Western Pahari

2022-06-23T07:52:08Z

122.161.243.52: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

{{short description|Language family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Western Pahari
| region = India ([[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]])
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan]]
| iso2 = him
| glotto = hima1250
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| glottorefname = Himachali
| map =
| mapcaption = Various Western Pahari languages across Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir.
| notes =
}}
The '''Western Pahari''' languages are a group of [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages]] that are spoken in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and in the [[Jammu region]] of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

== Languages ==
The following lists the languages classified as belonging to Western Pahari, with the provisional grouping used in [[Glottolog]] 4.1:<ref>{{cite web|title = Family: Himachali | website = [[Glottolog]] 4.1|url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hima1250}}</ref>
:[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]
:Nuclear Himachali:
::[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]]
::[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]]
::[[Kullu Pahari language|Kullu Pahari]]
::[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]]
::[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]]
:[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]]
:Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali:
::Chamealic:
:::[[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]]
:::[[Churahi language|Churahi]]
:::[[Bhattiyali language|Bhattiyali]]
:::[[Bilaspuri language|Bilaspuri]]
:::[[Chambeali language|Chambeali]]
:::[[Gaddi language|Gaddi]]
:::[[Pangwali language|Pangwali]]
::Kangri-Dogri:
:::[[Dogri language|Dogri]]
:::[[Kangri language|Kangri]]
::kashmiric-westernPahari:
:::[[Poguli language|Poguli]]
:::[[Sarazi language|Sarazi]]
:::[[Kishtwari language|Kishtwari]]
:::[[Rambani language|Rambani]]

These languages are a [[dialect chain]], and neighbouring varieties may be [[mutually intelligible]]. Some Western Pahari languages have occasionally been regarded as dialects of either [[Dogri language|Dogri]], Hindustani or Punjabi.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Some Western Pahari languages, notably Dogri and Kangri, are [[tone language|tonal]], like their close relative [[Panjabi language|Punjabi]] but unlike most other Indic languages. [[Dogri language|Dogri]] has been an official language in India since 2003.

[[Claus Peter Zoller]], suggests that the [[Bangani language]] is closely related to (or belongs to) the Western Pahari languages.

== Status ==
According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], all of Western Pahari languages, except for Dogri, are under either definitely endangered or critically endangered category.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref> None of these languages, except for Dogri, have any official status.

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language. Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Serena Hussain|first= Vishal Sharma|date=21 February 2021|title=Why Recognising Indigenous Language Movements Is Crucial in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/culture/international-mother-language-day-indigenous-language-movements-south-asia.html|access-date=22 October 2021|website=The Wire|language=en}}</ref>

Recently, in October 2021 a PIL was also filed in the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] which re-ignited the quest for recognizing Pahari (Himachali) or Western Pahari dialect chain spoken in Himachal as one of official languages of [[Himachal Pradesh]].The petitioners through the PIL also requested the court to direct the State government to promote Pahari (Himachali) and other local languages as the medium of instruction in primary and middle-level schools as per the [[National Education Policy, 2020]]. As well as also prayed that the court direct the state government to include Pahari (Himachali) language as a separate category for the [[2021 Census of India]] and simultaneously undertake an awareness campaign to create awareness amongst the masses, especially the youth of the State who speak Pahari (Himachali), to get it marked as their mother tongue in the upcoming Census. A bench of Chief Justice Mohammad Rafiq and Justice Sabina while disposing off the PIL stated,“The direction as has been prayed for, cannot be issued to the State Government until and unless it is established on record that the Pahari (Himachali) language has its own script and that a common Pahari dialect is spoken throughout the State of Himachal Pradesh. We, however, set the petitioner at liberty to approach the Department of Language Art & Culture to the Government of Himachal Pradesh with his demand for undertaking research to promote a common Pahari (Himachali) nuclear language structure and nuclear Tankri script. If the petitioner approaches the respondents-State through its Additional Chief Secretary (Language Art & Culture) to the Government of Himachal Pradesh) for the prayer made in the Civil Writ Public Interest Litigation, it would be for the said authority to consider the same in accordance with the law.” Additionally, the petition had emphasised that [[Sanskrit]], which is the second official language of the state, had only 936 speakers according to the 2011 census and Pahari (Himachali) dialect chain which is spoken by more than 40 lakh people was being neglected and has not been made an official language even after having so many speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D|first=Madan|date=12 November 2021|title=PIL Filed in HP High Court Re-Ignites Quest for Recognizing Pahari (Himachali) as Hill State's Official Language|url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2021/11/12/pil-filed-in-hp-high-court-re-ignites-quest-for-recognizing-pahari-himachali-as-hill-states-official-language/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Himachal Watcher|language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|last=The Wire|first=Staff|date=16 November 2021|title=Himachal High Court Passes Order in PIL To Make Pahari Official State Language|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/himachal-high-court-directs-state-to-promote-preserve-pahari-language|access-date=18 November 2021|website=The Wire|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}

==External links==
*[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/wpah.png Map of Western Pahari languages] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

* [https://www.himachalibhasha.in Himachali Bhasa] a effort by Himachal Pradesh State to form a Pahari language out of Western Pahari languages of the state.

* [https://www.facebook.com/madanmaps/photos/a.109483098016001/122844900013154/ Western Pahari Languages] by Madaan Maps

{{Dogri-Kangri languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]

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Western Pahari