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J. F. R. Jacob

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{{Short description|Indian Army officer and statesman (1923–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jack Farj Rafael Jacob
| image = File:JFR Jacob.jpg
| office = 24th{{nbsp}}[[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|5|2}}<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/><ref name="birthdate" group="note">As given in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List''.</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|1|13|1921|5|2}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Now, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| office1 = 9th{{nbsp}}[[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| predecessor1 = [[T. R. Satish Chandran]]
| successor1 = [[Mohammed Fazal]]
| termend1 = 26{{nbsp}}November 1999
| termstart1 = 19{{nbsp}}April 1998
| birth_name = Jack Farj Rafael Jacob
| module = {{Infobox military person
|embed = yes
|nickname =
|allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
|branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
|serviceyears = 7 June 1942 – 31 July 1978
|rank = [[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
|servicenumber = IC-470<ref name="major"/>
|unit =
|commands = [[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] 12 Infantry Division
|battles = [[World War II]]
*[[Tunisia Campaign]]
*[[Burma Campaign]]
[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]
[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
}}
| battles_label =
| awards = {{plainlist
|
* [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* Commendation of Merit
* [[Friends of Liberation War Honour]]
|relations=
|signature = }}
| relations =
| occupation =
| profession =
| predecessor = [[B. K. N. Chhibber]]
| successor = [[O. P. Verma]]
| termend = 8{{nbsp}}May 2003
| termstart = 27{{nbsp}}November 1999
| signature =
| 4blankname = Chief Minister
| 4namedata = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| 4blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 4namedata1 = [[Pratapsingh Rane]] (1998) [[Luizinho Faleiro]] (1998–1999) [[Francisco Sardinha]] (1999)
}}
[[Lieutenant General]] '''Jack Farj Rafael''' '''Jacob''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]] (2{{Nbsp}}May 1921 – 13{{Nbsp}}January 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lt-gen-jfr-jacob-pvsm-retd/articleshow/50564598.cms|title=LT GEN JFR JACOB, PVSM (RETD)|work=The Times of India|date=14 January 2016|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>), was a [[general officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]. He was best known for the role he played in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971. Jacob, then a [[Major general (India)|major general]], served as the chief of staff of the Indian Army's [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]. During his 36-year long career in the army, Jacob fought in [[World War II]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. He later served as the [[Governor (India)|governor]] of the Indian states of [[Goa]] and [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].

==Early life==
Jacob was born in [[Calcutta]] to a deeply religious [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] family originally from [[Iraq]] which had settled in Calcutta in the mid-19th century. His father, Elias Emanuel, was an affluent businessman.<ref name="OTM">{{cite web|first=Aimee |last=Ginsburg |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-sum-of-his-many-parts |title=The Sum of His Many Parts |publisher=Openthemagazine.com |date=2 June 2012 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> After his father became sick, Jacob was sent at the age of nine to [[Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)|Victoria Boys' School]], a boarding school in [[Kurseong]] near [[Darjeeling]]. From then on, he went home only during school holidays.<ref name=itoday/>

Jacob, motivated by reports of the [[Holocaust]] of [[European Jews]] during World War II, enlisted in the [[British Indian Army]] in 1942 as "Jack Frederick Ralph Jacob."<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/> His father objected to his enlisting. Jacob said in 2010, "I am proud to be a Jew, but am Indian through and through."<ref name="OTM" />

==Military career==
===Early career===
Jacob graduated from the Officers' Training School in [[Mhow]] in 1942, and received an emergency commission as a [[second lieutenant]] on 7{{Nbsp}}June.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=631|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref> He was initially posted to northern Iraq in anticipation of a possible [[Nazi Germany|German]] attempt to seize the oil fields of [[Kirkuk]], and was promoted war-substantive [[lieutenant]] on 7{{Nbsp}}December.<ref name=itoday/><ref name=toi/><ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/>

In 1943, Jacob was transferred to an artillery brigade that was dispatched to [[Tunisia Campaign|Tunisia]] to reinforce the [[British Army]] against Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]]. The brigade arrived after the [[Axis powers|Axis]] surrender. From 1943 to the end of the war, Jacob's unit fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] against the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref name=tribune>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Jacob, 1971 war hero, dies at 92|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/cities/chandigarh/lt-gen-jacob-1971-war-hero-dies-at-92/183340.html|work=The Tribune|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> In the wake of Japan's defeat, he was assigned to [[Sumatra]].<ref name=dtrib/>

On 27{{Nbsp}}October 1945, Jacob was granted a permanent commission in the rank of lieutenant.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book|pages=269E|title=Indian Army List (Special Edition) 1947|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref> After World War II, he attended and graduated from artillery schools in England and the United States, specialising in advanced artillery and missiles.<ref name=tribune/> He returned to India following its [[partition of India|partition]], and joined the [[Indian Army]].

===Post-Independence===
In May 1951, Jacob was selected to attend the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]], the staff course started in October of the same year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff College Entrance Examination Results |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1951-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1951-05-25_094.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=25 May 1951 |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> As the first commanding officer, he raised [[3 Medium Regiment|3 Field Regiment]] on 14 May 1956.<ref name="Khullar 2017">{{cite book|last=Khullar|first=Darshan |title= Themes of Glory: Indian Artillery in War|date=2017|publisher= VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd|isbn=978-9385563973|page=}}</ref> On 20 May 1964, he was given command of an artillery brigade, with the acting rank of [[brigadier]].<ref name="act_brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=312 |date=8 August 1964|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], he commanded an [[Infantry Division]], which later became the [[12th Infantry Division (India)|12th Infantry Division]], in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=dtrib/> During this period, Jacob composed an Indian Army manual on [[desert warfare]].<ref name=redi>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen JFR Jacob: The man who masterminded Pakistan's surrender in 1971|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/defence-news-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-the-man-who-masterminded-pakistan-surrender-in-1971-war/20151213.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

Jacob was promoted to substantive brigadier on 17{{Nbsp}}January 1966,<ref name="brig"/> and took command of an infantry brigade on 30 September.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=777 |date=31 December 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 2 October 1967, he was promoted to the acting rank of [[major general]] and was given command of an infantry division,<ref name="GOC_actg">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=874 |date=18 November 1967 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name=itoday>{{cite web|title=Who was Lt Gen JFR Jacob? Here's all you need to know about the 1971 Indo-Pak war hero|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jfr-jacob-1971-indo-pakistan-war-hero-liberation-of-bangladesh/1/569401.html|publisher=India Today|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> with promotion to the substantive rank on 10 June 1968.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=286 |date=29 March 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 29 April 1969, he was appointed the chief of staff (COS) of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], by [[General (India)|General]] [[Sam Manekshaw]] (later [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=597 |date=28 June 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name="dtrib">{{cite web|title=Never surrender: Remembering JFR Jacob|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/jan/14/never-surrender-remembering-jfr-jacob|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> As the COS, Jacob's immediate superior was [[Lieutenant General]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], the [[General officer commanding|General officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C)]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref name=toi>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen JFR Jacob, last of 1971 war trinity, dies at 92|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lt-Gen-JFR-Jacob-last-of-1971-war-trinity-dies-at-92/articleshow/50569055.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> Jacob was soon tasked with dealing with the mounting [[insurgency in Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India can hold but not deter China: Lt Gen (retd) JFR Jacob in conversation with Gen (retd) Ved Prakash Malik|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-can-hold-but-not-deter-china-says-lt-gen-jfr-jacob/1/237623.html|publisher=India Today|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

===Bangladesh Liberation War===
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumbnail|[[A. A. K. Niazi]] signing the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] under the gaze of [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|J. S. Aurora]]. Standing immediately behind (L-R) [[Nilakanta Krishnan|Nilkanta Krishnan]], [[Hari Chand Dewan]], [[Sagat Singh]], Jacob (with. Krishnamurthy peeping over his shoulder). Newscaster, [[Surajit Sen]] of [[All India Radio]], is seen holding a microphone on the right]]
Jacob gained prominence during his stint as the chief of staff of the Eastern Command; the command helped to defeat the [[Pakistan Army]] in [[East Pakistan]] during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Do not forget Operation Searchlight of Gen Yahya Khan|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/do-not-forget-operation-searchlight-of-gen-yahya-khan_433109.html|work=Zee News|access-date=15 January 2016|date=28 March 2008}}</ref> Jacob was awarded a commendation of merit for his role.<ref name=haaretz/>

In March 1971, the Pakistan Army launched [[Operation Searchlight]] to stem the Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan.<ref name="Ganguly">{{cite book|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-231-12369-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang/page/60 60]|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang/page/60}}</ref> The action led to over 10{{Nbsp}}million refugees entering India, fuelling tensions between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=A leaf from history: After Operation Searchlight|date=3 March 2012|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/699975/a-leaf-from-history-after-operation-searchlight|work=Dawn|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref> By the monsoon season Jacob—as chief of staff—was tasked with drawing the contingency plans in case of a conflict. After consulting with his superior officers, Jacob developed a plan for engaging [[Pakistan]] in a "[[Maneuver warfare|war of movement]]" in the difficult and swampy terrain of East Pakistan.<ref name=itoday/>

An initial plan, given to the Eastern Command by [[Sam Manekshaw|Manekshaw]], involved an incursion into East Pakistan and the capture of the provinces of [[Chittagong]] and [[Khulna]].<ref name=dstar>{{cite web|title=We did not take Khulna, and we did not capture Chittagong, yet we won the war.|date=22 March 2015|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/we-did-not-take-khulna-and-we-did-not-capture-chittagong-yet-we-won-the-war-72964|work=The Daily Star|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref> Senior Indian Army officers were reluctant to execute an aggressive invasion for fears of early ceasefire demands by the [[United Nations]] and a looming threat posed by China.<ref name=redi/> That, together with the difficulty of navigating the marshy terrain of East Pakistan through three wide rivers, led the commanders to initially believe that the capture of all of East Pakistan was not possible. Jacob disagreed; his "war of movement" plan aimed to take control of all of East Pakistan. Jacob felt that the capital [[Dhaka]] was the geopolitical centre of the region, and that any successful campaign had to involve the eventual capture of Dhaka.<ref name=redi/> Realising that the Pakistani Army's commander of its [[Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command|eastern command]], [[A. A. K. Niazi]], was going to fortify the towns and "defend them in strength", his plan was to bypass intermediary towns altogether, neutralise Pakistan's command and communication infrastructure, and use secondary routes to reach Dhaka.<ref name=itoday/> Jacob's plan was eventually approved by the Eastern Command.<ref name=redi/>

The strategy eventually led to the capture of Dhaka. The Pakistani forces were selectively bypassed, their communication centres were captured and secured, and their command and control capabilities were destroyed.<ref name=redi/> His campaign was planned for execution in three weeks, but was executed in under a fortnight.

Jacob understood that a protracted war would not be in India's best interests. On 16 December, during a lull in the battle, Jacob sought permission to visit Niazi to seek his surrender. He flew to Dhaka and obtained an unconditional surrender from Niazi,<ref name=redi/> who later accused Jacob of blackmailing him into the surrender by threatening to order the annihilation of Pakistani troops in the east by bombing.<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-victory-and-little-else/story-SsNVK32pgh3qygG1vBkNrM.html |title=A victory, and little else |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> Gen. Jacob made Niazi surrender in a public surrender at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Dhaka racecourse]] in front of the people of Dhaka, as well as provide a guard of honour.<ref>{{cite news |last= Sengupta|first= Ramananda|date=20 December 2006|title=How Pakistan surrendered in 1971|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/20jacob.htm|newspaper=Rediff News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFp05Rc1rcE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/GFp05Rc1rcE |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Walk the Talk with Lieutenant General JFR Jacob|publisher=NDTV}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The war was a significant victory for India, with nearly ninety thousand Pakistani soldiers surrendering to the Indian Army despite only three thousand Indian soldiers in the immediate area of Dhaka.<ref name=tribune/>

A study of the campaign by Pakistan's [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence College]] concluded that "the credit really goes to Jacob's meticulous preparations in the Indian eastern command and to the implementation by his corps commanders."<ref name=itoday/><ref name="hindustantimes1"/> According to the website [[Bharat Rakshak]], Jacob had repeatedly asserted that the Bangladesh war was only successful because of his own efforts rather than those of [[Sam Manekshaw|Field Marshal Manekshaw]] or the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|GOC-in-C]] of Eastern Command, Lieutenant General [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Aurora]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Walia|first=Sumit|title=1971 War: Dhaka or Bust?|url=http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1971War/409-1971-War-Dhaka-or-Bust.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104162502/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1971War/409-1971-War-Dhaka-or-Bust.html|archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>

For his role in the war, Jacob was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM) for distinguished service of the most exceptional order. The citation for the PVSM reads as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=President's Secretariat |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1972-JAN-MAY-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1972-01-06_012.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=6 January 1972}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''MAJOR GENERAL JACK FREDERICK RALPH JACOB (IC-470)''' 
'''COS, HQ Eastern Command'''}}

In the operations in the Eastern Theatre, leading to the liberation of BANGLADESH, the contribution of Major General JACK FREDERICK RALPH JACOB, has been pivotal and most valuable as Chief of Staff, Eastern Command he worked for long hours over an extended period without loss of efficiency and displayed a firm grip and outstanding organising ability. He was responsible for detailed planning and execution of administrative and logistic support and his handling of these difficult problems during operations was highly imaginative, thorough and efficient. He has displayed devotion to duty, unstinted loyalty and outstanding ability and has rendered distinguished service of the most exceptional order.|sign=|source=}}

===Later military career===
On 17 June 1972, Jacob was promoted to the acting rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]] and was appointed as the [[General Officer Commanding]] of [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] (newly created),<ref name="act_lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=95 |date=27 January 1973|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> with promotion to substantive lieutenant-general on 5 August 1973.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=314 |date=16 March 1974|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> His final appointment was as GOC-in-C, Eastern Command, which he held from 1974 until 31 July 1978, when he retired from the Army following 36{{Nbsp}}years of service and having reached the mandatory retirement age.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=975 |date=7 October 1978|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name=haaretz/>

==Post-retirement life and political career==
[[File:גנרל ג'ייקוב (General JFR Jacob) מדליק חנוכיה בביתו.JPG|thumbnail|Jacob lighting [[Hanukkah]] candles, together with [[Rabbi]] Schneur Kuptz'ik, [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] [[Diplomat|emissary]] in Delhi (December 2012)]]
Following his retirement from the army, Jacob entered a career in business. In the late 1990s, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and served as its security adviser.<ref name=haaretz>{{cite news|last1=Barzilai|first1=Amnon|title=The Jewish General Who Beat Pakistan|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-jewish-general-who-beat-pakistan-1.133918|newspaper=Haaretz|date=6 September 2004|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

From 19 April 1998 till 26 November 1999, he served as the [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]. While Governor of Goa, he was also the administrator during president's rule, due to instability in the Goa assembly. As administrator, he was recognised as an efficient administrator. He contributed to the preservation of Goa's natural green cover by declaring [[Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary|Mhadei]] [{{convert|209|km2|sqmi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}] and [[Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary|Netravati]] [{{convert|211|km2|sqmi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}] as wildlife sanctuaries.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 January 2016|title=Gen Jacob not only a war hero but green hero: Goa assembly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Gen-Jacob-not-only-a-war-hero-but-green-hero-Goa-assembly/articleshow/50575505.cms|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 January 2016|title=Goa Assembly pays homage to ex-Governor Lt Gen J F R Jacob|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/goa-assembly-pays-homage-to-ex-governor-lt-gen-j-f-r-jacob-861317/|newspaper=India.com}}</ref>

From 27 November 1999 till 8 May 2003, he served as the [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]], and [[List of administrators of Chandigarh|Administrator of Chandigarh]]. During this period, he successfully setup the IT Park in Chandigarh and invited [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], Chairman of [[Infosys]], to setup a development center there. Thereafter, other IT companies also set up operations in the Chandigarh IT Park, thus increasing employment avenues in the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lt. Gen J.F.R. Jacob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99BbBAAAQBAJ&q=I+met+executives+from+Infosys,+Satyam,+and+Wipro,+and+managed+to+persuade+Narayan+Murthy+of+Infosys+to+set+up+a+complex+at+Chandigarh&pg=PT134|title=An Odyssey in War and Peace|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|year= 2012|isbn=9788174369338|location=262|pages=189}}</ref> He also conceptualised the Chandigarh War Memorial, which was designed by the students of the [[Chandigarh College of Architecture]] and inaugurated by President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] on 17 August 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 August 2006|title=Chandigarh War Memorial inaugurated by Kalam|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/chandigarh-war-memorial-inaugurated-by-kalam/407410|newspaper=Outlook India}}</ref>

He was a supporter of improved [[India–Israel relations]]. When the Bharatiya Janata Party became part of the ruling coalition government of India in 1998, one of their first priorities was to improve relations with Israel, with which India has had formal diplomatic relations since 1992.<ref name=haaretz/> In the run-up to [[2004 Indian general election|2004 election]], he postulated the implications of a win for the [[Indian National Congress]] in terms of Indo–Israel relations as:

{{quote|A victory by the Congress Party under the leadership of [[Sonia Gandhi]]...will not lead to any change in India's policy toward Israel. The good relations will continue, and in certain area even grow deeper. If I had to rank the present-day level of relations between India and [[Israel]], I would give them a 9 out of 10.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Diwakar|title=Modern Journalism Reporting and Writing|year=2005|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|pages=200}}</ref><ref name=haaretz/>}}

He supported the purchase and trade of military equipment and technology from Israel by India, particularly the purchase of [[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Israeli Arrow missiles]], which he preferred over the U.S.-made [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot missiles]] on account of the Arrows' ability to intercept enemy missiles at higher altitudes.<ref name=haaretz/>

He remained cautious about relations between India and Pakistan in light of the Pakistani media's suggesting that military and intelligence co-operation between Israel and India, which they called a "[[Zionism|Zionist]] threat" on Pakistan's borders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/pakistan/pakistan.htm |title=Pakistan |publisher=Axt.org.uk |date=3 January 1997 |access-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005064328/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/pakistan/pakistan.htm |archive-date=5 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/4604.asp |title=Pakistan's Israel dilemma |publisher=Indiadaily.com |access-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628064504/http://indiadaily.com/editorial/4604.asp |archive-date=28 June 2012 }}</ref>

{{quote|India has been attacked several times by Pakistan. We cannot take risks, and be unprepared for a surprise attack. India should be prepared for both Pakistan and China. Therefore, there is a need for anti-missile missiles. Due to the Pakistani danger and the threat of launch of missiles with nuclear warheads.<ref name=haaretz/>}}

He was also positive about India's recent economic growth and the capabilities of the young Indian generation. He said:

{{quote|As a country, we are at the threshold of an economic explosion and, hence, at this moment, empowerment means most to those who hold the key to the future. I talk of the younger generation. Sound economic and strategic planning will bring about this change. Unfortunately, since our prosperity comes in bursts, good governance, in the form of dedicated politicians and bureaucrats, is essential to usher any changes.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Big Idea|url=http://www.indiaempowered.com/templates/bigidea.html|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>}}

The Bangladesh government, in 2012, in recognition of his contribution to the creation of Bangladesh, conferred the Friends of Liberation War on Jacob.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/editorial/passing-general-jacob-201976 Passing on of General Jacob, Adieu dear friend, Bangladesh Daily Star, Friday January 15, 2016]</ref>

==Death==
[[File:The Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar paying homage at the mortal remains of Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Jacob, in New Delhi on January 14, 2016.jpg|thumb|Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] lays a wreath at Lt. Gen. Jacob's grave in New Delhi on 14 January 2016.]]
On 13 January 2016, at around 8.30 am [[Indian Standard Time|local time]], Jacob died at [[New Delhi]]'s Army Research and Referral Hospital due to pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=1971 Indo-Pak War Hero, Lieutenant General JFR Jacob Dies|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1971-indo-pak-war-hero-lieutenant-general-jfr-jacob-dies-1265318|publisher=NDTV|access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RIP: Lt Gen JFR Jacob, hero of the 1971 war, passes away at 93|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rip-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-hero-of-the-1971-war-passes-away-2582162.html|access-date=13 January 2016|agency=Firstpost|work=Firstpost|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> He was laid to rest the following day in Delhi's [[Jewish cemetery]] on Humayun Road. His funeral was attended by India's [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]], [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|information minister]], and foreign delegations.<ref name=dna>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen JFR Jacob, 1971 Indo-Pak war hero, laid to rest in New Delhi|date=14 January 2016|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-1971-indo-pak-war-hero-laid-to-rest-in-new-delhi-2165932|work=DNA India|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

In April 2019, Israel honoured Jacob with a commemorative plaque on the [[Battle of Ammunition Hill#Memorial site|Ammunition Hill Wall of Honour]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel honours 1971 war hero Lt Gen JFR Jacob with a plaque on Ammunition Hill Wall of Honour |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/israel-honours-1971-war-hero-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-with-a-plaque-on-ammunition-hill-wall-of-honour/articleshow/69116030.cms |access-date=1 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=30 April 2019}}</ref>

==Major publications==

Jacob was the author of these books:
* ''Surrender at Dacca: Birth of a Nation'' ({{ISBN|984-05-1395-8}})
* ''An Odyssey in War and Peace: An Autobiography'' ({{ISBN|978-81-7436-840-9}})

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-1a.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 7 June 1942 (emergency) 7 December 1943 (substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 7 December 1942 (war-substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/> 27 October 1945 (substantive; regular commission)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-2.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || 2 February 1945 (acting)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/> 2 May 1945 (temporary) 20 July 1946 (war-substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|35px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 20 April 1946 (acting) 20 July 1946 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || Lieutenant || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref group="note" name="insignia">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-2.svg|35px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 1948<ref group="note" name="insignia"/><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major]] || Indian Army || 7 June 1955<ref name="major">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=177 |date=17 September 1955 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 7 June 1958<ref name="lt_col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=217 |date=27 August 1960 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 23 December 1964<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=583 |date=13 November 1965 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 20 May 1964 (acting)<ref name="act_brig"/> 17 January 1966 (substantive)<ref name="brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=557 |date=17 September 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 2 October 1967 (acting)<ref name="GOC_actg"/> 10 June 1968 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 17 June 1972 (acting)<ref name="act_lt_gen"/> 5 August 1973 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen"/>
|-
|}

==In popular culture==
The short film 'Mukti – Birth of a Nation', starring [[Milind Soman]] as Gen. Jacob and [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Gen. [[A. A. K. Niazi]] covers the negotiations between Gen. Jacob and Gen. Niazi on 16 December 1971, resulting in the unconditional surrender of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |last= Tulsiani|first= Kriti|date=18 August 2017|title=Mukti - Birth of a Nation Showcases History of Indian Military During 1971|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mukti-birth-of-a-nation-showcases-history-of-indian-military-during-1971-1494717.html|newspaper=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bGdIAf2J_k|title=Mukti Short Film Milind Soman Yashpal Sharma|publisher=Sony Liv}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|J. F. R. Jacob}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013110855/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-1971b.html Bharat Rakshak Images]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006193134/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00010.htm Gen. Jacob]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/taking-dhaka-did-not-figure-in-manekshaws-plans-general-jacob/article1837531.ece "Taking Dhaka did not figure in Manekshaw’s plans: General Jacob PVSM, The Hindu online]
*[https://twitter.com/sidhant/status/1532358102040846337/photo/1 Grave with inscription: Lt Gen Jack Frederick Raphael Jacob PVSM 02.05.1922 - 13.01.1916 Lived his life, at his own terms, till the end. Straight as an arrow, who nobody could bend. May his soul rest in peace. Amen.]
{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
|before = [[N. C. Rawlley]]
|title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
|years = 1974–1978
|after =E A Vas}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
| years = 1999–2003
| before = [[B. K. N. Chibber]]
| after = [[O. P. Verma]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| years = 1998–1999
| before = [[T. R. Satish Chandran]]
| after = [[Mohammed Fazal]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Jfr}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish military personnel]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Mizrahi Jews]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

J. F. R. Jacob

2022-12-22T04:44:24Z

104.190.26.112: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

{{Short description|Indian Army officer and statesman (1923–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jack Farj Rafael Jacob
| image = File:JFR Jacob.jpg
| office = 24th{{nbsp}}[[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|5|2}}<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/><ref name="birthdate" group="note">As given in the pre-Independence ''Indian Army List''.</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|1|13|1921|5|2}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Now, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| office1 = 9th{{nbsp}}[[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| predecessor1 = [[T. R. Satish Chandran]]
| successor1 = [[Mohammed Fazal]]
| termend1 = 26{{nbsp}}November 1999
| termstart1 = 19{{nbsp}}April 1998
| birth_name = Jack Farj Rafael Jacob
| module = {{Infobox military person
|embed = yes
|nickname =
|allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
|branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
|serviceyears = 7 June 1942 – 31 July 1978
|rank = [[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
|servicenumber = IC-470<ref name="major"/>
|unit =
|commands = [[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] 12 Infantry Division
|battles = [[World War II]]
*[[Tunisia Campaign]]
*[[Burma Campaign]]
[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]
[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
}}
| battles_label =
| awards = {{plainlist
|
* [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* Commendation of Merit
* [[Friends of Liberation War Honour]]
|relations=
|signature = }}
| relations =
| occupation =
| profession =
| predecessor = [[B. K. N. Chhibber]]
| successor = [[O. P. Verma]]
| termend = 8{{nbsp}}May 2003
| termstart = 27{{nbsp}}November 1999
| signature =
| 4blankname = Chief Minister
| 4namedata = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| 4blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 4namedata1 = [[Pratapsingh Rane]] (1998) [[Luizinho Faleiro]] (1998–1999) [[Francisco Sardinha]] (1999)
}}
[[Lieutenant General]] '''Jack Farj Rafael''' '''Jacob''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]] (2{{Nbsp}}May 1921 – 13{{Nbsp}}January 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lt-gen-jfr-jacob-pvsm-retd/articleshow/50564598.cms|title=LT GEN JFR JACOB, PVSM (RETD)|work=The Times of India|date=14 January 2016|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>), was a [[general officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]. He was best known for the role he played in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971. Jacob, then a [[Major general (India)|major general]], served as the chief of staff of the Indian Army's [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]. During his 36-year long career in the army, Jacob fought in [[World War II]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. He later served as the [[Governor (India)|governor]] of the Indian states of [[Goa]] and [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].

==Early life==
Jacob was born in [[Calcutta]] to a deeply religious [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jewish]] family originally from [[Iraq]] which had settled in Calcutta in the mid-19th century. His father, Elias Emanuel, was an affluent businessman.<ref name="OTM">{{cite web|first=Aimee |last=Ginsburg |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-sum-of-his-many-parts |title=The Sum of His Many Parts |publisher=Openthemagazine.com |date=2 June 2012 |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> After his father became sick, Jacob was sent at the age of nine to [[Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)|Victoria Boys' School]], a boarding school in [[Kurseong]] near [[Darjeeling]]. From then on, he went home only during school holidays.<ref name=itoday/>

Jacob, motivated by reports of the [[Holocaust]] of [[European Jews]] during World War II, enlisted in the [[British Indian Army]] in 1942 as "Jack Frederick Ralph Jacob."<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/> His father objected to his enlisting. Jacob said in 2010, "I am proud to be a Jew, but am Indian through and through."<ref name="OTM" />

==Military career==
===Early career===
Jacob graduated from the Officers' Training School in [[Mhow]] in 1942, and received an emergency commission as a [[second lieutenant]] on 7{{Nbsp}}June.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=631|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref> He was initially posted to northern Iraq in anticipation of a possible [[Nazi Germany|German]] attempt to seize the oil fields of [[Kirkuk]], and was promoted war-substantive [[lieutenant]] on 7{{Nbsp}}December.<ref name=itoday/><ref name=toi/><ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/>

In 1943, Jacob was transferred to an artillery brigade that was dispatched to [[Tunisia Campaign|Tunisia]] to reinforce the [[British Army]] against Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]]. The brigade arrived after the [[Axis powers|Axis]] surrender. From 1943 to the end of the war, Jacob's unit fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] against the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref name=tribune>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen Jacob, 1971 war hero, dies at 92|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/cities/chandigarh/lt-gen-jacob-1971-war-hero-dies-at-92/183340.html|work=The Tribune|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> In the wake of Japan's defeat, he was assigned to [[Sumatra]].<ref name=dtrib/>

On 27{{Nbsp}}October 1945, Jacob was granted a permanent commission in the rank of lieutenant.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book|pages=269E|title=Indian Army List (Special Edition) 1947|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref> After World War II, he attended and graduated from artillery schools in England and the United States, specialising in advanced artillery and missiles.<ref name=tribune/> He returned to India following its [[partition of India|partition]], and joined the [[Indian Army]].

===Post-Independence===
In May 1951, Jacob was selected to attend the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]], the staff course started in October of the same year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff College Entrance Examination Results |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1951-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1951-05-25_094.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=25 May 1951 |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> As the first commanding officer, he raised [[3 Medium Regiment|3 Field Regiment]] on 14 May 1956.<ref name="Khullar 2017">{{cite book|last=Khullar|first=Darshan |title= Themes of Glory: Indian Artillery in War|date=2017|publisher= VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd|isbn=978-9385563973|page=}}</ref> On 20 May 1964, he was given command of an artillery brigade, with the acting rank of [[brigadier]].<ref name="act_brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=312 |date=8 August 1964|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], he commanded an [[Infantry Division]], which later became the [[12th Infantry Division (India)|12th Infantry Division]], in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=dtrib/> During this period, Jacob composed an Indian Army manual on [[desert warfare]].<ref name=redi>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen JFR Jacob: The man who masterminded Pakistan's surrender in 1971|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/defence-news-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-the-man-who-masterminded-pakistan-surrender-in-1971-war/20151213.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>

Jacob was promoted to substantive brigadier on 17{{Nbsp}}January 1966,<ref name="brig"/> and took command of an infantry brigade on 30 September.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=777 |date=31 December 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 2 October 1967, he was promoted to the acting rank of [[major general]] and was given command of an infantry division,<ref name="GOC_actg">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=874 |date=18 November 1967 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name=itoday>{{cite web|title=Who was Lt Gen JFR Jacob? Here's all you need to know about the 1971 Indo-Pak war hero|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jfr-jacob-1971-indo-pakistan-war-hero-liberation-of-bangladesh/1/569401.html|publisher=India Today|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> with promotion to the substantive rank on 10 June 1968.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=286 |date=29 March 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 29 April 1969, he was appointed the chief of staff (COS) of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], by [[General (India)|General]] [[Sam Manekshaw]] (later [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=597 |date=28 June 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name="dtrib">{{cite web|title=Never surrender: Remembering JFR Jacob|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/jan/14/never-surrender-remembering-jfr-jacob|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> As the COS, Jacob's immediate superior was [[Lieutenant General]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], the [[General officer commanding|General officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C)]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref name=toi>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen JFR Jacob, last of 1971 war trinity, dies at 92|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lt-Gen-JFR-Jacob-last-of-1971-war-trinity-dies-at-92/articleshow/50569055.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> Jacob was soon tasked with dealing with the mounting [[insurgency in Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India can hold but not deter China: Lt Gen (retd) JFR Jacob in conversation with Gen (retd) Ved Prakash Malik|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-can-hold-but-not-deter-china-says-lt-gen-jfr-jacob/1/237623.html|publisher=India Today|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>

===Bangladesh Liberation War===
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumbnail|[[A. A. K. Niazi]] signing the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] under the gaze of [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|J. S. Aurora]]. Standing immediately behind (L-R) [[Nilakanta Krishnan|Nilkanta Krishnan]], [[Hari Chand Dewan]], [[Sagat Singh]], Jacob (with. Krishnamurthy peeping over his shoulder). Newscaster, [[Surajit Sen]] of [[All India Radio]], is seen holding a microphone on the right]]
Jacob gained prominence during his stint as the chief of staff of the Eastern Command; the command helped to defeat the [[Pakistan Army]] in [[East Pakistan]] during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Do not forget Operation Searchlight of Gen Yahya Khan|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/do-not-forget-operation-searchlight-of-gen-yahya-khan_433109.html|work=Zee News|access-date=15 January 2016|date=28 March 2022}}</ref> Jacob was awarded a commendation of merit for his role.<ref name=haaretz/>

In March 1971, the Pakistan Army launched [[Operation Searchlight]] to stem the Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan.<ref name="Ganguly">{{cite book|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-231-12369-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang/page/60 60]|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang/page/60}}</ref> The action led to over 10{{Nbsp}}million refugees entering India, fuelling tensions between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=A leaf from history: After Operation Searchlight|date=3 March 2012|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/699975/a-leaf-from-history-after-operation-searchlight|work=Dawn|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> By the monsoon season Jacob—as chief of staff—was tasked with drawing the contingency plans in case of a conflict. After consulting with his superior officers, Jacob developed a plan for engaging [[Pakistan]] in a "[[Maneuver warfare|war of movement]]" in the difficult and swampy terrain of East Pakistan.<ref name=itoday/>

An initial plan, given to the Eastern Command by [[Sam Manekshaw|Manekshaw]], involved an incursion into East Pakistan and the capture of the provinces of [[Chittagong]] and [[Khulna]].<ref name=dstar>{{cite web|title=We did not take Khulna, and we did not capture Chittagong, yet we won the war.|date=22 March 2015|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/we-did-not-take-khulna-and-we-did-not-capture-chittagong-yet-we-won-the-war-72964|work=The Daily Star|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> Senior Indian Army officers were reluctant to execute an aggressive invasion for fears of early ceasefire demands by the [[United Nations]] and a looming threat posed by China.<ref name=redi/> That, together with the difficulty of navigating the marshy terrain of East Pakistan through three wide rivers, led the commanders to initially believe that the capture of all of East Pakistan was not possible. Jacob disagreed; his "war of movement" plan aimed to take control of all of East Pakistan. Jacob felt that the capital [[Dhaka]] was the geopolitical centre of the region, and that any successful campaign had to involve the eventual capture of Dhaka.<ref name=redi/> Realising that the Pakistani Army's commander of its [[Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command|eastern command]], [[A. A. K. Niazi]], was going to fortify the towns and "defend them in strength", his plan was to bypass intermediary towns altogether, neutralise Pakistan's command and communication infrastructure, and use secondary routes to reach Dhaka.<ref name=itoday/> Jacob's plan was eventually approved by the Eastern Command.<ref name=redi/>

The strategy eventually led to the capture of Dhaka. The Pakistani forces were selectively bypassed, their communication centres were captured and secured, and their command and control capabilities were destroyed.<ref name=redi/> His campaign was planned for execution in three weeks, but was executed in under a fortnight.

Jacob understood that a protracted war would not be in India's best interests. On 16 December, during a lull in the battle, Jacob sought permission to visit Niazi to seek his surrender. He flew to Dhaka and obtained an unconditional surrender from Niazi,<ref name=redi/> who later accused Jacob of blackmailing him into the surrender by threatening to order the annihilation of Pakistani troops in the east by bombing.<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-victory-and-little-else/story-SsNVK32pgh3qygG1vBkNrM.html |title=A victory, and little else |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> Gen. Jacob made Niazi surrender in a public surrender at the [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Dhaka racecourse]] in front of the people of Dhaka, as well as provide a guard of honour.<ref>{{cite news |last= Sengupta|first= Ramananda|date=20 December 2006|title=How Pakistan surrendered in 1971|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/20jacob.htm|newspaper=Rediff News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFp05Rc1rcE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/GFp05Rc1rcE |archive-date=22 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Walk the Talk with Lieutenant General JFR Jacob|publisher=NDTV}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The war was a significant victory for India, with nearly ninety thousand Pakistani soldiers surrendering to the Indian Army despite only three thousand Indian soldiers in the immediate area of Dhaka.<ref name=tribune/>

A study of the campaign by Pakistan's [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence College]] concluded that "the credit really goes to Jacob's meticulous preparations in the Indian eastern command and to the implementation by his corps commanders."<ref name=itoday/><ref name="hindustantimes1"/> According to the website [[Bharat Rakshak]], Jacob had repeatedly asserted that the Bangladesh war was only successful because of his own efforts rather than those of [[Sam Manekshaw|Field Marshal Manekshaw]] or the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|GOC-in-C]] of Eastern Command, Lieutenant General [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Aurora]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Walia|first=Sumit|title=1971 War: Dhaka or Bust?|url=http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1971War/409-1971-War-Dhaka-or-Bust.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104162502/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1971War/409-1971-War-Dhaka-or-Bust.html|archive-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

For his role in the war, Jacob was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (PVSM) for distinguished service of the most exceptional order. The citation for the PVSM reads as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=President's Secretariat |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1972-JAN-MAY-RASHTRPATI-BHVAN/PDF/RPB-1972-01-06_012.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=6 January 1972}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''MAJOR GENERAL JACK FREDERICK RALPH JACOB (IC-470)''' 
'''COS, HQ Eastern Command'''}}

In the operations in the Eastern Theatre, leading to the liberation of BANGLADESH, the contribution of Major General JACK FREDERICK RALPH JACOB, has been pivotal and most valuable as Chief of Staff, Eastern Command he worked for long hours over an extended period without loss of efficiency and displayed a firm grip and outstanding organising ability. He was responsible for detailed planning and execution of administrative and logistic support and his handling of these difficult problems during operations was highly imaginative, thorough and efficient. He has displayed devotion to duty, unstinted loyalty and outstanding ability and has rendered distinguished service of the most exceptional order.|sign=|source=}}

===Later military career===
On 17 June 1972, Jacob was promoted to the acting rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]] and was appointed as the [[General Officer Commanding]] of [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] (newly created),<ref name="act_lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=95 |date=27 January 1973|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> with promotion to substantive lieutenant-general on 5 August 1973.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=314 |date=16 March 1974|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> His final appointment was as GOC-in-C, Eastern Command, which he held from 1974 until 31 July 1978, when he retired from the Army following 36{{Nbsp}}years of service and having reached the mandatory retirement age.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=975 |date=7 October 1978|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name=haaretz/>

==Post-retirement life and political career==
[[File:גנרל ג'ייקוב (General JFR Jacob) מדליק חנוכיה בביתו.JPG|thumbnail|Jacob lighting [[Hanukkah]] candles, together with [[Rabbi]] Schneur Kuptz'ik, [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] [[Diplomat|emissary]] in Delhi (December 2012)]]
Following his retirement from the army, Jacob entered a career in business. In the late 1990s, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and served as its security adviser.<ref name=haaretz>{{cite news|last1=Barzilai|first1=Amnon|title=The Jewish General Who Beat Pakistan|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-jewish-general-who-beat-pakistan-1.133918|newspaper=Haaretz|date=6 September 2004|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

From 19 April 1998 till 26 November 1999, he served as the [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]. While Governor of Goa, he was also the administrator during president's rule, due to instability in the Goa assembly. As administrator, he was recognised as an efficient administrator. He contributed to the preservation of Goa's natural green cover by declaring [[Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary|Mhadei]] [{{convert|209|km2|sqmi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}] and [[Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary|Netravati]] [{{convert|211|km2|sqmi|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}] as wildlife sanctuaries.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 January 2016|title=Gen Jacob not only a war hero but green hero: Goa assembly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Gen-Jacob-not-only-a-war-hero-but-green-hero-Goa-assembly/articleshow/50575505.cms|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 January 2016|title=Goa Assembly pays homage to ex-Governor Lt Gen J F R Jacob|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/goa-assembly-pays-homage-to-ex-governor-lt-gen-j-f-r-jacob-861317/|newspaper=India.com}}</ref>

From 27 November 1999 till 8 May 2003, he served as the [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]], and [[List of administrators of Chandigarh|Administrator of Chandigarh]]. During this period, he successfully setup the IT Park in Chandigarh and invited [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], Chairman of [[Infosys]], to setup a development center there. Thereafter, other IT companies also set up operations in the Chandigarh IT Park, thus increasing employment avenues in the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lt. Gen J.F.R. Jacob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99BbBAAAQBAJ&q=I+met+executives+from+Infosys,+Satyam,+and+Wipro,+and+managed+to+persuade+Narayan+Murthy+of+Infosys+to+set+up+a+complex+at+Chandigarh&pg=PT134|title=An Odyssey in War and Peace|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|year= 2012|isbn=9788174369338|location=262|pages=189}}</ref> He also conceptualised the Chandigarh War Memorial, which was designed by the students of the [[Chandigarh College of Architecture]] and inaugurated by President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] on 17 August 2006.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 August 2006|title=Chandigarh War Memorial inaugurated by Kalam|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/chandigarh-war-memorial-inaugurated-by-kalam/407410|newspaper=Outlook India}}</ref>

He was a supporter of improved [[India–Israel relations]]. When the Bharatiya Janata Party became part of the ruling coalition government of India in 1998, one of their first priorities was to improve relations with Israel, with which India has had formal diplomatic relations since 1992.<ref name=haaretz/> In the run-up to [[2004 Indian general election|2004 election]], he postulated the implications of a win for the [[Indian National Congress]] in terms of Indo–Israel relations as:

{{quote|A victory by the Congress Party under the leadership of [[Sonia Gandhi]]...will not lead to any change in India's policy toward Israel. The good relations will continue, and in certain area even grow deeper. If I had to rank the present-day level of relations between India and [[Israel]], I would give them a 9 out of 10.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Diwakar|title=Modern Journalism Reporting and Writing|year=2005|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|pages=200}}</ref><ref name=haaretz/>}}

He supported the purchase and trade of military equipment and technology from Israel by India, particularly the purchase of [[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Israeli Arrow missiles]], which he preferred over the U.S.-made [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot missiles]] on account of the Arrows' ability to intercept enemy missiles at higher altitudes.<ref name=haaretz/>

He remained cautious about relations between India and Pakistan in light of the Pakistani media's suggesting that military and intelligence co-operation between Israel and India, which they called a "[[Zionism|Zionist]] threat" on Pakistan's borders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/pakistan/pakistan.htm |title=Pakistan |publisher=Axt.org.uk |date=3 January 1997 |access-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005064328/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive1/pakistan/pakistan.htm |archive-date=5 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/4604.asp |title=Pakistan's Israel dilemma |publisher=Indiadaily.com |access-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628064504/http://indiadaily.com/editorial/4604.asp |archive-date=28 June 2012 }}</ref>

{{quote|India has been attacked several times by Pakistan. We cannot take risks, and be unprepared for a surprise attack. India should be prepared for both Pakistan and China. Therefore, there is a need for anti-missile missiles. Due to the Pakistani danger and the threat of launch of missiles with nuclear warheads.<ref name=haaretz/>}}

He was also positive about India's recent economic growth and the capabilities of the young Indian generation. He said:

{{quote|As a country, we are at the threshold of an economic explosion and, hence, at this moment, empowerment means most to those who hold the key to the future. I talk of the younger generation. Sound economic and strategic planning will bring about this change. Unfortunately, since our prosperity comes in bursts, good governance, in the form of dedicated politicians and bureaucrats, is essential to usher any changes.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Big Idea|url=http://www.indiaempowered.com/templates/bigidea.html|work=The Indian Express|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>}}

The Bangladesh government, in 2012, in recognition of his contribution to the creation of Bangladesh, conferred the Friends of Liberation War on Jacob.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/editorial/passing-general-jacob-201976 Passing on of General Jacob, Adieu dear friend, Bangladesh Daily Star, Friday January 15, 2016]</ref>

==Death==
[[File:The Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar paying homage at the mortal remains of Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Jacob, in New Delhi on January 14, 2016.jpg|thumb|Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] lays a wreath at Lt. Gen. Jacob's grave in New Delhi on 14 January 2016.]]
On 13 January 2016, at around 8.30 am [[Indian Standard Time|local time]], Jacob died at [[New Delhi]]'s Army Research and Referral Hospital due to pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=1971 Indo-Pak War Hero, Lieutenant General JFR Jacob Dies|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1971-indo-pak-war-hero-lieutenant-general-jfr-jacob-dies-1265318|publisher=NDTV|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RIP: Lt Gen JFR Jacob, hero of the 1971 war, passes away at 93|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rip-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-hero-of-the-1971-war-passes-away-2582162.html|access-date=13 January 2016|agency=Firstpost|work=Firstpost|date=13 January 2022}}</ref> He was laid to rest the following day in Delhi's [[Jewish cemetery]] on Humayun Road. His funeral was attended by India's [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]], [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|information minister]], and foreign delegations.<ref name=dna>{{cite web|title=Lt Gen JFR Jacob, 1971 Indo-Pak war hero, laid to rest in New Delhi|date=14 January 2016|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-1971-indo-pak-war-hero-laid-to-rest-in-new-delhi-2165932|work=DNA India|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

In April 2019, Israel honoured Jacob with a commemorative plaque on the [[Battle of Ammunition Hill#Memorial site|Ammunition Hill Wall of Honour]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel honours 1971 war hero Lt Gen JFR Jacob with a plaque on Ammunition Hill Wall of Honour |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/israel-honours-1971-war-hero-lt-gen-jfr-jacob-with-a-plaque-on-ammunition-hill-wall-of-honour/articleshow/69116030.cms |access-date=1 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=30 April 2022}}</ref>

==Major publications==

Jacob was the author of these books:
* ''Surrender at Dacca: Birth of a Nation'' ({{ISBN|984-05-1395-8}})
* ''An Odyssey in War and Peace: An Autobiography'' ({{ISBN|978-81-7436-840-9}})

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-1a.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 7 June 1942 (emergency) 7 December 1943 (substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 7 December 1942 (war-substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/> 27 October 1945 (substantive; regular commission)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-2.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || 2 February 1945 (acting)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/> 2 May 1945 (temporary) 20 July 1946 (war-substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|35px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 20 April 1946 (acting) 20 July 1946 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || Lieutenant || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref group="note" name="insignia">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_OF-2.svg|35px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 1948<ref group="note" name="insignia"/><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major]] || Indian Army || 7 June 1955<ref name="major">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=177 |date=17 September 1955 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 7 June 1958<ref name="lt_col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=217 |date=27 August 1960 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 23 December 1964<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=583 |date=13 November 1965 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 20 May 1964 (acting)<ref name="act_brig"/> 17 January 1966 (substantive)<ref name="brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=557 |date=17 September 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 2 October 1967 (acting)<ref name="GOC_actg"/> 10 June 1968 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 17 June 1972 (acting)<ref name="act_lt_gen"/> 5 August 1973 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen"/>
|-
|}

==In popular culture==
The short film 'Mukti – Birth of a Nation', starring [[Milind Soman]] as Gen. Jacob and [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Gen. [[A. A. K. Niazi]] covers the negotiations between Gen. Jacob and Gen. Niazi on 16 December 1971, resulting in the unconditional surrender of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |last= Tulsiani|first= Kriti|date=18 August 2017|title=Mukti - Birth of a Nation Showcases History of Indian Military During 1971|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mukti-birth-of-a-nation-showcases-history-of-indian-military-during-1971-1494717.html|newspaper=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bGdIAf2J_k|title=Mukti Short Film Milind Soman Yashpal Sharma|publisher=Sony Liv}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|J. F. R. Jacob}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013110855/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-1971b.html Bharat Rakshak Images]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006193134/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00010.htm Gen. Jacob]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/taking-dhaka-did-not-figure-in-manekshaws-plans-general-jacob/article1837531.ece "Taking Dhaka did not figure in Manekshaw’s plans: General Jacob PVSM, The Hindu online]
*[https://twitter.com/sidhant/status/1532358102040846337/photo/1 Grave with inscription: Lt Gen Jack Frederick Raphael Jacob PVSM 02.05.1922 - 13.01.1916 Lived his life, at his own terms, till the end. Straight as an arrow, who nobody could bend. May his soul rest in peace. Amen.]
{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
|before = [[N. C. Rawlley]]
|title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
|years = 1974–1978
|after =E A Vas}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
| years = 1999–2003
| before = [[B. K. N. Chibber]]
| after = [[O. P. Verma]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| years = 1998–1999
| before = [[T. R. Satish Chandran]]
| after = [[Mohammed Fazal]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Jfr}}
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