Baul

2021-07-03T19:44:27Z

103.217.111.209:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| Image = Ektara player.jpg
| Caption = A Baul from [[Lalon|Lalon Shah's]] shrine in [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]], [[Bangladesh]]
| ICH = Baul songs
| State Party = [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] (States of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]])
| Domains = Social practices, rituals and festive events
| Criteria =
| ID = 00107
| Region = APA
| Year = 2008
| Session = 3rd
| List = Representative
| Link = http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/baul-songs-00107
| Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]
| Note =
}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Bengalis}}
The '''Baul''' or '''Bauls''' ({{lang-bn|বাউল}}) are a group of mystic minstrels or bards of mixed elements of [[Sufism]] and [[Sahaja]] from [[Bengal region]], comprising [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]]. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]]s and [[Sufism|Sufi Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Baul |title=Baul (Indian music) |date=18 June 2015 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/news-and-interviews/28126586_1_sound-barrier-dur-dalai-lama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114314/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-06/news-and-interviews/28126586_1_sound-barrier-dur-dalai-lama|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Bauled over|date=6 February 2010}}</ref> They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. [[Lalon|Lalon Shah]] is regarded as the most celebrated Baul saint in history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Multiple editors|title=World and its People: Eastern and Southern Asia|year=2007|publisher=Marshal Cavendish Corporation|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7614-7631-3|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Paul |first=Harendra Chandra |chapter=Origin of the Bauls and their Philosophy |year=1987 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Shamsuzzaman |editor-link=Shamsuzzaman Khan |title=Folklore of Bangladesh |volume=Volume 1 |location=Dhaka |publisher=Bangla Academy |page=257 |quote=Faquir Lalan-Shah (1775–1891 A.D.), its greatest exponent}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chowdhury|first=Kabir|title=Folk Poems From Bangladesh|year=1985|publisher=Bangla Academy|location=Dhaka|pages=ii}}</ref>

Although Bauls comprise only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the [[culture of Bengal]] is considerable. In 2005, the Baul tradition of Bangladesh was included in the list of [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=unesco>[http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]. UNESCO. 25 September 2005.</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:A Baul in Saithia, Birbhum.jpg|thumb|A Baul saint at [[Sainthia]], [[Birbhum]] in 2021]]
The origin of the word ''Baul'' is debated. Some modern scholars, like [[Shashibhusan Dasgupta]] have suggested that it may be derived either from [[Sanskrit]] word ''vātula'', which means "enlightened, lashed by the wind to the point of losing one's sanity, god's madcap, detached from the world, and seeker of truth", or from ''vyākula'', which means "restless, agitated" and both of these derivations are consistent with the modern sense of the word, which denotes the inspired people with an ecstatic eagerness for a spiritual life, where a person can realise his union with the eternal beloved – the ''Moner Manush'' (the person of the heart).<ref>Das Gupta, Shashibhusan (1946, reprint 1995). ''Obscure Religious Cults'', Calcutta: Firma KLM, {{ISBN|81-7102-020-8}}, pp.160-1</ref>

==History==
The origin of Bauls is not known exactly, but the word "Baul" has appeared in Bengali texts as old as the 15th century. The word is found in the ''[[Chaitanya Bhagavata]]'' of [[Vrindavana Dasa Thakura]] as well as in the ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' of [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]].<ref>Das Gupta, Shashibhusan (1946, reprint 1995). ''Obscure Religious Cults'', Calcutta: Firma KLM, {{ISBN|81-7102-020-8}}, p.160ff</ref> Some scholars maintain that it is not clear when the word took its sectarian significance, as opposed to being a synonym for the word ''madcap, agitated''. Bauls are a part of the culture of rural [[Bengal]]. Many attempts have been made to ascertain the origin of Bauls but there is wide disagreement among scholars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Openshaw|first=Jeanne|author-link=Jeanne Openshaw|title=Seeking Bauls of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGDWuQ-wjB8C&pg=PA58|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81125-5|page=58}}</ref> But they agree that no founders have been acknowledged either by Bauls themselves or others.<ref name="Seeking Bāuls of Bengal">{{cite book|last=Openshaw|first=Jeanne|author-link=Jeanne Openshaw|title=Seeking Bauls of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGDWuQ-wjB8C&pg=PA56|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81125-5|page=56}}</ref> Bauls are divided into several named groups, each following a named Hindu or Muslim guru. Besides, there are other communities who later identified or affiliated themselves with Bauls, like ''Darbesi'', ''Nera'' and two sub-sects of [[Kartabhaja]]s — ''Aul'' and ''Sai''. The Bauls themselves attribute their lack of historical records to their reluctance to leave traces behind. Dr. Jeanne Openshaw writes that the music of the Bauls appears to have been passed down entirely in oral form until the end of the 19th century, when it was first transcribed by outside observers.<ref name="Seeking Bāuls of Bengal"/>

There are two classes of Bauls: [[asceticism|ascetic]] Bauls who reject family life and Bauls who live with their families. Ascetic Bauls renounce family life and society and survive on alms. They have no fixed dwelling place, but move from one {{transl|bn|akhda}} to another. Men wear white [[lungi]]s and long, white tunics; women wear white [[sari]]s. They carry {{transl|bn|jholas}}, shoulder bags for alms. They do not beget or rear children. They are treated as {{transl|bn|jyante mara}}. Women dedicated to the service of ascetics, are known as {{transl|bn|sevadasis}} "service slaves". A male Baul can have one {{transl|bn|sevadasi}}, who is associated with him in the act of devotion. Until 1976 the district of Kushtia had 252 ascetic Bauls. In 1982-83 the number rose to 905; in 2000, they numbered about 5000.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

Those who choose family life live with their spouse, children and relations in a secluded part of a village. They do not mix freely with other members of the community. Unlike ascetic Bauls, their rituals are less strict. In order to become Bauls, they recite some mystic verses and observe certain rituals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Anwarul |year=2012 |chapter=Baul |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Baul |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Concepts and practices==
[[File:Ektara.JPG|thumb|[[Ektara]], common accompaniment of ''Baul Gaan'' "Songs of Baul"]]
[[File:Fakir Lalon Shah.jpg|left|thumb|175x175px|[[Lalon]] is the most celebrated Baul saint in history]]
Baul music celebrates celestial love, but does this in very earthy terms, as in declarations of love by the Baul for his bosh-tomi or lifemate.
With such a liberal interpretation of love, it is only natural that Baul devotional music transcends religion and some of the most famous baul composers, such as [[Lalon]], criticised the superficiality of religious divisions:

{{quote|Everyone asks: "Lalan, what's your religion in this world?" 
Lalan answers: "How does religion look? 
I've never laid eyes on it. 
Some wear malas [Hindu rosaries] around their necks, 
some tasbis [Muslim rosaries], and so people say 
they've got different religions. 
But do you bear the sign of your religion when you come or when you go?”<ref name="Baul Songs">{{cite book|last=Lopez|first=Donald|title=Religions in India in Practice - "Baul Songs"|year=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=0-691-04324-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00dona/page/187 187–208]|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00dona/page/187|url-access=registration}}</ref>}}

The famous Bengali poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was greatly influenced and inspired by Bauls. Here is a famous ''[[Rabindra Sangeet]]'' heavily influenced by Baul theme:

{{quote|''amar praner manush achhe prane'' 
''tai here taye shokol khane'' 
''Achhe she noyōn-taray, alōk-dharay, tai na haraye--'' 
''ogo tai dekhi taye Jethay shethay'' 
''taka-i ami je dik-pane''

The man of my heart dwells inside me. 
Everywhere I look, it is he. 
In my every sight, in the sparkle of light 
Oh, I can never lose him-- 
Here, there and everywhere, 
Wherever I turn, he is right there!{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}}}

Their religion is based on an expression of the body (''deho sādhana''), and an expression of the mind (''mana sādhana''). Some of their rituals are kept hidden from outsiders,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lorea|first=Carola Erika|title="I Am Afraid of Telling You This, Lest You'd Be Scared Shitless!": The Myth of Secrecy and the Study of the Esoteric Traditions of Bengal|journal=Religions|volume=9 |issue=6|pages=172|date=25 May 2018|doi=10.3390/rel9060172|quote=Moreover, according to most of my informants, while practices are fit to be covered by secrecy and a secret jargon, theories are not.|doi-access=free}}</ref> as they might be thought to be repulsive or hedonistic. Bauls concentrate much of their mystic energies on the four body fluids, on the nine-doors (openings of the body), on [[prakṛti]] as "nature" or "primal motive force", and on breath [[sādhana]].

==Music==
[[File:Amar Sonar Bangla Music.svg|thumb|left|Musical notes for Bangladesh's national anthem, ''[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]'', which is based on Baul song ''[[Ami Kothay Pabo Tare]]'']]
The music of the Bauls, ''Baul Sangeet'', is a particular type of folk song. Their music represents a long heritage of preaching mysticism through songs in Bengal.

Bauls pour out their feelings in their songs but never bother to write them down. Theirs is essentially an oral tradition. It is said that [[Lalon]] Fokir (1774 -1890), the greatest of all Bauls, continued to compose and sing songs for decades without ever stopping to correct them or put them on paper. It was only after his death that people thought of collecting and compiling his repertoire.

Their lyrics intertwine a deep sense of mysticism, a longing for oneness with the divine. An important part of their philosophy is "Deha tatta", a spirituality related to the body rather than the mind. They seek the divinity in human beings. Metaphysical topics are dwelt upon humbly and in simple words. They stress remaining unattached and unconsumed by the pleasures of life even while enjoying them. To them we are all a gift of divine power and the body is a temple, music being the path to connect to that power.<ref name="about1">{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/artculture/a/bauls.htm|title=Bauls of Bengal|date=10 April 2012|website=Hinduism.about.com|access-date=2012-10-10}}</ref><ref name="emahomagazine1">{{cite web |author=Music |url=http://www.emahomagazine.com/2011/07/bauls-of-bengal-liberation-seekers/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729054639/http://www.emahomagazine.com/2011/07/bauls-of-bengal-liberation-seekers/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2012 |title=Bauls of Bengal – The Liberation Seekers |publisher=Emaho Magazine |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=2012-10-10 }}</ref> A consistent part of Bauls' lyrics deals with body-centered practices that aim at controlling sexual desire. The esoteric knowledge of conception and contraception is revealed in the lyrics of the songs through an enigmatic language that needs to be decoded by the guru in order to be understood and experienced.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorea|first=Carola|date=2014|title=Why do you go swimming in the river full of algae? Conception and contraception in Baul songs and oral teachings|url=https://www.academia.edu/8257095|journal=Journal of Folklore and Folkloristics|volume=7|issue=1|pages=9–45}}</ref>

[[File:Gacher pata taka keno hoy na - Baul Song Performance - Tarun Khyapa and Ananda Khyapa with Group - Saturday Haat - Sonajhuri - Birbhum 2014-06-28 5326.ogv|thumb|''Gacher pata taka keno hoy na'', Baul song performance at the Saturday haat, Sonajhuri, Birbhum.]]
Besides traditional motifs drawn from the rural everyday life, Baul songs have always been inclined to incorporate change and keep pace with social and economic innovations. For instance, modern Baul compositions discuss esoteric matters by using the terminology of modern, urban and technological lexicons, and it is not unusual to hear Baul refrains containing mobile phones, radio channels, football matches and television.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorea|first=Carola Erika|date=January 2014|title=Searching for the Divine, Handling Mobile Phones|journal=[[History and Sociology of South Asia]] |language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=59–88|doi=10.1177/2230807513506629|s2cid=146915924|issn=2230-8075}}</ref>

Bauls use a number of musical instruments: the most common is the ''[[ektara]]'', a one-stringed "plucked drum" drone instrument, carved from the epicarp of a gourd, and made of bamboo and goatskin. Others include the ''[[dotara]]'', a long-necked fretless lute (while the name literally means "two stringed" it usually has four metal strings) made of the wood of a jackfruit or neem tree; besides ''[[khamak]]'', one-headed drum with a string attached to it which is plucked. The only difference from ektara is that no bamboo is used to stretch the string, which is held by one hand, while being plucked by another.<ref name="Barthakur2003">{{cite book|author=Dilip Ranjan Barthakur|title=The Music And Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&pg=PA130|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-881-5|pages=130–}}</ref> Drums like the [[duggi (drum)|duggi]], a small hand-held earthen drum, and ''[[dhol]]'' and ''[[khol]]''; small cymbals called ''[[khartal]]'' and ''[[manjira]]'', and the bamboo flute are also used. ''Ghungur'' and ''nupur'' are anklets with bells that ring while the person wearing them dances.

A Baul family played on stage in London for The Rolling Stones' Hyde Park concerts in 1971, '72 and '78 in front of thousands.<ref name="emahomagazine1"/>

==Influence on Rabindranath Tagore==
The songs of the Bauls and their lifestyle influenced a large swath of Bengali culture, but nowhere did it leave its imprint more powerfully than on the work of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who talked of Bauls in a number of speeches in Europe in the 1930s. An essay based on these was compiled into his English book ''[[The Religion of Man]]'':

{{quote|
The Bauls are an ancient group of wandering minstrels from Bengal, who believe in simplicity in life and love. They are similar to the Buddhists in their belief in a fulfillment which is reached by love's emancipating us from the dominance of self.
}}

[[File:Baul Santiniketan.jpg|left|275px|thumb|Baul singers in performance at [[Santiniketan]], India.]]

{{quote|
Where shall I meet him, the Man of my Heart? 
He is lost to me and I seek him wandering from land to land. 
: I am listless for that moonrise of beauty,
:: which is to light my life,
:: which I long to see in the fullness of vision
:: in gladness of heart. [p.524]
}}

The above is a translation of the famous Baul song by [[Gagan Harkara]]: Ami kothai pabo tare, amar moner manush je re. The following extract is a translation of another song:

{{quote|
My longing is to meet you in play of love, my Lover; 
But this longing is not only mine, but also yours. 
For your lips can have their smile, and your flute 
: its music, only in your delight in my love;
: and therefore you importunate, even as I am.
}}

The poet proudly says: 'Your flute could not have its music of beauty if your delight were not in my love. Your power is great—and there I am not equal to you—but it lies even in me to make you smile and if you and I never meet, then this play of love remains incomplete.'

The great distinguished people of the world do not know that these beggars—deprived of education, honour and wealth—can, in the pride of their souls, look down upon them as the unfortunate ones who are left on the shore for their worldly uses but whose life ever
misses the touch of the Lover's arms.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

This feeling that man is not a mere casual visitor at the palace-gate of the world, but the invited guest whose presence is needed to give the royal banquet its sole meaning, is not confined to any particular sect in India.

A large tradition in medieval devotional poetry from Rajasthan and other parts of India also bear the same message of unity in celestial and romantic love and that divine love can be fulfilled only through its human beloved.

Tagore's own compositions were powerfully influenced by Baul ideology. His music also bears the stamp of many Baul tunes. Other Bengali poets, such as [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], have also been influenced by Baul music and its message of non-sectarian devotion through love.

Rabindranath Tagore was greatly influenced and inspired by Bauls. Here is a famous '''Rabindrasangeet''' (Tagore song), heavily influenced by Baul theme:

{{quote|
Amar praner manush achhé prané 
Tai heri taye sakol khane 
Achhe shé nayōntaray, alōk-dharay, tai na haraye-- 
: Ogo tai dekhi taye jethay sethay
: Taka-i ami jé dik-pané
}}

{{quote|
The man of my heart dwells inside me. 
Everywhere I behold, it's Him! 
In my every sight, in the sparkle of light 
: Oh I can never lose Him --
: Here, there and everywhere,
: Wherever I turn, right in front is He!<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/19419965/Bauls-of-Bangladesh] "Bauls of Bangladesh". www.scribd.com</ref>
}}

All bāulas shared only one belief in common—that God is hidden within the heart of man and neither priest, prophet, nor the ritual of any organized religion will help one to find Him there. They felt that both temple and mosque block the path to truth; the search for God must be carried out individually and independently.<ref name="B">Edward C. Dimock, Jr., "Rabindranath Tagore—'The Greatest of the Bāuls of Bengal,’" The Journal of Asian Studies (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Association for Asian Studies), vol. 19, no. 1 (Nov. 1959), 36–37.</ref>

==Present status==
[[File:Paban Das Baul at Nine Lives concert, 2009.jpg|right|210px|thumb|[[Paban Das Baul]] at "Nine Lives" concert, 2009]]
Bauls are found in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] and the eastern parts of [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]] and the country of [[Bangladesh]]. The Baul movement was at its peak in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but even today one comes across the occasional Baul with his ''[[Ektara]]'' (one-stringed musical instrument) and begging bowl, singing across the far-flung villages of rural Bengal. Travelling in local trains and attending village fairs are good ways to encounter Bauls.

===Bangladesh===
Every year, in the month of [[Falgun]] (February to March), "Lalon Smaran Utshab" (Lalon memorial festival) is held in the shrine of Lalon in [[Kushtia]], Bangladesh, where bauls and devotees of Lalon from Bangladesh and overseas come to perform and highlight the mysticism of Lalon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aman |first=Amanur |date=13 March 2012 |title=Lalon Smaran Utshab ends |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=226004 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2012-10-10}}</ref>

Palli Baul Samaj Unnayan Sangstha (PBSUS), a Bangladeshi organisation, has been working to uphold and preserve the 'baul' traditions and philosophy for the last nine years. The organisation often arranges programmes featuring folk songs for urban audiences.<ref>{{cite web|author=info@banglamusic.com |url=http://banglamusic.com/news/baul-mela-2009-2245.html |title=Baul Mela 2009 Bangla Music – Bangla Song Bangla Video Bengali Music Mp3 News |publisher=Banglamusic.com |date=20 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018181927/http://banglamusic.com/news/baul-mela-2009-2245.html |archive-date=2014-10-18 |access-date=2012-10-10}}</ref>

[[Shilpakala Academy|Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]] often organises national and international festivals and seminars, featuring the Baul music and the importance of preservation of Baul tradition.

===India===
In the village of [[Jaydev Kenduli]] in [[Birbhum]] district of [[West Bengal]], a [[Mela]] (fair) is organised in memory of the poet [[Jayadeva]] on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]] in the month of [[Poush]]. So many Bauls assemble for the mela that it is also referred to as "Baul Fair".

In the village of [[Shantiniketan]] in [[West Bengal]] during [[Poush Mela]], numerous Bauls also come together to enthral people with their music.

For the last five years,{{when|date=April 2020}} a unique show has been organised in [[Kolkata]], called "Baul Fakir Utsav". Bauls from several districts of Bengal as well as Bangladesh come to perform. The Utsav is a continuous 48-hour musical experience.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

There are also the Western Bauls in America and Europe under the spiritual direction of [[Lee Lozowick]], a student of [[Yogi Ramsuratkumar]]. Their music is quite different (rock /gospel/ blues) but the essence of the spiritual practices of the East is well maintained.<ref>Helen Crovetto, "Embodied Knowledge and Divinity: The Hohm Community as Western-style Bāuls," ''Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions'' 10, no. 1 (August 2006): pp. 69-95.</ref>

In Bangalore near Electronic City Dr. Shivshankar Bhattacharjee has started Boul Sammelon (Gathering of Baulls) on 7–9 April-2017 on the occasion of the inauguration of Sri Sri Kali Bari (Goodness Kali's Temple). First time it held in Bangalore to embrace the Boul culture. More that 50 Bouls participated and sang soulful songs.

Currently another version of Baul called the folk fusion also called baul rock is also greatly accepted by the audience, especially in West Bengal. [[Kartik das baul]] being a traditional folk singer, who has taken baul to different heights is being associated with folk fusion. This type of baul was brought into the world of music by [[Bolepur bluez]].

Another popular Baul from West Bengal is Rina Das Baul from [[Bolpur]]. She, along with her troupe named Rangamatir Baul, had performed in several international functions like Urkult Festival in [[Sweden]] in 2017, Armor India festival in [[France]] in 2018 and Womex in at [[Porto, Portugal]] in 2021. Her music was reviewed by Simon Broughton in Songlines and, in 2019, American Grammy-nominated bluegrass Fiddler Casey Driessen collaborated with her on an album. <ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kolkata/bengal-bauls-troupe-to-perform-in-portugal/amp_articleshow/84046822.cms</ref>

==Notable singers==
[[File:Bhaba Pagla.jpg|thumb|A picture of the saint-composer [[Bhaba Pagla]], followed by his disciples in West Bengal and Bangladesh]]
[[Lalon]] also known as Fakir Lalon Shah, Lalon Shah, Lalon Fakir (Bengali: লালন; 17 October 1774 – 17 October 1890; Bengali: 1 Kartik 1179) was a prominent Bengali philosopher, Baul saint, mystic, songwriter, social reformer and thinker. Regarded as an icon of Bengali culture, he inspired and influenced many poets, social and religious thinkers including Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Allen Ginsberg although he "rejected all distinctions of caste and creed". Widely celebrated as an epitome of religious tolerance, he was also accused of heresy during his lifetime and after his death. In his songs, Lalon envisioned a society where all religions and beliefs would stay in harmony. He founded the institute known as Lalon Akhrah in Cheuriya, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Kushtia railway station. His disciples dwell mostly in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Every year on the occasion of his death anniversary, thousands of his disciples and followers assemble at Lalon Akhrah, and pay homage to him through celebration and discussion of his songs and philosophy for three days.

[[Shah Abdul Karim]] (15 February 1916 – 12 September 2009) was a Bangladeshi Baul musician. Dubbed "Baul Samrat", he was awarded the Ekushey Padak in 2001 by the Government of Bangladesh. Some of his notable songs include Keno Piriti Baraila Re Bondhu, Murshid Dhono He Kemone Chinibo Tomare, Nao Banailo Banailo Re Kon Mestori, Ashi Bole Gelo Bondhu and Mon Mojale Ore Bawla Gaan. He referred to his compositions as Baul Gaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2009/09/13/baul-king-shah-abdul-karim-buried|title='Baul king' Shah Abdul Karim buried|website=bdnews24.com|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref>

[[Bhaba Pagla]] (1902-1984) was a famous Indian saint-composer and an important guru from East Bengal. He has been a spiritual preceptor for many Bauls and his songs are very popular among Baul performers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Folklore, religion and the songs of a Bengali madman: a journey between performance and the politics of cultural representation|last=1987-|first=Lorea, Carola Erika|isbn=9789004324701|location=Leiden|oclc=950430793|year = 2016}}</ref>

[[Purna Das Baul]] or ''Puran Das Baul'',<ref name=pib4>{{cite press release|title=Padma Awards Announced|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2013|access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref> popularly known as ''Purna Das Baul Samrat'', (born 18 March 1933) is an Indian musician and singer, in Baul tradition.<ref name="allmusic1">{{cite web|last=Hunt |first=Ken |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/purna-chandra-das-baul-p30765/biography |title=Purna Chandra Das Baul |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]], first President of the modern state of [[India]], acknowledged Purna Das as ''Baul Samrat'' in 1967. Purna Das has also appeared in numerous films, and was personally fêted by [[Mick Jagger]] in England, and by [[Bob Dylan]] who told Purna Das that he himself would be 'the Baul of America'.

==See also==
* [[Lalon]]
* [[Music of Bangladesh]]
* [[Parvathy Baul]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
Bhattacharya, Baskar The Path of the Mystic Lover: Baul Songs of Passion and Ecstasy Inner Traditions, 1983
* Enamul Haq, Muhammad (1975), ''A history of Sufism in Bengal'', [[Asiatic Society]], Dhaka.
* Qureshi, Mahmud Shah (1977), ''Poems Mystiques Bengalis''. Chants Bauls Unesco. Paris.
* Siddiqi, Ashraf (1977), ''Our Folklore Our Heritage'', Dhaka.
* Karim, Anwarul (1980), ''The Bauls of Bangladesh''. [[Lalon]] Academy, [[Kushtia]].
* Mukherjee, Prithwindra (1981), ''Chants Caryâ du bengali ancien'' (édition bilingue), Le Calligraphe, Paris.
* Mukherjee, Prithwindra (1985), ''Bâul, les Fous de l'Absolu'' (édition trilingue), Ministère de la Culture/ Findakly, Paris
* Capwell, Charles (1986), ''The Music of the Bauls of Bengal''. [[Kent State University Press]], USA 1986. {{ISBN|0-87338-317-6}}.
* Dimock, Edward C. (1989), ''The Place of the Hidden Moon: Erotic Mysticism in the Vaisnava-Sahajiya Cult of Bengal'', [[The University of Chicago Press]], Chicago. {{ISBN|0-226-15237-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-226-15237-0}}
* Bandyopadhyay, Pranab (1989), ''Bauls of Bengal''. Firma KLM Pvt, Ltd., Calcutta.
* Mcdaniel, June (1989), ''The Madness of the Saints''. Chicago.
* Sarkar, R. M. (1990), ''Bauls of Bengal''. New Delhi.
* Brahma, Tripti (1990), ''Lalon : His Melodies''. Calcutta.
* Gupta, Samir Das (2000), ''Songs of Lalon''. Sahitya Prakash, Dhaka.
* Karim, Anwarul (2001), ''Rabindranath O Banglar Baul'' (in Bengali), Dhaka.
* {{cite book|last=Openshaw|first=Jeanne|title=Seeking Bauls of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvsQjPPu_okC|year= 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81125-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Baul|first=Parvathy|author-link=Parvathy Baul|title=Song of the Great Soul: An Introduction to the Baul Path|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0LZtgAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Ekatara Baul Sangeetha Kalari}}
* Capwell, Charles (2011), ''Sailing on the Sea of Love THE MUSIC OF THE BAULS OF BENGAL'', The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. {{ISBN|978-0-85742-004-6}}
* {{Citation|last=Sen|first=Mimlu |title=Baulsphere|year=2009|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-81-8400-055-9}}
* {{Citation | date = 2010 | title = The Honey Gatherers | last = Sen | first = Mimlu | publisher = Rider Books | isbn = 978-1-84604-189-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/honeygathererstr0000senm }}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Lisa I.|title=Contradictory Lives: Baul Women in India and Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4oRkwtHyngC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977354-1}}
* Mukherjee, Prithwindra (2014), ''Le Spontané: chants Caryâ et Bâul'', Editions Almora, Paris.

==References==
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{{col-2}}
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* {{Citation
| doi = 10.2307/767591
| author = Kuckertz, Josef ([[:de:Josef Kuckertz|de]])
| year = 1975
| title = Origin and Construction of the Melodies in Baul Songs of Bengal
| jstor = 767591
| journal = [[Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council]]
| volume = 7
| pages = 85–91
}}.
* {{Citation
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| given1 = J
| year = 2002
| title = Seeking Bauls of Bengal
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| isbn = 0-521-81125-2
}}.
* {{Citation
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| date = February 1974
| title = The Esoteric Belief of the Bauls of Bengal
| journal = [[Journal of Asian Studies]]
| volume = 33 | issue = 2
| pages = 255–264
| doi=10.2307/2052187
| jstor = 2052187
}}.
* {{Citation
| author = Mukherjee, Prithwindra
| year = 2013
| title = Tantôt dièse, tantôt bémol (trilingual anthology with 108 poems and songs by Rabindranath Tagore)
| publisher = Shahitya Prakash
| location = Dhaka
| isbn = 9782729121853
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Datta
| given1 = R
| year = 1978
| title = The Religious Aspect of the Baul Songs of Bengal
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{{col-2}}
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* {{Citation
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| title = Rabindranath Tagore--"The Greatest of the Bauls of Bengal"
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| pages = 33–51
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* {{Citation
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| given1 = J
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* {{Citation
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* {{Citation
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{{refend}}
{{col-end}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bauls|Baul}}
* [https://baularchive.com Baul Archive] Baularchive is dedicated to the memory of [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/28/us/edward-dimock-71-scholar-of-indian-studies.html Professor Edward C. Dimock], Jr. who inspired generations of American and Bengali scholars with the poetry and philosophy of Baul songs. It is the culmination of [[Sally Grossman]]'s forty-plus year long interest in the Bauls and has been conceived, inspired, and generously supported by her with the advice and cooperation of Charles Capwell.
* [http://www.lalongeeti.com/songs/ Lalon Song's Archive] Lalon Song's Archive

{{Culture of West Bengal}}
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{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Religious syncretism in Asia]]
[[Category:Mysticism]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu tantra]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi music]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi folk music]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Bengali culture]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
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[[Category:Music of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]

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