 40%. <ref>{{cite news|title=India in grip of obesity epidemic|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-12/india/28245306_1_obesity-india-and-china-overweight-rates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428213922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-12/india/28245306_1_obesity-india-and-china-overweight-rates|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2013|access-date=14 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2010}}</ref> Obesity causes several [[non-communicable disease]]s such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers and chronic respiratory diseases. <ref name="Turning the tide of malnutrition"/>

==Causes==
The [[World Bank]] estimates that [[India]] is one of the highest-ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from [[malnutrition]]. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world and is nearly double that of [[Sub Saharan Africa]] with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity, and economic growth.<ref>
{{cite web |url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title= World Bank Report|access-date=2009-03-13|work=Source: The World Bank (2009)|quote= World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India}}</ref>

The 2017 [[Global Hunger Index]] (GHI) Report by [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] ranked India 100th out of 118 countries with a serious [[hunger]] situation. Amongst [[South Asian]] nations, it ranks third behind only Afghanistan and Pakistan with a GHI score of 29.0 ("serious situation"). <ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Global Hunger Index Report|url=http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/129681/filename/129892.pdf#page=21 |publisher=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI) }}</ref> The 2019 Global Hunger Index (GHI) report ranked India 102nd out of 117 countries with a serious issue of child wasting. At least one in five children under the age of five years in India is wasted.

India is one of the fastest growing countries in terms of population and economics, sitting at a population of 1.365 billion and growing at 1.5%–1.7% annually (from 2001 to 2007).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_grow&idim=country:IND:CHN:USA&hl=en&dl=en|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nutritionschool.co.uk |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150311110924/http://nutritionschool.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-03-11 |title= World Bank Report|access-date=2009-11-25|work=Source: The World Bank 2009|quote= India Country Overview 2009}}</ref> Though most of the population is still living below the National Poverty Line, its economic growth indicates new opportunities and a movement towards increase in the prevalence of [[chronic diseases]] which is observed in at high rates in developed countries such as United States, Canada and Australia. The combination of people living in poverty and the recent economic growth of India has led to the co-emergence of two types of malnutrition: undernutrition and [[overnutrition]].<ref>{{cite journal |title= Journal of the American Medical Association|volume= 291|issue= 21|pages= 2616–2622|journal=JAMA|quote= The global burden of chronic diseases|doi= 10.1001/jama.291.21.2616|pmid= 15173153|year= 2004|last1= Yach|first1= Derek|last2= Hawkes|first2= Corinna|last3= Gould|first3= C. Linn|last4= Hofman|first4= Karen J.}}</ref>

On the [[Global Hunger Index]] India is on place 67 among the 80 nations having the worst hunger situation which is worse than nations such as [[North Korea]] or [[Sudan]]. 25% of all hungry people worldwide live in India. Since 1990 there have been some improvements for children but the proportion of hungry in the population has increased. In India 44% of children under the age of 5 are underweight. 72% of infants and 52% of married women have [[anemia]]. Research has conclusively shown that [[malnutrition]] during pregnancy causes the child to have an increased risk of future diseases, physical retardation, and reduced cognitive abilities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130510153609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/india/30629637_1_anganwadi-workers-ghi-number-of-hungry-people Superpower? 230 million Indians go hungry daily], Subodh Varma, 15 Jan 2012, The Times of India,</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Causes of Hunger in India|url=https://www.action against hunger.in/hunger/underlying-causes-malnutrition|access-date=2020-11-19|website=Action Against Hunger|language=en}}</ref>

An estimated 23.6% of the population of India live below a purchasing power of $1.25 a day. This poverty does not directly lead to malnutrition but it leaves a large chunk of the population without adequate amounts of food. This makes a lack of access to food since people are too poor to go out and purchase it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why India remains malnourished|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/health/why-india-remains-malnourished-42697|access-date=2020-11-19|website=downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref> According to the Registrar General of India, the mortality of children under the age of five was about 59 out of every 1000 live births which is one of the highest rates in the world. It is reported by Save the Children that this is mainly due to malnutrition in the children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Abhishek|date=2020-03-02|title=Childhood Malnutrition in India|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/perspective-of-recent-advances-in-acute-diarrhea/childhood-malnutrition-in-india|journal=Perspective of Recent Advances in Acute Diarrhea|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.89701|doi-access=free}}</ref> Poor nutrition within the first thousand days of a child's life can have many negative causes to them. It can lead to stunted growth, impaired cognitive ability, reduced school performance, and diseases like diarrhea. According to a report, 68% of deaths in children under 5 years of age, in India, is due to malnutrition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-25|title=68 Per Cent Of Child Deaths Under Five Years In India Caused By Malnutrition In 2017: Study {{!}} News|url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/68-per-cent-of-child-deaths-under-five-years-in-india-caused-by-malnutrition-in-2017-study-39470/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Nutritional trends of various demographic groups==
Many factors, including region, religion and caste affect the nutritional status of Indians. Living in rural areas also contribute to nutritional status.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult">{{cite web |url= http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Nutritional-Status-of-Adults.ppt|title= NFHS-3 Nutritional Status of Adults|access-date=2009-11-26}}</ref>

===Socio-economic status===
In general, those who are poor are at risk for under-nutrition, in India<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kanjilal|first=B|title=Nutritional Status of Children in India: Household Socio-Economic Condition as the Contextual Determinant|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|year=2010|volume=9|pages=19|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/nutritional-status-of-children-in-india-household-socio-econ.html|doi=10.1186/1475-9276-9-19|pmid=20701758|pmc=2931515|display-authors=etal}}</ref> while those who have high socio-economic status are relatively more likely to be over-nourished. Anemia is negatively correlated with wealth.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/>

When it comes to child malnutrition, children in low-income families are more malnourished than those in high-income families. [[Public distribution system|PDS]] system in India which account for the distribution of wheat and rice only, by which the proteins are insufficient by these cereals which leads to malnutrition also. One cultural belief that may lead to malnutrition is religion. Among these is the influence of religions, especially in India are restricted from consuming meat. Also, other Indians are strictly vegan, which means, they do not consume any sort of animal product, including dairy and eggs. This is a serious problem when inadequate protein is consumed because 56% of poor Indian households consume cereal to consume protein. It is observed that the type of protein that cereal contains does not parallel to the proteins that animal products contain (Gulati, 2012).<ref>Gulati, A., Ganesh-Kumar, A., Shreedhar, G., & Nandakumar, T. (2012). Agriculture and malnutrition in India. Food And Nutrition Bulletin, 33(1), 74–86</ref> This phenomenon is most prevalent in the rural areas of India where more malnutrition exists on an absolute level. Whether children are of the appropriate weight and height is highly dependent on the socio-economic status of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=HUNGaMA Survey Report|url=http://www.hungamaforchange.org/HungamaBKDec11LR.pdf|publisher=Naandi foundation|access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> Children of families with lower socioeconomic standing are faced with sub-optimal growth. While children in similar communities have shown to share similar levels of nutrition, child nutrition is also differential from family to family depending on the mother's [[Characteristic|characteristics]]{{dn|date=April 2021}}, household ethnicity, and place of residence. It is expected that with improvements in socio-economic welfare, child nutrition will also improve.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kanjilal|first=Barun |author2=Mazumdar |author3=Mukherjee |author4=Rahman|title=Nutritional status of children in India: household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|date=January 2010|volume=9|pages=19–31|doi=10.1186/1475-9276-9-19|pmid=20701758 |pmc=2931515 }}</ref>

===Region===
Under-nutrition is more prevalent in rural areas, again mainly due to low socioeconomic status. [[Anemia]] for both men and women is only slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas. For example, in 2005, 40% of women in rural areas, and 36% of women in urban areas were found to have mild anemia.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/> In urban areas, overweight status and obesity are over three times as high as in rural areas.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/>

In terms of geographical regions, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar have very high rates of under-nutrition. States with the lowest percentage of under-nutrition include Mizoram, Sikkim, Manipur, Kerala, Punjab, and Goa, although the rate is still considerably higher than that of developed nations. Further, anemia is found in over 70% of individuals in the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Haryana, and Jharkhand. Less than 50% of individuals in Goa, Manipur, Mizoram, and Kerala have anaemia.<ref name="NFHS-3 children">{{cite web |url= http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Nutritional-Status-of-Children.ppt|title= NFHS-3 Nutritional Status of Children|access-date=2009-11-26}}</ref>

Punjab, Kerala, and Delhi face the highest rate of overweight and obese individuals.<ref name="NFHS-3 adult"/>

===Religion===
Studies show that individuals belonging to Hindu or Muslim backgrounds in India tend to be more malnourished than those from Christian, Sikh, or Jain backgrounds.<ref name="Nutrition and Anaemia">{{cite web |url= http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Chapter-10-Nutrition-and-Anaemia.pdf|title= Nutrition and Anaemia|access-date=2009-11-26}}</ref>

=== Female population ===

==== Dual burden ====
Dual burden is characterized as undernutrition in the form of obesity or underweight, existing within an individual and/or at a societal level. On an individual level, a person can be obese, yet lack enough nutrients for proper nutrition. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Meenakshi|first=J. V.|date=2016-11-01|title=Trends and patterns in the triple burden of malnutrition in India|journal=Agricultural Economics|language=en|volume=47|issue=S1|pages=115–134|doi=10.1111/agec.12304|issn=1574-0862|url=http://www.cdedse.org/pdf/work256.pdf}}</ref> On a societal level, the dual burden refers to populations containing both overweight and underweight individuals co-existing. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Thow|first1=Anne Marie|last2=Kadiyala|first2=Suneetha|last3=Khandelwal|first3=Shweta|last4=Menon|first4=Purnima|last5=Downs|first5=Shauna|last6=Reddy|first6=K. Srinath|date=June 2016|title=Toward Food Policy for the Dual Burden of Malnutrition: An Exploratory Policy Space Analysis in India|journal=Food and Nutrition Bulletin|volume= 37| issue = 3|pages= 261–274|doi=10.1177/0379572116653863|pmid=27312356|s2cid=24424765|url=http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2551418/1/Towards%20food%20policy%20for_GREEN%20AAM.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Women in India share a substantial proportion of the dual burden on malnutrition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Vani S.|last2=Kulkarni|first2=Veena S.|last3=Gaiha|first3=Raghav|title=Double Burden of Malnutrition|journal=International Journal of Health Services|volume=47|issue=1|pages=108–133|doi=10.1177/0020731416664666|pmid=27638762|year=2017|s2cid=10303158}}</ref> The primary causes of whether a woman falls into the obese or underweight under-nutritional category is [[Dependant|dependent]] on the socioeconomic status of the individual, and dependent on rural or urban populations. Women with higher economic means in urban areas fall into obese and overnourished category, while conversely lower income women in rural areas are underweight and undernourished.<ref name=":3" /> A consistent factor among dual burden outcomes relates primarily to food security issues. Access to healthy and nutritious foods within India has been increasingly replaced by a large supply of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> The existence of the dual malnutrition problems suggests a need for policy makers to support options which measure nutritional output, as opposed to calories, when deciding policies to ensure a well fed society.<ref name=":5" />

==== Domestic violence ====
A strong connection has been found between malnutrition and domestic violence, in particular high levels of [[anemia]] and undernutrition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Ackerson|first1=L. K.|last2=Subramanian|first2=S. V.|date=2008-05-15|title=Domestic Violence and Chronic Malnutrition among Women and Children in India|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=167|issue=10|pages=1188–1196|doi=10.1093/aje/kwn049|pmid=18367471|issn=0002-9262|pmc=2789268}}</ref> Domestic violence comes in the form of psychological and physical abuse, as a control mechanism towards behaviors within families.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011-05-01|title=Impacts of domestic violence on child growth and nutrition: A conceptual review of the pathways of influence|journal=Social Science & Medicine|language=en|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1534–1554|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.042|pmid=21492979|issn=0277-9536|last1=Yount|first1=Kathryn M.|last2=Digirolamo|first2=Ann M.|last3=Ramakrishnan|first3=Usha}}</ref> This control affects a woman's [[autonomy]] to make decisions in regards to providing food, what type and amount, which leads to adverse nutrition results for herself, and family members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/domestic-violence-associated-with-chronic-malnutrition-in-women-and-children-in-india/|title=Domestic violence associated with chronic malnutrition in women and children in India|date=2008-04-22|work=News|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Psychological stress also affects anemia through a process labeled oxidative stress. In moments of high stress, free radicals are produced which attack healthy red blood cells, therefore lowering hemoglobin blood levels and producing anemic malnutrition.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, physiological or chronic stress is strongly correlated in women being underweight.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferreira|first1=Marcela de Freitas|last2=Moraes|first2=Claudia Leite de|last3=Reichenheim|first3=Michael Eduardo|last4=Verly Junior|first4=Eliseu|last5=Marques|first5=Emanuele Souza|last6=Salles-Costa|first6=Rosana|last7=Ferreira|first7=Marcela de Freitas|last8=Moraes|first8=Claudia Leite de|last9=Reichenheim|first9=Michael Eduardo|date=January 2015|title=Effect of physical intimate partner violence on body mass index in low-income adult women|journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública|volume=31|issue=1|pages=161–172|doi=10.1590/0102-311X00192113|pmid=25715300|issn=0102-311X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Management ==
The Government of India has launched several programs to converge the growing rate of nutritious children. They include ICDS, NCF, National Health Mission. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ICDS|url=https://icds-wcd.nic.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National health mission|url=https://nhm.gov.in/}}</ref> To manage nutrition requirements especially following the COVID-19 [[pandemic]], experts have recommended ways in which India can work towards nutrition security.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jayashree|first=R. Gopinath & B.|title=Beyond food rations: Six ways India can ensure nutrition security for its most vulnerable people|url=https://scroll.in/article/961967/beyond-food-rations-six-ways-india-can-ensure-nutrition-security-for-its-most-vulnerable-people|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> These include setting up community kitchens, adding pulses and millets to the Public Distribution system and continuing the school Midday Meal Scheme.

===Midday meal scheme in Indian schools===
{{main|Midday Meal Scheme}}
The Indian government started the midday meal scheme on 15 August 1995. It serves millions of children with freshly cooked meals in almost all the government-run schools or schools aided by the government fund.

Apart from this, the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] Food Relief Foundation, the Nalabothu Foundation, and The Akshaya Patra Foundation run the world's largest NGO-run midday meal programs, each serving freshly cooked plant-based meals to over 1.3  million school children in government and government-aided schools in India. These programs are conducted with part subsidies from the government and partly with donations from individuals and corporations. The meals served by Food for Life Annamrita and Akshaya Patra comply with the nutritional norms given by the government of India and aims to eradicate malnutrition among children in India. Food for Life Annamrita (FFLA) is the premier affiliate of Food for Life Global, the world's largest free food relief network, with projects in over 60 countries.<ref>http://www.ffl.org</ref>

===Integrated child development scheme===
The government of [[India]] started a program called [[Integrated Child Development Services]] ([[Integrated Child Development Services]]) in 1975. ICDS has been instrumental in improving the health of mothers and children under age 6 by providing health and nutrition education, health services, supplementary food, and pre-school education. ICDS is run by India's central government via the Ministry of Women and Child Development, targeting rural, urban, and tribal populations and has reached over 70 million young children and 16 million pregnant and lactating mothers.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-07-01|title=Political economy of child nutrition policy: A qualitative study of India's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme|journal=Food Policy|language=en|volume=62|pages=88–98|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.05.001|issn=0306-9192|last1=Balarajan|first1=Yarlini|last2=Reich|first2=Michael R.}}</ref>

Other programs impacting under-nutrition include the National Midday Meal Scheme, the National Rural Health Mission, and the [[Public Distribution System]] (PDS). The challenge for these programs and schemes is how to increase efficiency, impact, and coverage.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Bal Kuposhan Mukta Bihar (BKMB) is a campaign launched by the Department of Social Welfare, Government of Bihar in 2014.

'''The campaign is based on five "C":'''
* '''C'''ommunication for behavior change
* '''C'''apacity building
* '''C'''ommunity's access to tangibles and intangibles
* '''C'''ommunity participation and
* '''C'''ollective approach.

The multi-pronged strategy shows that a health issue like malnutrition can be tackled with the help of behaviour change communication (BCC) and other social aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A campaign to end malnutrition in Bihar|url = http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=1448|website = ideasforindia.in|access-date = 2015-10-09}}</ref>

===National Children's Fund===
The National Children's Fund was created during the International Year of the Child in 1979 under the Charitable Endowment Fund Act, 1890. This Fund provides support to voluntary organizations that help the welfare of kids. {{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

===National Plan of Action for Children===
India is a signatory to the 27 survival and development goals laid down by the World Summit on children 1990. To implement these goals, the Department of Women & Child Development has formulated a National Plan of Action on Children. Each concerned Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments/U.Ts. and Voluntary Organisations dealing with women and children have been asked to take up appropriate measures to implement the Action Plan. These goals have been integrated into National Development Plans. A Monitoring Committee under the Chairpersonship of Secretary (Women & Child Development) reviews the achievement of goals set in the National Plan of Action. All concerned Central Ministries/Departments are represented on the committee. {{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

15 State Governments have prepared State Plan of Action on the lines of National Plan of Action specifying targets for 1995 as well as for 2000 and spelling out strategies for holistic child development. {{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

===United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund===
Department of Women and Child Development is the nodal department for [[UNICEF]]. India is associated with UNICEF since 1949 and is now in the fifth decade of cooperation for assisting most disadvantaged children and their mothers. Traditionally, UNICEF has been supporting India in several sectors like child development, women's development, urban basic services, support for community-based convergent services, health, education, nutrition, water & sanitation, specially-abled children, children in especially difficult circumstances, information and communication, planning and program support. India was a member of the UNICEF Executive Board till 31 December 1997. The board has 3 regular sessions and one annual session in a year. Strategies and other important matters relating to UNICEF are discussed in those meetings. A meeting of Government of India and UNICEF officials concurred on 12 November 1997 to finalize the strategy and areas for the program of [[cooperation]] for the next Master Plan of operations 1999–2002 which is to synchronize with the Ninth Plan of Government of India. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/childdet.htm |title=Child Development Website |access-date=2009-03-14 |work=Source: Child Development programs site (2009) |quote=Programs to address malnutrition in India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206003511/http://www.wcd.nic.in/childdet.htm |archive-date=6 December 2008 }}</ref>

==National Health Mission==

===National Rural Health Mission===

The [[National Rural Health Mission of India]] mission was created for the years 2005–2012, and its goal is to "improve the availability of and access to quality health care by people, especially for those residing in rural areas, the poor, women, and children."

'''The subset of goals under this mission is:'''
#Reduce [[infant mortality rate]] (IMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR), Neonatal mortality rate (NMR)
#Provide universal access to public health services
#Prevent and control both communicable and non-communicable diseases, including locally [[Endemism|endemic]] diseases
#Provide access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare
#Create population stabilization, as well as gender and demographic balance
#Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream [[AYUSH]]
#Finally, to promote healthy lifestyles

The mission has set up strategies and action plan to meet all of its goals. <ref> {{cite web |url= http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/Documents/Mission_Document.pdf|title=National Rural Health Mission|access-date=2009-11-26|work=Source: National Rural Health Mission (2005–2012)}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[India State Hunger Index]]
* [[Obesity in India]]
* [[Reach Each Child]]

'''General:'''
* [[Malnutrition]]
* [[Health in India]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Measham|first=Anthony R. |author2=Meera Chatterjee |title=Wasting away: the crisis of malnutrition in India|url=https://archive.org/details/wastingawaycrisi0000meas|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/wastingawaycrisi0000meas/page/11 11]|quote=Malnutrition in India.|year=1999|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-4435-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.teluguaspirant.com/malnutrition-india-shame-humanity/1884/ Malnutrition in India: shame on humanity]
*[https://archive.today/20150311110924/http://nutritionschool.co.uk/ India: Malnutrition Report] [[World Bank]]
*[https://blogs.zoylo.com/child-malnutrition-india-unseen-catastrophe.html Child Malnutrition In India Report]
*[http://www.delhifoodbanking.org Addressing the Food Insecure and malnutirition in the Delhi/NCR Region]

{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Malnutrition in India| ]]
[[Category: Health in India]]

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