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Mahatma Gandhi

2022-10-12T07:00:10Z

119.94.165.243:

{{redirect|Gandhi}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Mahātmā]]
| name = Gandhi
| image = Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg
| caption = Gandhi in [[London]], 1931
| citizenship = [[British Raj]] (1869–1947) [[Dominion of India]] (1947–1948)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1869|10|2}}
| birth_place = [[Porbandar]], [[Porbandar State]], [[Kathiawar Agency]], [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Gujarat]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1948|1|30|1869|10|2}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Assassination]] (multiple gunshot wounds)
| monuments = [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Raj Ghat]] [[Gandhi Smriti]]
| other_names =
| office = 43rd [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|President of the Indian National Congress]]
| term = 1924
| successor = [[Sarojini Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Abul Kalam Azad]]
| known_for = Leadership of the [[Indian Independence Movement|campaign for India's independence]] from [[British Raj|British rule]], [[Nonviolent resistance]]
| notable_works = ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]''
| height_m =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1920–1934)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/the-mahatma/life-chronology.html | work=[[Sabarmati Ashram|Gandhi Ashram]] | title=The Mahatma – Life Chronology}}</ref>
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| alma_mater = [[Alfred High School (Rajkot)|Alfred High School]], [[Rajkot]] (1880 – November 1887) [[Samaldas Arts College]], [[Bhavnagar]] (January 1888 – July 1888) [[Inner Temple]], London (September 1888–1891) (Informal [[Academic audit|auditing student]] at [[University College, London]] between 1888 and 1891)
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|anti-colonialist|political ethicist}}
| years_active = 1893–1948
| era = [[British Raj]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kasturba Gandhi]]|1883|1944|end=died}}
| children = 4 sons
| mother = [[Putlibai Gandhi]]
| father = [[Karamchand Gandhi]]
| relatives = [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (father-in-law of Devdas Gandhi)
| awards =
| signature = Mohandas K. Gandhi signature.svg
| signature_alt = Signature of Gandhi
}}

'''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|d|i|,_|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|d|i}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gandhi "Gandhi"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114041417/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gandhi|date=14 January 2015}} ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{Respell|GAHN-dee}}; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was a leader of [[nationalism]] in [[British Raj|British-ruled India]]. He is more commonly called '''Mahatma Gandhi''';<ref>Chakrabarty, Bid Social and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi Routledge 2006 page 1</ref> ''mahatma'' is an [[honorific]] meaning "great-soul" or "venerable" in [[Sanskrit]]. He was first called this in 1914 in South Africa. He is also called Bapu in India ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] endearment for "father", "papa").

He was the Martyr of the Nation since 1948. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] gave him the title of 'Mahatma'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mahatma and the Poet|last=Bhattacharya|first=Sabyasachi|publisher=National Book Trust, India|place=New Delhi|date=1997|page=1}}</ref>

Gandhi was one of the most important people involved in the movement for the independence of India. He was a [[non-violence|non-violent]] [[activist]], who led the independence movement through a [[nonviolence|non-violent]] [[protest]].

==Early life==
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India.<ref>Hook, Sue van der Mahatma Gandhi:
A proponent of Peace ABDO 2011 page 14</ref> Several members of his family worked for the government of the state. When Gandhi was 18 years old, he went to [[England|study law in England]].<ref>, Agarwal, Satya P. Social Message of the Gita Motilal Banarsidass; 1st edition 1995 page 114</ref> After he became a [[lawyer]], he went to the British colony of [[South Africa]] where he experienced laws that said people with dark [[Human skin colour|skin]] had fewer rights than people with light skin. In 1897, Gandhi was attacked by a group of people in Durban Harbor, South Africa when he was going to work. He went to South Africa because he could not find work in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://justlists.wordpress.com/2009/09/18/18-milestone-events-in-the-life-of-gandhi/|title=18 Milestone Events in the Life of Mohandas Gandhi|date=2009-09-18|website=Reach and Teach's Just Lists|accessdate=2017-04-27}}</ref> When traveling through South Africa, Gandhi was also kicked out of a first class train because of his skin color. Then Gandhi started protesting against segregation.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zpdqmp3|title=Gandhi: Reckless teenager to father of India|website=BBC Timelines|accessdate=2017-04-27|archive-date=2017-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512162703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zpdqmp3|url-status=dead}}</ref> He decided then to become a political activist, so he could help change these unfair laws. He created a powerful, non-violent movement. During Gandhi's life, India was a [[colony]] of the [[British Empire]], but wanted [[independence]]. He was a huge leader during that era and his thoughts helped catalyze the Indian independence movement.

Gandhi was a [[vegetarian]] almost all his life, because he believed in non-violence ([[ahimsa]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-27|title=What the Mahatma ate and why|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-the-mahatma-ate-and-why/story-Zk5cUXb6w93Fyk3sDcc1BK.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==As an activist==
On 9 January 1915 when Gandhi returned to India, he decided to again lead a march against a law called the Rowlatt Act. But then the protest turned violent and people started to kill the protesters.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>

On 12 March 1930 Gandhi led the [[Salt March]].

When he returned to India, he helped cause India's independence from British rule, inspiring other colonial people to work for their independence, break up the [[British Empire]], and replace it with the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].

People of many different [[religion]]s and [[ethnic group]]s lived in British India. Many people thought the country should break into separate countries so different groups could have their own countries. In particular, many people thought that [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] should have separate countries. Gandhi was a Hindu, but he liked ideas from many religions including [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], and [[Christianity]], and he thought that people of all religions should have the same rights, and could live together peacefully in the same country.

In 1938, Gandhi resigned from Congress. He said he could no longer work through Congress to unite the divisions in caste and religion. He also felt that he had little to offer to the political process.<ref>Adams, Jad. ''Gandhi: The True Man Behind Modern India. ''Pegasus Books, 2011: New York. Page 217.</ref>

On 15 August 1947, the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] split into India and [[Pakistan]]. Gandhi wanted independence but did not want the former Raj to split into two different countries. Instead of celebrating independence day, he was crying over the end of British India.

Gandhi's principle of ''satyagraha'', often translated as "way of truth" or "pursuit of truth", has inspired other democratic and anti-racist activists like [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and [[Nelson Mandela]]. Gandhi often said that his values were simple, based upon traditional Hindu beliefs: truth (''Satya''), and non-violence (''ahimsa'').

==Death==
{{Main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}}
On January 30, 1948, he was shot to death by a Brahman activist [[Nathuram Godse]], because Godse thought that Gandhi was too respectful to the Muslims. Godse was tried and executed by Indian officials.

== References ==
{{commonscat|Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
*[https://intelligenceclass.blogspot.com/2021/05/Mahatma%20Gandhi%20essay%20in%20English.html?m=1 Gandhi blog biography]
*[http://www.gandhism.net/ Gandhism.net] historical & autobiographical website
{{Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950}}

[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated people]]
[[Category:Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:Vegetarians]]
[[Category:Time People of the Year]]

Mahatma Gandhi

2022-10-12T07:00:10Z

119.94.165.243:

Mahatma Gandhi

2022-10-12T07:00:10Z

119.94.165.243:

Indira Gandhi

2022-09-20T14:05:56Z

119.94.165.243:

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Indira Gandhi
|image = Indira Gandhi 1966 crop.jpg
|caption = Indira Gandhi in 1966
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of India|3rd]] [[Prime Minister of India]]
|president = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] [[Zail Singh]]
|term_start = 14 January 1980
|term_end = 31 October 1984
|predecessor = [[Charan Singh]]
|successor = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|president2 = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]] [[V. V. Giri]] [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|deputy2 = Morarji Desai
|term_start2 = 24 January 1966
|term_end2 = 24 March 1977
|predecessor2 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|successor2 = Morarji Desai
|office3 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
|term_start3 = 9 March 1984
|term_end3 = 31 October 1984
|predecessor3 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|successor3 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|term_start4 = 22 August 1967
|term_end4 = 14 March 1969
|predecessor4 = [[M. C. Chagla]]
|successor4 = [[Dinesh Singh]]
|office5 = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
|term_start5 = 14 January 1980
|term_end5 = 15 January 1982
|predecessor5 = [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]
|successor5 =
|term_start6 = 30 November 1975
|term_end6 = 20 December 1975
|predecessor6 = [[Sardar Swaran Singh]]
|successor6 = [[Bansi Lal]]
|office7 = [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
|term_start7 = 27 June 1970
|term_end7 = 4 February 1973
|predecessor7 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|successor7 = [[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]
|office8 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
|term_start8 = 16 July 1969
|term_end8 = 27 June 1970
|predecessor8 = [[Morarji Desai]]
|successor8 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1917|11|19|df=y}}
|birth_name=Indira Priyadarshini Nehru
|birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1984|10|31|1917|11|19|df=y}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Oxford|Somerville College, Oxford]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|relations = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (father) [[Kamala Nehru]] (mother)

|spouse = [[Feroze Gandhi]]
|children = [[Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv]] [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay]]

}}
'''Indira Gandhi''' (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]]. She was [[Prime Minister]] of [[India]] from 1966 to 1977. She was the daughter of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who was also Prime Minister of India. Her son, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], later became Prime Minister of India. She married [[Feroze Gandhi]], who was not related to the [[civil rights]] leader, [[Mahatma Gandhi]].

Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India. In 1938, Indira joined the [[Indian National Congress Party]]. After the death of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] in 1966, Indira Gandhi served as prime minister until India held the next [[election]]. She won that election in 1967 and became one of the first women elected to lead a [[democracy]].

Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister of India twice. She served the first time between 1966 and 1977 and the second time between 1980 and 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/gandhi.html|title=Indira Gandhi|access-date=13 October 2009|publisher=Microsoft Corporation|archive-date=25 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625204400/http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/gandhi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also studied at the [[University of Oxford]].

== Death ==
She was [[assassination|assassinated]] in 1984 at the age of 66 by her own 2 bodyguards.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indiragandhi.in/ Official website of Indira Gandhi]
* [http://indiragandhi.in/en/timeline Indira's timeline]
* [http://indiragandhi.in/en/milestones Indira's Milestone]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Indira}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated people]]
[[Category:Government ministers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Murders by firearm]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of India]]
[[Category:Women politicians]]

Indira Gandhi

2022-09-20T14:05:56Z

119.94.165.243:

Indira Gandhi

2022-09-20T14:05:56Z

119.94.165.243: