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Prithvi (missile)

2022-11-27T10:35:39Z

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{{Short description|Indian series of short-range missiles}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = ''Prithvi''
| image = File:Prithvi-II missile launch on 11 March 2011 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Prithvi II missile during a launch
| origin = {{flag|India}}
| type = [[Short-range ballistic missile]]
| used_by = [[Strategic Forces Command]]
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| propellant = [[Liquid fuel]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II), [[Solid fuel]] (Prithvi III)
| production_date = February 25, 1988 (Prithvi I) January 27, 1996 (Prithvi II) January 23, 2004 (Prithvi III)
| service = 1994 (Prithvi I)
| engine = Single-stage [[liquid rocket]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II), Two-stage [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket]] (Prithvi III)
| engine_power =
| weight = 4,400 kg (Prithvi I) 4,600 kg (Prithvi II) 5,600 kg (Prithvi III)
| number = 30 (2017 est.)<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8-vgAACAAJ |title = The Military Balance 2017|isbn = 9781857439007|date = 2017-02-14}}</ref>
| length = 9 m (Prithvi I) 8.56 m (Prithvi II, Prithvi III)
| height =
| diameter = 110 cm (Prithvi I, Prithvi II) 100 cm (Prithvi III)
| wingspan =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = 150 km (Prithvi I) 250–350 km (Prithvi II) 350–750 km (Prithvi III)
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = [[High explosives]], penetration, [[cluster munition]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[thermobaric]], [[chemical weapon]] and [[tactical nuclear weapon]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} - {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| guidance = Strap-down [[inertial navigation system]]
| detonation =
| accuracy = 50 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II) <10 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi II upgrade)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=Night trial of nuke capable Prithvi-II missile successful, second trial in a month's time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/17/night-trial-of-nuke-capable-prithvi-ii-missile-successful-second-trial-in-a-months-time-2211240.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |agency=ENS |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 October 2020}}</ref> 25 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi III)<ref>{{cite web |last1=CSIS |title=Prithvi-I/II/III |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/prithvi/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
| launch_platform = 8 x 8 Tata [[transporter erector launcher]]
}}

'''Prithvi''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: [[prithvi|{{IAST|pṛthvī}}]] ''"Earth"'') is a tactical [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] short-range [[ballistic missile]] (SRBM) developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) of India under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] (IGMDP). It is deployed by India's [[Strategic Forces Command]].

== Development and history ==
The Government of India launched the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] in 1983
to achieve self-sufficiency in the development and production of wide range of ballistic missiles, surface-to-air missiles etc. Prithvi was the first missile to be developed under the program. [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] attempted to build a surface-to-air missile under [[Project Devil]].<ref name=br>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Prithvi.html|title=PRITHVI SRBM |access-date=2008-02-06 |author=Arun Vishwakarma |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212063803/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Prithvi.html  |archive-date = 2007-12-12}}</ref> Variants make use of either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its role as a [[tactical nuclear weapon]].

=== Variants ===
The Prithvi missile project encompassed developing three variants for use by the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. The initial project framework of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outlines the variants in the following manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011202044243/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive, ''accessed'' 18 October 2006|archive-date=2 December 2001}}</ref>
*'''Prithvi I (SS-150)''' – Army version ''({{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} range with a payload of {{convert|1,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''
*'''Prithvi II (SS-250)''' – Air Force version ''({{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-2806807/|title=India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile|date=2016-05-18|access-date=2016-08-05}}</ref> ''range with a payload of {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''
*'''Prithvi III (SS-350)''' – Naval version ''({{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} range with a payload of {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''

== Description ==
[[File:Agni and Prithvi.jpg|thumb|[[Agni (missile)|Agni]] and Prithvi missile models in [[DRDO]], [[Balasore]]]]

=== Prithvi I ===
'''Prithvi I''' class is a single-stage liquid-fueled surface-to-surface ballistic missile having a maximum warhead mounting capability of 1,000 kg, with a range of {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It has an accuracy of {{convert|10|–|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} and can be launched from [[transporter erector launcher]]s. This class of Prithvi missile was inducted into the [[Indian Army]] in 1994. As Per (DRDO)'s former Chief Avinash Chander , the tactical 150 km-range Prithvi missile will be replaced with the [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]] missile, which is more capable and has more accuracy. According to Chander, the Prithvi I missiles withdrawn from service would be upgraded to be used for longer ranges.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

=== Prithvi II ===
'''Prithvi II''' class is also a single-stage liquid-fueled missile having a maximum warhead mounting capability of 500 kg, but with an extended range of {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It was developed with the [[Indian Air Force]] being the primary user. It was first test-fired on 27 January 1996 and the development stages were completed in 2004. This variant has been inducted into the army as well. In a test, the missile was launched with an extended range of {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and had improved navigation due to an [[inertial navigation system]]. The missile features measures to deceive [[anti-ballistic missile]]s.

The missile was inducted into India's [[Strategic Forces Command]] in 2003, and it was the first missile developed under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|IGMDP]].<ref>{{Cite news | title=Prithvi-II training launch successful | date=August 12, 2013 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/prithviii-training-launch-successful/article5014874.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|access-date = 14 August 2013}}</ref> After a failed test on 24 September 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=39106 |title=PIB Press Release |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref> two more missiles aimed at two different targets were launched on 22 December 2010 and were successful.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/india/28238152_1_strategic-force-command-integrated-test-range-ballistic-missiles | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/india/28238152_1_strategic-force-command-integrated-test-range-ballistic-missiles | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-11-04 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=India test-fires two Prithvi-II ballistic missiles | date=2010-12-22}}</ref> According to news sources the range is now increased to {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the payload capacity now ranges between 500 – 1000 kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/improved-prithviii-successfully-test-fired/447208/ | title=Improved Prithvi-II successfully test fired | work=The Indian Express | date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author= TOI|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29637697_1_prithvi-ii-zero-circular-error-probability-single-digit-accuracy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107180224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29637697_1_prithvi-ii-zero-circular-error-probability-single-digit-accuracy|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-07| work= [[The Times of India]]|title=Nuclear-capable Prithvi-II test-fired | date =2011-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=PTI, Oct 12, 2009, 10.40am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-12/india/28089257_1_prithvi-ii-nuclear-capable-integrated-test-range |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025035343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-12/india/28089257_1_prithvi-ii-nuclear-capable-integrated-test-range |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-25 |title=Two nuclear capable Prithvi-2 missiles successfully test fired - India |date=2009-10-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/jun/02/indian-army-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missile-prithvi-ii-off-odisha-coast-1612026.html|title= Indian army successfully test fires nuclear capable ballistic missile Prithvi-II off Odisha coast|access-date=June 2, 2017|date= June 2, 2017}}</ref> On June 2, India successfully test-fired its indigenous nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile. The launch happened at the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur in Odisha at 9:50am. The missile, capable of carrying payloads of up to 1,000 kg, was inducted into the armed forces in 2003. It is the first to be developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization under its Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.

India's Strategic Forces Command test launched two short-range nuclear capable ballistic missiles at night as part of its annual training cycle to test the combat readiness of the Indian Army's missile forces. Two Prithvi-II tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles were test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) on Dr. Abdul Kalam Island in the Bay of Bengal off the coast of Odisha at nighttime on November 20. The missile launches took place between 7 p.m. and 7:15 p.m., according to government sources cited in local media reports. The trial of the surface-to-surface missile with a strike range of 350 km was carried out from a mobile launcher from launch complex-3 of the ITR at 7:05 pm, sources told India Today TV, adding it was a routine trial.<ref name="India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles">{{cite news |last1=Karan |title=India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/india-test-fires-two-prithvi-ii-short-range-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missiles/ |access-date=20 November 2019 |publisher=Prithvi II Tested Strike Range 350KM}}</ref>

India on Tuesday conducted a night trial of its indigenously developed, nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Prithvi-II missile off Odisha coast.
The Strategic Forces Command conducted the night trial of short-range ballistic missile Prithvi-II from launch complex-3 of Integrated Test Range in Chandipur.Defence sources said that the missile has strike range of 350 km, was test-fired at 7.48 p.m. on Tuesday 04 Dec.<ref name="India conducts another night trial of Prithvi-II missile">{{cite news |last1=Velira1 |title=India on Tuesday conducted a night trial of its indigenously developed, nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Prithvi-II missile off Odisha coast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-conducts-night-trial-prithvi-ii-missile-1624900-2019-12-04 |access-date=4 December 2019 |publisher=Prithvi Tested Strike Range of 350 Km}}</ref> The Strategic Forces Command conducted night trial of Prithvi II in full operational configuration from Launch Complex III of Integrated Test Range on 23 September 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Nuke capable Prithvi-II night trial successful|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/sep/24/nuke-capable-prithvi-ii-night-trial-successful-2201239.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Test type
!Date
!User
!Status
!Notes
|-
|Test
|27 January 1996
|DRDO
|rowspan="3" |Successful
|
|-
| rowspan="19"|User Trial
|12 October 2009 (I)
| rowspan="23" |[[Strategic Forces Command]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-testfires-two-prithvi-ii-missiles/article32683.ece|title=India test-fires two Prithvi- II missiles|date=2009-10-12|newspaper=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|12 October 2009 (II)
|-
|22 December 2010 (I)
| rowspan="20" |Successful
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|22 December 2010 (II)
|-
|9 June 2011
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2090796.ece|title=Prithvi-II successfully launched|date=9 June 2011|work=Business Line|author=Unacknowledged|access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
|25 August 2012
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3820537.ece|title=Prithvi II successfully test-fired|date=2012-08-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|4 October 2012
|<ref name="hindu4">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prithvi-ii-ballistic-missile-test-fired/article3964130.ece|title=Prithvi-II ballistic missile test fired|date=4 October 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|7 October 2013
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-prithvi-2-missile/|title=Nuclear Capable Prithvi 2 Missile soars again successfully|work=The Biharprabha News|access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|7 January 2014
|<ref name="ie23">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-testfires-nuclearcapable-prithviii-missile/1216373/|title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile|date=7 January 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|28 March 2014
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/La1vUTErS0IDMNn9atpGAK/India-test-fires-nuclearcapable-PrithviII-missile-from-Cha.html|title=India test fires nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile from Chandipur|last=PTI|date=2014-03-28|website=livemint.com/|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref><ref name="ie23" />
|-
|26 November 2015
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-n-capable-prithvi-ii-missile/|title=India successfully test fires Prithvi|date=26 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|16 February 2016
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/51006905.cms|title=Indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile successfully test-fired - The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prithvi-II-missile-test-fired-in-Odisha/articleshow/51008892.cms|title=Prithvi-II missile test-fired in Odisha|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-02-16}}</ref>
|-
|18 May 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-army-successfully-test-fires-Prithvi-II-ballistic-missile/2016/05/18/article3439225.ece|title=Indian army successfully test fires Prithvi-II ballistic missile|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-2806807/|title=India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile|date=2016-05-18|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/India-successfully-test-fires-Prithvi-II-missile-from-Chandipur/articleshow/52322704.cms|title=India successfully test fires Prithvi-II missile from Chandipur|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|21 November 2016 (I)
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/21/india-successfully-conducts-twin-trial-of-prithvi-ii-missile-1541015.html|title=India successfully conducts twin trial of Prithvi-II missile|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/prithvi-ii-s-twin-trial-successfully-test-fired-10-key-points-about-india-s-indigenous-missile-116112200225_1.html|title=Prithvi II's twin trial successfully test fired: 10 key points about India's indigenous missile|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
|-
|21 November 2016 (II)
|-
|2 June 2017
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|-
|7 February 2018
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii/articleshow/62818448.cms|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear capable Prithvi-II|date=2018-02-07|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>
|-
|21 February 2018
|{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
|-
|21 November 2019
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/india-test-fires-two-prithvi-ii-short-range-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missiles|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>
|-
|4 December 2019
| rowspan="3" |User Night Trial
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-conducts-night-trial-prithvi-ii-missile-1624900-2019-12-04|title=India conducts another night trial of Prithvi-II missile|date=2019-12-04|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
|-
|23 September 2020
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|16 October 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-17|title=Another night trial of Prithvi-II ballistic missile conducted off Odisha coast - OrissaPOST|url=https://www.orissapost.com/another-night-trial-of-prithvi-ii-ballistic-missile-conducted-off-odisha-coast/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Orissa POST|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Prithvi III ===
'''Prithvi III''' class is a two-stage surface-to-surface missile. The first stage is solid fueled with a 16 [[kilogram-force|metric ton force]] (157 [[kilonewton|kN]]) thrust motor. The second stage is liquid-fueled. The missile can carry a 1,000 kg warhead to a distance of {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a 500 kg warhead to a distance of {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a 250 kg warhead up to a distance of {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

Prithvi III was first tested in 2000 from {{INS|Subhadra|P51|6}}, a {{Sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel|1}}. The missile was launched from the updated reinforced helicopter deck of the vessel. The first flight test of the {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} variant was only partially successful.<ref name="nrdc.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab20.asp | title=Nuclear Data - Table of Indian Nuclear Forces, 2002 | publisher=NRDC | access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref> The full operational testing was completed in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/prithvi.html |title=Prithvi |author=Unacknowledged |date=12 Oct 2009 |work=Bharat Rakshak Missiles |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514165459/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/prithvi.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref>

==Dhanush (missile) ==
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=''Dhanush''
|image=File:Dhanush missile launch on 11 March 2011.jpg
|caption=Dhanush missile during a launch
|origin={{flag|India}}
|type=[[Short-range ballistic missile]]
|used_by= {{Navy|India}}
|designer= [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|production_date=
|service=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|weight=4,500 kg
|length= 8.53m
|height=
|diameter=0.9m
|wingspan=
|speed=
|vehicle_range=*350 km with 1000 kg warhead.
*600 km with 500 kg warhead.
*750 km with 250 kg warhead.<ref name=IndiaToday16>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires Dhanush missile: All you need to know|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|access-date=13 February 2016|work=India Today}}</ref>
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling= Conventional ([[Blast wave|blast]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[thermobaric]]) and [[tactical nuclear weapon]]
|guidance=
|detonation=
|launch_platform=
}}

'''Dhanush''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: [[Devanagari|धनुष]], "Bow") is a variant of the surface-to-surface or ship-to-ship Prithvi III missile, which has been developed for the Indian Navy. It is capable of carrying both conventional as well as nuclear warheads with pay-load capacity of 500 kg-1000 kg<ref name=IndiaToday16/> and can strike targets in the range of 350 km. Dhanush is a system consisting of a stabilization platform and the missile. It is a customized version of the Prithvi and is certified for sea worthiness. Dhanush has to be launched from a hydraulically stabilized launch pad. Its low range acts against it and thus it is seen as a weapon either to be used to destroy an aircraft carrier or an enemy port. The missile has been tested from surface ships of the navy many times.

===History===
The missile was successfully tested-fired from INS ''Subhadra'', which was anchored about {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} offshore from the Integrated Test Range at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] on December 13, 2009. It was the sixth test of the missile.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/india/28077530_1_integrated-test-range-orissa-coast-naval-version | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025151136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/india/28077530_1_integrated-test-range-orissa-coast-naval-version | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-25 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Dhanush missile successfully test-fired | date=2009-12-14}}</ref>

The missile was test-fired successfully on 5 October 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable Dhanush missile|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/india/34278476_1_nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii-chandipur-on-sea-in-balasore-district|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103072626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/india/34278476_1_nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii-chandipur-on-sea-in-balasore-district|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> on 23 November 2013,<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable Dhanush missile|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-successfully-tests-dhanush-ballistic-missile-113112300395_1.html|access-date=2013-10-23|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> 9 April 2015,<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhanush missile successfully test-fired from ship|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/dhanush-successfully-testfired-by-sfc-team/article7084822.ece/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150409123936/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/dhanush-successfully-testfired-by-sfc-team/article7084822.ece/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-09|access-date=2015-04-09|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and 24 November 2015<ref name="2015-11-25_SD">[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/India_test_fires_ship_based_nuclear_capable_missile_999.html India test fires ship-based nuclear-capable missile], SpaceDaily.com, 25 November 2015</ref> from [[Indian Navy]] ship [[INS Subhadra (P51)]] in the Bay of Bengal off the Orissa coast.

The December 2015, an enhanced 350 km version of the Dhanush was tested from {{INS|Rajput|D51|6}} and successfully hit a land-based target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070331_fired.htm|title=domain-b.com : Dhanush, naval surface-to-surface missile, test fired successfully|access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref>

Dhanush was again tested on November 26, 2015 from INS ''Subhadra'' in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|title=Dhanush missile|work=India Today|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

A successful user trial was conducted from a naval ship on 23 February 2018 by the [[Strategic Forces Command]] off the Odisha coast.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dhanush-ballistic-missile-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/63043606.cms|title='Dhanush' ballistic missile successfully test-fired|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>

===Capabilities===
The Dhanush missile can be used as an anti-ship weapon as well as for destroying land targets depending on the range.<ref>{{cite web|title=India tests Prithvi missile's naval version Dhanush|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-india-testfires-nuclear-capable-dhanush-missile/298131-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008025846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-india-testfires-nuclear-capable-dhanush-missile/298131-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2012|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
===Other Indian missile projects===
* [[Project Devil]]
* [[SS-45 Missile]]
* [[Project Valiant]]
* [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]
* [[K Missile family]]

===Comparable missiles===
* [[Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi]]
* [[Abdali-I]]
* [[Shaheen-I]]
* [[J-600T Yıldırım]]
* [[Fateh-313]]
* [[Qiam 1]]
* [[B-611]]
* [[DF-11]]
* [[Al Hussein (missile)]]
* [[Burkan-1]]
* [[Sky Spear]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Prithvi missiles}}
* [https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/prithvi/ CSIS Missile Threat - Prithvi I/II/III]
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/dhanush/ CSIS Missile Threat - Dhanush]

'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prithvi (Missile)}}
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1990s]]

Prithvi (missile)

2022-11-27T10:35:39Z

110.225.1.252: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian series of short-range missiles}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = ''Prithvi''
| image = File:Prithvi-II missile launch on 11 March 2011 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Prithvi II missile during a launch
| origin = {{flag|India}}
| type = [[Short-range ballistic missile]]
| used_by = [[Strategic Forces Command]]
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| propellant = [[Liquid fuel]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II), [[Solid fuel]] (Prithvi III)
| production_date = February 25, 1988 (Prithvi I) January 27, 1996 (Prithvi II) January 23, 2004 (Prithvi III)
| service = 1994 (Prithvi I)
| engine = Single-stage [[liquid rocket]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II), Two-stage [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid rocket]] (Prithvi III)
| engine_power =
| weight = 4,400 kg (Prithvi I) 4,600 kg (Prithvi II) 5,600 kg (Prithvi III)
| number = 30 (2017 est.)<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8-vgAACAAJ |title = The Military Balance 2017|isbn = 9781857439007|date = 2017-02-14}}</ref>
| length = 9 m (Prithvi I) 8.56 m (Prithvi II, Prithvi III)
| height =
| diameter = 110 cm (Prithvi I, Prithvi II) 100 cm (Prithvi III)
| wingspan =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = 150 km (Prithvi I) 250–350 km (Prithvi II) 350–750 km (Prithvi III)
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = [[High explosives]], penetration, [[cluster munition]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[thermobaric]], [[chemical weapon]] and [[tactical nuclear weapon]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} - {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| guidance = Strap-down [[inertial navigation system]]
| detonation =
| accuracy = 50 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi I, Prithvi II) <10 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi II upgrade)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=Night trial of nuke capable Prithvi-II missile successful, second trial in a month's time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/17/night-trial-of-nuke-capable-prithvi-ii-missile-successful-second-trial-in-a-months-time-2211240.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |agency=ENS |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 October 2022}}</ref> 25 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] (Prithvi III)<ref>{{cite web |last1=CSIS |title=Prithvi-I/II/III |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/prithvi/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>
| launch_platform = 8 x 8 Tata [[transporter erector launcher]]
}}

'''Prithvi''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: [[prithvi|{{IAST|pṛthvī}}]] ''"Earth"'') is a tactical [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] short-range [[ballistic missile]] (SRBM) developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) of India under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] (IGMDP). It is deployed by India's [[Strategic Forces Command]].

== Development and history ==
The Government of India launched the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]] in 1983
to achieve self-sufficiency in the development and production of wide range of ballistic missiles, surface-to-air missiles etc. Prithvi was the first missile to be developed under the program. [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] attempted to build a surface-to-air missile under [[Project Devil]].<ref name=br>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Prithvi.html|title=PRITHVI SRBM |access-date=2008-02-06 |author=Arun Vishwakarma |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212063803/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Prithvi.html  |archive-date = 2007-12-12}}</ref> Variants make use of either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its role as a [[tactical nuclear weapon]].

=== Variants ===
The Prithvi missile project encompassed developing three variants for use by the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. The initial project framework of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program outlines the variants in the following manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011202044243/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/indiach2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive, ''accessed'' 18 October 2006|archive-date=2 December 2001}}</ref>
*'''Prithvi I (SS-150)''' – Army version ''({{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} range with a payload of {{convert|1,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''
*'''Prithvi II (SS-250)''' – Air Force version ''({{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-2806807/|title=India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile|date=2016-05-18|access-date=2016-08-05}}</ref> ''range with a payload of {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''
*'''Prithvi III (SS-350)''' – Naval version ''({{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} range with a payload of {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}})''

== Description ==
[[File:Agni and Prithvi.jpg|thumb|[[Agni (missile)|Agni]] and Prithvi missile models in [[DRDO]], [[Balasore]]]]

=== Prithvi I ===
'''Prithvi I''' class is a single-stage liquid-fueled surface-to-surface ballistic missile having a maximum warhead mounting capability of 1,000 kg, with a range of {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It has an accuracy of {{convert|10|–|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} and can be launched from [[transporter erector launcher]]s. This class of Prithvi missile was inducted into the [[Indian Army]] in 1994. As Per (DRDO)'s former Chief Avinash Chander , the tactical 150 km-range Prithvi missile will be replaced with the [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]] missile, which is more capable and has more accuracy. According to Chander, the Prithvi I missiles withdrawn from service would be upgraded to be used for longer ranges.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

=== Prithvi II ===
'''Prithvi II''' class is also a single-stage liquid-fueled missile having a maximum warhead mounting capability of 500 kg, but with an extended range of {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It was developed with the [[Indian Air Force]] being the primary user. It was first test-fired on 27 January 1996 and the development stages were completed in 2004. This variant has been inducted into the army as well. In a test, the missile was launched with an extended range of {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and had improved navigation due to an [[inertial navigation system]]. The missile features measures to deceive [[anti-ballistic missile]]s.

The missile was inducted into India's [[Strategic Forces Command]] in 2003, and it was the first missile developed under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|IGMDP]].<ref>{{Cite news | title=Prithvi-II training launch successful | date=August 12, 2013 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/prithviii-training-launch-successful/article5014874.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|access-date = 14 August 2022}}</ref> After a failed test on 24 September 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=39106 |title=PIB Press Release |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref> two more missiles aimed at two different targets were launched on 22 December 2010 and were successful.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/india/28238152_1_strategic-force-command-integrated-test-range-ballistic-missiles | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/india/28238152_1_strategic-force-command-integrated-test-range-ballistic-missiles | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-11-04 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=India test-fires two Prithvi-II ballistic missiles | date=2010-12-22}}</ref> According to news sources the range is now increased to {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the payload capacity now ranges between 500 – 1000 kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/improved-prithviii-successfully-test-fired/447208/ | title=Improved Prithvi-II successfully test fired | work=The Indian Express | date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author= TOI|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29637697_1_prithvi-ii-zero-circular-error-probability-single-digit-accuracy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107180224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29637697_1_prithvi-ii-zero-circular-error-probability-single-digit-accuracy|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-07| work= [[The Times of India]]|title=Nuclear-capable Prithvi-II test-fired | date =2011-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=PTI, Oct 12, 2009, 10.40am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-12/india/28089257_1_prithvi-ii-nuclear-capable-integrated-test-range |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025035343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-12/india/28089257_1_prithvi-ii-nuclear-capable-integrated-test-range |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-25 |title=Two nuclear capable Prithvi-2 missiles successfully test fired - India |date=2009-10-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/jun/02/indian-army-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missile-prithvi-ii-off-odisha-coast-1612026.html|title= Indian army successfully test fires nuclear capable ballistic missile Prithvi-II off Odisha coast|access-date=June 2, 2017|date= June 2, 2022}}</ref> On June 2, India successfully test-fired its indigenous nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile. The launch happened at the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur in Odisha at 9:50am. The missile, capable of carrying payloads of up to 1,000 kg, was inducted into the armed forces in 2003. It is the first to be developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization under its Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.

India's Strategic Forces Command test launched two short-range nuclear capable ballistic missiles at night as part of its annual training cycle to test the combat readiness of the Indian Army's missile forces. Two Prithvi-II tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles were test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) on Dr. Abdul Kalam Island in the Bay of Bengal off the coast of Odisha at nighttime on November 20. The missile launches took place between 7 p.m. and 7:15 p.m., according to government sources cited in local media reports. The trial of the surface-to-surface missile with a strike range of 350 km was carried out from a mobile launcher from launch complex-3 of the ITR at 7:05 pm, sources told India Today TV, adding it was a routine trial.<ref name="India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles">{{cite news |last1=Karan |title=India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/india-test-fires-two-prithvi-ii-short-range-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missiles/ |access-date=20 November 2019 |publisher=Prithvi II Tested Strike Range 350KM}}</ref>

India on Tuesday conducted a night trial of its indigenously developed, nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Prithvi-II missile off Odisha coast.
The Strategic Forces Command conducted the night trial of short-range ballistic missile Prithvi-II from launch complex-3 of Integrated Test Range in Chandipur.Defence sources said that the missile has strike range of 350 km, was test-fired at 7.48 p.m. on Tuesday 04 Dec.<ref name="India conducts another night trial of Prithvi-II missile">{{cite news |last1=Velira1 |title=India on Tuesday conducted a night trial of its indigenously developed, nuclear-capable surface-to-surface Prithvi-II missile off Odisha coast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-conducts-night-trial-prithvi-ii-missile-1624900-2019-12-04 |access-date=4 December 2019 |publisher=Prithvi Tested Strike Range of 350 Km}}</ref> The Strategic Forces Command conducted night trial of Prithvi II in full operational configuration from Launch Complex III of Integrated Test Range on 23 September 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Nuke capable Prithvi-II night trial successful|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/sep/24/nuke-capable-prithvi-ii-night-trial-successful-2201239.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Test type
!Date
!User
!Status
!Notes
|-
|Test
|27 January 1996
|DRDO
|rowspan="3" |Successful
|
|-
| rowspan="19"|User Trial
|12 October 2009 (I)
| rowspan="23" |[[Strategic Forces Command]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-testfires-two-prithvi-ii-missiles/article32683.ece|title=India test-fires two Prithvi- II missiles|date=2009-10-12|newspaper=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|12 October 2009 (II)
|-
|22 December 2010 (I)
| rowspan="20" |Successful
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|22 December 2010 (II)
|-
|9 June 2011
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2090796.ece|title=Prithvi-II successfully launched|date=9 June 2011|work=Business Line|author=Unacknowledged|access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|25 August 2012
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3820537.ece|title=Prithvi II successfully test-fired|date=2012-08-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref>
|-
|4 October 2012
|<ref name="hindu4">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prithvi-ii-ballistic-missile-test-fired/article3964130.ece|title=Prithvi-II ballistic missile test fired|date=4 October 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|7 October 2013
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-prithvi-2-missile/|title=Nuclear Capable Prithvi 2 Missile soars again successfully|work=The Biharprabha News|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|7 January 2014
|<ref name="ie23">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-testfires-nuclearcapable-prithviii-missile/1216373/|title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile|date=7 January 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|28 March 2014
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/La1vUTErS0IDMNn9atpGAK/India-test-fires-nuclearcapable-PrithviII-missile-from-Cha.html|title=India test fires nuclear-capable Prithvi-II missile from Chandipur|last=PTI|date=2014-03-28|website=livemint.com/|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref><ref name="ie23" />
|-
|26 November 2015
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-n-capable-prithvi-ii-missile/|title=India successfully test fires Prithvi|date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|16 February 2016
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/51006905.cms|title=Indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile successfully test-fired - The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Prithvi-II-missile-test-fired-in-Odisha/articleshow/51008892.cms|title=Prithvi-II missile test-fired in Odisha|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-02-16}}</ref>
|-
|18 May 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Indian-army-successfully-test-fires-Prithvi-II-ballistic-missile/2016/05/18/article3439225.ece|title=Indian army successfully test fires Prithvi-II ballistic missile|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-successfully-test-fires-indigenously-developed-prithvi-ii-missile-2806807/|title=India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile|date=2016-05-18|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/India-successfully-test-fires-Prithvi-II-missile-from-Chandipur/articleshow/52322704.cms|title=India successfully test fires Prithvi-II missile from Chandipur|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|21 November 2016 (I)
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/21/india-successfully-conducts-twin-trial-of-prithvi-ii-missile-1541015.html|title=India successfully conducts twin trial of Prithvi-II missile|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/prithvi-ii-s-twin-trial-successfully-test-fired-10-key-points-about-india-s-indigenous-missile-116112200225_1.html|title=Prithvi II's twin trial successfully test fired: 10 key points about India's indigenous missile|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
|-
|21 November 2016 (II)
|-
|2 June 2017
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|-
|7 February 2018
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-successfully-test-fires-nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii/articleshow/62818448.cms|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear capable Prithvi-II|date=2018-02-07|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>
|-
|21 February 2018
|{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
|21 November 2019
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=India Test Fires Two Prithvi-II Short-Range Nuclear-Capable Ballistic Missiles|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/india-test-fires-two-prithvi-ii-short-range-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missiles|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>
|-
|4 December 2019
| rowspan="3" |User Night Trial
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-conducts-night-trial-prithvi-ii-missile-1624900-2019-12-04|title=India conducts another night trial of Prithvi-II missile|date=2019-12-04|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
|-
|23 September 2020
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|16 October 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-17|title=Another night trial of Prithvi-II ballistic missile conducted off Odisha coast - OrissaPOST|url=https://www.orissapost.com/another-night-trial-of-prithvi-ii-ballistic-missile-conducted-off-odisha-coast/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Orissa POST|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Prithvi III ===
'''Prithvi III''' class is a two-stage surface-to-surface missile. The first stage is solid fueled with a 16 [[kilogram-force|metric ton force]] (157 [[kilonewton|kN]]) thrust motor. The second stage is liquid-fueled. The missile can carry a 1,000 kg warhead to a distance of {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a 500 kg warhead to a distance of {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a 250 kg warhead up to a distance of {{convert|750|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

Prithvi III was first tested in 2000 from {{INS|Subhadra|P51|6}}, a {{Sclass|Sukanya|patrol vessel|1}}. The missile was launched from the updated reinforced helicopter deck of the vessel. The first flight test of the {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} variant was only partially successful.<ref name="nrdc.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab20.asp | title=Nuclear Data - Table of Indian Nuclear Forces, 2002 | publisher=NRDC | access-date=2010-07-16}}</ref> The full operational testing was completed in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/prithvi.html |title=Prithvi |author=Unacknowledged |date=12 Oct 2009 |work=Bharat Rakshak Missiles |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514165459/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/prithvi.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref>

==Dhanush (missile) ==
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=''Dhanush''
|image=File:Dhanush missile launch on 11 March 2011.jpg
|caption=Dhanush missile during a launch
|origin={{flag|India}}
|type=[[Short-range ballistic missile]]
|used_by= {{Navy|India}}
|designer= [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|production_date=
|service=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|weight=4,500 kg
|length= 8.53m
|height=
|diameter=0.9m
|wingspan=
|speed=
|vehicle_range=*350 km with 1000 kg warhead.
*600 km with 500 kg warhead.
*750 km with 250 kg warhead.<ref name=IndiaToday16>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires Dhanush missile: All you need to know|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|access-date=13 February 2016|work=India Today}}</ref>
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling= Conventional ([[Blast wave|blast]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]], [[thermobaric]]) and [[tactical nuclear weapon]]
|guidance=
|detonation=
|launch_platform=
}}

'''Dhanush''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: [[Devanagari|धनुष]], "Bow") is a variant of the surface-to-surface or ship-to-ship Prithvi III missile, which has been developed for the Indian Navy. It is capable of carrying both conventional as well as nuclear warheads with pay-load capacity of 500 kg-1000 kg<ref name=IndiaToday16/> and can strike targets in the range of 350 km. Dhanush is a system consisting of a stabilization platform and the missile. It is a customized version of the Prithvi and is certified for sea worthiness. Dhanush has to be launched from a hydraulically stabilized launch pad. Its low range acts against it and thus it is seen as a weapon either to be used to destroy an aircraft carrier or an enemy port. The missile has been tested from surface ships of the navy many times.

===History===
The missile was successfully tested-fired from INS ''Subhadra'', which was anchored about {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} offshore from the Integrated Test Range at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] on December 13, 2009. It was the sixth test of the missile.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/india/28077530_1_integrated-test-range-orissa-coast-naval-version | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025151136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/india/28077530_1_integrated-test-range-orissa-coast-naval-version | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-10-25 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Dhanush missile successfully test-fired | date=2009-12-14}}</ref>

The missile was test-fired successfully on 5 October 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable Dhanush missile|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/india/34278476_1_nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii-chandipur-on-sea-in-balasore-district|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103072626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/india/34278476_1_nuclear-capable-prithvi-ii-chandipur-on-sea-in-balasore-district|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> on 23 November 2013,<ref>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires nuclear-capable Dhanush missile|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-successfully-tests-dhanush-ballistic-missile-113112300395_1.html|access-date=2013-10-23|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> 9 April 2015,<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhanush missile successfully test-fired from ship|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/dhanush-successfully-testfired-by-sfc-team/article7084822.ece/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150409123936/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/dhanush-successfully-testfired-by-sfc-team/article7084822.ece/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-09|access-date=2015-04-09|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and 24 November 2015<ref name="2015-11-25_SD">[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/India_test_fires_ship_based_nuclear_capable_missile_999.html India test fires ship-based nuclear-capable missile], SpaceDaily.com, 25 November 2015</ref> from [[Indian Navy]] ship [[INS Subhadra (P51)]] in the Bay of Bengal off the Orissa coast.

The December 2015, an enhanced 350 km version of the Dhanush was tested from {{INS|Rajput|D51|6}} and successfully hit a land-based target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/20070331_fired.htm|title=domain-b.com : Dhanush, naval surface-to-surface missile, test fired successfully|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref>

Dhanush was again tested on November 26, 2015 from INS ''Subhadra'' in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/dhanush/1/531950.html|title=Dhanush missile|work=India Today|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

A successful user trial was conducted from a naval ship on 23 February 2018 by the [[Strategic Forces Command]] off the Odisha coast.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dhanush-ballistic-missile-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/63043606.cms|title='Dhanush' ballistic missile successfully test-fired|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>

===Capabilities===
The Dhanush missile can be used as an anti-ship weapon as well as for destroying land targets depending on the range.<ref>{{cite web|title=India tests Prithvi missile's naval version Dhanush|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-india-testfires-nuclear-capable-dhanush-missile/298131-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008025846/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/odisha-india-testfires-nuclear-capable-dhanush-missile/298131-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2012|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
===Other Indian missile projects===
* [[Project Devil]]
* [[SS-45 Missile]]
* [[Project Valiant]]
* [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]
* [[K Missile family]]

===Comparable missiles===
* [[Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi]]
* [[Abdali-I]]
* [[Shaheen-I]]
* [[J-600T Yıldırım]]
* [[Fateh-313]]
* [[Qiam 1]]
* [[B-611]]
* [[DF-11]]
* [[Al Hussein (missile)]]
* [[Burkan-1]]
* [[Sky Spear]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Prithvi missiles}}
* [https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/prithvi/ CSIS Missile Threat - Prithvi I/II/III]
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/dhanush/ CSIS Missile Threat - Dhanush]

'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prithvi (Missile)}}
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1990s]]