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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| honorific-prefix =<br />
| name = Śākaṭāyana<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| religion = [[Jainism]]<br />
| sect = [[Yapaniya]]<br />
| official_name =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = 814 BCE<br />
| birth_place =<br />
| death_date = {{death year and age|867|814}}<br />
| death_place =<br />
}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
'''{{IAST|Śākaṭāyana}}''' (814{{ndash}}867){{sfn|Jaini|1991|p=111}} was the name of two Sanskrit grammarians, one who was a predecessor of [[Yaska]] and [[Pāṇini|Panini]] in [[Iron Age India]], circa 9th century BCE, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Saini |first=Ranjit Singh |year=1999 |title=Post-Pāṇinian systems of Sanskrit grammar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHFjAAAAMAAJ&q="one+sakatayana" |isbn=978-817110161-0}}</ref> and one who was a [[Sanskrit grammarian]] (fl. c. 9th century, during the reign of [[Amoghavarsha]]).{{sfn|Glasenapp|1999|p=130}}<br />
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==Ancient Grammarian==<br />
Śākaṭāyana was an early "etymologist" or ''[[Nirukta|nairukta]]''. He is the oldest grammarian known by name, even though his work is only known indirectly, via references by Yaska and Panini.<br />
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Śākaṭāyana apparently claimed that all nouns are ultimately derived from [[root (linguistics)|verbal roots]]. This process is reflected in the Sanskrit grammar as the system of ''krit-pratyaya''s or verbal affixes.<br />
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[[Bimal Krishna Matilal]] in his ''The word and the world'' refers to the debate of ''nirkuta'' vs. ''vyakarana'' as an interesting philosophical discussion between the ''nairuktas'' or etymologists and the ''pāṇinīyas'' or grammarians.<br />
<blockquote> According to the etymologists, all nouns (substantives) are derived from some verbal root or the other. Yāska in his ''Nirukta'' refers to this view (in fact defends it) and ascribes it to an earlier scholar Śākaṭāyana. This would require that all words are to be analysable into atomic elements, 'roots' or 'bases' and 'affixes' or 'inflections' — better known in Sanskrit as ''dhātu'' and ''pratyaya'' [...] Yāska reported the view of Gārgya who opposed Śākaṭāyana (both preceded Pāṇini who mentions them by name) and held that not all substantival words or nouns (''nāma'') were to be derived from roots, for certain nominal stems were 'atomic'.<ref>{{cite serial<br />
| author = Bimal Krishna Matilal<br />
| author-link = Bimal Krishna Matilal<br />
| orig-year = 1990<br />
| year = 2001<br />
| title = The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language<br />
| publisher = Oxford University Press<br />
| isbn = 0-19-565512-5<br />
| pages = 8–9<br />
}}</ref></blockquote><br />
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Sakatayana also proposed that [[functional morpheme]]s such as [[prepositions]] do not have any meaning by themselves, but contribute to meaning only when attached to nouns or other content words:<br />
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:(The ancient grammarian) Sakatayana says that prepositions when not attached (to nouns or verbs) do not express meanings; but Gargya says that they illustrate (or modify) the action which is expressed by a noun or verb, and that their senses are various (even when detached).<ref>[[Monier Williams]], ''Indian Wisdom Or Examples of the Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus'', 1876 (quote from Goldstuecker's translation of [[Yaska]]'s [[Nirukta]])</ref> This view was challenged by [[Gargya (disambiguation)|Gargya]]. This debate goes to the heart of the [[compositionality]] debate among ancient Indian [[Mimamsa]]kas and [[Vyakaran]]/grammarians.<br />
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His work might have been called the ''{{IAST|Lakṣaṇa Śāstra}}'', in which he also describes the process of determining gender in animate and inanimate creation.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{citation| title = Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation<br />
| last = Glasenapp | first = Helmuth Von | year = 1999<br />
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | location = Delhi<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC<br />
| isbn = 81-208-1376-6<br />
}}<br />
*{{citation| title = Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women<br />
| last = Jaini | first = Padmanabh S.<br />
| author-link = Padmanabh Jaini<br />
| publisher = [[University of California Press]]<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GRA-uoUFz3MC<br />
| date = 1991<br />
| isbn = 0-520-06820-3<br />
}}<br />
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{{Jain Gurus}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakatayana}}<br />
[[Category:814 births]]<br />
[[Category:867 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Indian Jains]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Indian monks]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Jain monks]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Sanskrit grammarians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]</div>103.117.193.1