Neminatha

2022-01-22T05:57:37Z

103.240.170.241: robot: Add missing article in Category:Mahabharata

{{short description|22nd Jain Tirthankara}}
{{distinguish|Naminatha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| deity_of = 22nd Jain [[Tirthankara]]
| image = Neminath Ji.jpg
| caption = Image of Neminatha at a Jain temple in [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh]]
| alt = Arishtanemi or successor
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| other_names = Arishtanemi
| symbol = [[Shankha]] (conch){{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=45}}
| color = [[Black]]
| birth_date = 84000 years ago

| father = [[Samudravijaya]]
| mother = Shivadevi
| height = 10 bows (98 feet){{sfn|Sarasvati|1970|p=444}}
| age = 1000 years
| tree =
| predecessor = [[Naminatha]]
| successor = [[Parshvanatha]]
| birth_place = [[Sauripura (Dvaraka)|Sauripura]]
| moksha_place = [[Mount Girnar]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Neminatha''', also known as '''Nemi''' and '''Arishtanemi''', is the twenty-second ''[[tirthankara]]'' (ford-maker) in [[Jainism]]. Along with [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Rishabhanatha]], Neminatha is one of the twenty four ''tirthankaras'' who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

Neminatha lived 2356 years before the 23rd ''tirthankara'' Parshvanatha. He was the youngest son of king [[Samudravijaya]] and queen Shivadevi. [[Krishna]], who was the 9th and last Jain Vasudev, was his first cousin. He was born at [[Sauripura (Dvaraka)|Sauripura]] in the [[Yadu]] lineage, like Krishna. His birth date was the fifth day of ''Shravana Shukla'' of the [[Jain calendar]]. On his wedding day Neminatha heard the cries of animals being killed for the marriage feast, he left marriage and freed animals and he renounced the world to become a [[monk]] – a scene found in many Jain artwork. He is believed to have attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' on [[Girnar Hills]] near [[Junagadh]], a [[pilgrimage]] center for Jains.

==Nomenclature==
The name Neminatha consists of two [[Sanskrit]] words, ''Nemi'' which means "rim, felly of a wheel" or alternatively "thunderbolt",{{sfn|Monier Williams|p=569}} and ''natha'' which means "lord, patron, protector".{{sfn|Monier Williams|p=534}} According to the Jain text ''[[Uttarapurana]]'', as well as the explanation of [[Hemachandra|Acharya Hemchandra]], it was the ancient Indian deity [[Indra]] who named the 22nd ''[[tirthankara]]'' as Neminatha, because he viewed the ''Jina'' as the "rim of the [[wheel of dharma]]". In ''[[Svetambara]]'' Jain texts, his name ''Aristanemi'' came from a dream his mother during pregnancy, where she saw a "wheel of ''Arista'' jewels".{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=164-165}} His full name is mentioned as ''Aristanemi'' which is an epithet of the sun-chariot.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=17}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=225}} Neminatha's name is spelled close to the 21st ''tirthankara'' [[Naminatha]].{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=317-318}}

==Life==

Neminatha was the twenty-second ''tirthankara'' (ford-maker) of the ''[[avasarpiṇī]]'' (present descending cycle of [[Jain cosmology]]).<ref name=britneminatha>{{cite web | title=Arishtanemi: Jaina saint | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arishtanemi | access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=224}}{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} Jain tradition place him as a contemporary of [[Krishna]], the eighth and last ''vasudev''.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} There was a gap of 581,750 years between the Neminatha and his predecessor, [[Naminatha]] as per traditional beliefs.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=226}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=317-318}} He lived 2356 years before the 23rd ''tirthankara'', [[Parshvanatha]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=226}}

=== Birth and early life===
[[File:The birth of Aristanemi, one of the founding teac Wellcome L0031374.jpg|thumb|left|The birth of Aristanemi, [[Kalpa Sūtra]]]]
[[File:Neminath Wedding.JPG|thumb|left|Depiction of wedding procession of Neminatha. His legend states that he renounced after hearing animal cries while they were being sacrificed to prepare his wedding feast.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=16–17}}]]

Neminatha is mentioned as the youngest son of king [[Samudravijaya]] and queen Shivadevi of the [[Yadu]] lineage,{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=225}} born at [[Sauripura (Dvaraka)]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} He believed to have become fond of animals in his early life due to being in a cattle herding family. Jain legends place him in the [[Girnar]]-[[Kathiawad]] (in [[Saurashtra region]] of modern-day [[Gujarat]]).{{sfn|Dhere|2011|pp=193–196}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=313}}{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=23}} His birth date is believed to be the fifth day of ''Shravana Shukla'' of the [[Hindu calendar]].{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} He is believed to have been born with a dark-blue skin complexion,{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=164}} very handsome but a shy young man.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=225}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} His father is mentioned as the brother of [[Vasudeva]], Krishna's father, therefore the he is mentioned as the cousin of Krishna in ''Trishashti-salaka-purusha-charitra''.<ref name=britneminatha/>{{sfn|Johnson|1931|pp=1–266}}{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=165-166}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}}

In one of the legends, on being taunted by [[Satyabhama]], wife of Krishna, Neminatha is depicted to have blown [[Panchajanya]], the mighty [[conch]] of Krishna.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} According to the texts, no one could lift the conch except Krishna, let alone blow it.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} After this event, ''[[Purana]]s'' state that Krishna decided to test Neminatha's strength and challenged him for a friendly duel. Neminatha, being a ''tirthankara'', is believed to have defeated Krishna easily.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=226}} He is also mentioned as spinning the [[chakra]] (discuss, primary weapon of Krishna) on his fingers during his childhood.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}}

=== As a teacher ===
In the [[Kurukshetra War|war]] between Krishna and [[Jarasandha]], Neminatha is believed to have participated alongside Krishna.{{sfn|Beck|2012|p=156}} He is believed to have taught Krishna the knowledge that he shared with Arjuna in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''. This is believed to be the reason that has led Jains to accept, read and cite the same as a spiritually important text. This is believed to be the reason for celebrating Krishna related festivals in Jainism and for intermingle with Hindus, who worship Krishna as one of the incarnation of Vishnu.{{sfn|Long|2009|p=42}} ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'', a religious text in Hinduism, mentions Angiras Ghora as the teacher of Krishna.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} He is believed to have taught Krishna the five vows, namely, honesty, asceticism, charity, non-violence and truthfulness.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} Ghora is identified as Neminatha by some of the scholars.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} Mahabharata mentions him as the teacher of the path of salvation to [[king Sagara]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}} He may also be identified with a Scandinavian or Chinese deity, but such claims are not accepted generally.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=23-24}}

=== Renunciation and final days ===
[[File:Jain temples on Girnar mountain aerial view.jpg|thumb|Neminatha temple complex on Girnar hills near Junagadh, Gujarat.]]

Jain tradition holds that the Neminatha's marriage was arranged with Rajulakumari or Rajimati or Rajamati, daughter of [[Ugrasena]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} Ugrasena is believed to be the king of [[Dvārakā]] and maternal grandfather of Krishna.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}} He is believed to have heard animal cries as they were being slaughtered for the marriage feast. Taken over by sorrow and distress at the sight, he is believed to have given up the desire of getting married, and to have become a [[monk]] and gone to Mount [[Girnar]].<ref name=britneminatha/>{{sfn|Sehdev Kumar|2001|pp=143–145}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=7}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=165-166}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=317-318}} His bride-to-be is believed to have followed him, becoming a nun and joining his ascetic order.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=24}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}} According to ''Kalpasutras'', Neminatha led an ascetic life there by eating only once every three days,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=311}} meditated for 55 days and then obtained omniscience on Mount [[Raivataka]], under a Mahavenu tree.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=164}} According to Jain texts Neminatha had 11 gandhara with ''Varadatta Svami'' as the leader of the Neminatha disciples.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}} Neminatha's ''sangha'' (religious order) consisted of 18,000 ''sadhus'' (male monks) and 44,000 ''sadhvis'' (female monks) as per the mentions in ''Kalpa Sutra''.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=47}}

After a life of about 1,000 years,{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=1551}} he is said to have attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (nirvana) on the fifth peak or tonk (Urjayant Parvat) of Mount Girnar.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}}<ref name=britneminatha/> Of these 1,000 years, he is believed to have spent 300 years as a bachelor, 54 days as an ascetic monk and 700 years as an omniscient being.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=311}}

== Legacy ==
=== Worship ===
Along with [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Rishabhanatha]], Neminatha is one of the twenty four ''tirthankaras'' who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} Unlike the last two ''tirthankaras'', historians consider Neminatha and all other ''tirthankaras'' to be legendary characters.<ref name=britneminatha/> Scenes from Neminatha's life are popular in [[Jain art]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}} The [[yaksha]] and [[yakshi]] of Neminatha are Sarvanha and [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] according to Digambara tradition and Gomedha and Ambika according to Śvētāmbara tradition.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}}

=== Literature ===
[[File:The Kalpasutra (the heroic deeds of the conquerors) Wellcome L0034141.jpg|thumb|[[Kalpa Sūtra]] recto Neminatha's blowing [[Krishna]]'s conch verso text]]
The Jain traditions about Neminatha is incorporated in the ''[[Harivamsa Purana]]'' of [[Jinasena]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=239}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}} A palm leaf manuscript on the life of Neminatha, named ''Neminatha-Charitra'', was written in 1198-1142 AD. It is now preserved in ''Shantinatha Bhandara'', [[Khambhat]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=253}} Rajul's love for Neminatha is described in the ''Rajal-Barahmasa'' (an early 14th-century poem of Vijayachandrasuri).{{sfn|Kelting|2009|p=117}} The incident were Neminatha is depicted as blowing Krishna's mighty conch is given in ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]''.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=17}} The separation of Rajul and Neminatha has been a popular theme among Jain poets who composed [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ''[[fagu]]s'', a poetry genre. Some examples are ''Neminatha Fagu'' (1344) by Rajshekhar, ''Neminatha Fagu'' (1375) by Jayashekhar and ''Rangasagara Neminatha Fagu'' (1400) by Somsundar. A poem ''Neminatha Chatushpadika'' (1269) by Vinaychandra depicted the same story.{{sfn|Amaresh Datta|1988|p=1258}}{{sfn|K. K. Shastree|2002|pp=56–57}}{{sfn|Nagendra|1988|pp=282–283}}{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=14, 242–243}}{{sfn|Parul Shah|1983|pp=134-156}} ''Arddha Nemi'', the "Unfinished Life of Nemi", is an incomplete epic by [[Janna]], one of the most influential Kannada poets of the 13th century.{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=43}}{{sfn|Sastri|2002|pp=358–359}}

Jains claim that Hindu sage Arishtnemi who is mentioned in ''[[Vedas]]'' is Neminath but Arishtnemi was Brahmin and Neminath was Kshatriya. And their time period were also different.

=== Iconography ===
[[File:Tirumalai Neminatha Statue.jpg|thumb|The largest statue of Neminath with height of 16 meters at [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] built in 12th century]]

Neminatha is believed to have had the same dark-bluish colored skin as Krishna.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=164-168}} Painting depicting his life stories generally identify him as dark colored. His iconographic identifier is a conch carved or stamped below his statues. Sometimes, as with Vishnu's iconography, a [[chakra]] is also shown near him, as in the 6th-century sculpture found at the archaeological site near Padhavali ([[Madhya Pradesh]]).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=164-170}} Artworks showing Neminatha sometimes include [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] ''[[yakshi]]'', but her color varies from golden to greenish to dark-blue, by region.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=264-265}} The earliest known image of Neminatha was found in [[Kankali Tila]] dating back to c. 18 CE.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=166}}

<gallery>
File:043 Cave 11, Relief (33969644505).jpg|Neminatha, [[Nasik Caves]], 6th century
File:MET_DP161523.jpg|[[Akota Bronzes]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|MET museum]], 7th century
File:Neminath Bhagwan.jpg|[[Pandavleni]]
File:Neminath, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|Neminath Sculpture, [[National Museum, New Delhi]], 11th Century
File:Maharaja_Chhatrasal_Museum_Dhubela_Exhibit_Item_(4).JPG|Image at [[Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum]], 12th century
File:Jain Tirthankara Neminath - Circa 12th Century CE - ACCN 00-B-77 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5079.jpg|Neminath idol, [[Government Museum, Mathura]], 12th Century
File:Neminatha - Parshvanath temple, Tijara.jpg|Depiction of Neminatha on Naag as bed, chakra on foot finger and conch played by nose at [[Tijara Jain temple|Parshvanath temple, Tijara]]
</gallery>

=== Temples ===
[[File:Girnar Jain temple - Neminath temple.jpg|[[Girnar Jain Temple]]|thumb]]


* [[Girnar Jain temples]]
* [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)]]
* [[Shanka Basadi]], [[Lakshmeshwara]]
* [[Kulpakji]]
* [[Arahanthgiri Jain Math]]
* [[Nemgiri]]
* [[Dilwara Temples]]
* [[Bhand Dewal]], [[Arang]]
* [[Odegal basadi]]

<gallery>
File:Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|[[Brahma Jinalaya]]
File:Shree Kulpakji Jain Temple, Kolanpak, Aler.JPG|[[Kulpakji]]
File:Upper Temple Complex at Tirumalai.jpg|[[Arahanthgiri Jain Math]]
File:Chavundaraya Basadi on Chandragiri hill at Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Chavundaraya Basadi]] in [[Shravanabelagola]]
File:9th century Bhand Deul Jain brick temple, Arang Chhattisgarh.jpg|[[Bhand Dewal]]
File:Old jain temple belgaum (1).jpg|[[Kamal Basadi]]
</gallery>

==See also==

{{commons cat}}
* [[God in Jainism]]
* [[Arihant (Jainism)]]

==References==

===Citations===

{{reflist|30em}}

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{{Jain Gods}}
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[[Category:Neminatha]]
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]
[[Category:longevity myths]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]

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