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Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough

2026-05-05T21:17:31Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন:

{{Short description|British politician and colonial administrator (1790–1871)}}
{{about|the governor-general of India|his father, the [[Lord Chief Justice]]|Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Ellenborough
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|GCB|PC}}
| image = 1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Frederick Richard Say]], c. 1845
| order1 = [[Governor-General of India]]
| term_start1 = 28 February 1842
| term_end1 = June 1844
| monarch1 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Robert Peel|Sir Robert Peel]]
| predecessor1 = [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Earl of Auckland]]
| successor1 = [[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]] (acting Governor-General)
| office2 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status2 = Lord Temporal
| term_start2 = 13 December 1818
| term_end2 = 22 December 1871
| predecessor2 = [[Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough|The 1st Baron Ellenborough]]
| successor2 = [[Charles Towry-Law, 3rd Baron Ellenborough|The 3rd Baron Ellenborough]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)|Mitchell]]
| term_start3 = 1813
| term_end3 = 1818
| predecessor3 = [[George Hobart-Hampden, 5th Earl of Buckinghamshire|George Hobart]]
| successor3 = [[Sir George Staunton, 2nd Baronet|Sir George Staunton]]
| office4 = [[President of the Board of Control]]
| term_start4 = 6 March 1858
| term_end4 = 5 June 1858
| predecessor4 = [[Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden|The Lord Lyvedon]]
| successor4 = [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]]
| office5 =
| term_start5 = 4 September 1841
| term_end5 = 23 October 1841
| predecessor5 = [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton|Sir John Jobhouse]]
| successor5 = [[William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey|The Lord FitzGerald and Vesey]]
| office6 =
| term_start6 = 18 September 1834
| term_end6 = 23 April 1835
| predecessor6 = [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|The Lord Glenelg]]
| successor6 = [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton|Sir John Jobhouse]]
| office7 =
| term_start7 = 17 September 1828
| term_end7 = 1 December 1830
| predecessor7 = [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville|The Viscount Melville]]
| successor7 = [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|The Lord Glenelg]]
| office8 = [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]
| term_start8 = 1846
| term_end8 = 1846
| predecessor8 = [[Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of Haddington|The Earl of Haddington]]
| successor8 = [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Earl of Auckland]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1790|9|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1871|12|22|1790|9|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Southam House]], Gloucestershire, England
| party = [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Lady Octavia Stewart|1813|1819|end=d}}
* {{Marriage|[[Jane Digby]]|1824|1830|end=div}}}}
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough]]
* Anne Towry}}
| alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]]
}}
'''Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough''' (8 September 1790 – 22 December 1871), was a British [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] politician. He was four times [[President of the Board of Control]] and also served as [[Governor-General of India]] between 1842 and 1844.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=289}}

==Background and education==
Ellenborough was the eldest son of [[Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough]], and Anne Towry, daughter of George Towry.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} He was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=289}}<ref>{{acad|id=LW807E|name=Law, the Hon. Edward}}</ref> In 1812, he became Chief Clerk of the [[Court of King's Bench (England)|Court of King's Bench]] (his father's court), a sinecure which was worth nearly £8,000 a year. Owing to the political embarrassment it caused, it was commuted for a life pension in 1838.

==Political career, 1813–1842==
Ellenborough represented the subsequently disfranchised [[rotten borough]] of [[Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)|St Michael's]], Cornwall, in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], until the death of his father in 1818 gave him a seat in the [[House of Lords]]. In the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]'s government of 1828, Ellenborough was made [[Lord Privy Seal]]; he also took part in the business of the foreign office, as an unofficial assistant to Wellington, who recognised his talents. He hoped to be Foreign Secretary, but had to be content with the [[President of the Board of Control|presidency of the Board of Control]], which he retained until the fall of the ministry in 1830. Ellenborough was an active administrator, and took a lively interest in questions of Indian policy. The revision of the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]]'s charter was approaching, and he held that the government of India should be transferred directly to the crown. He was impressed with the growing importance of a knowledge of central Asia, in the event of a Russian advance towards the Indian frontier, and despatched [[Alexander Burnes]] to explore the district.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=289–290}}

Ellenborough subsequently returned to the Board of Control in [[Robert Peel]]'s first and second administrations. He had only held office for a month on the third occasion when he was appointed by the court of directors to succeed Lord Auckland as [[Governor-General of India]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=289}}

==Governor-General of India, 1842–1844==
His Indian administration of two and a half years, or half the usual term of service, was from first to last a subject of hostile criticism. His own letters sent monthly to the Queen, and his correspondence with the Duke of Wellington, published in 1874, afford material for an intelligent and impartial judgment of his meteoric career. The events chiefly in dispute are his policy towards [[Afghanistan]] and the army and captives there, his conquest of [[Sind Division|Sind]], and his [[Gwalior campaign|campaign]] in [[Gwalior]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=289}}

Ellenborough went to India to "restore peace to Asia" but the whole term of his office was occupied by war. On his arrival there the news that greeted him was that of the [[Battle of Kabul (1842)|massacre of Kabul]], and the sieges of [[Ghazni]] and [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]], while the [[sepoy]]s of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] were on the verge of open rebellion. In his proclamation of 15 March 1842, as in his memorandum for [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|the queen]], dated the 18th, he stated with characteristic clearness and eloquence the duty of first inflicting some signal and decisive blow on the Afghans, and then leaving them to govern themselves under the sovereign of their own choice. Unhappily, when he left for upper India and learned of the failure of [[Richard England (British Army officer, born 1793)|General England]], he instructed [[George Pollock]] and [[William Nott (British general)|William Nott]], who were advancing triumphantly with their avenging columns to rescue the British captives, to fall back. The army proved true to the governor-general's earlier proclamation rather than to his later fears; the hostages were rescued and the scene of Sir Alexander Burnes's murder in the heart of [[Kabul]] was burned down.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=289}}

[[Dost Mahommed Khan]] was quietly released from a prison in [[Calcutta]] to the throne in the [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Bala Hissar]], and Ellenborough presided over the painting of the elephants for an unprecedented military spectacle at [[Ferozepur]], on the south bank of the [[Satluj]]. When [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], in 1024, sacked the Hindu temple of [[Somnath]] on the north-west coast of India, he carried off the richly-studded sandalwood gates of the fanes and set them up in his capital of Ghazni. The Muslim puppet of the English, [[Shuja Shah Durrani|Shah Shuja]], had been asked, when ruler of Afghanistan, to restore them to India; and what he had failed to do the Christian ruler of opposing [[Muslim]] and [[Hindus]] resolved to effect in the most solemn and public manner. In vain had [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Major (afterwards Sir Henry) Rawlinson]] proved that they were only reproductions of the original gates, to which the Ghazni moulvies{{typo help inline|reason=similar to moolvies|date=January 2020}} clung merely as a source of offerings from the faithful who visited the old conqueror's tomb. In vain did the Hindu sepoys show the most chilling indifference to the belauded restoration. Ellenborough could not resist the temptation to copy Napoleon's magniloquent proclamation under the pyramids. The fraudulent folding doors were conveyed on a [[triumphal car]] to the fort of [[Agra]], where they were found to be made not of sandalwood but of deal. That Somnath proclamation (immortalized in a speech by [[Thomas Macaulay|Macaulay]]) was the first step towards its author's recall.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=289–290}}

Hardly had Ellenborough issued his medal with the legend "Pax Asiae Restituta" when he was at war with the amirs of [[History of Sindh|Sind]]. The tributary amirs had on the whole been faithful, for Major [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]] controlled them. He reported some opposition, and Ellenborough ordered an inquiry, but entrusted the duty to Sir [[Charles James Napier|Charles Napier]], with full political as well as military powers. Mir Au Morad was intrigued with both sides so effectually that he betrayed the amirs on the one hand, while he deluded Napier on the other. Ellenborough was led on till events were beyond his control, and his own instructions were forgotten. Sir Charles Napier made more than one confession like this: "We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall do so, and a very advantageous, useful and humane piece of rascality it will be." The battles of [[Battle of Miani|Meeanee]] and [[battle of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] followed; and the [[Indus]] became a British river from [[Karachi]] to [[Multan]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=290}}

Sind had hardly been disposed of when the Britain started eyeing other parts of the Indian subcontinent. On the north, the Sikh confederacy was going through rapid changes and internal power shifts after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh . In Gwalior to the south, the feudatory [[Maharashtra|Mahratta]] state, there was dissent from the army, and factions in the council of ministers. These conditions brought Gwalior to the verge of civil war. Ellenborough reviewed the danger in the minute of 1 November 1845, and told Sir [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]] to advance. Further treachery and military licence rendered the battles of Maharajpur and Punniar (fought on the same day), inevitable though they were, a surprise to the combatants. The treaty that followed was as merciful as it was wise. But by this time the patience of the directors was exhausted. They had no control over Ellenborough's policy; his despatches to them were haughty and disrespectful; and in June 1844 they exercised their power of recalling him.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=290}}

==Political career, 1844–1858==
[[File:Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough.png|thumb|alt=A photograph of Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough, taken in London in 1861 by Camille Silvy|Lord Ellenborough in 1861 by [[Camille Silvy]]]]
On his return to England, Ellenborough was created '''Earl of Ellenborough''', in the county of Cumberland,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20394|page=3518|date=15 October 1844}}</ref> Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=20399|page=3717|date=1 November 1844}}</ref> and received the thanks of Parliament; but his administration soon became the theme of hostile debates, though it was successfully vindicated by Peel and Wellington. When Peel's cabinet was reconstituted in 1846 Ellenborough became [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]. In 1858 he took office under Lord Derby as president of the board of control, for the fourth time. It was then his congenial task to draft the new scheme for the government of India which the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] had rendered necessary. But his old fault of impetuosity again proved his stumbling block. He wrote a caustic despatch censuring Lord Canning for the Oudh proclamation, and allowed it to be published in ''[[The Times]]'' without consulting his colleagues, who disavowed his action in this respect. General disapprobation was excited; votes of censure were announced in both Houses; and, to save the cabinet, Ellenborough resigned.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=290}}

But for this act of rashness, he might have enjoyed the task of carrying into effect the home constitution for the government of India which he sketched in his evidence before the select committee of the House of Commons on Indian territories on 8 June 1852. Paying off his old score against the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], he then advocated the abolition of the court of directors as a governing body, the opening of the civil service to the army, the transference of the government to the crown, and the appointment of a council to advise the minister who should take the place of the President of the Board of Control. These suggestions of 1852 were carried out by his successor [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]], in 1858, so closely even in details, that Lord Ellenborough must be pronounced the author, for good or evil, of the system of direct rule of India that was introduced at that time. Though acknowledged to be one of the foremost orators in the House of Lords, and taking a frequent part in debate, Ellenborough never held office again.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=290}}

See ''History of the Indian Administration'' (Bentley, 1874), edited by Lord Colchester; ''Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee on Indian Territories'' (June 1852); volume i. of the ''Calcutta Review''; the ''Friend of India'', during the years 1842–1845; and John Hope, ''The House of Scindea: A Sketch'' (Longmans, 1863). The numerous books by and against Sir Charles Napier, on the conquest of Sind, should be consulted.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=290}}

==Family==
[[File:Jane Elizabeth Digby, Countess of Ellenborough (1807-1881), by James Holmes.jpg|thumb|Jane Digby, Countess of Ellenborough, in 1828]]
Lord Ellenborough was married twice. He married firstly Lady Octavia Catherine Stewart, daughter of [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry]], in 1813. They had no children. She died of tuberculosis in March 1819.

He married secondly [[Jane Digby]], daughter of Admiral [[Henry Digby (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Henry Digby]]. They had one child, the Hon. Arthur Dudley Law (15 February 1828 – 1 February 1830). Arthur's biological father was Jane's cousin; after her cousin ended their affair, she had at least two more affairs.<ref name="echo">{{cite news |title=The sex scandal of Southam: the hidden history of Ellenborough Park |url=http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Secret-Sex-Scandal-Ellenborough-Park-s-hidden/story-26510387-detail/story.html |newspaper=Gloucestershire Echo |date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102441/http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Secret-Sex-Scandal-Ellenborough-Park-s-hidden/story-26510387-detail/story.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> After the news of her affair with [[Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg]] became public, Lord and Lady Ellenborough were divorced by [[Act of Parliament]] in 1830.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=289}}

He did not remarry, although he had illegitimate children with his mistress.<ref name="echo" /> The stage actor [[St. Clair Bayfield]] (born John St. Clair Roberts) was his grandson through his illegitimate daughter, Ida Roberts.

==Death==
Ellenborough died at his seat, [[Southam House]], near [[Cheltenham]], in December 1871,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=290}} aged 81. On his death, the viscountcy and earldom became extinct while he was succeeded in the barony by his nephew, [[Charles Towry-Law, 3rd Baron Ellenborough]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} He was buried in the family mausoleum at Oxenton Church.<ref name="echo" />

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1=1. '''Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough'''
|2=2. [[Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough]]
|3=3. Ann Towry (died 1843)
|4=4. Rt Rev. [[Edmund Law]]
|5=5. Mary Christian (1721/1722 – 1762)
|6=6. Capt. George Towry
|8=8. Rev. Edmund Law (1673–1741)
|9=9. Patience Langbaine (died 1733)
|10=10. John Christian (1688–1745)
|11=11. Bridget Senhouse (c. 1693 – 1749)
}}

==Arms==
{{Emblem table
| name = Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough<ref>{{cite book |year=1884 |title=Burke's General Armory |page=588 |url=https://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk/page/588}}</ref>
| image = Coat of arms of Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough.svg
| imagesize = 250px
| crest = A cock gules charged on the breast with a mitre pendant from a chain round the neck or.
| escutcheon = Ermine on a bend engrailed between two cocks gules three mullets pierced or.
| supporters = Two eagles, wings elevated, sable, each gorged with a chain or, and pendant therefrom on the brest of the dexter supporter a mitre, and on the sinister a covered cup gold.
| motto = ''Compositum Jus Fasque Animi'' (Law and equity combined)
| orders = Order of the Bath (Knight Grand Cross, civil division - GCB)
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Ellenborough, Edward Law, Earl of|volume=9|pages=289–290}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=3642| name=Edward Law}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edward Law}}
* {{Cite DNB |wstitle=Law, Edward, Earl of Ellenborough |last=Hamilton |first=John Andrew |author-link=John Hamilton, 1st Viscount Sumner |volume=32}}
* {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16143 |title=Law, Edward, first earl of Ellenborough (1790–1871) |last=Steele |first=David |date=October 2008 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/16143 |access-date=12 March 2010}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-edward-law | Edward Law }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[George Hobart-Hampden, 5th Earl of Buckinghamshire|George Hobart]]|before2=[[John Bruce (1745–1826)|John Bruce]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= Member of Parliament for [[Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)|Mitchell]]|years=1813–[[1818 United Kingdom general election|1818]]|with=[[John Bruce (1745–1826)|John Bruce]] 1813 – August 1814|with2=[[Charles Trelawny-Brereton]] August–December 1814|with3=[[Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of Haddington|Lord Binning]] December 1814 – 1818}}
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{{s-end}}

{{First Peel Ministry}}
{{First Lords of the Admiralty}}
{{Viceroys of India}}
{{Governors-general of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Earl Of}}
[[Category:1790 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:Lords Privy Seal]]
[[Category:Governors-general of India]]
[[Category:Lords of the Admiralty]]
[[Category:British people of the First Anglo-Sikh War]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Mitchell|Law, Edward]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1812–1818|Law, Edward]]
[[Category:UK MPs who inherited peerages|Law, Edward]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages|Law, Edward]]
[[Category:Barons Ellenborough|2]]
[[Category:Earls of Ellenborough|Edward]]
[[Category:Law family|Edward]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Control]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Tory MPs (pre-1834)|Law, Edward]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers]]

Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T10:00:10Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Ahmednagar {{Small|MH-16}}
| map_image = File:37 Ahmednagar - अहमदनगर - احمد نگر.png
| map_caption = '''Dark Area of Constituency'''
| established = 1952–present
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke]]
| preceded_by = [[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
| incumbent_image =
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
|reservation= None
| assembly_cons =[[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]] [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]] [[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]] [[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]] [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]] [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
}}

'''Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 parliamentary constituencies of the [[Lok Sabha]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification on delimitation on 19 February 2008, Ahmednagarr Lok Sabha constituency comprises six Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|222
|[[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|[[Monika Rajiv Rajale|Monika Rajale]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 223
|[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]
|Akshay Shivajirao Kardile
|-
|224
|[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]
|[[Kashinath Mahadu Date|Kashinath Date]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|-
|225
|[[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]]
|[[Sangram Jagtap]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|226
|[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]
|[[Vikram Babanrao Pachpute|Vikram Pachpute]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|227
|[[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
|[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar|Rohit Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| Uttamchand R Bogawat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Raghunath Keshav Khadilkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Motilal Firodia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Anantrao Patil]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Annasaheb Shinde]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| Chandrabhan Athare Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil]]

|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| 1994^
| rowspan="2" | Maruti Shelke alias Dada Patil Shelke
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Dilipkumar Gandhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Tukaram Gangadhar Gadakh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Dilipkumar Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
|-
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke|Nilesh Lanke]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|-
|}

^bypoll

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Nationalist
Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}|47.14}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}|58.54}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}|56.97}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}|39.65}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|52.77}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.05}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Shiv Sena }}|49.33}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.40}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.41}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.08}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.89}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|63.50}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.39}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.81}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.53}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.31}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent }}|52.12}}

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.91}}
}}
===General elections 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmednagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Ahmadnagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result">{{cite news |title=Ahmadnagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/ahmadnagar |accessdate=7 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107124541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/ahmadnagar |archivedate=7 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
|candidate = [[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke]]
|votes = 6,24,797
|percentage = 47.14
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
|votes = 5,95,868
|percentage = 44.95
|change = {{down}}13.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate =Alekar Gorakh Dashrath
|votes =44,597
|percentage =3.36
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
|candidate =Deelip Kondiba Khedkar
|votes =13,749
|percentage =1.04
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =3,282
|percentage = 0.25
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =28,929
|percentage = 2.18
|change = {{down}}21.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,27,130
|percentage = 66.73
|change ={{up}}1.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)
|loser =BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2019===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmednagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
|votes = 7,04,660
|percentage = 58.54
|change = {{up}}1.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Sangram Arun Jagtap]]
|votes = 4,23,186
|percentage = 35.15
|change = {{down}}2.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Sudhakar Avhad
|votes = 31,807
|percentage = 2.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,81,526
|percentage = 23.34
|change = {{up}}3.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,06,090
|percentage = 64.79
|change = {{up}}2.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{up}}9.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = BJP
|candidate = [[Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi|Dilip Gandhi]]
|votes = 6,05,185
|percentage = 56.97
|change = +17.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Rajeev Rajale]]
|votes = 3,96,063
|percentage = 37.28
|change = +3.57
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,09,122
|percentage = 19.69
|change = +13.75
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,62,780
|percentage = 62.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +17.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi|Dilip Gandhi]]
|votes = 3,12,047
|percentage = 39.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile|Shivaji Kardile]]
|votes = 2,65,316
|percentage = 33.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = [[Rajeev Rajale]]
|votes = 1,52,795
|percentage = 19.41
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 46,731
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,86,980
|percentage = 51.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gadakh Tukaram Gangadhar|Tukaram Gadakh]]
|votes = 3,62,938
|percentage = 52.77%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prof. N. S. Pharande
|votes = 2,87,861
|percentage = 41.86%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 75,077
|percentage = 10.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,87,722
|percentage = 51.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi|Dilip Gandhi]]
|votes = 2,78,508
|percentage = 38.05%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Maruti Deoram Shelke
|votes = 2,50,051
|percentage = 34.17%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Babasaheb Sahadu Bhos
|votes = 1,89,589
|percentage = 25.91%
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,457
|percentage = 3.89%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,31,858
|percentage = 67.64%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1998===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 3,23,024
|percentage = 49.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Maruti Deoram Shelke
|votes = 3,08,779
|percentage = 47.15%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,245
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,54,846
|percentage = 59.68%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1996===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Maruti Deoram Shelke
|votes = 2,12,751
|percentage = 38.40%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Parvez Damaniya
|votes = 1,63,342
|percentage = 29.48%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Gadakh Tukaram Gangadhar|Tukaram Gadakh]]
|votes = 1,19,277
|percentage = 21.53%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,409
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,54,015
|percentage = 51.39%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1991===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil|Yashwantrao Gadakh]]
|votes = 2,79,520
|percentage = 46.41%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil|Balasaheb Vikhe]]
|votes = 2,67,883
|percentage = 44.48%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajabhau Zarkar
|votes = 37,330
|percentage = 6.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,637
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,02,294
|percentage = 61.42%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1989===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil|Yashwantrao Gadakh]]
|votes = 2,97,209
|percentage = 56.08%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = N. S. Faranda
|votes = 1,43,464
|percentage = 27.07%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Kumar Saptarshi
|votes = 59,171
|percentage = 11.16%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,53,745
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,29,972
|percentage = 55.53%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1984===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil|Yashwantrao Gadakh]]
|votes = 2,81,873
|percentage = 58.89%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Babanrao Dhakne]]
|votes = 1,81,550
|percentage = 37.93%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,00,322
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,78,676
|percentage = 63.98%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1980===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chandrabhan Balaji Athare
|votes = 2,60,459
|percentage = 63.50%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (U)
|candidate = Eknath B. Nimbalkar
|votes = 80,245
|percentage = 19.56%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Rajaram Murlidhar Zarkar
|votes = 60,016
|percentage = 14.63%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,53,745
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,10,162
|percentage = 60.12%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1977===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Annasaheb Shinde]]
|votes = 1,14,737
|percentage = 35.39%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mohanrao Abasaheb Gade
|votes = 80,245
|percentage = 19.56%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Balasaheb Nabaji Nagawade
|votes = 29,947
|percentage = 9.24%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 64,813
|percentage = 5.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,24,234
|percentage = 58.06%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General elections 1971===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Annasaheb Shinde]]
|votes = 1,52,262
|percentage = 54.81%
|change = {{Up}}3.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prabhakar Kondaji Bhapkar
|votes = 1,04,419
|percentage = 37.59%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohanrao Abasaheb Gade
|votes = 15,081
|percentage = 5.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 47,843
|percentage = 17.22%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,77,789
|percentage = 57.57%
|change = {{down}}4.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1967===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anantrao Patil]]
|votes = 1,42,925
|percentage = 51.53%
|change = {{down}}1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = E. L. Bhagwat
|votes = 92,285
|percentage = 33.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. R. Kanavade
|votes = 42,144
|percentage = 15.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,640
|percentage = 18.25%
|change = {{Up}}11.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,77,354
|percentage = 61.72%
|change = {{Up}}6.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1962===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Motilal Firodia]]
|votes = 1,13,159
|percentage = 53.31%
|change = {{up}}16.10%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prabhakar Kondaji Bhapkar
|votes = 99,121
|percentage = 46.69%
|change = "New"
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,038
|percentage = 6.60%
|change = {{down}}8.30%
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,12,280
|percentage = 54.98%
|change = {{up}}6.84%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1957===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Raghunath Keshav Khadilkar]]
|votes = 85,265
|percentage = 52.12%
|change = "New"
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uttamchand Bogawat
|votes = 60,873
|percentage = 37.21%
|change = {{down}}19.70%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhaskar Pandurang Hiwale
|votes = 17,442
|percentage = 10.66%
|change = "New"
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,392
|percentage = 14.90%
|change = {{increase}}1.10%
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,580
|percentage = 48.14%
|change = {{up}}7.80%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1952===
{{Election box begin | title= [[1952 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmednagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uttamchand Ramchand Bogavat
|votes = 88,815
|percentage = 56.91%
|change = "New"
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha
|candidate = N. N. Satha
|votes = 67,239
|percentage = 43.09%
|change = "New"
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,576
|percentage = 13.80%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,054
|percentage = 40.34%
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ahmednagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/ahmednagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Ahmednagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Ahmednagar topics}}

{{coord|19|6|8.46|N|74|45|0.84|E|region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Bombay State]]

Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T09:49:31Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: adding first pg w/ sources!

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{for|other places with same/similar name|Paramathi-Velur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| map_image = Constitution-Paramathi-Velur.svg
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[Sekar S|S. Sekar]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| name = Paramathi-Velur
| electors = 205,147
| reservation =
}}

'''Paramathi-Velur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] that was formed after constituency delimitations in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 95. It consists of [[Paramathi-Velur taluk]] and portions of [[Thiruchengode taluk|Tiruchengodu]] and [[Namakkal taluk]]s. It forms a part of [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 28 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[U. Thaniyarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| K. S. Moorthiy
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Sekar S|S. Sekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.50}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramathi-Velur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sekar]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Moorthiy|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Prathap<ref>https://www.dinamalar.com/amp/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-chennai/fifth-list-released-by-ramadoss/4189822</ref>|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Aravind |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= A. Nandhakumar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203567|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramathi-Velur<ref>{{cite web|title=Paramathi-Velur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a095|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sekar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,034 |percentage=47.08% |change=+5.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Moorthiy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,372 |percentage=42.89% |change=+0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Uvarani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,684 |percentage=6.39% |change=+5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Natarajan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,882 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=964 |percentage=0.53% |change=-0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. P. Saminathan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,329 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,662 |percentage=+4.19% |change= +4.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=182,733 |percentage=82.46% |change= -1.57% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=168|percentage=0.09% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,602 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramathi-Velur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Moorthiy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,418 |percentage=42.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajendhiran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,600 |percentage=41.98% |change=-12.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthukumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,014 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Boopathi |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=5,116 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajkumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,323 |percentage=2.47% |change=+1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramesh |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,740 |percentage=2.13% |change=-31.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,658 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Deivasigamani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,643 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,134 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=818 |percentage=0.47% |change= -19.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=175,306 |percentage=84.03% |change= 2.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,633 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramathi-Velur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U.Thaniyarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,682 |percentage=54.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Vadivel |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=51,664 |percentage=34.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vaithiyanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,233 |percentage=4.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manoharan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,140 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sivasankar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,012 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,527 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangadurai |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,447 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Balasubramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,018 |percentage=20.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=151,705 |percentage=81.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,699 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.16|78.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T18:28:07Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in Delhi|Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badarpur
| mla = [[Abdul Aziz (Indian politician)|Abdul Aziz]]
| party =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
| loksabha_cons =
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 5
| map_image = Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency map.svg
| abolished = 2023
}}
'''Badarpur Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 constituencies of the Legislative Assembly of [[Assam]] state in northeastern India.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>[https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf DELIMITATION ASSAM UPDATED] {{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref>

Badarpur (constituency number 5) was one of the 5 constituencies located in [[Barak Valley]] of [[Karimganj district]]. Badarpur was part of the [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency]] along with 7 other assembly segments, namely [[Patharkandi]], [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]], [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]], [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari]] in Karimganj district, [[Hailakandi]], [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlichera]] and [[Algapur]] in Hailakandi district.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| 1951
| [[Moulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1957
| Moulana [[Abdul Jalil Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1958
| [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1962
| Moulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| Moulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1972
| Moulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978
| [[Ramendra De]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 1983
| [[Gulam Subhany Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1985
| [[Ramendra De]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 1991
| [[Abu Saleh Najmuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1996
| [[Abu Saleh Najmuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2001
| [[Jamal Uddin Ahmed (politician)|Jamal Uddin Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 2006
| [[Anwarul Hoque]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
| 2011
| [[Jamal Uddin Ahmed (politician)|Jamal Uddin Ahmed]]<ref name="bad ref1" />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2016
| [[Jamal Uddin Ahmed (politician)|Jamal Uddin Ahmed]]<ref name="bad ref1">{{cite news |title=Badarpur Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Abdul Aziz of AIUDF Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/badarpur-election-result-2021-live-updates-badarpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695177.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Abdul Aziz (Indian politician)|Abdul Aziz]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam assembly elections, 2021]]: Badarpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Abdul Aziz (Indian politician)|Abdul Aziz]]
|votes = 74,452
|percentage = 56.62
|change = {{increase}}24.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswarup Bhattacharjee
|votes = 50,504
|percentage = 38.41
|change = {{increase}}6.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,706
|percentage = 1.3
|change = {{increase}}0.78
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,948
|percentage = 18.21
|change = {{decrease}}16.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,31,492
|percentage = 80.9
|change = {{decrease}}0.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Badarpur<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jamaluddin Ahmed
|votes = 38,266
|percentage = 34.00
|change = -5.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Abdul Aziz
|votes = 36,178
|percentage = 32.15
|change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Deb
|votes = 35,694
|percentage = 31.72
|change = +4.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sazidul Hoque
|votes = 418
|percentage = 0.37
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kamrul Islam
|votes = 303
|percentage = 0.26
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Subodh Suklabaidya
|votes = 295
|percentage = 0.26
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Oliour Rahman Tapadar
|votes = 168
|percentage = 0.14
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Solmon Shaikh
|votes = 147
|percentage = 0.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdus Sukkur Baig
|votes = 142
|percentage = 0.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khasruzzaman Talukdar
|votes = 132
|percentage = 0.11
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anamuddin
|votes = 101
|percentage = 0.08
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Binoy Namasudra
|votes = 79
|percentage = 0.07
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 596
|percentage = 0.52
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,088
|percentage = 1.85
|change = -6.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,519
|percentage = 80.94
|change = +8.93
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,39,003
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Badarpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jamaluddin Ahmed
|votes = 35,869
|percentage = 29.16
|change = +11.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Helaluddin Choudhury
|votes = 28,487
|percentage = 31.10
|change = -5.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswarup Bhattacharjee
|votes = 24,573
|percentage = 26.83
|change = -3.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Fakaruddin
|votes = 1,194
|percentage = 1.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Moinul Islam
|votes = 837
|percentage = 0.91
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Fakaruddin Ali Ahmed
|votes = 644
|percentage = 0.70
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,382
|percentage = 8.06
|change = +1.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 91,604
|percentage = 72.01
|change = +6.15
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,27,213
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Badarpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Anowarul Hoque
|votes = 29,680
|percentage = 36.69
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswarup Bhattacharjee
|votes = 24,377
|percentage = 30.14
|change = -7.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jamaluddin Ahmed
|votes = 22,573
|percentage = 27.91
|change = +10.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ramendra De
|votes = 1,823
|percentage = 2.25
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Khalique
|votes = 1,081
|percentage = 1.34
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sukanti Bhattacharjee
|votes = 715
|percentage = 0.88
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sambhu Kanti Namasudra
|votes = 350
|percentage = 0.43
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khaliluddin
|votes = 293
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,303
|percentage = 6.55
|change = +4.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 80,892
|percentage = 65.86
|change = -4.18
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,22,828
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2001: Badarpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Jamaluddin Ahmed
|votes = 30,471
|percentage = 40.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Deb
|votes = 28,563
|percentage = 38.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abu Saleh Najmuddin
|votes = 13,274
|percentage = 17.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Helaluddin
|votes = 1,935
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nilay Kanti Paul
|votes = 567
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdur Rakib
|votes = 101
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdur Raquib Choudhury
|votes = 85
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,908
|percentage = 2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 74,996
|percentage = 70.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,07,070
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|24.86|92.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Karimganj district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Keerthivaripalem

2026-05-04T12:13:00Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: added new post needs work...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

'''Keerthivaripalem''' is a small village in [[Chirala Mandal]] in [[Bapatla District]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> [[Chirala]], [[Karamchedu]], [[Bapatla]], [[Vetapalem]], are the nearby towns to Keerthivaripalem. Keerthivaripalem is reachable by [[Ipurupalem]] railway station, [[Ipurupalem Halt]] railway station, [[Stuartpuram]] railway station, Chirala railway station. Its main [[Village Panchayat]] is [[Vodarevu Panchayat]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Bapatla district]]

{{Bapatla-geo-stub}}

Junior Mehmood

2026-04-30T03:06:58Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: added initial post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian actor (1956–2023)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Junior Mehmood
| image = Junior Mehmood.jpg
| caption =
| birthname = Naeem Sayyed
| alias = Mohammed Naim
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1956|11|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]]), India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2023|12|08|1956|11|15}}
| death_place = [[Parel]], Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film director|producer|singer}}
| spouse =
| website =
| years_active = {{circa|1966}}–2023
}}

'''Naeem Sayyed''' (15 November 1956 – 8 December 2023), known professionally as '''Junior Mehmood''', was an Indian actor, singer, [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film director, and producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Going back in time with Junior Mehmood|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-going-back-in-time-with-junior-mehmood/20120813.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=27 September 2013|author=Patcy N|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004210403/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-going-back-in-time-with-junior-mehmood/20120813.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The name Junior Mehmood was given to him by [[Mehmood Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The name Jr Mehmood transformed my life|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/26jm.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718204549/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/26jm.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Sayyed acted in 265 films in 7 different languages and also produced and directed 6 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movies.{{cn|date=December 2023}} He died from [[stomach cancer]] on 8 December 2023, at the age of 67.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/junior-mehmood-dies-of-stomach-cancer-at-67-101702000381856.html|title=Junior Mehmood dies of stomach cancer at 67|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''[[Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1966 film)|Mohabbat Zindagi Hai]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Naunihal]]'' (1967)
* ''Gunehgar'' (1967)
* ''Vaasna'' (1968)
* ''[[Sunghursh]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Suhaag Raat (1948 film)|Suhaag Raat]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Parivar (1968 film)|Parivar]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Farishta (1968 film)|Farishta]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Vishwas]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Simla Road]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Raja Saab]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Pyar Hi Pyar]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Nateeja]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Chanda Aur Bijli]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Balak]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Anjaana]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Do Raaste]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Yaadgaar (1970 film)|Yaadgaar]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kati Patang]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Bachpan]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Aan Milo Sajna]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Ustad Pedro]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Ramu Ustad]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Ladki Pasand Hai]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Johar Mehmood in Hong Kong]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Chhoti Bahu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Chingari (1971 film)|Chingari]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Hungama (1971 film)|Hungama]]'' (1971)
*"[[Khoj (1971 film)|Khoj]]" (1971)
* ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Haré Raama Haré Krishna]]'' (1971)
* [Bhaiti]-1972 (Assamese)
* ''[[Maa Da Laadla]]'' (1973) as shotu in Punjabi movie
* ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Amir Garib]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Teri Meri Ik Jindri]]'' (1975) as Latoo in Punjabi Movie
* ''[[Romeo in Sikkam]]'' (1975)
* Aap Beati (1976)
* ''[[Geet Gaata Chal]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Aap To Aise Na The]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Farz Aur Pyar]]'' (1981)
* ''Apna Bana Lo'' (1982)
* ''[[Lovers (1983 film)|Lovers]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Phulwari (1984 film)|Phulwari]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Karishma Kudrat Kaa]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Bistar]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Sasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Khel Mohabbat Ka]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Pati Paisa Aur Pyar]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Dadagiri (film)|Dadagiri]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Imaandaar]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Main Tere Liye]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Akhri Muqabla]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Mohabbat Ke Dushman]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Aag Ke Sholay]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharni]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Shehzaade]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Jawani Zindabad]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Kasam Dhande Ki]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Aaj Ka Arjun]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Vasna (film)|Vasna]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Numbri Aadmi]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Khoon Ka Karz]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Karz Chukana Hai]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Ramgarh Ke Sholay]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Pyar Hua Chori Chori]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Daulat Ki Jung]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Dharam Ka Insaaf]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Chauraha]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Bewafa Sanam]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Aazmayish]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Apne Dam Par]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Mafia]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Chhote Sarkar (1996 film)|Chhote Sarkar]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mahaanta]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Aakhir Kaun Thi Woh]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Adla Badli]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Qatil Haseeno Ka]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Raat Ke Saudagar]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Chalo Ishq Ladaaye]]''m (2002)
* ''[[Humein Tumse Pyar Ho Gaya Chupke Chupke]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Journey Bombay to Goa]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Jaana Pehchana]]'' (2011)
* '' The Rise of Sudarshan Chakra'' (2023)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jr. |first1=Mehmood |title=Celebrity |url=https://bollymints.com/celebrities/junior-mehmood-jr-mehmood-mehmood-jr |website=bollymints.com}}</ref>

==Television==
* ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]'' serial on Star Plus (2012–2014) as Shanky
* ''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari ka]]'' (TV serial 2016–) on Sony SET.
* ''[[Tenali Rama]]'' TV Serial on SAB TV (2019) as Mulla Nasiruddin
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://jrmehmood.com/index.html}}
* {{IMDb name|0576455}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Junior, Mehmood}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Deaths from stomach cancer in India]]

World Heritage Site

2026-04-28T02:32:56Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: small changes

{{Short description|Place of significance listed by UNESCO}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{for|the list of designated locations|lists of World Heritage Sites}}
{{Infobox organization
| name =
| full_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo = World Heritage Logo global.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = The World Heritage emblem, used to identify properties protected by the World Heritage Convention
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| formation = {{start date and age|1978|df=y|p=y}}
| founder = 
| founding_location = [[Galápagos Islands]]
| dissolved = 
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| type = UNESCO Landmarks and areas legal protection and sites listing agency
| tax_id = 
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| purpose = UNESCO landmarks and areas protection
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'''World Heritage Sites''' are [[Landmark|landmarks]] and areas with legal protection under an [[treaty|international treaty]] administered by [[UNESCO]] for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "[[Cultural heritage|cultural]] and [[natural heritage]] around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity".<ref name="about" />

To be selected, a World Heritage Site is nominated by its host country and determined by the UNESCO's [[World Heritage Committee]] to be a unique landmark which is geographically and historically identifiable, having a special cultural or physical significance, and to be under a sufficient system of legal protection. World Heritage Sites might be [[ancient ruins]] or historical structures, [[Building|buildings]], [[City|cities]],{{efn|In 1978, two entire cities were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites: first [[Quito]] in Ecuador, and later [[Kraków]] in Poland.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Katia |last1=Hetter |title=Exploring the world's first 12 heritage sites |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/unesco-first-12-world-heritage-sites/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526195934/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/unesco-first-12-world-heritage-sites/index.html |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=year |title=World Heritage List (ordered by year) |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200147/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/%26order%3Dyear |archive-date=26 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Desert|deserts]], [[Forest|forests]], [[Island|islands]], [[Lake|lakes]], [[Monument|monuments]], [[Mountain|mountains]], [[Wilderness area|wilderness areas]], [[Memorial|memorial sites]]<ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage Site Typology |website=World Heritage Explorer |url=https://www.worldheritageexplorer.org/typology.html |publisher=World Heritage Explorer |access-date=21 April 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> and others.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Ann Marie |last1=Sullivan |title=Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past |journal=[[John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law]] |url=https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl |via=UIC Law Open Access Repository |volume=15 |pages=604–46 |year=2016 |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405095657/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/cobi.12976 |pmid=28664996 |title=Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation |journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=116–126 |year=2018 |last1=Allan |first1=James R. |last2=Kormos |first2=Cyril |last3=Jaeger |first3=Tilman |last4=Venter |first4=Oscar |last5=Bertzky |first5=Bastian |last6=Shi |first6=Yichuan |last7=MacKey |first7=Brendan |last8=Van Merm |first8=Remco |last9=Osipova |first9=Elena |last10=Watson |first10=James E.M.|bibcode=2018ConBi..32..116A |s2cid=28944427}}</ref>

A World Heritage Site may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humankind and serve as evidence of humanity's intellectual history on the planet, or it might be a place of great natural beauty.<ref name="SelectionCriteria" /> {{As of|2025|July}}, a total of 1,248 World Heritage Sites exist across [[World Heritage Sites by country|170 countries]].<ref name="WHList" />

The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored, uncontrolled or unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones.<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=World Heritage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131353/https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Lists of World Heritage Sites|World Heritage Sites list]] is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 "states parties" that are elected by the [[United Nations General Assembly]], and advised by reviews of international panels of experts in natural or cultural history, and education.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/comittee/ |title=The World Heritage Committee |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=14 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131510/https://whc.unesco.org/en/committee/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>

The Program catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humankind. The programme began with the [[Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf |title=Convention Concerning the Protection of World's Cultural and Natural Heritage |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131631/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 196 states have ratified the convention,<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|title=States Parties – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031142628/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties|url-status=live}}</ref> making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world's most popular cultural programme.{{sfn|Edmondson|Jordan|Prodan|2020|p=144}}

==History==
===Origin===
[[File:تابلو میراث جهانی یونسکو تخت سلیمان.jpg|thumb|UNESCO World Heritage plaque at [[Takht-e Soleymān]] in [[Iran]]]]
In 1954, the government of [[Egypt]] decided to build the new [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]], whose resulting future reservoir would eventually [[Flood|inundate]] a large stretch of the [[Nile]] valley containing cultural treasures of [[ancient Egypt]] and ancient [[Nubia]]. In 1959, the governments of Egypt and [[Sudan]] requested the [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) to assist them to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites.

In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched the [[International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |title=Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131757/https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/172/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> This resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, the recovery of thousands of objects, as well as the salvage and relocation to higher ground of several important temples. The most famous of these are the temple complexes of [[Abu Simbel temples|Abu Simbel]] and [[Philae]]. The campaign ended in 1980 and was considered a success. To thank countries which especially contributed to the campaign's success, Egypt donated four temples; the [[Temple of Dendur]] was moved to the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]], the [[Temple of Debod]] to the [[Parque del Oeste]] in [[Madrid]], the [[Temple of Taffeh]] to the [[Rijksmuseum van Oudheden]] in [[Leiden]], and the [[Temple of Ellesyia]] to [[Museo Egizio]] in [[Turin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/173/ |title=The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131914/https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/173/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

The project cost US$80 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|80|1980|r=2}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}), about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries.<ref name="WHC-history">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Preserving cultural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The project's success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving [[Venice]] and [[Venetian Lagoon|its lagoon]] in Italy, the ruins of [[Mohenjo-daro]] in Pakistan, and the [[Borobodur]] Temple Compounds in Indonesia. Together with the [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]], UNESCO then initiated a draft convention to protect cultural heritage.<ref name="WHC-history"/>

===Convention and background===
{{main|World Heritage Convention}}
The convention (the signed document of [[treaty|international agreement]]) guiding the work of the [[World Heritage Committee]] was developed over a seven-year period (1965–1972).
The United States initiated the idea of safeguarding places of high cultural or natural importance. A [[White House]] conference in 1965 called for a "World Heritage Trust" to preserve "the world's superb natural and scenic areas and historic sites for the present and the future of the entire world citizenry". The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] developed similar proposals in 1968, which were presented in 1972 at the [[United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]] in Stockholm.<ref name="convention1"/> Under the World Heritage Committee, signatory countries are required to produce and submit periodic [[data reporting]] providing the committee with an overview of each participating nation's implementation of the World Heritage Convention and a "snapshot" of current conditions at World Heritage properties.{{Cn|date=August 2021}}

Based on the draft convention that UNESCO had initiated, a single text was eventually agreed upon by all parties, and the [[Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage]] was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972.<ref name="convention1">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |title=The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Linking the protection of cultural and natural heritage" |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200434/https://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> The convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of November 2024, it has been ratified by 196 states: 192 [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]], two [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Non-member observers|UN observer states]] (the [[Holy See]] and the [[State of Palestine]]), and two [[Associated state|states in free association]] with [[New Zealand]] (the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]]). Only one UN member state, [[Liechtenstein]], has not ratified the convention.<ref name="unesco" />

==Objectives==
By assigning places as World Heritage Sites, UNESCO wants to help preserve them for future generations. Its motivation is that "heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today" and that both cultural and natural heritage are "irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration".<ref name="about" /> UNESCO's mission with respect to World Heritage consists of eight sub targets. These include encouraging the commitment of countries and local population to World Heritage conservation in various ways, providing emergency assistance for sites in danger, offering technical assistance and professional training, and supporting States Parties' public awareness-building activities.<ref name="about" />

Being listed as a World Heritage Site can positively affect the site, its environment, and interactions between them. A listed site gains international recognition and legal protection, and can obtain funds from, among others, the World Heritage Fund to facilitate its conservation under certain conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/funding/ |title=Funding |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530074900/https://whc.unesco.org/en/funding/ |archive-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> UNESCO reckons the restorations of the following four sites among its success stories: [[Angkor]] in Cambodia, the Old City of [[Dubrovnik]] in Croatia, the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]] near Kraków in Poland, and the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]] in Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/107/#successful |title=Success stories – successful restorations |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530085037/https://whc.unesco.org/en/107/ |archive-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> Additionally, the local population around a site may benefit from significantly increased tourism revenue.<ref name="Maurel" /> When there are significant interactions between people and the natural environment, these can be recognised as "cultural landscapes".{{efn|This type of recognition exists since 1992.<ref name="SelectionCriteria"/>}}

==Nomination process==
A country must first identify its significant cultural and natural sites in a document known as the [[Tentative List of World Heritage Sites|Tentative List]]. Next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File, which is evaluated by the [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] and the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|World Conservation Union]]. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on its Tentative List. The two international bodies make recommendations to the World Heritage Committee for new designations. The Committee meets once a year to determine which nominated properties to add to the World Heritage List; sometimes it defers its decision or requests more information from the country that nominated the site. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one to be included on the list.<ref name="WHS Guidelines">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ |title=The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714073431/https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/ |archive-date=14 July 2017}}</ref>

==Selection criteria==
Until 2004, there were six sets of criteria for cultural heritage and four for natural heritage. In 2005, UNESCO modified these and now has one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of "outstanding universal value" and must meet at least one of the ten criteria.<ref name="SelectionCriteria">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |title=Criteria for Selection |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=14 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612152223/https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ |archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>

===Cultural===
[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, UP, India.jpg|thumb|Site No. 252: [[Taj Mahal]] in [[India]], an example of a cultural heritage site|alt=Site No. 252: The Taj Mahal, an example of a World Heritage Site]]
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>"To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius"</li>
<li>"To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design"</li>
<li>"To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living, or which has disappeared"</li>
<li>"To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history"</li>
<li>"To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change"</li>
<li>"To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance"{{efn|The World Heritage Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria.<ref name="SelectionCriteria"/>}}</li>
</ol>

===Natural===
[[File:Zerbras drinking.jpg|thumb|Site No. 156: [[Serengeti National Park]] in [[Tanzania]], a natural heritage site]]
[[File:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.2.jpg|thumb|Site No. 274: [[Machu Picchu|Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu]] in Peru, an example of a mixed (natural and cultural) heritage site]]
<ol type="i" start="7">
<li>"To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance"</li>
<li>"To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features"</li>
<li>"To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals"</li>
<li>"To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation"</li><ref name="SelectionCriteria"/>
</ol>

==Extensions and other modifications==
A country may request to extend or reduce the boundaries, modify the official name, or change the selection criteria of one of its already listed sites. Any proposal for a significant boundary change or to modify the site's selection criteria must be submitted as if it were a new nomination, including first placing it on the [[Tentative List of World Heritage Sites|Tentative List]] and then onto the Nomination File.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/>

A request for a minor boundary change, one that does not have a significant impact on the extent of the property or affect its "outstanding universal value", is also evaluated by the advisory bodies before being sent to the committee. Such proposals can be rejected by either the advisory bodies or the Committee if they judge it to be a significant change instead of a minor one.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/> Proposals to change a site's official name are sent directly to the committee.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/>

==Endangerment==
{{main|List of World Heritage in Danger|Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites}}
[[File:Paisaje_en_Punta_Pitt,_isla_de_San_Cristóbal,_islas_Galápagos,_Ecuador,_2015-07-24,_DD_75.JPG|thumb|Site No. 1, the [[Galápagos Islands]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]] off the coast of [[South America]], had its boundaries extended in 2001 and 2003, and was included on the danger list from 2007 to 2010.]]
A site may be added to the [[List of World Heritage in Danger]] if conditions threaten the characteristics for which the landmark or area was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such problems may involve armed conflict and war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, or uncontrolled urbanisation or human development. This danger list is intended to increase international awareness of the threats and to encourage counteractive measures. Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site.<ref name="UNESCO-WHinDanger">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/ |title=World Heritage in Danger |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705132146/https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>

The state of conservation for each site on the danger list is reviewed yearly; after this, the Committee may request additional measures, delete the property from the danger list if the threats have ceased, or consider deletion from the World Heritage List entirely if the site's integrity no longer exists or has fallen out of local protection.<ref name="WHS Guidelines"/> Only three sites have ever been [[Former UNESCO World Heritage sites|delisted]]: the [[Arabian Oryx Sanctuary]] in Oman, the [[Dresden Elbe Valley]] in Germany, and the [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?components=1&order=country&delisted=1 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted in 2007, instead of first being put on the danger list, after the Omani government decided to reduce the protected area's size by 90%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/362 |title=Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary : first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705132243/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/362 |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> The Dresden Elbe Valley was first placed on the danger list in 2006 when the World Heritage Committee decided that plans to construct the [[Waldschlösschen Bridge]] would significantly alter the valley's landscape. In response, the Dresden City Council attempted to stop the bridge's construction. However, after several court decisions allowed the building of the bridge to proceed, the valley was removed from the World Heritage List in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522 |title=Dresden is deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707003437/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522/ |archive-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> [[Liverpool]]'s World Heritage status was revoked in July 2021, following developments ([[Liverpool Waters]] and [[Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium]]) on the northern docks of the World Heritage site leading to the "irreversible loss of (historical) attributes" on the site.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 July 2021|title=Liverpool stripped of Unesco World Heritage status|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-57879475|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724114406/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-57879475|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Josh Halliday |title=Unesco strips Liverpool of its world heritage status |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/21/unesco-strips-liverpool-waterfront-world-heritage-status |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=21 July 2021 |date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721095624/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/21/unesco-strips-liverpool-waterfront-world-heritage-status |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first global assessment to quantitatively measure threats to Natural World Heritage Sites found that 63% of sites have been damaged by increasing human pressures including encroaching roads, agriculture infrastructure and settlements over the last two decades.<ref name=forestloss>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.011 |title=Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=206 |pages=47–55 |year=2017 |last1=Allan |first1=James R. |last2=Venter |first2=Oscar |last3=Maxwell |first3=Sean |last4=Bertzky |first4=Bastian |last5=Jones |first5=Kendall |last6=Shi |first6=Yichuan |last7=Watson |first7=James E.M. |bibcode=2017BCons.206...47A |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:417883/UQ417883_OA.pdf |access-date=25 September 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708103548/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_417883/UQ417883_OA.pdf?Expires=1657276635&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=K3DKLyfyoRHC2vrhqCtu4JN8o559gQr8MaZLCii5BttnpyMK~c9OdnVK1IDaMtZHrVtOBC80XWg~di9KsY7NFXeV4~~tTNKRUNF4XcqLo1m1pH~7-cXM54A8snpJcuuSXQQYEULXBYVllUu6wbL80m8uL0VZT8TAnUZVyopKcn6qiqxMbIo4h0cfZNsCw2u64x6LeuIIHPnhAaQ9zg5xISrIQi~ZQXqiZsozaTQSIVRhIaWSZG0oKHB7WzKSYb5RU8OVkReMN5GWlymFCQ-rh8d2KxPrgtpHcyGENIPZrdbzkczWEa2QBoY~fwt4b6mHKiO~xMroh-056EU6zaUvYg__ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/ncomms12558 |pmid = 27552116 |pmc = 4996975 |title = Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation |journal = [[Nature Communications]] |volume = 7 |article-number = 12558 |year = 2016 |last1 = Venter |first1 = Oscar |last2 = Sanderson |first2 = Eric W. |last3 = Magrach |first3 = Ainhoa |last4 = Allan |first4 = James R. |last5 = Beher |first5 = Jutta |last6 = Jones |first6 = Kendall R. |last7 = Possingham |first7 = Hugh P. |last8 = Laurance |first8 = William F. |last9 = Wood |first9 = Peter |last10 = Fekete |first10 = Balázs M. |last11 = Levy |first11 = Marc A. |last12 = Watson |first12 = James E. M. |bibcode = 2016NatCo...712558V}}</ref> These activities endanger Natural World Heritage Sites and could compromise their unique values. Of the Natural World Heritage Sites that contain forest, 91% experienced some loss since 2000. Many of them are more threatened than previously thought and require immediate conservation action such as that undertaken by [[Kerala's rainforest gardeners]].<ref name=forestloss/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Kerala's 'rainforest gardeners' creating a Noah's ark for endangered plants |url=https://the-guardian.livejournal.com/231336354.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=the-guardian.livejournal.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

The destruction of cultural assets and identity-establishing sites is one of the primary goals of modern asymmetrical warfare. Terrorists, rebels, and mercenary armies deliberately smash archaeological sites, sacred and secular monuments and loot libraries, archives and museums. The UN, [[United Nations peacekeeping]] and [[UNESCO]] in cooperation with [[Blue Shield International]] are active in preventing such acts. "No strike lists" are also created to protect cultural assets from air strikes.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Peter |last1=Stone |title=Monuments Men: protecting cultural heritage in war zones |publisher=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo – The International Art Magazine]] |date= 2 February 2015 |access-date=22 May 2020 |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/inquiry-monuments-men/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526201349/https://www.apollo-magazine.com/inquiry-monuments-men/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Mehroz |last1=Baig |title=When War Destroys Identity |work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]] |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=22 May 2020 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/when-war-destroys-identity_b_5290161 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526201558/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/when-war-destroys-identity_b_5290161 |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly |publisher=UNESCO |date=13 September 2017 |access-date=22 May 2020 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_director_general_calls_for_stronger_cooperation_for_h/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526201857/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_director_general_calls_for_stronger_cooperation_for_h/ |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|O'Keefe|Péron|Musayev|Ferrari|2016}}

The founding president of Blue Shield International [[Karl von Habsburg]] summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible."<ref>{{cite web |first1=Christoph |last1=Matz |title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon |trans-title=Karl von Habsburg on a mission in Lebanon |newspaper=[[Kronen Zeitung]] |url=https://www.krone.at/1911689 |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=28 April 2019 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689 |archive-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-plan-to-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict |title=Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict |publisher=United Nations peacekeeping |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103531/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/action-plan-to-preserve-heritage-sites-during-conflict |archive-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The UNESCO-administered project has attracted criticism. This was caused by perceived under-representation of heritage sites outside Europe, disputed decisions on site selection and adverse impact of mass tourism on sites unable to manage rapid growth in visitor numbers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barron |first1=Laignee |title='Unesco-cide': does world heritage status do cities more harm than good? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/aug/30/unescocide-world-heritage-status-hurt-help-tourism |access-date=3 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103655/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/aug/30/unescocide-world-heritage-status-hurt-help-tourism |archive-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vallely |first1=Paul |title=The Big Question: What is a World Heritage Site, and does the accolade make a difference? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-big-question-what-is-a-world-heritage-site-and-does-the-accolade-make-a-difference-997955.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=7 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192333/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-big-question-what-is-a-world-heritage-site-and-does-the-accolade-make-a-difference-997955.html |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> A large [[Lobbying|lobbying industry]] has grown around the awards, because World Heritage listing can significantly increase tourism returns. Site listing bids are often lengthy and costly, putting poorer countries at a disadvantage. [[Eritrea]]'s efforts to promote [[Asmara]] are one example.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modernist masterpieces in unlikely Asmara |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2016/07/architecture-eritrea?zid=317|author=T.G. |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715102559/https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2016/07/architecture-eritrea?zid=317 |archive-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, the Australian government was reported to have successfully lobbied for the World Heritage Site [[Great Barrier Reef]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Great Barrier Reef|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154/|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160546/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154/}}</ref> conservation efforts to be removed from a UNESCO report titled "World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate". The Australian government's actions, involving considerable expense for lobbying and visits for [[diplomat]]s, were in response to their concern about the negative impact that an "at risk" label could have on tourism revenue at a previously designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Slezak |first1=Michael |title=Australia scrubbed from UN climate change report after government intervention |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/27/australia-scrubbed-from-un-climate-change-report-after-government-intervention |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027130133/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/27/australia-scrubbed-from-un-climate-change-report-after-government-intervention |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasham |first1=Nicole |title=Government spent at least $400,000 lobbying against Great Barrier Reef 'danger' listing |url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/government-spent-at-least-400000-lobbying-against-great-barrier-reef-danger-listing-20150914-gjlwr2.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228235450/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/government-spent-at-least-400000-lobbying-against-great-barrier-reef-danger-listing-20150914-gjlwr2.html |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2021, international scientists recommended UNESCO to put the Great Barrier Reef on the endangered list,<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – List of World Heritage in Danger|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930173032/https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/}}</ref> as global [[climate change]] had caused a further negative state of the corals and water quality.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Readfearn|first=Graham|date=22 June 2021|title=Political ploys and an ocean jewel: what's behind the UN's 'in danger' warning for the Great Barrier Reef|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/political-ploys-and-an-ocean-jewel-whats-behind-the-uns-in-danger-warning-for-the-great-barrier-reef|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027020234/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/23/political-ploys-and-an-ocean-jewel-whats-behind-the-uns-in-danger-warning-for-the-great-barrier-reef}}</ref> Again, the Australian government campaigned against this, and in July 2021, the [[World Heritage Committee]], made up of diplomatic representatives of 21 countries, ignored UNESCO's assessment, based on studies of scientists, "that the reef was clearly in danger from climate change and so should be placed on the list." According to environmental protection groups, this "decision was a victory for cynical lobbying and [...] Australia, as custodians of the world's biggest coral reef, was now on probation."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Readfearn|first=Graham|date=23 July 2021|title=World Heritage Committee agrees not to place Great Barrier Reef on 'in danger' list|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/23/world-heritage-committee-agrees-not-to-place-great-barrier-reef-on-in-danger-list|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025205001/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/23/world-heritage-committee-agrees-not-to-place-great-barrier-reef-on-in-danger-list}}</ref>

Several listed locations, such as [[Casco Viejo, Panama|Casco Viejo]] in [[Panama]] and [[Hội An (city)|Hội An]] in [[Vietnam]], have struggled to strike a balance between the [[Tourism economics|economic benefits]] of catering to greatly increased visitor numbers after the recognition and preserving the original culture and local communities.<ref name="Maurel">{{cite news |last1=Maurel |first1=Chloé |title=The unintended consequences of UNESCO World Heritage listing |url=https://theconversation.com/the-unintended-consequences-of-unesco-world-heritage-listing-71047 |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=4 September 2017 |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527103829/https://theconversation.com/the-unintended-consequences-of-unesco-world-heritage-listing-71047 |archive-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Caust |first1=Jo |title=Is UNESCO World Heritage status for cultural sites killing the things it loves? |url=https://theconversation.com/is-unesco-world-heritage-status-for-cultural-sites-killing-the-things-it-loves-98546 |date=10 July 2018 |access-date=30 May 2020 |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530083557/https://theconversation.com/is-unesco-world-heritage-status-for-cultural-sites-killing-the-things-it-loves-98546 |archive-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>

Another criticism is that there is a [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity#Sociology|homogeneity]] to these sites, which contain similar styles, [[Visitor center|visitor centres]], etc., meaning that a lot of the individuality of these sites has been removed to become more attractive to tourists.<ref>{{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Heritage |chapter=Is world heritage politically sustainable? |date=9 June 2022 |isbn=9780367482749 |doi=10.4324/9781003038955-17 |page=183|publisher=Routledge |last1=Barrett-Casey |first1=Kristen |last2=Hisari |first2=Lorika |last3=Fouseki |first3=Kalliopi }}</ref>

Anthropologist Jasper Chalcraft said that World Heritage recognition often ignores contemporary local usage of certain sites. This leads to conflicts on the local level which can result in the site being damaged. [[Rock art]] under world heritage protection at the [[Acacus Mountains|Tadrart Acacus]] in [[Libya]] have occasionally been intentionally destroyed. Chalcraft links this destruction to Libyan national authorities prioritizing World Heritage status over local sensibilities by limiting access to the sites without consulting with the local population.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chalcraft |first=Jasper |title=World Heritage on the Ground |chapter=Chapter 9 Decolonizing the Site: The Problems and Pragmatics of World Heritage in Italy, Libya and Tanzania |date=1 April 2016 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781785330926-011/html |pages=219–247 |access-date=9 December 2023 |publisher=Berghahn Books |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781785330926-011 |isbn=978-1-78533-092-6 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209160013/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781785330926-011/html |url-status=live }}</ref>

UNESCO has also been criticized for alleged geographic bias, [[racism]], and [[Discrimination based on skin tone|colourism]] in world heritage inscription. A major chunk of all world heritage inscriptions are located in regions whose populations generally have lighter skin, including Europe, East Asia, and North America.<ref>Eliot, et al (2012). World heritage: Constructing a universal cultural order. Poetics Journal.</ref><ref>Djurberg, et al (2018). Reforming UNESCO's World Heritage. The Globalist.</ref><ref>Keough (2011). Heritage in Peril: A Critique of UNESCO's World Heritage Program. Global Studies Law Review.</ref><ref>Steiner, et al (2011). Imbalance of World Heritage List: "Did the UNESCO Strategy Work?". University of Zurich.</ref>

==Statistics==
{{Main|List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription}}
[[File:Number of UNESCO sites registered per year for each continent.svg|alt=The graph represents the amount of UNESCO sites inscribed on the World Heritage List each year for each continent. You can see that in 2000 there was a general increase in the enrollments in the list of UNESCO sites|thumb|A graph representing the number of UNESCO sites inscribed on the World Heritage List each year for each continent<ref name="WHList" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ |access-date=13 October 2023|website=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065051/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

The World Heritage Committee has divided the world into five geographic regions: Africa, Arab states, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Russia and the [[Caucasus]] states are classified as European, while Mexico and the Caribbean are classified as belonging to the Latin America and the Caribbean region. The UNESCO geographic regions also give greater emphasis on administrative, rather than geographic associations. Hence, [[Gough Island]], located in the South Atlantic, is part of the Europe and North America region because the British government nominated the site.

The table below includes a breakdown of the sites according to these regions and their classification ({{as of|2025|07|lc=y}}):<ref name="WHList">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |title=World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date =13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat |title=World Heritage List Statistics |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002820/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Region
! Cultural
! Natural
! Mixed
! Total
! Percentage
! States parties with inscribed properties
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|Africa]]
| 63
| 44
| 5
| 112
| 8.97%
| 38
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states|Arab states]]
| 88
| 6
| 3
| 97
| 7.77%
| 18
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[Lists of World Heritage Sites#Asia|Asia]] and the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania|Pacific]]
| 220
| 73{{efn|Includes the sites [[Uvs Lake Basin|Uvs Nuur Basin]] and [[Landscapes of Dauria]] located in Mongolia and Russia.}}
| 13
| 306
| 24.52%
| 36
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[Lists of World Heritage Sites#Europe|Europe]] and [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|North America]]
| 496{{efn|Includes the site [[The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier|The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement]] located in Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany, India, Japan, and Switzerland.}}
| 72
| 12
| 580
| 46.47%
| 50
|-
! style=text-align:left | [[Lists of World Heritage Sites#Americas|Latin America]] and the [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean|Caribbean]]
| 105
| 40
| 8
| 153
| 12.26%
| 28
|-
! Total
! 972
! 235
! 41
! 1,248
! 100%
! 170
|}

===Countries with 15 or more sites===
{{See also|World Heritage Sites by country}}
[[File:Unesco_world_heritage_sites.png|thumb|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]

This overview lists the 23 countries with 15 or more World Heritage Sites ({{asof|2025|7}}):

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from:0 till:61 color:purple text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Italy|Italy]]" (61)
from:0 till:60 color:purple text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in China|China]]" (60)

from:0 till:55 color:blue text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Germany|Germany]]" (55)
from:0 till:54 color:blue text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in France|France]]" (54)
from:0 till:50 color:blue text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Spain|Spain]]" (50)

from:0 till:44 color:green text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in India|India]]" (44)

from:0 till:36 color:yellow text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico|Mexico]]" (36)
from:0 till:35 color:yellow text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]" (35)
from:0 till:33 color:yellow text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Russia|Russia]]" (33)

from:0 till:29 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Iran|Iran]]" (29)
from:0 till:26 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Japan|Japan]]" (26)
from:0 till:26 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in the United States|United States]]" (26)
from:0 till:25 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil|Brazil]]" (25)
from:0 till:22 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Canada|Canada]]" (22)
from:0 till:22 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|Turkey]]" (22)
from:0 till:21 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Australia|Australia]]" (21)
from:0 till:20 color:orange text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Greece|Greece]]" (20)

from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]" (17)
from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Poland|Poland]]" (17)
from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal|Portugal]]" (17)
from:0 till:17 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea|South Korea]]" (17)
from:0 till:16 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium|Belgium]]" (16)
from:0 till:15 color:red text:"[[List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden|Sweden]]" (15)

barset:skip
</timeline>

== Global distribution ==

This interactive map shows the global distribution of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Selecting a marker opens the corresponding article.

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==See also==
{{portal|Environment|Society|World}}
* [[GoUNESCO]] – initiative to promote awareness and provide tools for laypersons to engage with heritage
* [[Index of conservation articles]]
* [[Lists of World Heritage Sites]]
* [[Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]
* [[Memory of the World Programme]]
* [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]] – international agreement on wetlands recognition

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first1=Ray |last1=Edmondson |first2=Lothar |last2=Jordan |first3=Anca Claudia |last3=Prodan |title=The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Switzerland AG]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18441-4 |isbn=978-3-030-18440-7 |s2cid=243052987}}
* {{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=O'Keefe |first2=Camille |last2=Péron |first3=Tofig |last3=Musayev |first4=Gianluca |last4=Ferrari |title=Protection of Cultural Property: Military Manual |publisher=UNESCO |location=Sanremo, Italy |year=2016 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf |isbn=978-92-3-100184-0 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108011511/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MilitaryManuel-En.pdf}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|World Heritage Sites}}
{{Wikivoyage|UNESCO World Heritage List}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=World Heritage Site
|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/ UNESCO World Heritage portal] – Official website {{in lang|en|fr}}
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list The World Heritage List] – Official searchable list of all Inscribed Properties
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/kml KML file of the World Heritage List] – Official [[Keyhole Markup Language|KML]] version of the list for [[Google Earth]] and [[NASA Worldwind]]
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc UNESCO Information System on the State of Conservation of World Heritage properties] – Searchable online tool with over 3,400 reports on World Heritage Sites
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/forests Official overview of the World Heritage Forest Program]
** [https://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage] – Official 1972 Convention Text in seven languages
*** [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207191942/http://law-ref.org/HERITAGE/index.html The 1972 Convention at Law-Ref.org] – Fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
* [https://www.protectedplanet.net/ Protected Planet] – View all Natural World Heritage Sites in the World Database on Protected Areas
* [https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/world-heritage-goes-marine World Heritage Site – Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
* [https://www.unescochair.usi.ch/ UNESCO chair in ICT] to develop and promote [[sustainable tourism]] in World Heritage Sites
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/unesco UNESCO World Heritage Sites] showcased in [[Google Arts & Culture]]

{{Lists of World Heritage Sites}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites| ]]
[[Category:1972 in the environment]]
[[Category:1972 introductions]]
[[Category:Global culture]]
[[Category:Protected areas]]
[[Category:UNESCO]]

Ashapura Mata Temple, Nadol

2026-04-21T23:58:22Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Stub

{{Short description|Temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ashapura Mata Temple, Nadol
| image =Ashapura Maa Nadol.jpg
| caption =
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3699|73.4552|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = Rajasthan
| district = Pali
| locale = Nadol
| elevation_m = 309
| deity = [[Ashapura Mata]] (incarnation of [[Shakambhari Devi]])
| festivals = [[Navratri]] (Chaitra and Ashwin)
| architecture = Rajput
| creator = Rao Lakshmana Chauhan
| established = 10th century CE
| governing_body = Temple Trust
| website =
}}

'''Ashapura Mata Temple''' is a Hindu shrine located in [[Nadol]], [[Desuri]] tehsil, [[Pali district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Dedicated to [[Ashapura Mata]], an incarnation of the goddess [[Shakambhari|Shakambhari Devi]], the temple functions as the Adobe of kuldevi (clan deity) of the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan Rajput]] and branches community.<ref>{{Cite news |title= नाडोल आशापुरा माता मंदिर में त्रिशूल की प्राण-प्रतिष्ठा: पुडुचेरी में विशेषज्ञों से बनवाया गया 51 फीट लंबा विशेष त्रिशूल|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=17 October 2023 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/bali/news/consecration-of-trishul-in-nadol-ashapura-mata-temple-132005105.html}}</ref>

==History==
The temple was constructed in the 10th century CE under the patronage of [[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Rao Lakshmana Chauhan]] of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty]]. According to epigraphic inscriptions, the ruler commissioned the shrine to express gratitude for military successes attributed to the deity’s blessings. Over subsequent centuries, the epithet "Ashapura" ("fulfiller of hopes") became associated with the goddess in local tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |title= नवरात्रा विशेष: नाडोल का 1077 वर्ष प्राचीन आशापुरा माता मंदिर: मां भक्तों की आश पुरी करती हैं इसलिए नाम पड़ा आशापुरा माता, सालाना आता है 3 करोड़ का चढ़ावा|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=7 October 2021 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/news/navratra-special-1077-years-old-ashapura-mata-of-nadol-128999211.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitra Navratri 2023: आशापुरा माता मंदिर की कहानी... राजा के आह्वान पर पहाड़ फटा और अलग हो गईं तीन चट्टानें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/chaitra-navratri-2023-rajasthan-famous-ashapuri-mata-temple-full-story-jaipur-2023-03-22 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodha |first=Chanchal Mal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAxuAAAAMAAJ&q=ashapura+mata+nadol |title=History of Oswals |date=2005 |publisher=Panchsil Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A86fAAAACAAJ |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties: A Study of Chauhan Political History, Chauhan Political Institutions and Life in the Chauhan Dominions from 800 to 1316 A. D. |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Limited) |isbn=978-81-208-0492-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple exemplifies a synthesis of Hindu Rajput architectural elements. Its exterior is characterised by multi-tiered ''shikharas'' (spires) and finely carved stone panels depicting episodes from Hindu scripture. The inner sanctum (''garbhagriha'') houses the principal idol, which is ornamented with silk vestments and metallic embellishments. Ancillary structures include subsidiary shrines, pillared ''mandapas'' (halls), and arched gateways.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-16 |title=आशापुरा माताजी नाडोल और सोनाणा खेतलाजी दर्शनार्थ पैदल संघ रवाना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/balotra/news/ashapura-mataji-nadol-and-sonana-leave-on-foot-to-visit-khetlaji-sangh-132147495.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117003850/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/rajasthan/barmer/balotra/news/ashapura-mataji-nadol-and-sonana-leave-on-foot-to-visit-khetlaji-sangh-132147495.html |archive-date=2023-11-17 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |date=2017-11-04 |title=The Goddess who fulfills hopes - Ashapura Mata Temple Nadol |url=https://www.missionkuldevi.in/2017/11/ashapura-mata-temple-nadol/?srsltid=AfmBOoofs3HaIzQUg4lzJ2Hw1WzeMmQ87OvODtGFp40zvGLdQHOJ_Xcc |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Mission Kuldevi - Indian Castes and their Gods |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
Ashapura Mata is venerated as a manifestation of Shakambhari Devi, regarded for her benevolence and capacity to grant devotees’ petitions. The temple serves as a principal pilgrimage destination for the Chauhan Rajputs as well as members of other communities in Rajasthan and neighbouring states seeking divine intervention in matters of health, prosperity, and communal welfare.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodha |first=Shri Chanchal Mal Sa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EVEBQAAQBAJ&dq=ashapura+mata+nadol&pg=PA717 |title=History of Oswals |publisher=iprakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVgDwAAQBAJ&dq=ashapura+mata+nadol&pg=PA137 |title=Sacred Groves of Rajasthan |date=2016-12-01 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87307-68-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==Festivals and rituals==
The temple’s primary liturgical calendar centres on the two annual Navratri observances in the months of Chaitra and Ashwin. During these periods, ritual activities include puja (formal worship), kirtan (devotional singing), and aartis. Devotees present offerings such as flowers, sweets, and coconuts, and perform vow fulfillment ceremonies upon the realisation of prayers.<ref>{{Cite news |title= नाडोल मे आशापुरा माताजी का लोक मेला 28 मार्च को भरेगा
|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/pali/news/rajasthan-news-ashapura-mataji39s-fair-fair-will-be-held-on-march-28-in-nadol-050617-4184376.html|date=2018-12-01|work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RS5uAAAAMAAJ&q=ashapura+mata+nadol |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Pali |date=1976 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities and access==
A dharmashala (pilgrim lodging) and bhojnalaya (community kitchen) are maintained by the temple trust. The nearest rail head is Rani railway station, situated approximately 10 km from the temple. Nadol is accessible via state-run and private bus services, as well as by road connections to Udaipur and Nathdwara.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-13 |title=आशापुरा माताजी के लिए नई बस सेवा आज से होगी शुरू |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/sirohi/news/rajasthan-news-ashapura-mataji-will-start-new-bus-service-from-today-063100-3887889.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728215116/https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/sirohi/news/rajasthan-news-ashapura-mataji-will-start-new-bus-service-from-today-063100-3887889.html |archive-date=2021-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=आशापुरा माताजी पाटस्थान संस्थान ट्रस्ट मंडल नाडोल चुनाव: सात प्रत्याशियों के लिए 856 मतदाताओं ने डाले वोट, आज होगा ट्रस्ट मंडल का गठन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/bali/news/ashapura-mataji-patasthan-sansthan-trust-board-nadol-election-131685943.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815150926/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/bali/news/ashapura-mataji-patasthan-sansthan-trust-board-nadol-election-131685943.html |archive-date=2023-08-15 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-10 |title=दर्शन अनलाॅक: आशापुरा माता धाम 175 दिन बाद आज खुलेगा, भोजन-धर्मशाला रहेगी बंद |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/jalore/news/ashapura-mata-dham-will-open-today-after-175-days-food-hospice-will-remain-closed-127702242.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728084732/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/jalore/news/ashapura-mata-dham-will-open-today-after-175-days-food-hospice-will-remain-closed-127702242.html |archive-date=2021-07-28 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Pali district]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

Rythu Bandhu scheme

2026-04-19T16:01:06Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: adding basic stub v1

{{Short description|Indian government welfare programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox project
| name = Rythu Bandhu scheme
| native_name =
| image =
| type = Farmer Investment support
| established = {{start date|2018|5|10|df=y}}
| location = [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| founder = [[Government of Telangana]]
| budget = [[Indian rupee|₹]]14,800 crore (FY 2021-22)<ref>{{cite news |title=T'gana farmers to get Rs 7,509 cr investment support from June 15 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/t-gana-farmers-to-get-rs-7-509-cr-investment-support-from-june-15-121061300572_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=13 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Rythu Bandhu scheme''', also known as '''Farmer's Investment Support Scheme (FISS)''', is a [[welfare program]] to support farmer's investment for two crops a year by the [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/tenant-ryots-left-out-of-investment-support-scheme/article22503230.ece Tenant ryots left out of investment support scheme - The Hindu]</ref> The government is providing 58.33 lakh (5.8 million) farmers ₹5000 per acre per season to support the farm investment, twice a year, for [[Rabi crop|rabi]] (winter) and [[kharif]] (rainy) seasons.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110118/investment-support-scheme-farmers-prefer-cheques.html Investment Support Scheme: Farmers prefer cheques]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/extend-investment-support-scheme-to-tenant-cultivators/article23044877.ece 'Extend investment support scheme to tenant cultivators' - The Hindu]</ref> This is a first direct farmer investment support scheme in India, where the cash is paid directly.<ref>[https://www.telanganastateinfo.com/rythu-bandhu-scheme/ Rythu Bandu Scheme]</ref>

==History==
The scheme was announced by the Former [[Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]] at Farmers Coordination Committee ([[Rythu Samanvaya Samithi]]) conference at [[Jayashankar Agriculture University]] on 25 February 2018.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/kcr-govt-to-allocate-rs-12-000-cr-for-crop-investment-support-118022600048_1.html KCR Govt to allocate Rs. 12,000 cr for crop investment support | Business StandaAs of 16 February 2020, Rythu Bandhu has been stopped for farmers who have more than 5 acres. rd News]</ref> An allocation of ₹12,000 crores was made in 2018-19 state budget.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/telangana-proposes-rs-5l-insurance-cover-rs-12000-crore-support-scheme-for-farmers/articleshow/63319240.cms budget: Telangana proposes Rs 5L insurance cover, Rs 12,000 crore support scheme for farmers - The Economic Times]</ref> It was launched on 10 May 2018.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

==The scheme==
The scheme offers a financial help of ₹10,000 per year to each farmer (two crops). There is no cap on the number of acres, and most of the farmers are small and marginal. The total farming land is 1.43 crore acres and the number of farmers in the state stood at 58.33 lakh. Around 55% of population in Telangana make a living from agriculture.

The agriculture land holdings are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Land Extent
! No. of farmers
! Total Acres
! Est.Cost
|-% Holding
| under 1 acre
| 18 lakhs
| 18 lakhs
| 14.4 billion

|30.8%
|-
| under 1-2 acres
| 24 lakhs
| 48 lakhs
| 38.4 billion
|41.9%
|-
| under 3-5 acres
| 11 lakhs
| 44 lakhs (avg)
| 35.2 billion
| 18.8%
|-
| 5-10 acres
| 4.4 lakhs
| 33 lakhs (avg)
| 26.4 billion
| 7.5%
|-
| > 10 acres
| 94,000
| 9.4 lakhs
| 7.52 billion
| 1.6%
|-
| > 25 acres
| 6488
| 1.62 lakhs
| 1.3 billion
| 0.1%
|-
| > 50 acres
| 298
| 14900
| 119 million
| 0.005%
|}

===Land ceiling & Tenancy===
As per AP Land Ceiling Act 1976, any person cannot hold more than 51 acres agriculture land and 21 acres dryland.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/its-tenant-rythus-bandhu-too 'It's tenant rythus' bandhu too']</ref> [[Tenant farmers]] were excluded from the scheme to prevent legal disputes arising out of tenancy (Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950). To prevent legal disputes, the tenancy column was removed from the newly issued Pattadar Passbook.

===Give it Up! Option===
The Chief Minister was the first farmer to forgo the support called as, Give it up!, given by the government and appealed to all rich farmers to do the same. The farmers who forgo the support, the money goes to the corpus of [[Rythu Samanvaya Samithi]] corpus.<ref>[https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-03-16/Eatala-presents-Rs-174-lakh-cr-budget/366697 Eatala presents Rs 1.74 lakh cr budget]</ref>

===Distribution===
The money is given to the farmers through a [[Bearer check|bank bearer cheque]].{{cn|date=April 2026}}
Along with the cheque, the government also gives the Pattadar Passbook, the [[title deed]] after an exercise to purify the land records was done by the government. The new passbook is highly secure with 17 tamper-proof security features, and a land bank website, Dharani, to have all land holdings in the state.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/special-teams-to-monitor-printing-of-pattadar-passbooks Special teams to monitor pattadar passbook printing in TS]</ref>

== Misuse ==
The scheme pays all land owners regardless of their personal income and wealth. Much of the opposition to the scheme is directed towards payments to rich land owners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/most-of-13000-rich-farmers-in-t-still-get-rythu-bandhu-aid/articleshow/80066258.cms|title=Most of 13,000 rich farmers in Telangana still get Rythu Bandhu aid | Hyderabad News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Many wealthy individuals including government officials, doctors and businessmen own large tracts of farmlands. Contrary to the scheme's intention all such individuals are paid the scheme benefits. According to the government's estimates, about ₹3.19 billion is paid annually to farmers who own more than 20 acres. This estimate does not take into consideration the practice of splitting the land between members of the same family in order to show smaller land holdings. In addition, the scheme only pays the land owners and not the tillers.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/k-chandrashekhar-raos-rythu-bandhu-scheme-hobbled-by-leakages-faulty-targeting-of-beneficiaries-4506207.html|title=K Chandrashekar Rao's 'Rythu Bandhu' scheme hobbled by leakages, faulty targeting of beneficiaries|date=12 June 2018}}</ref>

==Annadatha Sukhibhava==
{{Main|Annadatha Sukhibhava}}
Annadatha Sukhibhava (అన్నదాత సుఖీభవ ) is a welfare programe started by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Government]] to provide ₹15,000 investment support to small and marginal farmer's family per annum which includes ₹6000 Central Government [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi]] share. The government is providing support to nearly 70 lakh farmers including [[tenant farmer]]s. This farmer investment support scheme where the cash is paid directly into the [[Aadhaar]] linked bank accounts will cover all the farmers in the state on Family as unit basis without any conditions. It was formally started on 19-02-2019 by providing ₹1000 Initially by RTGS Center.

==MIT study==
[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT's]] [[Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL), a poverty alleviation institute. It is conducting the study for randomly selected sample and is using [[High frequency data|High-frequency monitoring in-Person Phone Survey]] and [[IVR|IVR based]] survey on the effectiveness of the scheme.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntnews.com/telangana-news/rythu-bandhu-scheme-is-huge-hit-informs-j-pal-report-1-1-567830.html |title=రైతు బంధు సూపర్‌హిట్.. అంతర్జాతీయ సంస్థ సర్వేలో వెల్లడి - NTNEWS |website=www.ntnews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721143538/https://www.ntnews.com/telangana-news/rythu-bandhu-scheme-is-huge-hit-informs-j-pal-report-1-1-567830.html |archive-date=2019-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/most-cheques-are-for-less-than-20000-survey/article24074179.ece | title=Most cheques are for less than ₹20,000: survey | date=4 June 2018 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=M.L. Melly | last=Maitreyi | access-date=20 February 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://newsusand.com/rythu-bandhu-scheme-a-comprehensive-analysis/ Rythu Bandhu Scheme]

[[Category:Government schemes in Telangana]]
[[Category:KCR Government initiatives]]

Velim Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:40:35Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Velim
| mla = [[Cruz Silva]]
| party ={{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1989
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:31534}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|05}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =35
| map_image = File:Velim constitution.svg
}}
'''Velim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Itlso one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]] and includes villages and towns like [[Velim, Goa|Velim]], [[Assolna]], [[Ambelim, Goa|Ambelim]], [[Chinchinim]] and [[Sao Jose de Areal]].

It has traditionally been regarded as a longstanding stronghold of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battleground Velim: 4 contenders for Cong ticket |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/battleground-velim-4-contenders-for-cong-ticket/75827.html |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==Members of the Goa Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Farrel Furtado]]<ref name=results1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3849-goa-1989/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1989 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|[[Manu Fernandes]]<ref name=results1994>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3850-goa-1994/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1994 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name=results1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3852-goa-1999/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=results2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3853-goa-2002/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Benjamin Silva]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Filipe Nery Rodrigues<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Cruz Silva]]<ref name=results2022/>
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Cruz Silva]] |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=5,390 |percentage=23.04% |change={{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savio D'Silva |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,221 |percentage=22.32% |change={{decrease}}21.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benjamin Silva |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,134 |percentage=17.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dagley Fernandes |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=3,653 |percentage=15.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Filipe Nery Rodrigues |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,420 |percentage=14.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savio Rodrigues |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,331 |percentage=5.69% |change={{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=241 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=169 |percentage=0.72% |change= {{decrease}}21.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,390 |percentage=74.18% |change= {{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,533 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Aam Aadmi Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}21.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,417 |percentage=44.28% |change={{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Benjamin Silva]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,164 |percentage=21.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cruz Silva |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,423 |percentage=14.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinay Tari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,765 |percentage=7.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Rodrigues (Babush) |party=Goa Forward Party |votes=1,460 |percentage=6.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edrich Correia |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=260 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jose Fernandes (Champy) |party=Independent politician |votes=236 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,253 |percentage=22.33% |change= {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,527 |percentage=75.46% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,178 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}15.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Benjamin Silva]] |party=Independent politician |votes=13,164 |percentage=59.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,238 |percentage=37.21% |change={{decrease}}23.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cliffton Desouza |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Michael Beny Da Costa |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=340 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,926 |percentage=22.25% |change= {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,142 |percentage=75.43% |change= {{increase}}10.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,336 |ref = |change= {{increase}}43.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,965 |percentage=60.42% |change={{increase}}35.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silva Benjamin |party=Save Goa Front |votes=5,211 |percentage=39.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,754 |percentage=20.89% |change= {{decrease}}21.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,183 |percentage=64.57% |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,405 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,664 |percentage=67.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Silva Marcus Sebastiano |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,148 |percentage=24.47% |change={{decrease}}41.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Viegas Anacleto Luis |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=1,053 |percentage=8.18% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,516 |percentage=42.88% |change= {{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,865 |percentage=64.02% |change= {{increase}}4.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,094 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,829 |percentage=65.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manu Fernandes]] |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=2,557 |percentage=21.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anacleto Luis Viegas |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=1,070 |percentage=8.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Vishal Shabu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=436 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,272 |percentage=44.31% |change= {{increase}}23.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,898 |percentage=59.31% |change= {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,052 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}19.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manu Fernandes]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,409 |percentage=45.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gracias Farrel Elvis |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,932 |percentage=24.93% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodrigues Filip Cruz |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=2,164 |percentage=18.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cairo Savio Lourdes |party=Independent politician |votes=459 |percentage=3.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Letao Cirio Caitano |party=Independent politician |votes=230 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Coutinho Ciriaco Antonio |party=Janata Dal |votes=184 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maximiano G. Furtado |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=171 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,477 |percentage=21.06% |change= {{decrease}}36.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,762 |percentage=63.87% |change= {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,152 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}31.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Velim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Farrel Furtado]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,962 |percentage=77.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodrigues Gabriel Minguel |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,256 |percentage=19.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Roqge S. Avelino |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,706 |percentage=57.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,604 |percentage=64.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,646 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.16|73.96|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]

Corps of Engineers (India)

2026-04-18T00:11:32Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Created a post

{{Short description|Engineering arm of the Indian Army}}
{{infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Army Corps of Engineers
| image = File:Corps of Engineers (India).svg
| image_size = 190px
| caption = The logo of the Corps of Engineers
| dates = 1780 - Present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type =
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| garrison_label =
| patron =
| motto = ''Sarvatra'' (''Ubique'', ''Everywhere'')
| colors = Maroon and blue
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[First World War]] [[Second World War]] [[Burma Campaign]] [[Sino-Indian War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pak War-1947]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pak War-1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pak War-1971]] [[Kargil War]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website = 
| commander1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Vikas Rohella, SM** <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2025/10/lt-gen-vikas-rohella-assumes-charge-as-engineer-in-chief-of-indian-army.html|title=Lt Gen Vikas Rohella Assumes Charge as Engineer-in-Chief of Indian Army|date=2025-10-06|access-date=2025-10-07}}</ref>
| commander1_label = Engineer-in-Chief
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| commander4 =
| commander4_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol = [[File:In^ce.gif|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental flag
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}

The '''Indian Army Corps of Engineers''' is a combat support arm which provides combat engineering support, develops infrastructure for armed forces and other defence organisations and maintains connectivity along the borders, besides helping the civil authorities during natural disasters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Army Celebrates 240th Corps of Engineers Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1673792 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India- Ministry of Defence}}</ref> [[College of Military Engineering, Pune]] (CME) is the premier technical and tactical training institution of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers.

The Corps consists of three groups of combat engineers, namely the [[Madras Sappers]], the [[Bengal Sappers]] and the [[Bombay Sappers]].

It has a long history dating back to the mid-18th century. The earliest existing subunit of the Corps (18 Field Company) dates back to 1777 while the Corps officially recognises its birth as 1780 when the senior-most group of the Corps, the [[Madras Sappers]] were raised. A group is roughly analogous to a brigade of the Indian infantry, each group consisting of a number of engineer regiments. The engineer regiment is the basic combat engineer unit, analogous to an infantry battalion. Besides the combat engineers, the Corps mans and operates major engineering organisations such as the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mes.gov.in/|title=MES official website}}</ref> the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO), the [[Married Accommodation Project]] and the Military Survey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corps of Engineers |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/engineer.htm |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Permanent reversion of defence stream officers of the Survey of India Group A service to Military Survey, Ministry of Defence |url=https://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/webroot/UserFiles/files/Permanent%20Reversion%20of%20Defence%20Officers%282%29.pdf |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=[[Survey of India]] |format=PDF}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Madras Engineer Group|Bengal Engineer Group|Bombay Engineer Group|List of battle and theatre honours of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers}}
[[Image:bengalsappers.jpg|thumb|right|Corps of Bengal Sappers and Miners guarding their sector of the Sherpore Cantonment, outside the city boundary of Kabul, Afghanistan, during the Afghan War 1878–9.]]
[[File:The Campaign in Burma, April 1945 SE3891.jpg|thumb|Indian engineers construct a wooden bridge during the advance to [[Rangoon]], [[Burma Campaign]].]]
[[File:Indian Army Corps of Engineers.jpg|thumb|Indian Army Corps of Engineers insignia.]]
The Corps of Engineers is one of the oldest arms of the [[Indian Army]]. The origin of the Corps dates back to 1780 when the two regular pioneer companies were raised in the [[Madras Army|Madras Presidency Army]]. Subsequently, the Group of [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras]], [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal]] and [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sappers]] were formed in their respective presidencies. These Groups came together when the British Indian Army was formed after 1857 and were later merged on 18 November 1932 to form the [[Corps of Indian Engineers]]. Engineer Groups initially consisted of field companies (a sub-unit organisation that exists to this day).

Till 1911, the Sappers also had the duty of passing battlefield messages. Between 1911 and 1920, they handed this task to a batch of their own kinsmen who then formed the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]]. The Sappers also contributed the first batch of airmen when the [[Indian Air Force]] was raised in 1932. From 1942 to 1945 officers of the Indian Railways were recruited into this Corps to participate in Britain's [[Burma Campaign]].

After Partition in 1947, British officers continued to hold the post of Engineer-in-Chief until 1957, when a Ceylonese officer assumed the role for three years. In 1960 the appointment finally passed to an Indian when Major General [[Harkirat Singh (general)|Harkirat Singh]], KCIO, took command; he served as Engineer-in-Chief until 1965 and oversaw a significant expansion of both the Corps of Engineers and the newly established Border Roads Organisation.

==Combat Engineers==
In war, Combat Engineers provide mobility to own forces by constructing bridges, tracks and helipads; on the other hand, the Corps denies the same to the enemy by creating obstacles such as laying mine-fields and demolition of bridges. The need for accurate survey arose before combat engineering. Vast holdings had to be carefully delineated and mapped out, to plan the correct form of commercial extraction. By 1780, serious attention began to be given to the art of sapping and mining.

Forts abound in the subcontinent, and to the forts the main defences withdrew for a protracted stand. On being invested, the siege (heavy) artillery including trench mortars or bombards went at it. The real work, not for the faint-hearted, went to the sappers who had to do the '[[sapping]]' or mining. Sapping is the technique of accurately digging trenches, usually covered or zigzag, to cover one's approach to the point of assault.

Corps of Engineers played a very important role on "OP Vijay" the Kargil war. The major Engineer Regiments which very actively took part were 108 Engineer Regiment as a part of 08 Mountain Division, 02 Engineer Regiment as a part of 03 Mountain Division, 106 Engineer Regiment as a part of 15 Corps and 112 Engineer as a part of 92 Mountain Brigade during the operation, subsequently becoming a part of the newly raised 14 Corps. The action areas and the commanding officers of these Engineer Regiments are mentioned below:-

1. 108 Engr. Regt. Commanded by Col. Rohit Mohan Chaudhri. The Regt. operated in Drass sector under 08 Mtn. Div. The unit was awarded a Battle Honour, theatre Honour, and the COAS Unit Citation for War.

2. 02 Engr. Regt. Commanded by Col. Krishnan, operating initially in Drass sector then Chor Batala and Siachin sector under 03 Mtn. Div. The unit was awarded theatre honour.

3. 106 Engr. Regt. Commanded by Col. I.P.S. Ahuja, operating in Drass & Kargil sectors under 16 Corps HQ. The unit was awarded COAS Unit Citation of War.

4. 112 Engr. Regt. Commanded by Col. N.B.Saxena, operating in Daha & Ganasak sector under 92 Mtn. Bde., brought in for operations from 33 Corps located in Sukhna. The unit was awarded COAS Unit Citation of War.

==Military Engineer Services==
{{Main|Military Engineer Services (India)}}

The Military Engineer Services (MES) are responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of all works, buildings, [[airfields]], dock installations, etc., together with accessory services such as military roads, water and electric supply, drainage, refrigeration, and furniture, required by the Army, Navy, Air Force & Coast Guard in India.<ref>Globalsecurity.org, [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/mes.htm Military Engineer Services]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Military Engineer Services, Government of India |url=http://www.mes.gov.in |website=mes.gov.in}}</ref>

It is one of the largest construction and maintenance agencies in India with a total annual budget to the tune of {{INR}} 13,000 crores. It has a large number of units and sub-units spread across the entire country to provide engineering support to various formations of Army, Air Force, Navy and DRDO. MES is an inter services organisation under the Ministry of Defence and has both Army and Civilian components of officers (mainly IDSE) and other subordinate staff.

==Border Roads Organisation==
{{Main|Border Roads Organisation}}
The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) consists of Border Roads Development Board (BRDB) and General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF). BRDB is headed by the [[Defence Minister of India]] as its chairman; the Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Air Staff and Defence Secretary are its members, in addition to other members. GREF is headed by a Director General of Border Roads (DGBR) -- a Lt General of the Corps of Engineers.

The BRO was started on 7 May 1960. Its first DGBR was Maj Gen K N Dubey. Since then, BRO has made its own contribution to the nation by constructing national highways, airfields, buildings and bridges. The Border Roads, by constructing a large number of roads in once inaccessible areas of the [[Himalayas]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Northeast India]] have contributed significantly to their economic development. On 19 Jan 2024, Indian Defence Minister inaugurated 35 projects to be built by BRO in Indian border areas. The project sites were spread across multiple states namely Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Mizoram and Himachal Pradesh and were all constructed under challenging weather conditions at the most inhospitable terrain.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-19 |title=Defence Minister inaugurates 35 projects built by BRO in border areas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-minister-inaugurates-35-projects-built-by-bro-in-border-areas/article67756793.ece |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Decorations==
[[Lieutenant General|Lt Gen]] [[Premindra Singh Bhagat|PS Bhagat]] of the Corps remains the first Indian Officer to have won the [[Victoria Cross]] in the [[Second World War]]. Another first in the same war, Subedar Subramaniam was awarded the [[George Cross]]. Later, during operations in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Kashmir]] soon after Independence, Major [[Rama Raghoba Rane]] was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]] for making a passage through enemy minefields while crawling in front of a tank. Engineer units have been deployed abroad as part of UN Missions.

The Corps of Engineers has to its credit one [[Param Vir Chakra]], two [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s, 25 [[Vir Chakra]]s, one [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], 13 [[Kirti Chakra]]s, 93 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s, 38 Param Vishisht Seva Medals, 88 Ati Vishisht Seva Medals, one [[Padma Bhushan]], three [[Padma Shri]]s, six Yudh Seva Medals, among other awards.

9 Engineer Regiment became one of the youngest Engineer Regiment in world history to enter the battlefield and got as many as 12 decorations including 01 Mahavir Chakra, 03 Vir Chakra, 04 Sena Medal, 04 Mention in Dispatch at the "Battle of Basantar" in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-only-lucky-soldiers-get-to-see-war/20111216.htm|title = Only lucky soldiers get to see war}}</ref>
107 Engineer Regiment gained an Indian Institute of Bridging Engineers award for constructing a bridge in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 2001.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811084853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-11-11/mumbai/27233133_1_himachal-pradesh-suspension-bridge-award 107 Engineer Regiment bags technical excellence award - Times Of India]</ref>
268 Engineer Regiment was raised in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091012/cth1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories |access-date=2010-07-19 |archive-date=2009-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225124050/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091012/cth1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2009 it is based 'somewhere in the western sector'. 69 Engineer Regiment was raised in 2005. As of 2006 it is based at [[Chandigarh]].<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/02/69-engineer-regiment-celebrates-1st-raising-day-1165055656.html 69 Engineer Regiment celebrates 1st Raising Day]</ref>

Engineer regiments that served with the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in Sri Lanka included the 3, 4, 8, 16, 51, 53, 110, 115 and 270.<ref>http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/india/ipkf.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307093639/http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/india/ipkf.html |date=2012-03-07 }}, Indian Peace Keeping Force orbat.com 8 September 2002</ref>

[[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Pande]] became the first [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] from the Corps of Engineers on 1 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2022-04-30 |title=General Manoj Pande takes over as new Army chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manoj-pande-new-chief-of-army-staff-1943834-2022-04-30 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Corps of Engineers|Regiments of the Corps of Engineers]]
* [[Gurnam Singh (soldier)|Naib Subedar Gurnam Singh]]
* [[First Indian circumnavigation]]
* [[Trishna (yacht)|Trishna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*Indian Army, [http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithTwoPara.aspx?MnId=NY138bdSkDzC7VjgC1Ix1g==&ParentID=Y+a8tZ10HgSe77R4D/bGlA==&flag=0uY0FqQP04SEHBjNskrGGA== Corps of Engineers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090725060217/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part10.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Indian Sappers (1740–1947)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060520190343/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm Royal Engineers Museum] The Corps in the Second World War (1939–45)- Indian Engineers in the Western Desert, Italian and Burma Campaigns
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/others/403-engineering.html Listing of engineer regiments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116032415/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/units/others/403-engineering.html |date=2023-11-16 }}
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-only-lucky-soldiers-get-to-see-war/20111216.htm 9 Engineer Regiment during 1971 war]

{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corps Of Engineers (Indian Army)}}
[[Category:Indian Army Corps of Engineers| ]]
[[Category:Military engineer corps]]
[[Category:British Indian Army regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War II regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1777]]

Pechi

2026-04-16T06:05:04Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: adding the info w/ sources

{{short description|Indian horror film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pechi
| image = Pechi film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramachandran B
| writer = Ramachandran B/ Vaz
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Gayathrie]]
* [[Bala Saravanan]]
* Preethi Nedumaran
* [[Dev Ramnath]]
}}
| cinematography = Parthiban D.F.Tech
| editing = Ignatious Aswin
| music = Rajesh Murugesan
| studio = Veyilon Entertainment Verus Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|8|2|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pechi''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Gayathrie Shankar Was Wonderful To Work With: Gokul Benoy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/gayathrie-shankar-was-wonderful-to-work-with-gokul-benoy-article-111985029 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> written and directed by Ramachandran B, based on a story by Vaz. The film stars [[Gayathrie]], [[Bala Saravanan]], with Preethi Nedumaran and [[Dev Ramnath]] in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=August 2024}}
A couple is seen strolling happily through Aranmanaikaadu, [[Kolli Hills|Kollimalai]]. As night begins to fall, they set up camp, and the husband, Ram, ventures out to gather firewood. While searching, he comes across a [[Trishula|Trishul]] near a massive tree and attempts to chop off a branch. Despite his best efforts, he struggles to axe the branch, but eventually succeeds, only to be surprised by the presence of an iron nail where the branch detached. He notices a strange protrusion emerging from within the tree. Suddenly, he finds himself unable to speak or call out to his wife, who is sitting at a distance, oblivious to the situation, with her headphones on. A [[Poppet|wooden witchcraft poppet]] falls from the tree hole, leaving him horrified and fleeing for his life from an unseen force. Meanwhile, the wife becomes petrified when she realizes her husband is missing and spots the witchcraft doll, prompting her to scream as the screen fades to black.

A few months later, Maari, a forest guard and part-time guide, receives instructions from his boss, Ashok, to escort his friends into the [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved forest]], formerly a government-owned coffee plantation. As they head towards the forest, Maari's daughter stops the car and hands him a sacred [[amulet]]. Before entering the forest, they encounter a rugged man driving a pickup, who seems to give them a malevolent stare. Eventually, the five friends, Charan, Meena, Sethu, Charu, and Jerry accompanied by Maari, begin their trek. Meena grows frustrated with Maari as he continually cautions them to behave properly and avoid disturbing the forest. Despite his warnings, they stumble upon a blocked pathway leading to Maayankaadu, a restricted area. Ignoring the warning signs, they clear the blockage, prompting Maari to reiterate his concerns. The friends become annoyed with Maari and demand an explanation for his behavior. Maari explains that the forest has deep-rooted folklore and that the local villagers, who rely on the forest for their livelihood, respect and avoid disturbing the natural balance.

Despite Maari's warnings, the group ventures into the restricted forest, with Maari reluctantly accompanying them. Charu becomes distracted by a noise and wanders away, finding herself at the edge of a cliff, where Maari rescues her just in time. Eventually, they arrive at a viewpoint and set up camp nearby. While attempting to take a photo, Jerry slips down seeing a terrifying figure, and becomes frightened, only to realize he has become separated from his friends. Panicked and distressed, Jerry returns to the camp and claims that someone pulled his leg, but his friends mock him, leading to an argument. Jerry challenges Sethu and Charu to visit the warning board they saw earlier, tie a scarf around it, and record it on their phone as proof. Maari warns them again, but the duo disregards his advice and sets off. Deep in the forest, Charu and Sethu stumble upon a dilapidated house and enter it, discovering a haunting atmosphere and eerie witchcraft dolls. As Charu tries to take a selfie, she is horrified by the sudden appearance of an unknown figure. To their shock, they see Jerry's scarf hanging high on a tree branch.

As time passes, Maari and Charan search for Charu and Sethu at the warning board area, but they are nowhere to be found. They hear Charu's scream and rush towards the sound, only to discover Charu lying motionless. However, it turns out to be a prank, and Charan becomes enraged. When Maari and Charan return to the campsite, they are astonished to find Sethu and Charu already present and realize that no one has accompanied them. Maari reveals that Charu had mistakenly entered Pechi's house and tells the story about Pechi.

Pechi, a woman from a prestigious family, had learned black magic in Kerala and returned to the forest, where she performed satanic rituals and [[Human sacrifice|human sacrifices]] to appease her demonic gods. The villagers, aware of her activities, attempted to capture her but were subdued by her black magic. A saint informed them that Pechi had become immortal and that her human sacrifices were offerings to the demonic god. The saint advised that Pechi couldn't be destroyed, only trapped through [[invocation]]. With the saint's help, the villagers successfully killed Pechi, trapped her soul in a wooden witchcraft poppet, and nailed it to a tree, which Ram had inadvertently released earlier. They buried her corpse nearby and performed rituals to confine her spirit within the restricted area, marked by the warning board, to prevent her from entering the village.

Although skeptical, the friends decide to leave the forest immediately. Jerry remembers his missing camera and returns to retrieve it, accompanied by Maari, who is actually the impersonated Pechi. Jerry ends up in Pechi's house and screams for help. Maari and Charan search for Jerry but find a camera recording of Ram and his wife's brutal murder instead. They return to the campsite, where Sethu and Meena accuse Maari of killing Jerry. Sethu chases Maari where he enters the restricted area, but the sacred amulet protects him, while Sethu gets killed by Pechi who is impersonated as Jerry. Pechi kills Charu in front of Charan and Meena. Meena is trapped in Pechi's house but is unharmed. Maari rescues Charan and Meena and urges them to descend the hill quickly, assuring them that the amulet, gifted by the saint to his forefathers, will protect them from demonic forces. During their escape, Meena is pulled away into the restricted area, and Charan leaves Maari behind to search for her. Although unable to find Meena, Charan remains unaffected, clutching the sacred amulet that had come loose from Maari's neck during a scuffle. Charan returns to find Maari dead but somehow flees the forest. He comes across a car and the rugged man from earlier encounter is driving it, who seems to help him inside the car, but is shocked to see Meena inside. However, he is beaten by the thug and taken to Pechi's house, where he is tied up.

It is then revealed that Meena, a bloodline descendant of Pechi, had intentionally befriended Charan, Sethu, Charu, and Jerry. Her grandmother who wakes up once Pechi is released from the tree, knows that 13 more human sacrifices from Pechi are needed to satiate the demon. For that, Meena with the help of the thug, assists Pechi by bringing people to the forest for sacrifice and also kills Maari. Back to present, Charan is left tied while the two exit the house, while Pechi makes her appearance. The film concludes with the completion of 6 human sacrifices and 7 remaining in Pechi's account. Once Pechi's quota is fulfilled, Meena's own human sacrifices will commence, perpetuating the sinister cycle. The film ends with another group of people entering the forest in search of the previous trekkers.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Gayathrie Shankar]] as Meena
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Maari
* Preethi Nedumaran as Charu
* [[Dev Ramnath|Dev]] as Charan
* Jana as Sethu
* Mageshwaran as Jerry
* Seeniammaal as Pechi
* Murali Ram as Ram
* [[Aadhirai Soundarajan]] as Ram's wife
* Shanthimani as Meena's grandmother
* Rajapandi as Guardsman
*Vaz as Thug
}}

== Production ==
The film is based on an eponymous [[short film]] directed by Ramachandran written by Vaz<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-23 |title=Pechi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/23/pechi-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by Gokul Benoy, Shaik Mujeeb under the banner of Veyilon Entertainment & Verus Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title='பேச்சி' மூலம் கதையின் நாயகனான பால சரவணன் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/189382 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> The cinematography was done by Parthiban D.F.Tech<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-29 |title=Pechi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/pechi/articleshow/112102649.cms |access-date=2024-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> while editing was handled by Ignatious Aswin and music composed by [[Rajesh Murugesan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-15 |title=Sivakarthikeyan unveils Pechi's first look, reveals release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/15/sivakarthikeyan-unveils-pechis-first-look-reveals-release-window |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The film was released on 2 August 2024 in theatres. It was declared hit with its unique take on pure horror film and had a packed house theatre run for over three weeks in various multiplexes. <ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-07-13 |title=ஹாரர் திரில்லர் 'பேச்சி' படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வைரல் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/pechi-official-trailer-viral-1113863 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=[[Dailythanthi.com]] |language=ta}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film had its digital premiere on the streaming platforms [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]] and [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]] from 20 September 2024. It held its position on top 10 streamed films of Prime Video in India for more than 3 weeks. And was the second most searched horror film on Google for over a month. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CE Features |date=2024-09-19 |title=Pechi gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/19/pechi-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Pechi'' offers some chills but struggles in delivering a coherent supernatural tale."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pechi Movie Review : Visually striking, narratively weak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pechi/movie-review/112218494.cms |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''Hindustan Times Tamil'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote that it is a one-time watchable film and it will give new experience to horror fans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Navaneethakrishnan |first=Stalin |title=Pechi Movie Review: 'அரண்மனை 4 மிரட்டலை மிஞ்சியதா அரண்மனை காடு?' பேச்சி திரை விமர்சனம்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pechi-movie-review-starring-gayathrie-bala-saravanan-preethi-nedumaran-dev-ramnath-jana-mahesh-131722523657740.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt33034505}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]

Shahabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:58Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: put up

{{short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|the former constituency in Karnataka, Karnataka|Shahabad, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahabad
| constituency_no = 155
| map_image = 155-Shahabad.svg
| mla = [[Rajani Tiwari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 312,452 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Shahabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 July 2016|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 155. From 1957 to 2008, this constituency had more than one seat (MLA) and from 2008, the number of seats have been confined to one.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 Jul 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shahabad.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Shahabad Assembly constituency is KCs Shahabad, Alamnagar & Shiroman Nagar of Shahabad Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! From !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]]!! Name !! Party !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| Mar-1952 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]]|| Syed Aizaz Rasool || [[Indian National Congress]] || - || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | Apr-1957 || rowspan="4" | [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]]|| Vidyavati Bajpai || rowspan="4" | [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="4" | Constituency had four seats || rowspan="4" | <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Kanhaiya Lal Balmiki
|-
| Kalyan Rai
|-
| Baldeo Singh Arya
|-
| rowspan="2" | Mar-1962 || rowspan="2" | [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]]|| Piarey Lal || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Baldeo Singh Arya || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Mar-1967 || rowspan="2" | [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Harihar Bux Singh || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Banshi Dhar || [[Swatantra Party]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Feb-1969 || rowspan="2" | [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Harihar Bux Singh || [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Banshi Dhar || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Mar-1974 || rowspan="2" | [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Dadhich Singh || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Banshi Dhar || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Jun-1977 || rowspan="2" | [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Brij Ballabh Singh || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Jagan Singh || [[Janata Party]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Jun-1980 || rowspan="2" | [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Ram Autar Dixit || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Banshi Dhar
|-
| rowspan="2" | Mar-1985 || rowspan="2" | [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Ram Autar Dixit || [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Jagan Singh || [[Lok Dal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Dec-1989 || rowspan="2" | [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Ram Autar Dixit || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Banshidhar
|-
| rowspan="2" | Jun-1991 || rowspan="2" | [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Babu Khan || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Swami Parmanand Dandi || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Dec-1993|| rowspan="2" | [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Babu Khan || [[Samajwadi Party]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Swami Parmanand Dandi || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Oct-1996 || rowspan="2" | [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Babu Khan || rowspan="2" | [[Samajwadi Party]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Swami Parmanand Dandi
|-
| rowspan="2" | Feb-2002 || rowspan="2" | [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Ganga Bhakt Singh || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Kashi Ram || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | May-2007 || rowspan="2" | [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Ashif || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || rowspan="2" | Constituency had two seats || rowspan="2" | <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Kashi Ram || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| Mar-2012 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Babu Khan]]|| [[Samajwadi Party]] || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-2017 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]]|| rowspan="2"|[[Rajani Tiwari]]|| rowspan="2"|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]] || - || <ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh-Shahabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24155.htm?ac=155 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-2022 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahabad<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajni Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:94561}}
|percentage = 40.49
|change = {{decrease}}4.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mohd Asif Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:88082}}
|percentage = 37.72
|change = {{increase}}30.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ahivran
|votes = {{formatnum:37475}}
|percentage = 16.05
|change = {{decrease}}27.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Akhilesh Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:4380}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1664}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change = {{decrease}}0.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6479}}
|percentage = 2.77
|change = {{increase}}0.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:233517}}
|percentage = 65.76
|change = {{increase}}1.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha: 2017 General Elections]]<ref name=" 2017 Election Results "/>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Shahabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajani Tiwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:99624}}
|percentage = 45.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Asif Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:95364}}
|percentage = 43.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sartaj Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:15767}}
|percentage = 7.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2615}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4260}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219939}}
|percentage = 63.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|winner = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

*[[Hardoi district]]
*[[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Hardoi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Gobinda Chandra Langthasa

2026-04-09T05:50:45Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Created new post

{{Short description|Indian politician from the state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Minister for Hills Area Development
| children = 7
| term2 = 27 February 1983 - 24 December 1985
| term6 = 1962 - 1972
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|01|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nutan Wadrengdisa village, [[Dima Hasao District|Dima Hasao]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|02|03|1932|01|23|df=y}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Anjola Langthasa|13 March 1959|end=died}}
| parents = Thangrung Langthasa (Father) Kenodi Langthasa (Mother)
| office1 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Assam|Deputy Chief Minister]] of [[Assam]]
| constituency6 = Gunjung
| 1blankname1 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1952-1983, 1985-2018)
| other_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1983-1985)
| occupation = *[[Agriculturist]]
*[[Politician]]
| term1 = 30 June 1991 - 22 April 1996
| office6 = Executive Member of [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council]]
| term_start = 17 May 2001
| constituency3 = [[Haflong (Assembly constituency)|Haflong]]
| term_end = 21 May 2006
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| office2 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Assam]]
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| office3 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term3 = 25 May 2001 - 19 May 2016
| term5 = 1972 - 1983
| predecessor3 = Samarjit Haflongbar
| successor3 = [[Bir Bhadra Hagjer]]
| term4 = 1983 - 11 June 1996
| predecessor4 = Sona Ram Thaosen
| successor4 = Samarjit Haflongbar
| constituency4 = [[Haflong (Assembly constituency)|Haflong]]
| office5 = Chief Executive Member of [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council]]
| death_place = [[Guwahati]]
}}

'''Gobinda Chandra Langthasa''' (23 January 1932 - 3 February 2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-12 |title=Who's Who |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/govinda-chandra-langthasa-2011.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812153826/http://assamassembly.gov.in/govinda-chandra-langthasa-2011.html |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2018-02-04 |title=GC Langthasa's demise widely condoled - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/gc-langthasas-demise-widely-condoled/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> was an [[Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He was a member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Haflong (Assembly constituency)|Haflong]]. He was also a [[Minister (government)|cabinet minister]] in the [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|first Tarun Gogoi cabinet]], and [[Deputy Chief Minister of Assam]] under [[Hiteswar Saikia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tarun Gogoi 2011 ministers |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Haflong Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/haflong-assam-assembly-constituency#1983 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=Staff REPORTER |date=2010-09-15 |title=GC Langthasa passes away |url=https://assamtribune.com/gc-langthasa-passes-away |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Langthasa was born on 23 January 1932 between 5:00 and 6:00 A.M to the late Thangrung Langthasa and the late Kenodi Langthasa. He was born in Nutan Wadrengdisa village, [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]. Langthasa had a Graduate Standard from British Institute of England in 1955-1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobinda Ch. Langthasa(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- HALFLONG(HAFLONG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/assam2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=55 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 1952, aged 20, Langthasa joined the [[Indian National Congress]] as a worker under Maibang Block Congress Committee and he took active part for the District Council Elections, Legislative Assembly Election of the ST (Hills) Autonomous District, the then undivided Assam, comprising Khasi and Jaintia Hills, United Karbi Hills and North Cachar Hills.<ref name=":0" />

Later in April 1952, Langthasa endorsed [[Bonily Khongmen]], J.B. Hagjer and S.C. Hojai in their elections.<ref name=":0" />

In 1957, Langthasa for the first time voted in the MLA and District Council Election and also supported an MP candidate.<ref name=":0" />

In 1962, Langthasa was elected to the [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council|North Cachar (NC) Hills Autonomous Council]] from Gunjung constituency, and became Executive Member until 1967. In 1967 he was again re-elected as Member of the NC Hills Autonomous Council from the same constituency and became Executive Member until 1972. In 1972 he was elected as Chief Executive Member of [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council|N.C.Hills Autonomous Council]] till 1983.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Langthasa stood as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate for the constituency of [[Haflong (Assembly constituency)|Haflong]]. He received 16313 votes, 58.03% of the total vote and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency. He defeated his nearest opponent by 4513 votes. He then became a minister in the [[Hiteswar Saikia]] cabinet.<ref name=":2" />

In the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Langthasa sought reelection in [[Haflong (Assembly constituency)|Haflong]], however he instead received the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] nomination for the seat. He received 29205 votes, 61.24% of the total vote and he defeated his nearest opponent by 16964 votes.

In 1991, he sought reelection. He received 33868 votes, 61.73% of the total vote and he defeated his nearest opponent by 12868 votes. He was made Deputy Chief Minister under [[Hiteswar Saikia]].<ref name=":3" />

In 1996, he lost his seat by 13671 votes.<ref name=":2" />

However in 2001, he again received the congress nomination for Haflong. He received 33781 votes, 45.44% of the total vote and again became MLA. He was made HAD minister in the [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi cabinet]].

In the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Langthasa sought reelection. He received 40154 votes, defeating his nearest opponent by 7818 votes. He was appointed [[protem]] [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] by [[Governor of Assam|Governor]] [[Ajai Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-20 |title=Assam Assembly session summoned on Monday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/assam-assembly-session-summoned-on-monday/story-07EVMDfidCE4AeSv23l37K.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was not inducted into the [[Second Tarun Gogoi Ministry|second Tarun Gogoi cabinet]] but he was appointed the Chairman of [[Assam State Transport Corporation]] (ASTC) and member of Gauhati University Court & Council.<ref name=":2" />

In the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], he sought reelection. He received 38076 votes, 57.04% of the total vote, defeating his nearest opponent by 25488 votes. He did not seek reelection in the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] and his son, Nirmal Langthasa, was the [[Indian National Congress|congress]] candidate but lost.<ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
Langthasa married Anjola Langthasa on 13 March 1959. They had 5 sons and two daughters. His wife predeceased him. In 2003, Langthasa’s 4th youngest son was killed at Haflong by militants and in the following year, 2004, his youngest son Nirmal Langthasa was kidnapped by the ULFA and was held captive for a period of four months when he was Assam’s HAD Minister. In June, 2007, Langthasa’s eldest son Purnendu Lagthasa, the then Chief Executive Member of [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council|NCHAC]] was killed by the militants while he was on election campaigning at Langlai Hasnu Village, Dehangi. Another of his sons predeceased him, dying of natural causes.<ref name=":0" />

According to Langthasa’s profile at the state legislature, he enjoyed playing [[association football|football]], [[swimming]] and [[drama]]/[[dancing]]. He also had a special interest in reading history books, ancient records and the lives and history of great people.<ref name=":0" />

== Death and funeral ==
In January 2018, Langthasa suffered a [[cerebral stroke]] and was admitted to hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cong leader passes away |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/cong-leader-passes-away/cid/1440963 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Langthasa died at Down Town hospital in [[Guwahati]] around 1:30 am on 3 February 2018, aged 86. He was survived by 2 sons and 2 daughters. His body was received at different places of the district right from Manderdisa, Hatikhali, Langting, Kalachand, Maibang and Mahur. Most of the people were Congress leaders and party members who offered floral tribute to their leader. The last rites of Langthasa were performed after a procession was taken out on the streets of Haflong in his honour. Congress MP [[Biren Sing Engti]], Congress leaders Nalendra Karigapsa, Birat Langthasa and former EM Bimal Hoja participated in the funeral procession. While hundreds of people joined the procession, representatives of several parties and organizations paid their last tributes. His body was cremated at Haflong Town Swasan Ghat after the procession in Haflong.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Ne Now |date=2018-02-04 |title=Dima Hasao bids final adieu to former Assam Minister GC Langthasa |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/dima-hasao-bids-final-adieu-to-former-assam-minister-gc-langthasa.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Positions ==
{{Div col}}
* 1962: Member, North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council
* 1967: Member, North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council
* 1972: Chief Executive Member, North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council
* 1983: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1983: Cabinet Minister, Government of Assam
* 1985: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1987: President, Dima Hasao District Congress Committee
* 1991: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 1991: Deputy Chief Minister, Government of Assam
* 2001: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 2001: HAD minister, Government of Assam
* 2006: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
* 2006: Chairman, Assam State Transport Corporation
* 2006: Member, Gauhati University Court & Council.
* 2011: Member, Assam Legislative Assembly
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Langthasa, Gobinda Chandra}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:People from Dima Hasao district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

Saramad-i-Rajha-i-Hindustan

2026-04-04T08:24:37Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: done

{{Short description|Indian princely title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''Saramad-i-Rajha-i-Hindustan''' (also spelled '''Saramad-i-Rajah-i-Hindustan'''; {{lit|Head of the [[Raja|Rajas]] of [[Hindustan]]}}) is a royal title in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0" /> It was used by the [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]] and [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Whitaker_s_Peerage_Baronetage_Knightage/26AwAQAAMAAJ |title=Whitaker's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage for the Year ... |date=1908 |pages=397 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Variations ==

* '''Saramad Rajha-i-Hind''' was used by the Maharaj Rana of [[Dholpur state|Dholpur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_Indica_Princely_States_in/K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=39,202 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Saramad-i-Rajha-i-Bundelkhand''' ({{lit|Head of the [[Raja|Rajas]] of [[Bundelkhand]]}}) was used by the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |url=http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft |title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire |date=1893 |publisher=London Macmillan |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=xxii}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Maharajas]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Rajas]]

Baburao Kadam

2026-04-04T03:36:46Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Baburao Kadam
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]]
| constituency = [[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]
| birth_date = 26 June 1979
| birth_place = Bhandara
| death_date =
| party = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena (Ekanath Shinde)]]
}}

'''Baburao Kadam Kohlikar''' (born 1968)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Kohlikar Baburao Kadam(Shiv Sena):Constituency- HADGAON(NANDED) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=536 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Hadgaon Assembly constituency]] in [[Nanded district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baburao Kadam Kohalikar, SS Candidate from Hingoli Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/baburao-kadam-kohalikar-s13led2008p015e2024c021/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=lokmat.news18.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kadam is from [[Hadgaon]], Nanded district, Maharashtra. He is the son of Gunajirao Kadam. He completed his graduation and later did MA first year at Yaswant College, Nanded which is affiliated with [[Marathwada University]], [[Aurangabad]] but discontinued after 1993.<ref name="myneta"/>

== Career ==
Kadam won from Hadgaon Assembly constituency representing the [[Shiv Sena]] in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 113,245 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 30,067 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadgaon Election Result 2024 LIVE: Kohlikar Baburao Kadam of SS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hadgaon-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130029.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in 2024, he contested from the [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency]] but lost to [[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar]] of the [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baburao Kadam Kohalikar , Shiv Sena candidate bio : Assets , Total Income , Liabilities , Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/LokSabha2024/baburao-kadam-kohalikar-3298/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2024 |title=Hingoli election results 2024 live updates: Aashtikar Patil Nagesh Bapurao of Shiv Sena (UBT) wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hingoli-election-results-2024-live-updates-shiv-sena-ubt-candidate-leads-in-hingoli/articleshow/110669109.cms |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is the party's district president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=After Shirur, Shinde Sena suffers another embarrassment, replaces candidate in Hingoli Lok Sabha seat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/shinde-sena-shirur-candidate-hingoli-lok-sabha-seat-9250848/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadam, Baburao}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Nanded district]]

Hatem Ali Jamadar

2026-03-31T04:34:57Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: added new biography more to come...

{{Short description|Bengali politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Khan Sahib]]
| name = Hatem Ali Jamadar
| native_name = হাতেম আলী জমাদ্দার
| office = Member of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1947
| term_end = 1953
| successor =
| constituency = [[Pirojpur District|Firozpur South]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1937
| term_end1 = 1947
| constituency1 = [[Pirojpur District|Firozpur South]]
| birth_date = 1872
| birth_place = [[Mathbaria Upazila|Mathbaria]], [[Backergunge District]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|3|8|1872}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Krishak Sramik Party]]
| bodyclass =
| main_width =
}}
[[Khan Sahib]] '''Hatem Ali Jamadar''' ({{langx|bn|হাতেম আলী জমাদ্দার}}; 1872–1982) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] politician and philanthropist. He served as a member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="jug">{{cite news |url=https://www.jugantor.com/old/death-anniversary/2015/03/08/231547 |script-title=bn:খান সাহেব হাতেম আলী |work=[[Jugantor]] |date=8 March 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jamadar was born in 1872, to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family from the village of Mithakhali in [[Mathbaria Upazila|Mathbaria]], [[Pirojpur District|Firozpur]] located in the [[Backergunge District]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name="math">{{cite news |url=http://www.mathbariaprotidin.com/জননন্দিত-খান-সাহেব-হাতেম |script-title=bn:জননন্দিত খান সাহেব হাতেম আলী জমাদ্দার |work=Mathbaria Protidin |date=1 November 2017 |language=bn |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Jamadar attended the Gaurichanna Tenant Coneference in 1930, presided by [[Khan Bahadur Hasem Ali Khan|Hashem Ali Khan]], which protested in favour of tenant rights against zamindars. He was also a member of the District Khilafat Committee which supported the pro-Ottoman [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Khilafat Movement |author=[[Sufia Ahmed|Ahmed, Sufia]]}}</ref> The [[British Raj]] conferred the title of [[Khan Sahib]] on him in 1932.

In 1937, Jamadar contested in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|Bengal legislative elections]] as a [[Krishak Praja Party]] candidate, and successfully defeated his rival Moulvi Azharuddin Ahmad of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. His constituency, Firozpur South,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.200243/page/n15/mode/2up |title=Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings (1939) |volume=54 |chapter=Alphabetical list of members |quote=Hatemally Jamadar |author=Government of Bengal |location=[[Alipore]]}}</ref> covered [[Mathbaria Upazila|Mathbaria]], [[Bhandaria Upazila|Bhandaria]], [[Kathalia Upazila|Kathalia]], [[Bamna Upazila|Bamna]] and [[Patharghata Upazila|Patharghata]]. Despite the party struggling to gain support at the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]] as a result of the growing popularity of the Muslim League's [[Pakistan Movement]], Jamadar preserved his Firozpur South seat against [[Aftabuddin Wakil]] of the Muslim League.<ref name=siraj>{{cite book |author=[[Siraj Uddin Ahmed|Ahmed, Siraj Uddin]] |script-title=bn:বরিশাল বিভাগের ইতিহাস |volume=1 |publisher=Bhaskar Prakashani |location=[[Dhaka]] |year=2010 |language=bn}}</ref> He also won a seat in the [[East Bengal Provincial Assembly]] following the 1962 Basic Democracy elections.<ref name=som>{{cite web |work=Somoyer Muktokotha |url=https://www.somoyermuktokotha.com/2022/04/pirojpur-district.html |language=bn |script-title=bn:এক নজরে পিরোজপুর জেলা |trans-title=Firozpur Zilla at a glance}}</ref>

Jamadar was the founder of Mathbaria Central Co-operative Bank.<ref name="jug"/> In 1968, he founded the Hatem Ali Girls Middle School to provide for the education of women in Mathbaria.<ref name="mathbaria">{{cite news |url=https://www.manobkantha.com.bd/country/386825/'%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF'-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F |script-title=bn:'সরকারি' হওয়া স্বত্বেও সুবিধাবঞ্চিত হাতেম আলী মাধ্যমিক বালিকা বিদ্যালয় |work=Manob Kantha |date=22 February 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> He is also the founder of the K. M. Latif Institution.<ref name=som/>

==Death==
Jamadar died on 8 March 1982.<ref name="jug"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamadar, Hatem Ali}}
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Krishak Sramik Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Mathbaria Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Pirojpur District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi men centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:East Pakistan MLAs 1962–1965]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi philanthropists]]
[[Category:Pirojpur Government High School alumni]]

Medshi Assembly constituency

2026-03-31T02:55:48Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: pg!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Medshi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 172,878
| mla = Jadhao Vijay Tulshiram
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Medshi Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Ramrao Gopalrao Zanak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Shinde Vitthalrao Kondaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Ramraoji Gopalrao Zanak
|-
| [[1982 elections in India#Maharashtra|1982 By-election]] || G. K. Kundlikrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=3 | [[Subhash Zanak|Subhash Ramraoji Zanka]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Vijay Tulshiramji Jadhao || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2008 onwards : See [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Subhash Zanak|Subhash Ramraoji Zanka]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak|Amit Zanak]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhao Vijay Tulshiram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,525 |percentage=32.79% |change={{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ingole Arun Gyanuji |party=Independent politician |votes=37,997 |percentage=32.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarnaik Diliprao Jijebarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,481 |percentage=13.17% |change={{decrease}}25.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajurkar Ajaysingh Vijaysingh |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes=6,355 |percentage=5.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dahatre Suryaprakash Bhagwanrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,692 |percentage=3.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Giri Arvind Ganpat |party=Lok Rajya Party |votes=3,838 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Ashruji Gawali |party=Independent politician |votes=2,724 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=528 |percentage=0.45% |change= {{decrease}}5.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=117,507 |percentage=67.96% |change= {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,878 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Tulshiramji Jadhao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,389 |percentage=44.70% |change={{increase}}27.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zanak (Patil) Subhash Ramraoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,126 |percentage=38.53% |change={{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khadse Babarao Sahebrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,161 |percentage=6.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Vasantrao Gobra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,698 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tayde Pandurang Mahadeo |party=Independent politician |votes=726 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dahatre Suryaprakash Bhagwanrao |party=Independent politician |votes=642 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,263 |percentage=6.17% |change= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=101,547 |percentage=61.28% |change= {{decrease}}11.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,539 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}19.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zanak Subhash Ramraoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,923 |percentage=25.08% |change={{decrease}}9.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Shewale Dnyaneshwar Keshavrao |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes=26,676 |percentage=23.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhao Vijay Tulshiram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,579 |percentage=17.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawali Pundlikrao Ramji |party=Independent politician |votes=14,564 |percentage=13.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dahatre Suryaprakash Bhagwanrao |party=Janata Dal |votes=8,964 |percentage=8.05% |change={{decrease}}2.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gabahane Limbaji Saduji |party=Independent politician |votes=6,592 |percentage=5.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandhare Piraji Jagaji |party=Independent politician |votes=1,154 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,247 |percentage=1.12% |change= {{decrease}}8.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,329 |percentage=74.77% |change= {{increase}}9.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,822 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zanak Subhash Ramraoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,261 |percentage=34.34% |change={{decrease}}17.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pundlikrao Gawali| Pundlikrao Ramji Gawali]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes=21,598 |percentage=24.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gabahane Limbaji Saduji |party=Independent politician |votes=19,091 |percentage=21.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Damodar Ramji |party=Janata Dal |votes=9,545 |percentage=10.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghuge Sahebrao Uttamrao |party=Independent politician |votes=3,005 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Uttam Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes=784 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,663 |percentage=9.83% |change= {{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,125 |percentage=66.47% |change= {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,285 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zanak Subhash Ramraoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,235 |percentage=51.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Badhe Shesharao Bhaurao |party=Independent politician |votes=24,837 |percentage=36.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Gyanuji Ingole |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=6,350 |percentage=9.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chothamal Gowardhan Zaduji |party=Independent politician |votes=600 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,398 |percentage=15.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,294 |percentage=62.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,053 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 1982===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 elections in India#Maharashtra|1982 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=G. K. Kundlikrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,728 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. V. Kondji |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=26,527 #DIV/0! |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,201 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zanak Ramraoji Gopalrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=40,173 |percentage=65.09% |change={{increase}}14.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vitthalrao Kondaji |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=10,669 |percentage=17.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wankhade Jotiram Namdeo |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes=4,795 |percentage=7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tiwari Balkisan Asaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,738 |percentage=6.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asankar Lingappa Dattatraya |party=Independent politician |votes=697 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,504 |percentage=47.80% |change= {{increase}}23.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,721 |percentage=61.92% |change= {{decrease}}16.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,010 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}14.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vitthalrao Kondaji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=36,552 |percentage=50.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zanak Ramraoji Gopalrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,224 |percentage=26.58% |change={{decrease}}56.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhao Tulshiram Zelaji |party=Janata Party |votes=6,931 |percentage=9.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zalke Sitaram Vishram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,730 |percentage=7.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Medshikar Shriniwasrao Sampatrao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,167 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,328 |percentage=23.96% |change= {{decrease}}51.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,313 |percentage=77.13% |change= {{increase}}20.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,778 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}32.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramrao Gopalrao Zanak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,040 |percentage=83.26% |change={{increase}}23.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shamrao Uttamrao Vaidya |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,346 |percentage=8.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Sagnaji Dhabe |party=Independent politician |votes=2,056 |percentage=3.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,694 |percentage=75.04% |change= {{increase}}48.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,897 |percentage=56.84% |change= {{decrease}}13.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,746 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Medshi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramrao Gopalrao Zanak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,149 |percentage=59.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=J. D. Rajurkar |party=Republican Party of India |votes=18,291 |percentage=32.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. M. Khandare |party=Independent politician |votes=419 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. G. Wakode |party=Independent politician |votes=384 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,858 |percentage=26.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,488 |percentage=69.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,639 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Nicholas II

2026-03-30T05:08:29Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: started initial stub needs work

{{Short description|Emperor of Russia from 1894 to 1917}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{very long|date=October 2025|words=17,000}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Nicholas II
| title = {{unbulletedlist
| [[List of rulers of Partitioned Poland|King of Poland]]
| [[Grand Duke of Finland#Russian rule|Grand Duke of Finland]]}}
| image = Mikola II (cropped)-2.jpg
| caption = Nicholas in 1912
| alt = Nicholas is pale-eyed, bearded, of slim build and wearing a uniform and medals.
| succession = [[Emperor of Russia]]
| reign = 1 November 1894 – {{Nowrap|15 March 1917{{efn|name=note 1|[[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] 20 October 1894 – 2 March 1917}}}}
| coronation = 26 May 1896{{Efn|name=note 2|[[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] 14 May 1896}}
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna|Coronation]]
| predecessor = [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]
| successor = [[February Revolution|''Monarchy abolished'']]
| reg-type = {{Nowrap|Prime Ministers}}
| regent = ''[[List of heads of government of Russia#Russian Empire (1726–1905)|See list]]''
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Alix of Hesse]]|26 November 1894}}
| issue = {{Plainlist|
* [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Olga]]
* [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Tatiana]]
* [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Maria]]
* [[Grand Duchess Anastasia]]
* [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsesarevich of Russia|Tsesarevich Alexei]]}}
| full name = Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov
| house = [[Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]]
| father = [[Alexander III of Russia]]
| mother = [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Dagmar of Denmark]]
| birth_date = {{OldStyleDateNY|18 May|6 May}} 1868
| birth_place = [[Alexander Palace]], Tsarskoye Selo, [[Russian Empire]] (present-day [[Russian Federation|Russia]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1918|7|17|1868|5|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ipatiev House]], Yekaterinburg, Russian Empire
| death_cause = [[Gunshot wounds]] ([[Murder of the Romanov family|murder]])
| burial_date = 17 July 1998
| burial_place = [[Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg]]
| religion = [[Russian Orthodox]]
| signature = Nicholas II Signature.svg
| module = {{Listen voice|filename=Nicholas II of Russia 1910.ogg|name=Nicholas II|recorded=1910}}
}}

'''Nicholas II'''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Николай II}}}} (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; {{OldStyleDate|18 May|1868|6 May}}{{snd}}17 July 1918) was [[Emperor of Russia]], [[Congress Poland|King of Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Finland]] from 1 November 1894 until [[Abdication of Nicholas II|his abdication]] in 1917. He was the last monarch of Russia before the [[Russian Revolution]], and oversaw the [[Russian Empire]]'s participation in [[World War I]]. In 1918, the [[Romanovs]] were murdered, putting an end to the dynasty.

Born in [[Tsarskoye Selo]], Nicholas was the eldest son of [[Alexander III of Russia|Emperor Alexander III]] and [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Empress Maria Feodorovna]]. He was educated privately and trained for military service, but was widely considered ill-prepared for the demands of ruling a vast empire. As a constitutional monarch, he resisted political reform and retained autocratic control over the nation's governance despite the establishment of the [[Duma]]. While his reign witnessed significant industrial growth and diplomatic engagement, it was also marked by domestic unrest, military defeats, and widespread criticism of his leadership.

Nicholas faced mounting disapproval following Russia's defeat in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] as well as the turmoil of the [[1905 Revolution]]. During [[World War I]], his popularity declined even further as military losses and economic hardship eroded public confidence in his rule. In March 1917, the [[February Revolution]] forced his abdication, ending the Romanov dynasty's 304-year rule. He and his family were imprisoned by the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]] and later transferred to [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] custody. On 17 July 1918, they were executed in [[Yekaterinburg]].

In the years following his death, Tsar Nicholas II was reviled by [[Historiography in the Soviet Union|Soviet historians]] and [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|state propaganda]] as a "callous tyrant" who "persecuted his own people while sending countless soldiers to their deaths in pointless conflicts".
Despite being viewed more positively in recent years, the majority view among historians is that Nicholas was a well-intentioned yet poor ruler who proved incapable of handling the challenges facing his nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Восстановим историческую справедливость! |url=https://xn----7sbbz2c8a3d.xn--p1ai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915125436/https://xn----7sbbz2c8a3d.xn--p1ai |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=За-Царя.рф |language=ru}}</ref>{{Sfn|Esthus|1981|pages=396–411}}<ref name="Ferro, Marc 1995">{{Cite book |last=Ferro |first=Marc |date=1995 |title=Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-508192-7 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warnes |first=David |title=Chronicle of the Russian Tsars |date=1999 |publisher=Thames And Hudson |isbn=0-500-05093-7 |page=163}}</ref> He and his family were [[Canonization|canonised]] as [[passion bearer]]s by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000, following the discovery and reburial of their remains in 1998.

==Early life ==
===Birth and family background ===
[[File:Maria Fyodorovna and her son Niki.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.9|Nicholas, [[breeching (boys)|unbreeched]] at two years old, with his mother, Maria Feodorovna, in 1870]]
Nicholas was born on {{OldStyleDateNY|18 May|6 May}} 1868 at the [[Alexander Palace]] in [[Tsarskoye Selo]], south of [[Saint Petersburg]], during the reign of his paternal grandfather, Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]]. He was the eldest child of the then-[[Tsesarevich]] [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander Alexandrovich]] and his wife, Tsesarevna [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Maria Feodorovna]] (née Princess Dagmar of Denmark).<ref name="biography"/> Alexandrovich was [[heir apparent]] to the [[Russian Empire|Russia]]n throne as the second, but eldest surviving, son of Alexander II and [[Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)|Maria Alexandrovna]] (née Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine). Maria Feodorovna was the daughter of King [[Christian IX]] and Queen [[Louise of Hesse-Kassel|Louise of Denmark]].

Nicholas was christened on 1 June [<nowiki/>[[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] 20 May] 1868 in the Chapel of the Resurrection of the [[Catherine Palace]] at Tsarskoye Selo by the imperial family's [[confessor]], [[protopresbyter]] Vasily Borisovich Bazhanov. His godparents were Alexander II (his paternal grandfather), Queen Louise of Denmark (his maternal grandmother), Crown Prince [[Frederik VIII of Denmark|Frederik of Denmark]] (his maternal uncle), and Grand Duchess [[Princess Charlotte of Württemberg|Elena Pavlovna]] (his great-great-aunt).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Высочайше утверждённый церемониал о святом крещении его императорскаго высочества государя великаго князя Николая Александровича // Русский инвалид. |date=1868 |page=1 |language=ru |trans-title=The Highest Approved Ceremonial of the Holy Baptism of His Imperial Highness the Sovereign Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich}}</ref> He received the traditional [[Romanov]] name [[Nicholas]], in memory of his father's elder brother and mother's first [[fiancé]], Tsesarevich [[Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia|Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia]] who had died in 1865.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pchelov |first=Evgeny |author-link=Evgeny Pchelov |date=2009 |title=Династия Романовых: генеалогия и антропонимика |trans-title=The Romanov dynasty: genealogy and anthroponymy |url=https://shakko.wordpress.com/2014/01/03/%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE |journal=[[Вопросы истории]] |language=ru |volume=6 |pages=76–83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415220305/https://shakko.wordpress.com/2014/01/03/%D0%B5-%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE |archive-date=15 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Informally, he was known as Nicky throughout his life.

[[File:Tsar Nicholas II & King George V.JPG|thumb|upright=.9|Emperor Nicholas II of Russia with his physically similar cousin, [[George V]] of the United Kingdom (right), wearing German military uniforms in Berlin before the war; 1913]]
Nicholas was of primarily German and [[Danes|Danish]] descent and was related to several European monarchs. His mother's siblings included Kings Frederick VIII of Denmark and [[George I of Greece]], as well as Queen [[Alexandra of Denmark|Alexandra]] of the United Kingdom (consort of King [[Edward VII]]). Nicholas, his wife Alexandra, and [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]], were all first cousins of King [[George V]] of the United Kingdom. Nicholas was also a first cousin of King [[Haakon VII]] and Queen [[Maud of Norway]], as well as King [[Christian X of Denmark]] and King [[Constantine I of Greece]]. Nicholas and Wilhelm II were second cousins once removed through descent from King [[Frederick William III of Prussia]], and third cousins as great-great-grandsons of Tsar [[Paul I of Russia]]. In addition to being second cousins through descent from [[Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse]], and his wife [[Princess Wilhelmine of Baden]], Nicholas and Alexandra were also third cousins once removed through descent from King [[Frederick William II of Prussia]].

Tsar Nicholas II was the first cousin once removed of Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)|Nicholas Nikolaevich]]. To distinguish between them, the Grand Duke was often known within the imperial family as Nikolasha and Nicholas the Tall, while the Tsar was Nicholas the Short.

=== Childhood ===
Grand Duke Nicholas was to have five younger siblings: [[Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia|Alexander]] (1869–1870), [[Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia|George]] (1871–1899), [[Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia|Xenia]] (1875–1960), [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Michael]] (1878–1918), and [[Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia|Olga]] (1882–1960). Nicholas often referred nostalgically to his father in letters after Alexander's death in 1894, and he remained very close to his mother, as shown in their published correspondence,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie: being confidential correspondence between Nicholas II, last of the Tsars, and his mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna |editor-first=Edward J. |editor-last=Bing |location=London |publisher=Nicholson and Watson |date=1937}}</ref> During his childhood, Nicholas, his parents, and his siblings made annual visits to the Danish royal palaces of [[Fredensborg Palace|Fredensborg]] and [[Bernstorff Palace|Bernstorff]] to see his grandparents, the king and queen. These gatherings also served as wider family reunions, with his mother's siblings travelling from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[German Empire|Germany]], and [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] with their families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van Der Kiste |first=John |date=2003 |title=The Romanovs: 1818–1959 |publisher=Sutton Publishing |page=151}}</ref> It was during one such visit in 1883 that he had a brief flirtation with his British first cousin, [[Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom|Princess Victoria]]. In 1873, Nicholas accompanied his parents and his younger brother George on a two‑month semi‑official visit to the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|Clay|2006|page=54}} In London, the family stayed at [[Marlborough House]], as guests of his Uncle Bertie and Aunt Alix, the Prince and Princess of Wales, where Nicholas was indulged by his uncle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magnus |first=Philip |date=1964 |title=King Edward the Seventh |publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co. |page=126}}</ref>

In February 1880, a group of [[nihilism|nihilist activists]] detonated a bomb in the dining room of the [[Winter Palace]], destroying almost the entire room. No one was injured. Following the attack, Alexander III and his family moved to the [[Yelagin Palace]] on [[Yelagin Island]].

==Tsesarevich==
On 1 March 1881,{{Efn|1 March 1881 in the [[Julian calendar]] then in use in Russia, which is the same day as 13 March 1881 in the [[Gregorian calendar]] used elsewhere.}} following the [[Assassination of Alexander II|assassination]] of his grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, by the [[Narodnaya Volya]] Nicholas became heir apparent, or tsesarevich, upon his father's accession as Alexander III. Nicholas and other family members witnessed Alexander II's death, at the [[Winter Palace]] in Saint Petersburg, where he was brought after the attack.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=38}} For security reasons, the new Tsar and his family relocated their primary residence to the [[Gatchina Palace]], 48 kilometres from the city, only entering the capital for ceremonial functions. On such occasions, Alexander III and his family occupied the nearby [[Anichkov Palace]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} The Gatchina Palace had been built for [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]'s father [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]]. Nicholas [[Diary of Nicholas II|kept a diary]].

Nicholas, colloquially called ''Nicky'' by his family, spent much of his vacations with them in his mother's home country [[Denmark]] and on cruises along the coasts of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], especially on Alexander III's [[Langinkoski Imperial Fishing Lodge|fishing lodge in Langinkoski]], on the river [[Kymi (river)|Kymi]] in [[Kotka]]. In summertime the family lived at the [[Alexander Palace]], at the [[Livadia Palace]] in Crimea or sometimes hunted deer in [[Łowicz County]], Poland.

Nicholas and his siblings were raised in a Spartan way, in an English fashion. They slept in tent bends, rose at 6 and took cold baths, sometimes they were given a warm bath in their mother's bathroom. Breakfast consisted of porridge and black bread, lunch of lamb chops or roast beef with peas and roasted potatoes, and tea of bread, butter and jam. Nicholas and younger brother [[Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia|George]] had their own salon, dining room, play room and bedroom, which were simply decorated. The only prominent item was an icon surrounded by pearls and jewels.<ref name="hall">{{cite book
| last = Hall
| first = Coryne
| title = Little Mother of Russia - A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna
| publisher = Shepheard-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd
| year = 1999
| location = London
| url = http://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/little-mother-of-russia/
| isbn = 978-0-85683-229-1
| access-date = 2015-01-26
| archive-date = 2017-07-28
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170728082038/https://www.shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/little-mother-of-russia/
}}</ref>{{rp|61}} Because of the happy marriage of Nicholas's parents, he was raised surrounded by love and safety, which was missing in many other royal families.<ref name="hall"/>{{rp|61}}

Nicholas and George shared the same teachers, but studied in adjacent rooms. They followed the course of the academy of the general staff, and their teachers were valued professors. Their [[English language|English]] teacher Charles Heath, who was Nicholas's favourite teacher,<ref name="facts">[https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/07/24/10-important-facts-about-the-murder-of-russias-royal-family_809707 10 important facts about the murder of Russia's royal family]</ref> had acted as teacher of their uncles, Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia|Sergei]] and [[Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia|Paul]]. Both brothers spoke and wrote perfect English. Heath inspired them in sport, especially shooting and fly fishing. They spoke fluent [[French language|French]] as well as passable [[German language|German]] and [[Danish language|Danish]]. [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]], was Nicholas' teacher of law and history. His home teacher general Danilovich did not ask for much from the tsesarevich, as "the sacrament of coronation will give the ruler all the information he needs."<ref name="facts"/>

Neither Nicholas's upbringing, nor his nature, was suitable for the difficult duties that awaited him as emperor. He had received military education from his teachers, and his taste and interests were similar to other young Russian officers. He had little intelligent ambition, but enjoyed physical exercise and the supplies of military life: uniforms, insignia and parades. But he felt uncomfortable in official situations. Even though he had charm, he was shy and avoided close contact with his subjects, preferring the privacy of his family.<ref name="biography">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-II-tsar-of-Russia Nicholas II: Biography, Wife, Abdication, Death, & Facts], ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' 2024. Accessed on 15 February 2024.</ref> According to his diary he played childish games well past the age of 20.<ref name="facts"/>

Nicholas's large father, who could not tolerate weakness, was discouraging to Nicholas. Once when Nicholas made a mistake and let a playmate take the blame, Alexander shouted at him: "You are a girl!" Alexander was aware his son was too childish to take on responsibility, which he said clearly to minister of finance [[Sergei Witte]].<ref name="facts"/> Nicholas learnt to obey his father, who told him to participate in committees. Nicholas found political tasks uninteresting and instead partied with other young officers from the [[Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment|Preobrazhensky]], and Hussar Guards from the Romanov family, in restaurants and in the company of young women on the islands in front of St Petersburg. He was especially influenced by his uncle, Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia|Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov]].<ref name="facts"/>

Nicholas underwent military training under general Gregory Danilovich and was inspired by him and senior procurator [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]] in a [[Pan-Slavism|Pan-Slavist]] and even mystical religious way.<ref name="carlquist">Carlquist, Gunnar, ed. (1937): ''Svensk uppslagsbok. Bd 19.'' Malmö: Svensk Uppslagsbok AB, p. 1145.</ref> Pobedonostsev's teachings caused Nicholas to think that as emperor by [[divine right of kings|the grace of God]] he had a sacred duty to upkeep the autocracy and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] religion.<ref>[http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Rusland_og_Centralasien/Ruslands_historie/Rusland_1815-1917/Nikolaj_2 Nikolaj 2]</ref>

In 1884, Nicholas' coming-of-age ceremony was held at the Winter Palace, where he pledged loyalty to his father. Later that year, Nicholas' uncle, Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia|Sergei Alexandrovich]], married Princess [[Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna|Elizabeth]], daughter of [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse]], and his late wife [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]], and a granddaughter of [[Queen Victoria]]. At the wedding in St Petersburg, the sixteen-year-old Tsarevich met with and admired the bride's youngest surviving sister, twelve-year-old Princess [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alix]]. Those feelings of admiration blossomed into love following her visit to St Petersburg in 1889. Alix had feelings for him in turn. As a devout Lutheran, she was reluctant to convert to Russian Orthodoxy to marry Nicholas, but relented.{{Sfn|King|1994|page=54}}

[[File:Nicholas1868.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Nicholas Alexandrovich, [[Tsarevich]] of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], 1880s]]

In October 1890 Nicholas, his younger brother George, and their cousin Prince [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark|George of Greece]], set out on a [[Eastern journey of Nicholas II|world tour]] on the cruiser ''[[Russian cruiser Pamiat Azova|Pamiat Azova]]'', although Grand Duke George fell ill in [[Bombay]] and was sent home partway through the trip. Nicholas visited [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]], [[British Raj|India]], Singapore, and [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]] (Thailand), receiving honors as a distinguished guest in each country. During his trip through [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], Nicholas had a large [[Japanese dragon|dragon]] tattooed on his right forearm by tattoo artist [[Hori Chiyo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Omelchenko |first1=Ulyana D. |last2=Karpenko |first2=Arina A. |last3=Volkodav |first3=Tatiana V. |date=2019 |title=Tattoo or Taboo? The Social Stigma of Tatoos |journal=Форум Молодых Ученых |pages=17–25}}</ref><ref>[https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a28268390/nicholas-ii-romanov-last-czars-dragon-tattoo/ Russia's Last Czar, Nicholas II, Had a Massive Dragon Tattoo]</ref><ref>Shevchenko, Nikolay: [https://www.rbth.com/history/335159-nicholas-ii-romanov-russian-emperor-dragon-tattoo Why on earth did Russia's last emperor have DRAGON tattooed on his forearm?], ''Russia Beyond'' 23 June 2022. Accessed on 15 February 2024.</ref> Nicholas' cousin George V of the UK had received a dragon tattoo from Hori in [[Yokohama]] years before. It was during his visit to [[Otsu]], that [[Tsuda Sanzō]], one of his escorting policemen, swung at the Tsarevich's face with a sabre, an event known as the [[Ōtsu incident]]. Nicholas was left with a 9 centimeter long scar on the right of his forehead, but it was not life-threatening. The incident cut his trip short.{{Sfn|Kowner|1998|pages=211–252}}

Returning overland to St Petersburg, he was present at the ceremonies in [[Vladivostok]] commemorating the beginning of work on the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. In 1893, Nicholas traveled to London on behalf of his parents for the wedding of his cousin the [[George V|Duke of York]] to [[Princess Mary of Teck]]. Queen Victoria was struck by the physical resemblance between the two cousins, and their appearances confused some at the wedding. Nicholas had an affair with St. Petersburg ballerina [[Mathilde Kschessinska]].<ref>Kshessinska 1960. ''Dancing in Petersburg''. London, transl Haskell.{{Page needed|date=January 2019}}</ref> After returning to St Petersburg, Nicholas continued his relationship with Kschessinska in spite of his father's disapproval. However, the love of Nicholas' life proved not to be Mathilde but instead the young German [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Princess Alix of Hessen-Darmstadt]], the younger sister of Grand Duchess [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine|Elisabeth Feodorovna]], the wife of Nicholas's uncle [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia|Sergei Alexandrovich]]. Nicholas had already decided to marry Alix in 1899. The marriage was supported by Nicholas' uncle Sergei and his wife Elisabeth. In 1894 Nicholas told Mathilde of his love for Alix and that he wished Alix would marry him. The relationship between tsesarevich and ballerina ended, and in 1921 Mathilde married Nicholas's cousin, [[Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia]] in Paris.

Though Nicholas was heir-apparent to the throne, his father failed to prepare him for his role as Tsar. He attended meetings of the [[State Council (Russian Empire)|State Council]]; however, as his father was only in his forties, it was expected it would be years before Nicholas succeeded.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=40}} [[Sergei Witte]], finance minister, saw things differently and suggested to the Tsar that Nicholas be appointed to the Siberian Railway Committee.{{Sfn|Pierre|1925|page=45}} Alexander argued that Nicholas was not mature enough to take on serious responsibilities, having once stated "Nikki is a good boy, but he has a poet's soul...God help him!" Witte stated that if Nicholas was not introduced to state affairs, he would never be ready to understand them.{{Sfn|Pierre|1925|page=45}} Alexander's assumption he would live long and have years to prepare Nicholas proved wrong: by 1894, Alexander's health was failing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 1894 |title=The Health of the Czar |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000264/18940215/015/0005 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 March 2016 |work=[[Western Daily Press]] |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

==Engagement, marriage and family==
{{See also|Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna|}}
[[File:Engagement official picture of Alexandra and Nicholas.jpg|thumb|Official engagement photograph of Nicholas II and Alexandra, April 1894]]
In April 1894, Nicholas travelled to [[Coburg]], Germany, for the wedding of [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse]], brother to both Alix and [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine|Elizabeth]], to [[Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. Guests included [[Queen Victoria]], [[Wilhelm II|Kaiser Wilhelm II]], the [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Empress Frederick]], the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]], and the [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Duke]] and [[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia|Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. While in Coburg, Nicholas proposed to Alix, who initially refused due to her reluctance to convert to Orthodoxy. Persuaded by the Kaiser, she reconsidered, and the couple became officially engaged on 20 April. Nicholas's parents hesitated to approve the match, citing Alix's poor impressions in Russia, but consented as Tsar Alexander III's health declined.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

That summer, Nicholas visited Alix and Queen Victoria in England, coinciding with the birth of the [[George V|Duke]] and [[Mary of Teck|Duchess of York]]'s first child, the future [[Edward VIII]]. Nicholas and Alix attended the christening and were named among the child’s godparents.{{Sfn|King|1994|page=70}} He later returned to Russia for his sister Xenia’s wedding to Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich ("Sandro").<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 1894 |title=The Czarewitch |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001485/18940730/041/0008 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 March 2016 |work=[[St James's Gazette]] |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

By autumn, Alexander III was dying. Upon learning he had only weeks to live, he summoned Alix to [[Livadia Palace]].{{Sfn|King|2006|page=326}} She arrived on 22 October, and the Tsar, in full uniform, urged Nicholas to heed the advice of [[Sergei Witte]]. Alexander died ten days later, aged 49, and Nicholas was consecrated that evening as Tsar Nicholas II. The following day, Alix was received into the Russian Orthodox Church, taking the name Alexandra Feodorovna and the title of Grand Duchess and style of ''[[Imperial Highness]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 1894 |title=The Czar and Princess Alix. Another Manifesto |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000509/18941105/028/0003 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 March 2016 |work=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref>

Their wedding took place at the [[Winter Palace]] on 26 November 1894, less than a month after Alexander's funeral. Due to the mourning period, the ceremony was modest. Observers reportedly remarked of the new empress: "She came to us from behind the coffin..."{{Sfn|Massie|1967}}[[File:1904-1905peterhof.jpg|thumb|left|Nicholas II and family in 1904|353x353px]]

Nicholas and Alexandra had five children: [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Olga]] (b. 15 November 1895), [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Tatiana]] (b. 10 June 1897), [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia|Maria]] (b. 26 June 1899), and [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia]] (b. 18 June 1901), and their only son Alexei (b. 12 August 1904), heir to the throne. Alexei suffered from [[haemophilia B]], a hereditary illness passed down from Queen Victoria. Other affected relatives included [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]], [[Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom|Princess Beatrice]]'s sons [[Lord Leopold Mountbatten|Leopold]] and [[Prince Maurice of Battenberg|Maurice]], and Beatrice's grandsons [[Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)|Alfonso]] and [[Infante Gonzalo of Spain|Gonzalo]] of Spain. Alix's brother [[Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine|Friedrich]] and her sister [[Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine|Irene]]'s sons, [[Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889–1945)|Waldemar]] and [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1900–1904)|Henry]] of Prussia, also suffered from the disease. Recent research suggests Anastasia was a carrier, though [[asymptomatic]].<ref>[https://www.bleeding.org/news/hemophilia-in-the-romanov-family An interview with Dr. Helen Rappaport], ''National Bleeding Disorders Foundation'' 29 March 2022. Accessed on 20 January 2025.</ref>

The imperial couple concealed Alexei's condition until 1912, seeking any possible cure. In 1911, [[Grigori Rasputin]], a Siberian peasant mystic, entered their inner circle. Alexandra believed deeply in his healing abilities, and his influence, despite public perception of him as lecherous and uncivilised, intensified distrust of the monarchy. Rasputin had a calming effect on Alexei, which reinforced Alexandra's faith in him. Some writers and historians, such as Massie and Ferro, suggest that Rasputin stopped Alexei's bleeding through [[hypnosis]], which some modern physicians say is effective in managing hemophilia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haurani |first1=Farid I. |title=Rasputin Used Hypnosis: Reply to 'Russia's Imperial Blood' |journal=American Journal of Hematology |date=2005 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=309-310}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paredes |first1=Ana Cristina |title=Effectiveness of hypnosis for pain management and promotion of health-related quality-of-life among people with haemophilia: a randomised controlled pilot trial |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-49827-1 |pmid=31527700|pmc=6746787 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-first=Marc|author-last=Ferro|title=Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars|url=https://archive.org/details/nicholasii00marc|url-access=registration|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509382-7|translator-first=Brian|translator-last=Pearce|author-link=Marc Ferro|page=137}}</ref> Still other historians{{ndash}}including memoirist [[Pierre Gilliard]], Alexei's French-language tutor{{ndash}}have speculated that Rasputin controlled Alexei's bleeding by disallowing the administration of [[aspirin]], then widely used to relieve pain, but unknown as an anti-clotting agent until the 1950s.<ref name="Hasic">{{cite news |last1=Hasic |first1=Albinko |title=5 Myths and Truths about Rasputin |url=https://time.com/4606775/5-myths-rasputin/ |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time-Life|date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref>[[Matti Klinge|Klinge, Matti]]: [https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/3231# Nikolai II (1868 - 1918), Venäjän keisari, Suomen suuriruhtinas], National Biography of Finland 23 June 2000, Studia Biographica 4. Helsinki: [[Finnish Literature Society]] 1997-. [http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-003231 URN:NBN:fi-fe200514120], {{ISSN|1799-4349}}. Accessed on 20 January 2025.</ref> Under Alexandra's influence, Nicholas increasingly turned to spiritual advisers, especially Rasputin, who eventually gained sway over the imperial couple.<ref name="biography" />

==Reign==
{{Split section|Reign of Nicholas II|discuss=Talk:Nicholas II#Split proposed|date=February 2026}}
{{Conservatism in Russia|Politicians}}

===Coronation===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1991-1101-502, Russische Zarenfamilie bei Bootsausflug.jpg|thumb|Nicholas (''left'') and his family on a boat trip in the Finnish archipelago in 1909]]
[[File:Walentin Serow Kroenung Zar Nikolai II anagoria.jpg|thumb|Coronation of Nicholas II by [[Valentin Serov]]]]
{{Main|Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna}}

Despite a visit to the United Kingdom in 1893, where he observed the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in debate and was seemingly impressed by the machinery of [[constitutional monarchy]], Nicholas turned his back on any notion of giving away any power to elected representatives in Russia. Shortly after he came to the [[throne]], a deputation of peasants and workers from various towns' local assemblies (''[[zemstvos]]'') came to the Winter Palace proposing court reforms, such as the adoption of a constitutional monarchy,{{Sfn|Warth|1997|page=20}} and reform that would improve the political and economic life of the peasantry, in the [[Tver Address]].{{Sfn|Figes|1998|page=165}}{{Sfn|Pierre|1925|page=127}}

Although the addresses they had sent in beforehand were couched in mild and loyal terms, Nicholas was angry and ignored advice from an Imperial Family Council by saying to them:

{{Blockquote|... it has come to my knowledge that during the last months there have been heard in some assemblies of the zemstvos the voices of those who have indulged in a senseless dream that the zemstvos be called upon to participate in the government of the country. I want everyone to know that I will devote all my strength to maintain, for the good of the whole nation, the principle of absolute [[autocracy]], as firmly and as strongly as did my late lamented father.<ref>Radziwill, Catherine (1931) ''Nicholas II, The Last of the Tsars'', London: Cassell and Co., p. 100.</ref>}}

On 26 May 1896, Nicholas's formal [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|coronation]] as Tsar was held in [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Uspensky Cathedral]] located within the [[Kremlin]].{{Sfn|Warth|1997|page=26}} The event was of gigantic proportions, and people from all over Russia arrived to witness the coronation of the new emperor. At the coronation, lieutenant [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], a future [[president of Finland]], was one of the four officers escorting the new emperor. [[Brown trout]] from Finland was served for the guests at the coronation.<ref>[https://tsarnicholas.org/category/coronation/ Coronation], ''Nicholas II''. Accessed on 11 April 2024.</ref><ref>[https://tmora.org/online-exhibitions/dinner-with-the-tsars-russian-imperial-porcelain/nicholas-ii-1894-1917/coronation-dinner-menu-of-emperor-nicholas-ii/ Coronation Dinner Menu of Emperor Nicholas II], ''The Museum of Russian Art'' 3 November 2015. Accessed on 11 April 2024.</ref><ref>[https://mannerheim.fi/05_s_ura/s_nikol2.htm MANNERHEIM - SOTILASURA - NIKOLAI II], ''mannerheim.fi''. Accessed on 11 April 2024.</ref> Nicholas II announced already at the start of his reign that he would use the Russian title of Tsar instead of the western title of Emperor.{{Sfn|Massie|1967}}

[[File:Nicholas II of Russia 1892.jpg|thumb|Nicholas as Tsesarevich in 1892|upright=.8]]
In a celebration on 30 May 1896, a large festival with food, free beer and souvenir cups was held in [[Khodynka Field]] outside Moscow. Khodynka was chosen as the location as it was the only place near Moscow large enough to hold all of the Moscow citizens.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=1017}} Khodynka was primarily used as a military training ground and the field was uneven with trenches. Before the food and drink was handed out, rumours spread that there would not be enough for everyone. As a result, the crowd rushed to get their share and individuals were tripped and trampled upon, suffocating in the dirt of the field.{{Sfn|Warth|1997|pages=26–27}} Of the approximate 100,000 in attendance, it is estimated that 1,389 individuals died{{Sfn|Warth|1997|page=20}} and roughly 1,300 were injured.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=1017}} The [[Khodynka Tragedy]] was seen as an ill omen and Nicholas found gaining popular trust difficult from the beginning of his reign. The French ambassador's gala was planned for that night. The Tsar wanted to stay in his chambers and pray for the lives lost, but his uncles believed that his absence at the ball would strain relations with France, particularly the 1894 [[Franco-Russian Alliance]]. Thus Nicholas attended the party; as a result the mourning populace saw Nicholas as frivolous and uncaring.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

During the autumn after the coronation, Nicholas and Alexandra made a tour of Europe. After making visits to the emperor and empress of [[Austria-Hungary]], the Kaiser of Germany, and Nicholas's Danish grandparents and relatives, Nicholas and Alexandra took possession of their new yacht, the ''[[Russian yacht Standart|Standart]], ''which had been built in Denmark.{{Sfn|King|2006|page=420}} From there, they made a journey to Scotland to spend some time with Queen Victoria at [[Balmoral Castle]]. While Alexandra enjoyed her reunion with her grandmother, Nicholas complained in a letter to his mother about being forced to go shooting with his uncle, the Prince of Wales, in bad weather, and was suffering from a bad toothache.<ref>{{Cite book |last=King |first=Greg |date=2007 |title=Twilight of Splendor: the Court of Queen Victoria in Her Diamond Jubilee Year |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=173–175}}</ref>

===Start of reign===
When Nicholas II ascended to the throne he had very little experience of governing and he trusted the experience and diplomatic abilities of his mother, the widowed empress Maria Feodorovna, for the first 10 years. Nicholas's wife was also strong-willed, which is thought to have resulted from the fact that Nicholas sought to compensate his own lack of a strong will by governing autocratically. Nicholas was also wary of his own ministers, but was himself unable to govern properly.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nicholas_ii.shtml Historic Figures: Nicholas II (1868-1918)], ''BBC'' 2014. Accessed on 15 February 2024.</ref> According to [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]] Nicholas spent the first 10 years of his reign listening to his uncles, especially the Grand Duke and Admiral General [[Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia|Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov]], whom Nicholas's second cousin, the Grand Duke and naval officer [[Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia|Alexander Mikhailovich]] would have wanted to fire.<ref name="facts"/> Nicholas and the imperial family often spent their summers on the archipelago and coast of Finland. The imperial family sailed to Finland on the imperial yacht ''[[Russian yacht Standart|Standart]]''.<ref>Majander, Antti: [https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000004087841.html Venäjän hallitsijaparit viettivät pitkiä aikoja kesistään Suomen rannikolla], ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 6 October 2002. Accessed on 11 April 2024.</ref>

Right from the start of his reign, Nicholas showed an interest for humanistic ideals. He attended the first [[Hague Conference on Private International Law|Hague Conference]] in 1893. Because of his poor knowledge of people, his preference of an isolated family life and his weak authority he soon fell into the hands of his reactionary surroundings. The only idea he steadfastly held on was the principle of an autocratic ruler.

Nicholas was a weak emperor. He did better as a father and husband than a ruler of a gigantic, restless realm. He was of average ability and indecisive character, but also modest and frugal. Like his father Alexander III he was very old-fashioned and sought to Russificate everyhing that had been previously westernised, including preferring to use the title of tsar instead of emperor as he thought it sounded more Russian. Nicholas allowed his wife to control him in matters of government, such as choices of people. Because of this, renovations often failed because of one single thing: any renovation would have been contrary to the interests of their children. Especially the crown prince Alexei was important in this regard, and his future interests were not to be endangered.

The first years of Nicholas's reign saw little more than continuation and development of the policy pursued by Alexander III. Nicholas allotted money for the [[All-Russia exhibition 1896|All-Russia exhibition of 1896]]. In 1897 restoration of the [[gold standard]] by Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance, completed the series of financial reforms, initiated fifteen years earlier. By 1902 the Trans-Siberian Railway was nearing completion; this helped the Russians trade in the Far East but the railway still required huge amounts of work.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

During the first ten years of Nicholas II's reign, Russia saw a societal and economic transform, a change from an agrarian society to an industrial one, whose seeds had already been sown during the reign of Nicholas's father Alexander III. During the inspection period from 1880 to 1910 economic growth in Russia was over nine percent per year on average. The old-fashioned legislature, the unsolved question of land ownership after [[emancipation reform of 1861|serfdom had been abolished]] in 1861 and concentration of economic growth in wealthy metropolitan areas caused conflicts among the growing working class, which the [[Socialist Revolutionary Party]] and the [[communism|communists]] used as a vessel of growth.

===Internal politics===
[[File:Romanov cycling on bikes (1 of 10).jpg|thumb|Nicholas II on his bike behind the [[Alexander Palace]], in 1913. It was one of his favorite sports, shared with his children.]]
In addition to Rasputin, Nicholas also had other irresponsible favourites, often men of questionable authenticity, who gave him a twisted image of Russian life, but which was more desolate for him than that described in official reports. He did not trust his ministers, primarily because he felt they were intelligently superior to him and feared they might try to usurp his sovereign rights. His view of his role as an authority was naively simple: he had received his authority from God, to whom alone he was responsible, and his holy duty was to keep his absolute power intact. He lacked the necessary strength of will for one with such a high view of his duty. In doing his duty Nicholas had to undergo a constant battle against himself, suffocating his natural indecisiveness and assuming the mask of confident decisiveness. His devotion to the autocratic dogma was an insufficient replacement for constructive politics which alone would have lengthened his imperial reign.<ref name="biography"/>

Empress Alexandra was at one point guided by [[Grigori Rasputin]], which caused the emperor's close circle to fill with sycophants supporting his autocracy. Nicholas's circle of life was different of the world outside the Alexander Palace, and he had no real clue about the real plight of Russia. In his politics, Nicholas sought to continue the line of his father Alexander III, but with significantly less success.

Near the start of World War I Russia was drawing nearer and nearer to a [[revolution]] as the workers demanded more rights from the upper class. Nicholas had been raised to believe in his own position as a ruler chosen by [[God]], and so he felt a [[parliament]] demanded by the people was a betrayal of God's trust.

In internal politics Nicholas mostly fell on the conservatism of his father Alexander III. In [[Finland]] he was known for his acts of Russification (the [[February Manifesto]]), which led to the first period of oppression in Finland. As a result of the 1905 revolution, Nicholas had to submit to renovations. In the [[October Manifesto]] written by Nicholas's competent prime minister [[Sergei Witte]], a parliament, also known as the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|Duma]], was founded in Russia, and citizens' rights were widened (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly). Nicholas still retained the right to [[veto]] the laws made by the Duma and the right to dissolve the parliament, which he also used twice, in 1906 and in 1907. The other renovations were also gradually cancelled, and Nicholas's government slipped back into regression. Witte's successors as prime minister, whose election was influenced by the empress Alexandra and the family's friend [[Grigori Rasputin]], were either incompetent ([[Ivan Goremykin]]) or inflexible ([[Pyotr Stolypin]]).

Nicholas II visited [[Helsinki]] on 10 March 1915.<ref>Pietiläinen, Kimmo: ''Kansalaiskalenteri 1991'', WSOY 1990, p. 84.</ref><gallery style="text-align:center;" caption="Russian economy during Nicholas II">
File:Russia railroads by year.jpg|[[History of rail transport in Russia]]: Km of rail roads built each year in russian territory, from 1837 to 1989. Nicholas II's reign witnessed the most intense period of rail building.
File:Russian and US equities 1865 to 1917.jpg|[[Stock market in Russia]]: Indexes of russian and US [[equities]] (1865 - 1917). Nicholas II's reign saw the highest indexes reached by russian equities.
</gallery>

===Ecclesiastical affairs===
[[File:Imperial Monogram of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.svg|thumb|upright=.8|Imperial monogram]]
Nicholas always believed God chose him to be the tsar and therefore the decisions of the tsar reflected the will of God and could not be disputed. He was convinced that the simple people of Russia understood this and loved him, as demonstrated by the display of affection he perceived when he made public appearances. His strong religious beliefs in his case made for a very stubborn ruler who rejected constitutional limitations on his power. It put the tsar at variance with the emerging political consensus among the Russian elite. It was further belied by the subordinate position of the Church in the bureaucracy. The result was a new distrust between the tsar and the church hierarchy and between those hierarchs and the people. Thereby the tsar's base of support was conflicted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Firsov |first=Sergei L. |date=2012 |title=Emperor Nicholas II as an Orthodox Tsar |journal=Russian Studies in History |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=79–90|doi=10.2753/RSH1061-1983500404 }}</ref>

In 1903, Nicholas threw himself into an ecclesiastical crisis regarding the [[canonisation]] of [[Seraphim of Sarov]]. The previous year, it had been suggested that if he were canonised, the imperial couple would beget a son and heir to throne. While Alexandra demanded in July 1902 that Seraphim be canonised in less than a week, Nicholas demanded that he be canonised within a year. Despite a public outcry, the Church bowed to the intense imperial pressure, declaring Seraphim worthy of canonisation in January 1903. That summer, the imperial family travelled to [[Sarov]] for the canonisation.{{Sfn|King|2006|page=137}}

===Initiatives in foreign affairs===
According to his biographer:
: His tolerance if not preference for charlatans and adventurers extended to grave matters of external policy, and his vacillating conduct and erratic decisions aroused misgivings and occasional alarm among his more conventional advisers. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire|foreign ministry]] itself was not a bastion of diplomatic expertise. Patronage and "connections" were the keys to appointment and promotion.{{Sfn|Warth|1997|page=47}}

Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] paid a state visit in April 1897 that was a success. It produced a "gentlemen's agreement" to keep the status quo in the Balkans, and a somewhat similar commitment became applicable to [[Constantinople]] and the Straits. The result was years of peace that allowed for rapid economic growth.{{Sfn|Warth|1997|page=49}}

[[File:Faure Loubet Carnot Alexandre Nicolas Grandes manoeuvres de l'est 1901 carte postale.JPG|thumb|Souvenir postcard of the [[French maneuvers of 1901]] attended by Nicholas II and Alexandra]]
Nicholas followed the policies of his father, strengthening the Franco-Russian Alliance and pursuing a policy of general European pacification, which culminated in the famous [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague peace conference]]. This conference, suggested and promoted by Nicholas II, was convened with the view of terminating the [[arms race]], and setting up machinery for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The results of the conference were less than expected due to the mutual distrust existing between great powers. Nevertheless, the Hague conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbenhuis |first=Maartje |title=The Hague Conferences and International Politics, 1898–1915 |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-3500-61347 |ol=28689163M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford |first=Thomas K. |date=1936 |title=The Genesis of the First Hague Peace Conference |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=354–382 |doi=10.2307/2144022 |jstor=2144022}}</ref> Nicholas II became the hero of the dedicated disciples of peace. In 1901 he and the Russian diplomat [[Friedrich Martens]] were nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for the initiative to convene the Hague Peace Conference and contributing to its implementation.<ref>See [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/nomination.php?action=show&showid=3291 The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901–1956] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530221941/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/nomination.php?action=show&showid=3291 |date=30 May 2013}}. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 1 May 2014.</ref> However historian Dan L. Morrill states that "most scholars" agree that the invitation was "conceived in fear, brought forth in deceit, and swaddled in humanitarian ideals...Not from humanitarianism, not from love for mankind."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrill |first=Dan L. |date=1974 |title=Nicholas II and the Call for the First Hague Conference |journal=Journal of Modern History |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=296–313 |doi=10.1086/241209 |jstor=1877523}}, quoting p. 297</ref>

Nicholas aimed to strengthen the [[Franco-Russian Alliance]] and proposed the unsuccessful [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention of 1899]] to promote disarmament and peacefully solve international disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsar Nicholas II: Peace and International Jurisdiction {{!}} Peace Palace Library |url=https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/library-special/tsar-nicholas-ii-peace-and-international-jurisdiction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512163340/https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/library-special/tsar-nicholas-ii-peace-and-international-jurisdiction |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Russo-Japanese War===
{{Main|Russo-Japanese War}}

[[File:Oleg-cruiser.jpg|thumb|left|The Russian [[Baltic Fleet]] was annihilated by the Japanese at the [[Battle of Tsushima]].]]

A clash between Russia and the [[Empire of Japan]] was almost inevitable by the turn of the 20th century. Russia had expanded in the Far East, and the growth of its settlement and territorial ambitions, as its southward path to the [[Balkans]] was frustrated, conflicted with Japan's own territorial ambitions on the Asian mainland. Nicholas pursued an aggressive foreign policy with regards to [[Manchuria]] and [[Korean Empire|Korea]], and strongly supported the scheme for timber concessions in these areas as developed by the [[Aleksandr Mikhailovich Bezobrazov|Bezobrazov group]].{{Sfn|Kowner|2006|pp=260–264}}{{Sfn|Esthus|1981|pages=396–411}}

Before the war in 1901, Nicholas told his brother-in-law Prince [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)|Henry of Prussia]] "I do not want to seize Korea but under no circumstances can I allow Japan to become firmly established there. That will be a casus belli."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Clark |title=[[The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914]] |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-7181-9295-2 |page=176 |language=en}}</ref>

War began in February 1904 with a preemptive Japanese attack on the Russian [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]] in [[Battle of Port Arthur|Port Arthur]], prior to a formal declaration of war.{{Sfn|Kowner|2006|pp=260–264}}

With the Russian Far East fleet trapped at Port Arthur, the only other Russian Fleet was the [[Baltic Fleet]]; it was half a world away, but the decision was made to send the fleet on a nine-month voyage to the east. The United Kingdom would not allow the Russian navy to use the [[Suez Canal]], due to [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance|its alliance]] with the Empire of Japan, and due to the [[Dogger Bank incident]] where the Baltic Fleet mistakenly fired on British fishing boats in the [[North Sea]]. The Baltic Fleet traversed the world to lift the blockade on Port Arthur, but after many misadventures on the way, was nearly annihilated by the Japanese in the [[Battle of Tsushima]].{{Sfn|Kowner|2006|pp=260–264}} On land the [[Imperial Russian Army]] experienced logistical problems. While commands and supplies came from [[St. Petersburg]], combat took place in east Asian ports with only the Trans-Siberian Railway for transport of supplies as well as troops both ways.{{Sfn|Kowner|2006|pp=260–264}} The {{Convert|9200|km|mi|adj=on}} rail line between St. Petersburg and Port Arthur was single-track, with no track around [[Lake Baikal]], allowing only gradual build-up of the forces on the front. [[Siege of Port Arthur|Besieged Port Arthur]] fell to the Japanese, after nine months of resistance.{{Sfn|Kowner|2006|pp=260–264}}

As Russia faced imminent defeat by the Japanese, the call for peace grew. Nicholas's mother, as well as his cousin Emperor Wilhelm II, urged Nicholas to negotiate for peace. Despite the efforts, Nicholas remained evasive, sending a telegram to the Kaiser on 10 October that it was his intent to keep on fighting until the Japanese were driven from Manchuria.{{Sfn|Kowner|2006|pp=260–264}} It was not until 27–28 May 1905 and the annihilation of the Russian fleet by the Japanese, that Nicholas finally decided to sue for peace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=The Last Tsar – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia: Protect us Lord, for We Reign Too Young |url=http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2018/12/2/the-last-tsar-tsar-nicholas-ii-of-russia-protect-us-lord-for-we-reign-too-young |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110045221/http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2018/12/2/the-last-tsar-tsar-nicholas-ii-of-russia-protect-us-lord-for-we-reign-too-young |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books {{!}} Modern International and American history |language=en-US}}</ref> Nicholas II accepted American mediation, appointing Sergei Witte chief plenipotentiary for the peace talks. The war was ended by the signing of the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]].{{Sfn|Kowner|2006|pp=260–264}}<ref name="MacMillan">{{Cite book |last=MacMillan |first=Margaret |title=The Road to 1914: The War That Ended Peace |date=2014 |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-8129-8066-0 |page=176}}</ref><ref name="Alexander Rabinowitch 2008 1">{{Cite book |last=Rabinowitch |first=Alexander |title=The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd |date=2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-2532-2042-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BEoBCGJ4VqYC&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref><ref name="Willmott, H.P. 2003 147">{{Cite book |last=Willmott |first=H.P. |title=World War I |date=2003 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing |isbn=0-7894-9627-5 |page=147}}</ref>

====Tsar's confidence in victory====
Nicholas's stance on the war was so at variance with the obvious facts that many observers were baffled. He saw the war as an easy God-given victory that would raise Russian morale and patriotism. He ignored the financial repercussions of a long-distance war.{{Sfn|Warth|1997|page=67}} Rotem Kowner argues that during his visit to Japan in 1891, where Nicholas was [[Ōtsu incident|attacked]] by a Japanese policeman, he regarded the Japanese as small of stature, feminine, weak, and inferior. He ignored reports of the prowess of Japanese soldiers in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–95) and reports on the capabilities of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], as well as negative reports on the lack of readiness of Russian forces.{{Sfn|Kowner|1998|pages=211–252}}

Before the Japanese attack on Port Arthur, Nicholas held firm to the belief that there would be no war. Despite the onset of the war and the many defeats Russia suffered, Nicholas still believed in, and expected, a final victory, maintaining an image of the racial inferiority and military weakness of the Japanese.{{Sfn|Kowner|1998|pages=211–252}} Throughout the war, the tsar demonstrated total confidence in Russia's ultimate triumph. His advisors never gave him a clear picture of Russia's weaknesses. Despite the continuous military disasters Nicholas believed victory was near at hand.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Losing his navy at Tsushima finally persuaded him to agree to peace negotiations. Even then he insisted on the option of reopening hostilities if peace conditions were unfavorable. He forbade his chief negotiator Count Witte to agree to either indemnity payments or loss of territory. Nicholas remained adamantly opposed to any concessions. Peace was made, but Witte did so by disobeying the tsar and ceding southern [[Sakhalin]] to Japan.<ref name=MacMillan/>{{Sfn|Esthus|1981|pages=396–411}}{{Better source needed|date=July 2019}}

===Anti-Jewish pogroms of 1903–1906===
{{Main|Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire}}

The [[Kishinev]] newspaper ''Bessarabets'', which published antisemitic materials, received funds from [[Viacheslav Plehve]], Minister of the Interior.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Pale: The Pogroms of 1903–1906 |url=http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/36.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515053140/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/36.html |archive-date=15 May 2008 |access-date=17 July 2008}}</ref> These publications served to fuel the [[Kishinev pogrom]] (rioting). The government of Nicholas II formally condemned the rioting and dismissed the regional governor, with the perpetrators arrested and punished by the court.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pp=94–95 (122 in Russian edition)}} Leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church also condemned antisemitic pogroms. Appeals to the faithful condemning the pogroms were read publicly in all churches of Russia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solzhenitsyn |first=Alexander |author-link= Alexander Solzhenitsyn |date=2001 |title=[[Two Hundred Years Together]] |isbn=978-5-9697-0372-8 |location=Moscow |publisher=Vagrius |page=329 |ol=28135122M}}</ref> In private Nicholas expressed his admiration for the mobs, viewing antisemitism as a useful tool for unifying the people behind the government;{{Sfn|Figes|1998|pages=197–198}} however in 1911, following the assassination of [[Pyotr Stolypin]] by the Jewish revolutionary [[Dmitry Bogrov]], he approved of government efforts to prevent antisemitic pogroms.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=228}}

=== Russification of Finland ===
In [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]], Nicholas had become associated with deeply unpopular [[Russification of Finland|Russification measures]]. These began with the [[February Manifesto]] proclaimed by Nicholas II in 1899,<ref name="wargelin">John Wargelin, A.M.: ''[http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article297de.htm The Americanization of the Finns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207001334/http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article297de.htm|date=7 February 2017}}'' – Genealogia</ref> which restricted Finland's [[autonomy]] and instigated a period of censorship and political repression.<ref name="clements">{{Cite book |last=Clements, Jonathan |title=An Armchair Traveller's History of Finland |date=2014 |publisher=Haus Publishing |asin=B00PS4PTOA}}</ref> [[Great Petition|A petition of protest]] signed by more than 500,000 Finns was collected against the manifesto and delivered to St. Petersburg by a delegation of 500 people, but they were not received by Nicholas. Russification measures were reintroduced in 1908 after a temporary suspension in the aftermath of the 1905 Revolution, and Nicholas received an icy reception when he made his only visit to [[Helsinki]] on 10 March 1915.<ref>Kimmo Pietiläinen: ''Kansalaiskalenteri 1991'', p. 84, WSOY, 1990. (in Finnish)</ref><ref>[https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2010/02/24/vihattu-tsaari-nikolai-ii-vieraili-helsingissa-1915 Elävä Arkisto: Vihattu tsaari Nikolai II vieraili Helsingissä 1915 – YLE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716143829/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2010/02/24/vihattu-tsaari-nikolai-ii-vieraili-helsingissa-1915 |date=16 July 2021}} (in Finnish)</ref><ref>[https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000006178078.html IS: Tuskallinen verilöyly päätti vuosisatoja kestäneen hallitsijuuden: Netflix-uutuus nostaa pinnalle Venäjän tsaariperheen julman kohtalon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716143829/https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000006178078.html |date=16 July 2021}} (in Finnish)</ref>

===Bloody Sunday (1905)===
{{Main|Bloody Sunday (1905)}}

[[File:Czar Nicholas II of Russia (1868-1917) (1905).ogv|thumb|Tsar Nicholas of Russia mounts his horse (1905?), unknown cinematographer of the [[Edison Manufacturing Company]].]]

On {{OldStyleDate|19 January|1905|6 January}} an incident interpreted as an assassination attempt on the Emperor occurred.<ref>
{{cite book
|editor-last1 = Микушина
|editor-first1 = Татьяна
|editor-last2 = Иванова
|editor-first2 = О.
|editor-last3 = Ильина
|editor-first3 = Е.
|date = 29 May 2018
|title = Empoeror Nicholas II: a Via Dolorosa
|script-title = ru:Император Николай II. Крестный Путь
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRdDwAAQBAJ
|language = ru
|publication-place =
|publisher = Litres
|page = 1838
|isbn = 978-5-04-116826-1
|access-date = 11 April 2025
|quote = Three days earlier an incident occurred which was interpreted as an attempted assassination of the Emperor. On 6 January during the [[Holy water in Eastern Christianity|Epiphany ceremony of the Blessing of the Holy Water]] on the Neva a salute was fired from the [[Peter and Paul Fortress]], in which one of the cannons fired a live round in the direction of the Monarch. The shot broke windows in the Winter Palace [...].
|script-quote = ru:Тремя днями ранее произошло событие, которое было расценено как покушение на императора. 6 января во время крещенского водосвятия на Неве в Петропавловской крепости произвели салют, при котором одна из пушек выстрелила боевым зарядом в сторону государя. Выстрел картечью поразил окна Зимнего дворца [...].
}}
</ref>

A few days prior to what would become known as Bloody Sunday (9 (22) January 1905), priest and labor leader [[Georgy Gapon]] informed the government of a forthcoming procession to the [[Winter Palace]] to hand a workers' [[The St. Petersburg workmen's petition to the Tsar (January 22, 1905)|petition to the tsar]]. On Saturday, 8 (21) January, the ministers convened to consider the situation. There was never any thought that the tsar, who had left the capital for Tsarskoye Selo on the advice of the ministers, would actually meet Gapon; the suggestion that some other member of the imperial family receive the petition was rejected.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=124}}

Finally informed by the Prefect of Police that he lacked the men to pluck Gapon from among his followers and place him under arrest, the newly appointed Minister of the Interior, Prince [[Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky|Sviatopolk-Mirsky]], and his colleagues decided to bring additional troops to reinforce the city. That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary, "Troops have been brought from the outskirts to reinforce the garrison. Up to now the workers have been calm. Their number is estimated at 120,000. At the head of their union is a kind of socialist priest named Gapon. Mirsky came this evening to present his report on the measures taken."{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=124}}

On Sunday, 9 (22) January 1905, Gapon began his march. Locking arms, the workers [[Nonviolent resistance|marched peacefully]] through the streets. Some carried religious icons and banners, as well as national flags and portraits of the tsar. As they walked, they sang hymns and ''[[God Save the Tsar!|God Save The Tsar]]''. At 2{{Nbsp}}pm all of the converging processions were scheduled to arrive at the Winter Palace. There was no single confrontation with the troops. Throughout the city, at bridges on strategic boulevards, the marchers found their way blocked by lines of infantry, backed by [[Cossack]]s and hussars; and the soldiers opened fire on the crowd.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pages=124–125}}

The official number of victims was 92 dead and several hundred wounded. Gapon vanished and the other leaders of the march were seized. Expelled from the capital, they circulated through the empire, increasing the casualties. As bullets riddled their icons, their banners and their portraits of Nicholas, the people shrieked, "The Tsar will not help us!"{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pages=124–125}} Outside Russia, the future British Labour Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] attacked the Tsar, calling him a "blood-stained creature and a common murderer".<ref name="massie125"/>

That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary:

{{Blockquote|Difficult day! In St. Petersburg there were serious disturbances due to the desire of workers to get to the Winter Palace. The troops had to shoot in different places of the city, there were many dead and wounded. Lord, how painful and bad!<ref name="massie125">Cf.: {{Harvnb|Massie|1967|page=125}} – Massie's translation is not authentic.</ref><ref name="militera.lib.ru">{{Cite web |title =State Archive of the Russian Federation, ф.601.ОП.1, д.248. Diary of Nickolas Romanov. 9 January 1905. (''in Russian'') |url =http://militera.lib.ru/db/nikolay-2/1905.html |url-status =live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060659/http://militera.lib.ru/db/nikolay-2/1905.html |archive-date =7 January 2012 |access-date =25 October 2010 |publisher =Militera.lib.ru}}</ref>}}

His younger sister, Grand Duchess [[Olga Alexandrovna]], wrote afterwards:

{{Blockquote|Nicky had the police report a few days before. That Saturday he telephoned my mother at the Anitchkov and said that she and I were to leave for Gatchina at once. He and Alicky went to Tsarskoye Selo. Insofar as I remember, my Uncles Vladimir and Nicholas were the only members of the family left in St. Petersburg, but there may have been others. I felt at the time that all those arrangements were hideously wrong. Nicky's ministers and the Chief of Police had it all their way. My mother and I wanted him to stay in St. Petersburg and to face the crowd. I am positive that, for all the ugly mood of some of the workmen, Nicky's appearance would have calmed them. They would have presented their petition and gone back to their homes. But that wretched Epiphany incident{{Efn|During the traditional Blessing of the Waters on the Neva River on January 6 (19), [[grapeshot]] loaded in a cannon firing a salute landed near the Emperor.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January–June 1905 |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=Albert |title=Record of Current Events (From December 21, 1904 to January 20, 1905) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzUbvTmYVcYC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915130035/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzUbvTmYVcYC&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |magazine=The American Monthly Review of Reviews |publisher=The Review of Reviews Company |location=New York |pages=154–56 |via=Google Books |volume=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dillon |first=E.J. |author-link=E.J. Dillon |date=January–June 1905 |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=Albert |title=The Doom of Russian Autocracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzUbvTmYVcYC&pg=PA306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915125922/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzUbvTmYVcYC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |magazine=The American Monthly Review of Reviews |publisher=The Review of Reviews Company |location=New York |pages=303–08 |via=Google Books |volume=31}}</ref>}} had left all the senior officials in a state of panic. They kept on telling Nicky that he had no right to run such a risk, that he owed it to the country to leave the capital, that even with the utmost precautions taken there might always be some loophole left. My mother and I did all we could to persuade him that the ministers' advice was wrong, but Nicky preferred to follow it and he was the first to repent when he heard of the tragic outcome.<ref name="vorres121">Vorres, Ian (1985) ''The Last Grand Duchess'', London, Finedawn Publishers, p. 121</ref>}}

From his hiding place Gapon issued a letter, stating "Nicholas Romanov, formerly Tsar and at present soul-murderer of the Russian empire. The innocent blood of workers, their wives and children lies forever between you and the Russian people ... May all the blood which must be spilled fall upon you, you Hangman. I call upon all the socialist parties of Russia to come to an immediate agreement among themselves and bring an armed uprising against [[Tsarism]]."<ref name="massie125"/>

===1905 Revolution===
{{Main|1905 Russian Revolution}}

[[File:The Church Parade of the Finnish Life Guards Regiment.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Nicholas II visiting the [[Finland Guard Regiment]], 1905]]

Confronted with growing opposition and after consulting with Witte and Prince Sviatopolk-Mirsky, the Tsar issued a reform [[ukase]] on 25 December 1904 with vague promises.<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=Harold Williams (linguist) |first=Harold |last=Williams |title=Shadow of Democracy; Dispatches from Russia: 1905 Revolution |editor-first= J. M. |editor-last=Gallanar |pages=11, 22 |date=2012 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-3003-6356-9}}</ref>
In hopes of cutting the rebellion short, many demonstrators were shot on [[Bloody Sunday (1905)]] as they tried to march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. [[Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov]] was ordered to take drastic measures to stop the revolutionary activity. Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia|Sergei]] was killed in February by a revolutionary's bomb in Moscow as he left the Kremlin. On 3 March the tsar condemned the revolutionaries. Meanwhile, Witte recommended that a manifesto be issued.{{Sfn|Williams|2012|page=77}} Schemes of reform would be elaborated by [[Ivan Goremykin]] and a committee consisting of elected representatives of the [[zemstvos]] and municipal councils under the presidency of Witte.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} In June the battleship [[Russian battleship Potemkin|''Potemkin'']], part of the [[Black Sea Fleet]], [[mutinied]].

Around August/September, after his diplomatic success on ending the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Witte wrote to the Tsar stressing the urgent need for political reforms at home. The Tsar remained quite impassive and indulgent; he spent most of that autumn hunting.{{Sfn|Figes|1998|page=191}} With the defeat of Russia by a non-Western power, the prestige and authority of the autocratic regime fell significantly.{{Sfn|Kenez|1999|page=7}}{{Efn|This was especially true among the illiterate peasantry or 'dark masses' who although they followed their own (almost pagan) rituals, had until this point held complete naive faith in the Tsar.{{Sfn|Kenez|1999|page=7}}}} Tsar Nicholas II, taken by surprise by the events, reacted with anger and bewilderment. He wrote to his mother after months of disorder:

{{Blockquote|It makes me sick to read the news! Nothing but strikes in schools and factories, murdered policemen, [[Cossacks]] and soldiers, riots, disorder, mutinies. But the ministers, instead of acting with quick decision, only assemble in council like a lot of frightened hens and cackle about providing united ministerial action... ominous quiet days began, quiet indeed because there was complete order in the streets, but at the same time everybody knew that something was going to happen—the troops were waiting for the signal, but the other side would not begin. One had the same feeling, as before a thunderstorm in summer! Everybody was on edge and extremely nervous and of course, that sort of strain could not go on for long.... We are in the midst of a revolution with an administrative apparatus entirely disorganized, and in this lies the main danger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lyons |first=Marvin |date=1974 |title=Nicholas II, The Last Tsar |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=0-7100-7802-1 |page=116}}</ref>}}

In October a railway strike developed into a [[general strike]] which paralysed the country. In a city without electricity, Witte told Nicholas II "that the country was at the verge of a cataclysmic revolution".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/vitte |title=История России в портретах. В 2-х тт. Т.1. с. 285–308 Сергей Витте |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607141759/https://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/vitte |archive-date=7 June 2022 |via=Peoples.ru |date=9 April 2006 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> The Tsar accepted the draft, hurriedly outlined by Aleksei D. [[Obolensky]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Features And Figures Of The Past Covernment And Opinion In The Reign Of Nicholas II |first=V. I. |last=Gurko |translator-first=Laura |location= New York |publisher=Russell & Russell |date=1939 |translator-last=Matveev |page=741 |url=https://archive.org/stream/featuresandfigur011843mbp#page/n421/mode/2up/search/Witte+ |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |ol=6633061M |title= The Memoirs of Count Witte |isbn=978-0-8733-2571-4 |date=1921 |editor-first=Abraham |editor-last=Yarmolinsky |publisher=Doubleday Page & Co.}}</ref> The ''Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias'' was forced  to sign the [[October Manifesto]] agreeing to the establishment of the [[Imperial Duma]], and to give up part of his unlimited autocracy. The freedom of religion clause outraged the Church because it allowed people to switch to evangelical Protestantism, which they denounced as heresy.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Paul W. |last=Werth |title=The Emergence of "Freedom of Conscience" in Imperial Russia |journal=Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History |volume=13 |issue=3 |date=2012 |pages=585–610 |doi=10.1353/kri.2012.0040 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/481695/summary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071717/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/481695/summary |archive-date=29 July 2019|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

For the next six months, Witte was the [[List of heads of government of Russia|prime minister]]. According to [[Harold Williams (linguist)|Harold Williams]]: "That government was almost paralyzed from the beginning." On 8 November{{Efn|26 October O.S.}} 1905 the tsar appointed [[Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov]] Master of the Palace (without consulting Witte), and had daily contact with the emperor; his influence at court was paramount. On 14 November,{{Efn|1 November O.S.}} [[Princess Milica of Montenegro]] presented [[Grigori Rasputin]] to Tsar Nicholas and his wife (who by then had a hemophiliac son) at [[Peterhof Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicolas' diary 1905 (in Russian) |url=http://www.rus-sky.com/history/library/diaris/1905.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125212001/http://www.rus-sky.com/history/library/diaris/1905.htm |archive-date=25 January 2008 |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=Rus-sky.com}}</ref>

===Relationship with the Duma===
[[File:1 ruble Nikolai II - 1913.png|thumb|[[Silver coin]]: '''1 ruble [[Nikolai II]]_[[Romanov Dynasty]] – 1913''' – On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor Nikolas II in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Imperial family, right [[Michael of Russia|Michael I]] in Royal robes and [[Monomakh's Cap]]. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament.]]
[[File:Opening of Duma.jpg|thumb|left|Nicholas II's opening speech before the two chambers of the State Duma in the [[Winter Palace]], 10 May 1906]]
[[File:Nicholas II Coin.jpg|thumb|One ruble silver coin of Nicholas II, dated 1898, with the Imperial coat-of-arms on the reverse. The Russian inscription reads: ''B[ozheyu] M[ilostyu] Nikolay Imperator i Samoderzhets Vse[ya] Ross[ii].[iyskiy].'' The English translation is: "By the grace of God, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias".]]

Under pressure from the attempted [[1905 Russian Revolution]], on 5 August of that year Nicholas II issued a manifesto about the convocation of the [[State Duma of the Russian Empire|State Duma]], known as the [[Alexander Bulygin|Bulygin Duma]], initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the October Manifesto, the Tsar pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. He was determined, however, to preserve his autocracy even in the context of reform. This was signalled in the text of the [[Russian Constitution of 1906|1906 constitution]]. He was described as the supreme autocrat, and retained sweeping executive powers, also in church affairs. His cabinet ministers were not allowed to interfere with nor assist one another; they were responsible only to him.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Nicholas's relations with the Duma were poor.<ref name="Longworth, Phillip 2006 233">{{Cite book |last=Longworth, Phillip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IuBJ-8BG64C&q=Nicholas |title=Russia:The Once and Future Empire From Pre-History to Putin |date=2006 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-36041-2 |page=233 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423034117/https://books.google.com/books?id=4IuBJ-8BG64C&q=Nicholas |archive-date=23 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Figes|1998|pages=22–23}} The First Duma, with a majority of [[Constitutional Democratic party|Kadets]], almost immediately came into conflict with him. Scarcely had the 524 members sat down at the [[Tauride Palace]] when they formulated an 'Address to the Throne'. It demanded [[universal suffrage]], radical land reform, the release of all [[political prisoner]]s and the dismissal of ministers appointed by the Tsar in favour of ministers acceptable to the Duma.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=243}} Grand Duchess Olga, Nicholas's sister, later wrote:

{{Blockquote|There was such gloom at Tsarskoye Selo. I did not understand anything about politics. I just felt everything was going wrong with the country and all of us. The October Constitution did not seem to satisfy anyone. I went with my mother to the first Duma. I remember the large group of deputies from among peasants and factory people. The peasants looked sullen. But the workmen were worse: they looked as though they hated us. I remember the distress in [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alicky]]'s eyes.<ref name="vorres121"/>}}

Minister of the Court Count [[Vladimir Frederiks]] commented, "The Deputies, they give one the impression of a gang of criminals who are only waiting for the signal to throw themselves upon the ministers and cut their throats. I will never again set foot among those people."{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=242}} The Dowager Empress noticed "incomprehensible hatred."{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=242}}

Although Nicholas initially had a good relationship with his prime minister, Sergei Witte, Alexandra distrusted him as he had instigated an investigation of Grigori Rasputin and, as the political situation deteriorated, Nicholas dissolved the Duma. The Duma was populated with [[Political radicalism|radicals]], many of whom wished to push through legislation that would abolish private property ownership, among other things.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Witte, unable to grasp the seemingly insurmountable problems of reforming Russia and the monarchy, wrote to Nicholas on 14 April 1906 resigning his office (however, other accounts have said that Witte was forced to resign by the emperor). Nicholas was not ungracious to Witte and an Imperial [[Rescript]] was published on 22 April creating Witte a Knight of the [[Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky]] with diamonds (the last two words were written in the emperor's own hand, followed by "I remain unalterably well-disposed to you and sincerely grateful, for ever more Nicholas.").{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

A second Duma met for the first time in February 1907. The leftist parties—including the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|Social Democrats]] and the [[Socialist Revolutionaries]], who had boycotted the First Duma—had won 200 seats in the Second, more than a third of the membership. Again Nicholas waited impatiently to rid himself of the Duma. In two letters to his mother he let his bitterness flow:

{{Blockquote|A grotesque deputation is coming from England to see liberal members of the Duma. [[Edward VII|Uncle Bertie]] informed us that they were very sorry but were unable to take action to stop their coming. Their famous "liberty", of course. How angry they would be if a deputation went from us to the Irish to wish them success in their struggle against their government.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=244}}}}

A little while later he further wrote:

{{Blockquote|All would be well if everything said in the Duma remained within its walls. Every word spoken, however, comes out in the next day's papers which are avidly read by everyone. In many places the populace is getting restive again. They begin to talk about land once more and are waiting to see what the Duma is going to say on the question. I am getting telegrams from everywhere, petitioning me to order a dissolution, but it is too early for that. One has to let them do something manifestly stupid or mean and then—slap! And they are gone!{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=245}}}}

[[File:Stolypin, Nicholas II, jewish delegation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Nicholas II, Stolypin and the [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]] delegation during the Tsar's visit to [[Kiev]] in 1911]]

After the Second Duma resulted in similar problems, the new prime minister [[Pyotr Stolypin]] (whom Witte described as "reactionary"){{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} unilaterally dissolved it, and changed the electoral laws to allow for future Dumas to have a more conservative content, and to be dominated by the liberal-conservative [[Octobrist]] Party of [[Alexander Guchkov]]. Stolypin, a skilful politician, had ambitious plans for reform. These included making loans available to the lower classes to enable them to buy land, with the intent of forming a farming class loyal to the crown. Nevertheless, when the Duma remained hostile, Stolypin had no qualms about invoking Article 87 of the [[Russian Constitution of 1906|Fundamental Laws]], which empowered the tsar to issue 'urgent and extraordinary' emergency decrees 'during the recess of the State Duma'. Stolypin's most famous legislative act, the change in peasant land tenure, was promulgated under Article 87.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=245}}

The third Duma remained an independent body. This time the members proceeded cautiously. Instead of hurling themselves at the government, opposing parties within the Duma worked to develop the body as a whole. In the classic manner of the British Parliament, the Duma reached for power grasping for the national purse strings. The Duma had the right to question ministers behind closed doors as to their proposed expenditures. These sessions, endorsed by Stolypin, were educational for both sides, and, in time, mutual antagonism was replaced by mutual respect. Even the sensitive area of military expenditure, where the October Manifesto clearly had reserved decisions to the throne, a Duma commission began to operate. Composed of aggressive patriots no less anxious than Nicholas to restore the fallen honour of Russian arms, the Duma commission frequently recommended expenditures even larger than those proposed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

With the passage of time, Nicholas also began to have confidence in the Duma. "This Duma cannot be reproached with an attempt to seize power and there is no need at all to quarrel with it," he said to Stolypin in 1909.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=246}} Nevertheless, Stolypin's plans were undercut by conservatives at court. Although the tsar at first supported him, he finally sided with the arch critics.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Mikhail F. |last=Florinskii |title=Nicholas II and Stolypin's Cabinet |journal=Russian Social Science Review |volume=53 |issue=4 |date=2012 |pages=4–14|doi=10.1080/10611428.2012.11065484 }}</ref> Reactionaries such as Prince [[Vladimir Nikolayevich Orlov]] never tired of telling the tsar that the very existence of the Duma was a blot on the autocracy. Stolypin, they whispered, was a traitor and secret revolutionary who was conniving with the Duma to steal the prerogatives assigned the tsar by God. Witte also engaged in constant intrigue against Stolypin. Although Stolypin had had nothing to do with Witte's fall, Witte blamed him. Stolypin had unwittingly angered the tsaritsa. He had ordered an investigation into Rasputin and presented it to the tsar, who read it but did nothing. Stolypin, on his own authority, ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg. Alexandra protested vehemently but Nicholas refused to overrule his prime minister,{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=247}} who had more influence with the emperor.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

By the time of Stolypin's assassination in September 1911, Stolypin had grown weary of the burdens of office. For a man who preferred clear decisive action, working with a sovereign who believed in fatalism and mysticism was frustrating. As an example, Nicholas once returned a document unsigned with the note:

{{Blockquote|Despite most convincing arguments in favour of adopting a positive decision in this matter, an inner voice keeps on insisting more and more that I do not accept responsibility for it. So far my conscience has not deceived me. Therefore I intend in this case to follow its dictates. I know that you, too, believe that 'a Tsar's heart is in God's hands.' Let it be so. For all laws established by me I bear a great responsibility before God, and I am ready to answer for my decision at any time.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=247}}}}

[[File:Rasputin PA.jpg|thumb|[[Grigori Rasputin]]|upright=.9]]

Alexandra, believing that Stolypin had severed the bonds that her son depended on for life, hated the prime minister.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=247}} In March 1911, in a fit of anger stating that he no longer commanded the imperial confidence, Stolypin asked to be relieved of his office. Two years earlier when Stolypin had casually mentioned resigning to Nicholas he was informed: "This is not a question of confidence or lack of it. It is my will. Remember that we live in Russia, not abroad...and therefore I shall not consider the possibility of any resignation."{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=248}} He was assassinated in September 1911.

In 1912, a fourth Duma was elected with almost the same membership as the third. "The Duma started too fast. Now it is slower, but better, and more lasting", stated Nicholas to Sir [[Bernard Pares]].{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=246}}

The [[First World War]] developed badly for Russia. By late 1916, Romanov family desperation reached the point that [[Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich]], younger brother of Alexander III and the Tsar's only surviving uncle, was deputed to beg Nicholas to grant a constitution and a government responsible to the Duma. Nicholas sternly and adamantly refused, reproaching his uncle for asking him to break his coronation oath to maintain autocratic power for his successors. In the Duma on 2 December 1916, [[Vladimir Purishkevich]], a fervent patriot, monarchist and war worker, denounced the dark forces which surrounded the throne in a thunderous two-hour speech which was tumultuously applauded. "Revolution threatens," he warned, "and an obscure peasant shall govern Russia no longer!".{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=49}}

===Tsarevich Alexei's illness and Rasputin===
[[File:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia.jpg|left|thumb|upright=.8|Alexei in 1913]]

Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of the succession. Alexandra bore Nicholas four daughters, Grand Duchess [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Olga]] in 1895, Grand Duchess [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Tatiana]] in 1897, Grand Duchess [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia|Maria]] in 1899, and Grand Duchess [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia]] in 1901, before their son [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia|Alexei]] was born on 12 August 1904. The young heir was afflicted with [[Hemophilia B]], a hereditary disease that prevents blood from clotting properly, which at that time was untreatable and usually led to an untimely death. As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Alexandra carried the same [[gene mutation]] that afflicted several of the major European royal houses, such as [[Prussia]] and Spain. Hemophilia, therefore, became known as "[[Hemophilia in European royalty|the royal disease]]". Through Alexandra, the disease had passed on to her son. As all of Nicholas and Alexandra's daughters were assassinated with their parents and brother in Yekaterinburg in 1918, it is not known whether any of them inherited the gene as [[genetic carrier|carriers]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Before Rasputin's arrival, the tsarina and the tsar had consulted numerous mystics, charlatans, "holy fools", and miracle workers. The royal behavior was not some odd aberration, but a deliberate retreat from the secular social and economic forces of his time—an act of faith and vote of confidence in a spiritual past. They had set themselves up for the greatest spiritual advisor and manipulator in Russian history.{{Sfn|Warth|1985|pages=323–337}}

Because of the fragility of the autocracy at this time, Nicholas and Alexandra chose to keep secret Alexei's condition. Even within the household, many were unaware of the exact nature of the tsesarevich's illness. At first Alexandra turned to Russian doctors and medics to treat Alexei; however, their treatments generally failed, and Alexandra increasingly turned to [[mysticism|mystic]]s and holy men (or ''[[starets]]'' as they were called in Russian). One of these starets, an illiterate Siberian named Grigori Rasputin, gained amazing success. Rasputin's influence over Empress Alexandra, and consequently the tsar himself, grew even stronger after 1912 when the tsesarevich nearly died from an injury. His bleeding grew steadily worse as doctors despaired, and priests administered the [[last rites|Last Sacrament]]. In desperation, Alexandra called upon Rasputin, to which he replied, "God has seen your tears and heard your prayers. Do not grieve. The Little One will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much."{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=185}} The hemorrhage stopped the very next day and the boy began to recover. Alexandra took this as a sign that Rasputin was a ''starets'' and that God was with him; for the rest of her life she would fervently defend him and turn her wrath against anyone who dared to question him.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

===European affairs===
[[File:Nicholas II and Alexei in Reval 1908.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Nicholas II and his son Alexei aboard the Imperial yacht ''[[Russian yacht Standart|Standart]]'', during King [[Edward VII]]'s state visit to Russia in [[Reval]], 1908]]

In 1907, to end longstanding controversies over central Asia, Russia and the United Kingdom signed the [[Anglo-Russian Convention]] that resolved most of the problems generated for decades by [[The Great Game]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein, Ira |date=1971 |title=The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Problem of Central Asia, 1907–1914 |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=126–47 |doi=10.1086/385621 |jstor=175041 |s2cid=145507675}}</ref> The UK had already entered into the [[Entente Cordiale]] with France in 1904, and the Anglo-Russian Convention led to the formation of the [[Triple Entente]].

The following year, in May 1908, Nicholas and Alexandra's shared "Uncle Bertie" and "Aunt Alix", Britain's King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, made a [[state visit]] to Russia, being the first reigning British monarchs to do so. However, they did not set foot on Russian soil. Instead, they stayed aboard their yachts, meeting off the coast of modern-day [[Tallinn]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} The purpose of this three-day meeting was to sign contracts of political and military assistance between the United Kingdom and Russia. With the foreign ministers of both countries present, a contract about changes in Macedonia and the weakening of the Ottoman Empire was signed.<ref>[http://interpretive.ru/dictionary/462/word/revelskoe-soglashenie-1908-g РЕВЕЛЬСКОЕ СОГЛАШЕНИЕ. (1908 Г.)]</ref><ref>Keisripäevad Tallinas. ''Päewaleht'' [https://dea.digar.ee/article/paevalehtew/1908/05/27/10 issue #120], 27 May 1908; [https://dea.digar.ee/article/paevalehtew/1908/05/28/9 issue #121], 28 May 1908; [https://dea.digar.ee/article/paevalehtew/1908/05/29/11 issue #122], 29 May 1908; [https://dea.digar.ee/article/paevalehtew/1908/05/30/10 issue #123], 30 May 1908.</ref> This meeting ignited the [[Young Turk Revolution]] in the Ottoman Empire.

Later that year, Nicholas was taken off guard by the news that his foreign minister, [[Alexander Izvolsky]], had entered into a secret agreement with the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, Count [[Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal|Alois von Aehrenthal]], agreeing that, in exchange for Russian naval access to the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus Strait]], Russia would not oppose the Austrian annexation of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], a revision of the 1878 [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]]. When Austria-Hungary did annex this territory that October, it precipitated the [[Bosnian Crisis]]. When Russia protested about the annexation, the Austrians threatened to leak secret communications between Izvolsky and Aehrenthal, prompting Nicholas to complain in a letter to Emperor Franz Joseph, about a breach of confidence.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} In 1909, in the wake of the Anglo-Russian convention, the Russian imperial family made a visit to England, staying on the [[Isle of Wight]] for [[Cowes Week]].

On 5 July 1912 a meeting was held in [[Paldiski]] between Nicholas II and the German emperor Wilhelm II.<ref>[http://www.eha.ee/raamatud/Tuna/lk104-106%20fotoarhiiv%20Tuna_vene.pdf Свидание двух императоров]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Wilhelm II was aboard the ship ''[[SMY Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern II]]'', escorted by the battlecruiser ''[[SMS Moltke|Moltke]]''. A lunch for fifty people was held at the Paldiski [[roadstead]] on Nicholas II's yacht ''Standart'', where negotiations about the political situation in Europe were held. These negotiations failed to stop the approaching World War I.

In 1913, during the [[Balkan Wars]], Nicholas personally offered to arbitrate between [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]. However, the Bulgarians rejected his offer.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Also in 1913, Nicholas, albeit without Alexandra, made a visit to Berlin for the wedding of Kaiser Wilhelm II's daughter, Princess [[Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia|Victoria Louise]], to a maternal cousin of Nicholas, [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]].{{Sfn|Clay|2006|pages=2003–301}} Nicholas was also joined by his cousin, King [[George V]] and his wife, Queen [[Mary of Teck|Mary]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

===Tercentenary===
{{Main|Romanov Tercentenary}}

In February 1913, Nicholas presided over the [[Romanov Tercentenary|tercentenary celebrations for the Romanov Dynasty]]. On 21 February, a ''[[Te Deum]]'' took place at [[Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|Kazan Cathedral]], and a state reception at the Winter Palace.{{Sfn|King|2006|page=391}} In May, Nicholas and the imperial family made a pilgrimage across the empire, retracing the route down the [[Volga River]] that was made by the teenage [[Michael Romanov]] from the [[Ipatiev Monastery]] in [[Kostroma]] to Moscow in 1613 when he finally agreed to become tsar.{{Sfn|King|2006|page=397}}

===First World War===
{{Further|Russian entry into World War I}}
[[File:Nicholas II declaring war on Germany from the balcony of the Winter Palace.jpeg|thumb|Nicholas II [[Russian entry into World War I|declaring war on Germany]] from the [[Winter Palace]], 2 August 1914]]

On 28 June 1914 [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], heir to the [[Austro-Hungarian]] throne, was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb in [[Sarajevo]], who opposed Austria-Hungary's [[Bosnian Crisis|annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina]]. War was avoidable, but leaders, diplomats and nineteenth-century alliances created a climate for large-scale conflict. The concept of [[Pan-Slavism]] and shared religion created public sympathy between Russia and [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]. Territorial conflict created rivalries between [[German Empire|Germany]] and France, between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, and so alliance networks developed across Europe. The [[Triple Entente]] and [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] networks were set before the war. Nicholas wanted neither to abandon Serbia to the ultimatum of Austria-Hungary, nor provoke a general war. In letters exchanged with [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm]] of Germany (the "[[Willy–Nicky correspondence]]") the two proclaimed their desire for peace, and attempted to get the other to back down. Nicholas desired that Russia's mobilization be only against Austria-Hungary, in the hopes of preventing war with Germany.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

On 25 July 1914, at his council of ministers, Nicholas decided to intervene in the Austro-Serbian conflict, a step toward general war. He put the army on "alert"<ref name="ReferenceC">Merriman, John (2009) ''A History of Modern Europe Volume Two'', W.W. Norton & Company, {{ISBN|0393933857}}, p. 967</ref> on 25 July. Although this was not general mobilization, it threatened the German and Austro-Hungarian borders and looked like preparation for war.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> However, his army had no contingency plans for partial mobilization, and on 30 July 1914 Nicholas took the fateful step of confirming the order for general mobilization, despite being counselled against it.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

On 28 July, Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia. On 29 July 1914, Nicholas sent a telegram to Wilhelm with the suggestion to submit the Austro-Serbian problem to the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Conference]]. Wilhelm did not address the question of the Hague Conference in his reply.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strachan |first=Hew |author-link=Hew Strachan |title=The First World War: a new illustrated history |volume=I: To Arms |date=2001 |page=85 |isbn=0-7432-3959-8 |ol=3328138M}}</ref><ref>Hamilton, Richard F. and Herwig, Holger H. (2003) ''Origins of World War One'', p. 514</ref> Count Witte told the French ambassador, [[Maurice Paléologue]] that from Russia's point of view the war was madness, Slav solidarity was nonsense and Russia could hope for nothing from the war.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=43}} On 30 July, Russia ordered general mobilization, but still maintained it would not attack if peace talks began. Germany, reacting to the discovery of partial mobilization ordered on 25 July, announced its pre-mobilization posture. Germany requested Russia demobilize within the next twelve hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Josef und Ulli |title=Germany during World War One |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018191920/http://geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm |archive-date=18 October 2009 |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> In Saint Petersburg, at 7 pm, with the ultimatum to Russia having expired, the German ambassador met with the Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Sazonov]], asked if Russia would reconsider, and then delivered the note accepting Russia's war challenge and declaring war on 1 August. Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August and its ally France on 3 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World War I Declarations |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/ww1declarations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827202706/http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/ww1declarations.html |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 September 2019 |publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Russia.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[File:Nicholas II, 1914.jpg|thumb|Nicholas II in 1914]]
The outbreak of war found Russia grossly unprepared. Russia and her allies placed their faith in [[Imperial Russian Army|her army]], the famous 'Russian steamroller'.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=42}} Its pre-war regular strength was 1,400,000; mobilization added 3,100,000 reserves and millions more stood ready behind them. In other respects, however, Russia was unprepared. Germany had ten times as much railway track per square mile, and whereas Russian soldiers travelled an average of {{Convert|1290|km|mi|-1}} to reach the front, German soldiers traveled a quarter of that. Russian heavy industry was too small to equip the massive armies the Tsar could raise, and her reserves of munitions were small; while the [[Imperial German Army]] in 1914 was better equipped than any other, the Russians were short on artillery pieces, shells, motorized transports, and even boots. With the [[Baltic Sea]] barred by German U-boats and the Dardanelles by the guns of Germany's ally, the [[Ottoman Empire]], Russia initially could receive help only via [[Arkhangelsk|Archangel]], which was frozen in winter, or via [[Vladivostok]], which was over {{Convert|6400|km|mi}} from the front. By 1915, a railway was built north from [[Petrozavodsk]] to the Kola Gulf and this connection laid the foundation of the ice-free port of [[Murmansk]]. The Russian High Command was weakened by the contempt between [[Vladimir Sukhomlinov]], the [[Ministry of War of the Russian Empire|Minister of War]], and incompetent Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)|Nicholas Nikolayevich]] who commanded the armies in the field.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Paul |title=A Study of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich as Supreme Commander of the Russian Army, 1914–1915 |journal=Historian |volume=75 |issue=3 |date=2013 |pages=475–498 |doi=10.1111/hisn.12013 |jstor=24456116}}</ref> In spite of all this, an immediate attack was ordered against the German province of [[East Prussia]]. The Germans defeated the Russians, and the [[Battle of Tannenberg]], where a Russian army was annihilated, cast an ominous shadow over Russia's future. Russia had great success against the [[Austro-Hungarian Army|Austro-Hungarian]] and [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman]] armies, but never succeeded against the German Army. In September 1914, to relieve pressure on France, the Russians were forced to halt a successful offensive against Austria-Hungary in [[Battle of Galicia|Galicia]] to attack German-held Silesia.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pages=309–310}}

A war of attrition set in on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], where the Russians faced the combined forces of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, and suffered staggering losses. General [[Anton Denikin]] wrote, "The German heavy artillery swept away whole lines of trenches, and their defenders with them...There was nothing with which we could reply. Our regiments, although completely exhausted, were beating off one attack after another by bayonet ... Blood flowed unendingly, the ranks became thinner and thinner...The number of graves multiplied."{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=46}} On 5 August, with the Russian army in retreat, [[Warsaw]] fell. Defeat bred disorder at home. At first, the targets were German, and in June shops, bakeries, factories, private houses and country estates belonging to people with German names were looted and burned.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} The mobs then turned on the government, declaring the empress should be shut up in a convent, the tsar deposed and Rasputin hanged. Nicholas was not deaf to these discontents. An emergency session of the Duma was summoned and a Special Defense Council established, its members drawn from the Duma and the tsar's ministers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[File:Николай II; генерал-майор Пустовойтенко М.С., генерал-квартирмейстер штаба; и генерал от инфантерии Алексеев М.В.jpg|thumb|Supreme commander Nicholas II, chief of staff [[Mikhail Alekseyev|Alekseyev]] (right)]]

In July 1915, King [[Christian X]] of [[Denmark]], first cousin of the tsar, sent [[Hans Niels Andersen]] to Tsarskoye Selo with an offer to act as a mediator. He made trips between London, Berlin and [[Petrograd]] and in July saw the Dowager Empress [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Maria Feodorovna]]. Andersen told her they should conclude peace. Nicholas turned down Christian's offer of mediation, as he felt it would be a betrayal for Russia to form a separate peace treaty with the [[Central Powers]] when its allies Britain and France were still fighting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Coryne |date=2006 |title=Little Mother of Russia: A Biography of Empress Marie Fedorovna (1847-1928) |publisher=Holmes and Meier |isbn=0-8419-1422-2 |ol=8237430M |page=264}}</ref>

General [[Alexei Polivanov]] replaced Sukhomlinov as [[Minister of War]], which failed to improve the situation.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=42}} In the aftermath of the [[Great Retreat (Russia)|Great Retreat]] and loss of the [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]], Nicholas assumed the role of commander-in-chief after dismissing his cousin, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich, in September 1915. This was a mistake, as the tsar became personally associated with continuing losses at the front. He was away at the remote HQ at [[Mogilev]], far from direct governance of the empire, and when revolution broke out in Petrograd he was unable to halt it. In reality the move was symbolic, since important military decisions were made by his chief of staff, General [[Mikhail Alekseyev]], and Nicholas did little more than review troops, inspect [[field hospital]]s, and preside over military luncheons.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=King |first1=Greg |last2=Wilson |first2=Penny |date=2003 |title=The Fate of the Romanovs |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=0-4712-0768-3 |ol=2006676W}}</ref>

[[File:Nicholas II with his family in Yevpatoria.jpg|thumb|Nicholas II with his family in [[Yevpatoria]], [[Crimea]], May 1916]]

The Duma was still calling for political reforms, and unrest continued throughout the war. Cut off from public opinion, Nicholas could not see the dynasty was tottering. With Nicholas at the front, domestic issues and control of the capital were left with his wife. However, Alexandra's relationship with Grigori Rasputin, and her German background, discredited the dynasty's authority. Nicholas had been repeatedly warned about the destructive influence of Rasputin but failed to remove him. Rumors and accusations about Alexandra and Rasputin appeared; Alexandra was even accused of harboring treasonous sympathies towards Germany. Anger at Nicholas's failure to act and the damage Rasputin's influence was doing to Russia's war effort and the monarchy led to Rasputin's murder by nobles, led by Prince [[Felix Yusupov]] and Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia|Dmitri Pavlovich]], a cousin of the tsar, on Saturday 17 December 1916 ([[Old Style|O.S.]]) / 30 December 1916 ([[New Style|N.S.]]).{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

===Collapse===
[[File:Заседание Ставки Верховного Главнокомандующего. Могилев. 1 апр.1916.jpg|thumb|right|Nicholas with members of the [[Stavka]] at Mogilev in April 1916]]
As the government failed to produce supplies, mounting hardship resulted in massive riots and rebellions. With Nicholas away at the front from 1915 through 1916, authority appeared to collapse and the capital was left in the hands of strikers and mutineering soldiers. Despite efforts by the British Ambassador Sir [[George Buchanan (diplomat)|George Buchanan]] to warn the Tsar that he should grant constitutional reforms to fend off revolution, Nicholas continued to bury himself away at the Staff HQ ([[Stavka]]) {{Convert|600|km|mi|-2}} away at Mogilev, leaving his capital and court open to intrigues and insurrection.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=52}}

Ideologically the tsar's greatest support came from the right-wing monarchists, who had recently gained strength. However they were increasingly alienated by the tsar's support of Stolypin's Westernizing reforms taken early in the Revolution of 1905 and especially by the political power the tsar had bestowed on Rasputin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Podbolotov |first=Sergei |date=2004 |title=Monarchists Against Their Monarch: The Rightists' Criticism of Tsar Nicholas II |url=http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/49114/Monarchists_Against_Their_Monarch_the_Rightists%27_Criticism_of_Tsar_Nicholas_II.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live |journal=Russian History |volume=31 |issue=1/2 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1163/187633104X00043 |jstor=24657737 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026110622/http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/49114/Monarchists_Against_Their_Monarch_the_Rightists%27_Criticism_of_Tsar_Nicholas_II.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11693/49114}}</ref>

By early 1917, Russia was on the verge of total collapse of morale. An estimated 1.7 million Russian soldiers [[World War I casualties|were killed in World War I]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I – Killed, wounded, and missing |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=29 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822094549/https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |archive-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> The sense of failure and imminent disaster was everywhere. The army had taken 15 million men from the farms and food prices had soared. An egg cost four times what it had in 1914, butter five times as much. The severe winter dealt the railways, overburdened by emergency shipments of coal and supplies, a crippling blow.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=52}}

Russia entered the war with 20,000 locomotives; by 1917, 9,000 were in service, while the number of serviceable railway wagons had dwindled from half a million to 170,000. In February 1917, 1,200 locomotives burst their boilers and nearly 60,000 wagons were immobilized. In Petrograd, supplies of flour and fuel had all but disappeared.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=52}} War-time [[prohibition of alcohol]] was enacted by Nicholas to boost patriotism and productivity, but instead damaged the funding of the war, due to the treasury now being deprived of alcohol taxes.{{Sfn|Warth|1997|page=199}}

On 23 February 1917 in Petrograd, a combination of very severe cold weather and acute food shortages caused people to break into shops and bakeries to get bread and other necessities. In the streets, red banners appeared and the crowds chanted "Down with the German woman! Down with [[Alexander Protopopov|Protopopov]]! Down with the war! Down with the Tsar!"{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=52}}

Police shot at the populace which incited riots. The troops in the capital were poorly motivated and their officers had no reason to be loyal to the regime, with the bulk of the tsar's loyalists away fighting World War I. In contrast, the soldiers in Petrograd were angry, full of revolutionary fervor and sided with the populace.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=53}}

The tsar's Cabinet begged Nicholas to return to the capital and offered to resign completely. The tsar, 800 kilometres (500 mi) away, misinformed by the Minister of the Interior Alexander Protopopov that the situation was under control, ordered that firm steps be taken against the demonstrators. For this task, the Petrograd garrison was quite unsuitable. The cream of the old regular army had been destroyed in Poland and Galicia. In Petrograd, 170,000 recruits, country boys or older men from the working-class suburbs of the capital itself, were available under the command of officers at the front and cadets not yet graduated from the military academies. The units in the capital, although many bore the names of famous [[Russian Imperial Guard|Imperial Guard]] regiments, were in reality rear or reserve battalions of these regiments, the regular units being away at the front. Many units, lacking both officers and rifles, had never undergone formal training.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=53}}

General [[Sergey Semyonovich Khabalov|Khabalov]] attempted to put the tsar's instructions into effect on the morning of Sunday, 11 March 1917. Despite huge posters ordering people to keep off the streets, vast crowds gathered and were only dispersed after some 200 had been shot dead, though a company of the [[Volhynian Life Guards Regiment|Volhynian Regiment]] fired into the air rather than into the mob, and a company of the [[Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment|Pavlovsky Life Guards]] shot the officer who gave the command to open fire. Nicholas, informed of the situation by [[Mikhail Rodzianko]], ordered reinforcements to the capital and suspended the Duma.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=53}} However, it was too late.

On 12 March, the Volhynian Regiment mutinied and was quickly followed by the [[Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment|Semenovsky]], the [[Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment|Izmailovsky]], the [[Lithuanian Life Guards Regiment|Lithuanian]] and even the legendary [[Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment|Preobrazhensky Regiment]] of the Imperial Guard, the oldest and staunchest regiment founded by [[Peter the Great]]. The arsenal was pillaged and the Ministry of the Interior, Military Government building, police headquarters, Law Courts and a score of police buildings were set on fire. By noon, the [[Peter and Paul Fortress]], with its heavy artillery, was in the hands of the insurgents. By nightfall, 60,000 soldiers had joined the revolution.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=53}}

Order broke down and Prime Minister [[Nikolai Golitsyn]] resigned; members of the Duma and the [[Soviet (council)#Russian Revolution|Soviet]] formed a [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]] to try to restore order. They issued a demand that Nicholas must abdicate. Faced with this demand, which was echoed by his generals, deprived of loyal troops, with his family firmly in the hands of the Provisional Government, and fearful of unleashing civil war and opening the way for German conquest, Nicholas had little choice but to submit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Revolution==
===Abdication (1917)===
{{Main|Abdication of Nicholas II}}

{{Wikisource|Abdication of Nicholas II}}
<blockquote>On these pivotal days on the road of the destiny of Russia it is our duty to do everything we can for the good of the people to gather our strength and to unite our ranks to achieve a quick victory. For this reason do we, Nicholas II, in understanding with the Duma of the state, see that is best to abdicate from the throne of Russia and to surrender the supreme power. As we are unwilling to part ways with our son do we surrender the hereditary right to the throne to the grand duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, and give him our blessing as he will rise onto the throne of the empire of Russia.<ref>[http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/abdicationdocs.html Alexander Palace: Abdication], accessed on 31 May 2007.</ref></blockquote>
The losses of [[World War I]] and the fall of the economy, the workers going on strikes and the political agitation and rioting eventually led to the outbreak of the [[February Revolution]] in Saint Petersburg in March 1917. After the divisions and cossacks at the city garrison had sided with the revolution emperor Nicholas II was left without a choice.

As Nicholas was returning on a train from the [[Mogilev]] [[Stavka]] on 15 March 1917 he got a telegram to [[Pskov]] from [[Mikhail Rodzianko]], the head of the Duma and from [[Mikhail Alekseyev]], the chief of staff, requiring him to abdicate in favour of his son [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia|Alexei]]. As Nicholas realised the seriousness of the situation he agreed that abdication would be the best solution for the Russia he loved and the continuation of the empire.

Nicholas had suffered a [[coronary occlusion]] only four days before his abdication.<ref>Massie, Robert K. (2012), ''Nicholas and Alexandra: The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty''. New York, The Modern Library, p. 433. {{ISBN|0679645616}}. Accessed 19 November 2016. Originally published in 1967 by Artheneum (United States) as ''Nicholas and Alexandra: An Intimate Account of the Last of the Romanovs and the Fall of Imperial Russia''. {{ISBN|978-0-679-64561-0}}.</ref> At the end of the "[[February Revolution]]", Nicholas II chose to abdicate on 2 March ([[Old Style|O.S.]]) / 15 March ([[New Style|N.S.]]) 1917.

Nicholas first abdicated in favor of Alexei, but a few hours later changed his mind after advice from doctors that Alexei would not live long enough while separated from his parents, who would be forced into exile. Nicholas thus abdicated on behalf of his son, and drew up a new manifesto naming his brother, Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Michael]], as the next Emperor of all the Russias. He issued a statement but it was suppressed by the Provisional Government.

Michael declined to accept the throne until the people were allowed to vote through a Constituent Assembly for the continuance of the monarchy or a republic. The abdication of Nicholas II and Michael's deferment of accepting the throne brought three centuries of the Romanov dynasty's rule to an end. The fall of [[Tsarist autocracy]]<ref name="Longworth, Phillip 2006 233"/>{{Sfn|Figes|1998|pages=22–23}} brought joy to liberals and socialists in Britain and France. The United States was the [[Russian Provisional Government#World recognition|first foreign government]] to recognize the Provisional government. In Russia, the announcement of the tsar's abdication was greeted with many emotions, including delight, relief, fear, anger and confusion.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=55}}

===Possibility of exile===
Both the Provisional Government and Nicholas wanted the royal family to go into exile following his abdication, with the United Kingdom being the preferred option.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=49}} The British government reluctantly offered the family [[Right of asylum|asylum]] on 19 March 1917, although it was suggested that it would be better for the Romanovs to go to a neutral country. News of the offer provoked uproar from the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and many [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]s, and the British ambassador, [[George Buchanan (diplomat)|George Buchanan]], advised the government that the extreme left would use the ex-tsar's presence "as an excuse for rousing public opinion against us".{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=461}} The Liberal Prime Minister, [[David Lloyd George]], preferred that the family went to a neutral country, and wanted the offer to be announced as at the request of the Russian government.{{Sfn|Rappaport|2018|pp=62–63}} The offer of asylum was withdrawn in April following objections by King [[George V]], who, acting on the advice of his secretary, [[Lord Stamfordham]], was worried that Nicholas's presence might provoke an uprising like the previous year's [[Easter Rising]] in [[Ireland]]. However, later the king defied his secretary and went to the Romanov memorial service at the Russian Church in London.{{Sfn|Welch|2018|p=246}} In the early summer of 1917, the Russian government approached the British government on the issue of asylum and was informed the offer had been withdrawn due to the considerations of British internal politics.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=462}}

The French government declined to accept the Romanovs in view of increasing unrest on the Western Front and on the home front as a result of the ongoing war with Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Gareth |title=The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War |date=2014 |publisher=Amberley |isbn=978-1-4456-3439-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K4QFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP164 164–165]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Kenneth |title=King George V |date=1983 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=0-2977-8245-2 |page=210 |ol=3258684M}}</ref> The British ambassador in Paris, [[Francis Bertie, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame|Francis Bertie]], advised the [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] that the Romanovs would be unwelcome in France as the ex-empress was regarded as pro-German.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=461}}

Even if an offer of asylum had been forthcoming, there would have been other obstacles to be overcome. The Provisional Government only remained in power through an uneasy alliance with the [[Petrograd Soviet]], an arrangement known as "The [[Dual power]]". An initial plan to send the imperial family to the northern port of [[Murmansk]] had to be abandoned when it was realised that the railway workers and the soldiers guarding them were loyal to the Petrograd Soviet, which opposed the escape of the tsar; a later proposal to send the Romanovs to a neutral port in the [[Baltic Sea]] via the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] faced similar difficulties.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=51–52, 68–69}}

===Imprisonment===
[[File:Nikolaus II. (Russland).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Nicholas II under guard in the grounds at [[Tsarskoye Selo]] in the summer of 1917]]

====Tsarskoye Selo====
After the abdication of Nicholas II, the [[Russian Provisional Government]] protected the imperial family. On 20 March 1917, the Provisional Government decreed that the imperial family should be held under [[house arrest]] in the [[Alexander Palace]] at Tsarskoye Selo. Nicholas joined the rest of the family there two days later, having traveled from the wartime headquarters at [[Mogilev]].{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=34}} The family had total privacy inside the palace and they could do gardening while the guards were present, but walks in the grounds were strictly regulated and they could not leave the area.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=36}}<ref name="varjus">Varjus, Seppo: Tsaariperhe teloitettiin julmasti. ''[[Ilta-Sanomat]]'' special issue about the Soviet Union 29 September 2011, p. 15.</ref>

Members of their domestic staff were allowed to stay if they wished and culinary standards were maintained.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=54–56}} Colonel [[Eugene Kobylinsky]] was appointed to command the military garrison at Tsarskoye Selo,{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=35}} which increasingly had to be done through negotiation with the committees or [[Soviet (council)|soviet]]s elected by the soldiers.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=74}} During his imprisonment Nicholas read ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' to his family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2018 |title=Five myths about the Romanovs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-the-romanovs/2018/10/26/9e7a6d30-d868-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308134609/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/five-myths-about-the-romanovs/2018/10/26/9e7a6d30-d868-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html |archive-date=8 March 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

[[File:Tobolskhouse2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk, where the Romanov family was held in captivity between August 1917 and April 1918]]
[[File:AlexeiNicholas1917.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Nicholas and Alexei sawing wood at Tobolsk in late 1917; a favourite pastime]]

====Tobolsk====
That summer, the failure of the [[Kerensky Offensive]] against Austro-Hungarian and German forces in Galicia led to anti-government rioting in Petrograd, known as the [[July Days]]. The government feared that further disturbances in the city could easily reach Tsarskoye Selo and it was decided to move the imperial family to a safer location.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=70–71}} [[Alexander Kerensky]], who had taken over as prime minister, selected the town of [[Tobolsk]] in [[Western Siberia]], since it was remote from any large city and {{Convert|150|mi}} from the nearest rail station.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=80}} Some sources state that there was an intention to send the family abroad in the spring of 1918 via Japan,{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=487}} but more recent work suggests that this was just a Bolshevik rumour.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=145}} The family left the Alexander Palace late on 13 August, reached [[Tyumen]] by rail four days later and then by two river ferries finally reached Tobolsk on 19 August.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=76–78}} There they lived in the former [[Governor's Mansion (Tobolsk, Russia)|Governor's Mansion]] in considerable comfort. The family were even allowed to walk to church on Sundays.

In October 1917, however, the [[Bolsheviks]] seized power from Kerensky's Provisional Government; Nicholas followed the events in October with interest but not yet with alarm. [[Boris Soloviev]], the husband of [[Maria Rasputin]], attempted to organize a rescue with monarchical factions, but it came to nothing. Rumors persist that Soloviev was working for the Bolsheviks or the Germans, or both.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pages=488–492}} Separate preparations for a rescue by [[Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov]] were frustrated by Soloviev's ineffectual activities.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=132–33}} Nicholas continued to underestimate [[Lenin]]'s importance. In the meantime he and his family occupied themselves with reading books, exercising and playing games; Nicholas particularly enjoyed chopping firewood.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=150}} However, in January 1918, the guard detachment's committee grew more assertive, restricting the hours that the family could spend in the grounds and banning them from walking to church on a Sunday as they had done since October.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=125}} In a later incident, the soldiers tore the [[epaulette]]s from Kobylinsky's uniform, and he asked Nicholas not to wear his uniform outside for fear of provoking a similar event.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=157}}

In February 1918, the [[Council of People's Commissars]] (abbreviated to "Sovnarkom") in Moscow, the new capital, announced that the state subsidy for the family would be drastically reduced, starting on 1 March. This meant parting with twelve devoted servants and giving up butter and coffee as luxuries, even though Nicholas added to the funds from his own resources.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=128–29}} Walks outside the house were also limited.

Nicholas and Alexandra were appalled by news of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], whereby Russia agreed to give up Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, most of Belarus, Ukraine, the Crimea, most of the Caucasus, and small parts of Russia proper including areas around [[Pskov]] and [[Rostov-on-Don]].{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pages=493–494}} What kept the family's spirits up was the belief that help was at hand.{{Sfn|Tames|1972|page=62}} The Romanovs believed that various plots were underway to break them out of captivity and smuggle them to safety. The Western Allies lost interest in the fate of the Romanovs after Russia left the war. The German government wanted the monarchy restored in Russia to crush the Bolsheviks and maintain good relations with the Central Powers.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pages=502–505}}

The situation in Tobolsk changed for the worse on 26 March, when 250 ill-disciplined [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guards]] arrived from the regional capital, [[Omsk]]. Not to be outdone, the soviet in [[Yekaterinburg]], the capital of the neighbouring [[Ural region]], sent 400 Red Guards to exert their influence on the town.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=145–48}} Disturbances between these rival groups and the lack of funds to pay the guard detachment caused them to send a delegation to Moscow to plead their case. The result was that Sovnarkom appointed their own [[commissar]] to take charge of Tobolsk and remove the Romanovs to Yekaterinburg, with the intention of eventually bringing Nicholas to a [[show trial]] in Moscow.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=152–53}} The man selected was [[Vasily Yakovlev]], a veteran Bolshevik.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=158}} Recruiting a body of loyal men ''en route'', Yakovlev arrived in Tobolsk on 22 April; he imposed his authority on the competing Red Guards factions, paid-off and [[demobilized]] the guard detachment, and placed further restrictions on the Romanovs.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=160–61}} The next day, Yakovlev informed Kobylinsky that Nicholas was to be transferred to Yekaterinburg. Alexei was too ill to travel, so Alexandra elected to go with Nicholas along with Maria, while the other daughters would remain at Tobolsk until they were able to make the journey.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=163–65}}

In Tobolsk the family sewed jewels onto their corsets, undershirts, belts and hats. The buttons on their summer outfits were replaced with diamonds and jewels were sewn into Alexei's undergarments and the hat of his uniform. The diamond-studded undergarments of three of the girls weighed two kilograms in total.<ref name="facts"/>

After Alexei had recovered he and the rest of the family were also taken to Yekaterinburg on steam ship and train in late May 1918. During the journey drunken guards harassed the girls. The ladies-in-waiting, Alexei's [[Switzerland|Swiss]] home teacher Pierre Gilliard and teacher Charles Sidney Gibbes, as well as the rest of the entourage, were left at the station platform and told they were free to go.

====Yekaterinburg====
At 3 am on 25 April, the three Romanovs, their retinue, and the escort of Yakovlev's detachment, left Tobolsk in a convoy of nineteen [[tarantass]]es (four-wheeled carriages), as the river was still partly frozen which prevented the use of the ferry.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=167}} After an arduous journey which included two overnight stops, fording rivers, frequent changes of horses and a foiled plot by the Yekaterinburg Red Guards to abduct and kill the prisoners, the party arrived at Tyumen and boarded a requisitioned train. Yakovlev was able to communicate securely with Moscow by means of a [[David Edward Hughes|Hughes]]' [[teleprinter]] and obtained agreement to change their destination to [[Omsk]], where it was thought that the leadership were less likely to harm the Romanovs.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=170–74}} Leaving Tyumen early on 28 April, the train left towards Yekaterinburg, but quickly changed direction towards Omsk. This led the Yekaterinburg leaders to believe that Yakovlev was a traitor who was trying to take Nicholas to exile by way of [[Vladivostok]]; telegraph messages were sent, two thousand armed men were mobilized and a train was dispatched to arrest Yakovlev and the Romanovs. The Romanovs' train was halted at Omsk station and after a frantic exchange of cables with Moscow, it was agreed that they should go to Yekaterinburg in return for a guarantee of safety for the imperial family; they finally arrived there on the morning of 30 April.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=179–82}}

They were imprisoned in the two-story [[Ipatiev House]], the home of the military engineer Nikolay Nikolayevich Ipatiev, which ominously became referred to as the "house of special purpose". Here the Romanovs were kept under even stricter conditions; they were only allowed to speak Russian, their cameras were confiscated, their belongings were inspected and taken to locked storage and their retinue was further reduced.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=203–04}} The windows were painted shut, visits outside were limited and the house was surrounded with a tall fence. The family was not allowed to go to church or receive guests, and also forbidden from reading newspapers or writing letters. Food portions were limited.

As time passed, the guards became more sympathetic towards the prisoners, after which the Bolshevik government replaced the guards with new ones. The new guards were members of the notorious [[Cheka]] secret police. Six of them were [[Bulgaria]]n and [[Hungary|Hungarian]] prisoners-of-war, who were used for the dirty work. According to Robert K. Massie the imperial family knew their fate when these men arrived. The cold, professional behaviour of the guards plainly showed them to be [[executioner]]s.

Following allegations of pilfering from the royal household, [[Yakov Yurovsky]], a former member of the [[Cheka]] secret police, was appointed to command the guard detachment, a number of whom were replaced with trusted Latvian members of the Yekaterinburg "special-service detachment".{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=228–29}} The remaining Romanovs left Tobolsk by river steamer on 20 May and arrived in Yekaterinburg three days later.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=201}} By the first weeks of June, the Bolsheviks were becoming alarmed by the [[Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion]], whose forces were approaching the city from the east. This prompted a wave of executions and murders of those in the region who were believed to be [[counter-revolutionaries]], including Grand Duke Michael, who was murdered in [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] on 13 June.{{Sfn|Rappaport|2009|p=38}}

Although the Bolshevik leadership in Moscow still intended to bring Nicholas to trial, as the military situation deteriorated, [[Leon Trotsky]] and [[Yakov Sverdlov]] began to publicly equivocate about the possible fate of the former tsar.{{Sfn|Service|2018|page=238}} On 16 July, the Yekaterinburg leadership informed Yurovsky that it had been decided to murder the Romanovs as soon as approval arrived from Moscow, because the Czechs were expected to reach the city imminently. A coded telegram arrived in Moscow from Yekaterinburg that evening; after Lenin and Sverdlov had conferred a reply was sent, although no trace of that document has ever been found. In the meantime, Yurovsky had organized his firing squad and they waited through the night at the Ipatiev House for the signal to act.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=250–54}}

=== Execution ===
{{Main|Murder of the Romanov family}}

[[File:Russian Imperial Family 1913.jpg|alt=|thumb|Nicholas with his family (left to right): Olga, Maria, Nicholas II, Alexandra Fyodorovna, Anastasia, Alexei, and Tatiana. [[Livadia Palace]], 1913.]]
There are several accounts of what happened and historians have not agreed on a solid, confirmed scope of events. According to the account of Bolshevik officer [[Yakov Yurovsky]] (the chief executioner), in the early hours of 17 July 1918,<ref name="Alexander Rabinowitch 2008 1"/><ref name="Willmott, H.P. 2003 147"/> the royal family was awakened around 2:00 am, got dressed, and were led down into a half-basement room at the back of the Ipatiev house. The pretext for this move was the family's safety, i.e. that anti-Bolshevik forces were approaching Yekaterinburg, and the house might be fired upon.<ref name="Nicholas 1998">''Nicholas & Alexandra – The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia'', Booth-Clibborn Editions, 1998, {{ISBN|1861540388}} {{Page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> The prisoners were told that Moscow wanted a photograph of them as proof of their wellbeing. They were assembled, but instead of a photographer, a group of armed guards arrived.<ref name="lähteenmäki">Lähteenmäki, Maria; Troberg, Martti: "Eurooppa etsii suuntaa: Viimeisen keisarin kohtalo", ''Kronikka 8'', p. 13. Helsinki: Edita Prima OY, 2004. {{ISBN|951-37-4060-9}}</ref>

Present with Nicholas, Alexandra and their children were their doctor and three of their servants, who had voluntarily chosen to remain with the family: the Tsar's personal physician [[Eugene Botkin]], his wife's maid [[Anna Demidova]], and the family's chef, [[Ivan Kharitonov]], and footman, [[Alexei Trupp]]. A firing squad had been assembled and was waiting in an adjoining room, composed of seven Communist soldiers from Central Europe, and three local Bolsheviks, all under the command of Yurovsky.<ref name="Nicholas 1998"/><ref>[http://www.romanov-memorial.com/Drama.htm Ipatiev House: The Drama]. Accessed on 31 May 2007.</ref> The executioners had agreed beforehand who would shoot whom - Nicholas II belonged to [[Peter Ermakov|Pyotr Yermakov]] and the empress Alexandra belonged to Yurovsky.{{Sfn|Radzinsky|1992}}

Nicholas was carrying his son. When the family arrived in the basement, the former tsar asked if chairs could be brought in for his wife and son to sit on. Yurovsky ordered two chairs brought in, and when the empress and the heir were seated, the executioners filed into the room. Yurovsky announced to them that the Ural Soviet of Workers' Deputies had decided to murder them. A stunned Nicholas asked, "What? What did you say?" and turned toward his family. Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and Nicholas said, according to [[Peter Ermakov]], "You know not what you do."

The executioners drew handguns and began shooting; Nicholas was the first to die. Yurovsky took credit afterwards for firing the first shot that killed the tsar, but his protege—[[Grigory Petrovich Nikulin|Grigory Nikulin]]—said years later that [[Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin|Mikhail Medvedev]] had fired the shot that killed Nicholas. "He fired the first shot. He killed the Tsar," he said in 1964 in a tape-recorded statement for the radio.{{Sfn|Radzinsky|1992|p=431}} Nicholas was shot several times in the chest (sometimes erroneously said to have been shot in his head, but his skull bore no bullet wounds when it was discovered in 1991). Anastasia, Tatiana, Olga, and Maria survived the first hail of bullets; the sisters were wearing over 1.3 kilograms of diamonds and precious gems sewn into their clothing, which provided some initial protection from the bullets and bayonets.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=8}} They were then stabbed with bayonets and finally shot at close range in their heads.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=6}}

An announcement from the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet of the Workers' and Peasants' Government emphasized that conspiracies had been exposed to free the ex-tsar, that counter-revolutionary forces were pressing in on Soviet Russian territory, and that the ex-tsar was guilty of unforgivable crimes against the nation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexander, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0z8GNUhOqoC |title=The Kitchen Boy: A Novel of the Last Tsar |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Group US |isbn=978-1-101-20036-0}}</ref>

<blockquote>In view of the enemy's proximity to Yekaterinburg and the exposure by the Cheka of a serious [[White movement|White Guard]] plot with the goal of abducting the former tsar and his family… In light of the approach of counterrevolutionary bands toward the Red capital of the Urals and the possibility of the crowned executioner escaping trial by the people (a plot among the White Guards to try to abduct him and his family was exposed and the compromising documents will be published), the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet, fulfilling the will of the Revolution, resolved to shoot the former Tsar, Nikolai Romanov, who is guilty of countless, bloody, violent acts against the Russian people.<ref>Telegraph quoted in [https://books.google.com/books?id=l0z8GNUhOqoC ''The Kitchen Boy''] by Robert Alexander (unpaginated).</ref></blockquote>

[[Political commissar|Commissar]]{{Sfn|Rappaport|2018|pp=120}} [[Peter Ermakov]] claimed to have been the chief of the guards at the Ipatiev House.{{Sfn|Radzinsky|1992|pp=465}}<ref>Possunotkon salaisuus. ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 7 June 2015.</ref> Yermakov's description about the execution and disposal of the bodies is completely different from that of captain Yurovsky. Yermakov claimed to have burned the bodies at the ''Four brothers'' mining area on top of a pile of logs so thoroughly that not even a piece of a fingernail would have remained. Yermakov also claimed to have thrown the ashes from on top of a truck bed into a storm wind so that they would be scattered onto the fields and into the forest.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=30}}{{Sfn|Radzinsky|1992|p=481}} Moscow announced only that Nicholas had been executed and the family had been evacuated to a safe place.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|page=435}} After that, Moscow denied knowing anything about the whereabouts of the family for eight years.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=28}}

The bodies were driven on a truck<ref name="skott">Skott, Staffan: ''Romanovit - Keisarisuvun kohtalo''. Helsinki: Schildt Kustannus, 2011. {{ISBN|978-951-50-2063-5}}.</ref>{{rp|285}} to nearby woodland, searched and burned. The remains were soaked in acid and finally thrown down a disused [[mine shaft]].{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=256–257}}<ref name="varjus"/> Attempts at collapsing the mine shaft with explosives failed, and so the naked bodies were dug back up on the following night and buried along the forest road on the place where the car sank at the "Meadow of pigs". The bodies were only found in 1978.<ref name="varjus"/><ref name="skott"/>{{rp|283}}

On the following day, other members of the Romanov family including Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth Feodorovna]], the empress's sister, who were being held in a school at [[Alapayevsk]], were taken to another mine shaft and thrown in alive, except for Grand Duke [[Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia|Sergei Mikhailovich]] who was shot when he tried to resist.{{Sfn|Service|2018|pages=263–264}}

In 1977 [[Boris Yeltsin]], the first secretary of the Sverlovsk communist party had the Ipatiev House demolished with bulldozers on orders from the politburo, as Soviet leaders feared the place would turn into a memorial site for people supporting imperial rule. [[Yuri Andropov]], the leader of the KGB had suggested demolishing the house because otherwise it could become "a target of severe attention - in the counter-Soviet circles in the west".<ref name="facts"/> In 2000 a church called the [[Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg|Church on Blood]] was built on the site. It is one of the largest churches in Russia and the icon inside it is one of the most expensive in the world. The church building has two separate church halls of which the lower hall has been sanctified to the imperial family.<ref>Niemeläinen, Jussi: Tsaariperheen murhapaikalle nousi kirkko, ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 9 March 2011, p. D2.</ref>

=== Identification ===
[[File:Ipatjew-Haus2.jpg|thumbnail|right|The Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, (later Sverdlovsk) in 1928]]
[[File:ChurchOn Blood.jpg|thumb|Yekaterinburg's "[[All Saints Resplendent in the Russian Land|Church on the Blood]]", built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood]]

In 1979, the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, three of their daughters, and those of four non-family members killed with them, were discovered near [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]] (Yekaterinburg) by amateur archaeologist [[Alexander Avdonin]].{{Sfn|Massie|1995|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qSlZhrp9qPUC&pg=PA34 34]}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coble |first=M.D. |date=2011 |title=The identification of the Romanovs: Can we (finally) put the controversies to rest? |journal=Investig Genet |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=20 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-2-20 |pmc=3205009 |pmid=21943354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Director [[Geli Ryabov]] from Moscow received a report written by Yurovsky about the burial place of the bodies from Yurovsky's son, vice admiral Alexander Yurovsky. The report included a detailed specification of the burial site at the ''Meadow of pigs'' in Koptyak. This burial site was discovered by Ryabov and Avdonin in 1978.

In his report, Yurovsky mentions having burned the bodies of the lady-in-waiting Anna Demidova and tsarevich Alexei near the gravesite. According to experts, it is not possible to burn a body in a forest in a little less than five hours, which was the time Yurovsky had available to burn the bodies. For this reason, searching for the bodies continued.{{Sfn|Radzinsky|1992|p=510}}{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=38}} The Americans also tried to search for the two missing bodies in the 1990s by using a device utilising sound waves, but did not find them, as the ground had been too badly stirred.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|pp=143-144}}

In 1989, Ryabov published the location of the secret gravesite of the Romanov family in the magazine ''Rodina'' (Russian for "Homeland"). By suggestion from Avdonin, Ryabov actually published a location almost a kilometre away from the real gravesite. One day before the issue of ''Rodina'' was published in Sverdlovsk, heavy machinery vehicles appeared in the forest, starting to dig in the ground at the false location Ryabov had announced and transported all loose ground away. "KGB", said Avdonin.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|pp=45, 47}}

In 1989 Ryabov tried to contact president [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to ask for help at a government level, so the issue could be handled in a proper matter. Gorbachev did not reply.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=45}} With Gorbachev's inaction, Ryabov decided to give an interview to the liberal magazine ''[[Moskovskiye Novosti|Moskovskiye Novost]]'', published on 10 April 1989. The next day, many notable western newspapers announced that in 1979, the Soviet direct Geli Ryabov had found the bones of the imperial family in a swamp near Sverdlovsk.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=45}}

Ryabov also wrote to Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom, who was related to the Romanovs both directly and through her husband [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], asking her to use her influence so the imperial family could be buried in a Christian way. The queen did not reply.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=47}}

The nine bodies in the grave were dug up in July 1991 with permission from president [[Boris Yeltsin]]{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=49}} and identified with DNA tests two years later. During the third day of the opening of the grave a dramatic fact became apparent - the grave was missing the skeletons of Alexei and one woman.{{Sfn|Radzinsky|1992|p=509}}{{Sfn|Massie|1995|p=51}}

In January 1998, the remains excavated from underneath the dirt road near Yekaterinburg were officially identified as those of Nicholas II and his family, excluding one daughter (either Maria or Anastasia) and Alexei. The identifications—including comparisons to a living relative, performed by separate Russian, British and American scientists using [[DNA analysis]]—concur and were found to be conclusive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=Экспертиза подтвердила, что найденные останки принадлежат Николаю II |url=http://www.tass-ural.ru/lentanews/54965.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807134504/http://www.tass-ural.ru/lentanews/54965.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=ITAR-TASS |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coble |first1=M.D. |last2=Loreille |first2=O.M. |last3=Wadhams |first3=M.J. |last4=Edson |first4=S. M. |last5=Maynard |first5=K. |last6=Meyer |first6=C.E. |last7=Niederstätter |first7=H. |last8=Berger |first8=C. |last9=Berger |first9=B. |last10=Falsetti |first10=A.B. |last11=Gill |first11=P. |last12=Parson |first12=W. |last13=Finelli |first13=L.N. |date=2009 |title=Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=3 |article-number=e4838 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4838C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 |pmc=2652717 |pmid=19277206 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous DNA |url=http://www.isogg.org/famousdna.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015072811/http://www.isogg.org/famousdna.htm |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=25 October 2010 |publisher=Isogg.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parsons |first1=T.J. |last2=Muniec |first2=D.S. |last3=Sullivan |first3=K. |last4=Woodyatt |first4=N. |last5=Alliston-Greiner |first5=R. |last6=Wilson |first6=M.R. |last7=Berry |first7=D.L. |last8=Holland |first8=K.A. |last9=Weedn |first9=V.W. |last10=Gill |first10=P. |last11=Holland |first11=M.M. |date=1997 |title=A high observed substitution rate in the human mitochondrial DNA control region |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=363–68 |doi=10.1038/ng0497-363 |pmid=9090380 |s2cid=32812244}}</ref>

In July 2007, the amateur historian Sergei Plotnikov discovered bones near Yekaterinburg belonging to a boy and young woman, located about 70 metres from where the rest of the family had been buried.<ref name="harding">{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=25 August 2007 |title=Bones found by Russian builder finally solve riddle of the missing Romanovs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/25/russia.lukeharding |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204182107/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/25/russia.lukeharding |archive-date=4 December 2019 |access-date=20 May 2010 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> The remains included 7 teeth and 44 pieces of bone, ranging from a few millimetres to a few centimetres in size.<ref name="skott"/>{{rp|289, 296}} Three teeth with silver-amalgam fillings and 29 pieces of bone were thought to have belonged to Alexei.<ref name="kemia">Viimeinen tsaarinpoika löytyi, ''Kemia'' magazine #7/2007.</ref> The remains were confirmed to have belonged to the imperial family with three [[DNA profiling|DNA tests]], whose samples were taken from the remains of Nicholas, Alexandra, Alix's sister [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine|Elisabeth Feodorovna]], Alexander II and Alexander III.<ref name="harding"/><ref>[http://health.usnews.com/health-news/managing-your-healthcare/research/articles/2009/03/11/dna-testing-lays-romanov-murder-mystery-to-rest? DBA Testing Lays Romanov Mystery to Rest]</ref><ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3913339&page=1 Russian Mystery is Finally Unravelled]</ref><ref name="facts"/> In addition to the DNA tests, Alexei's almost completely burned corpse and the high-quality [[silver]]-[[amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] fillings in the remaining teeth, which were similar to the fillings of the rest of the family, were used as [[circumstantial evidence]].<ref name="kemia"/>

Prosecutors reopened the investigation into the deaths of the imperial family<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2007 |title=Remains of Tsar missing children found |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-royal-bodies-idUKL2436599320070824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729160904/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-royal-bodies-idUKL2436599320070824 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> and, in April 2008, DNA tests performed by an American laboratory proved that bone fragments exhumed in the Ural Mountains belonged to two children of Nicholas II, Alexei and a daughter.<ref name="AP"/> That same day it was announced by Russian authorities that remains from the entire family had been recovered.<ref name="AP">{{Cite news |date=30 April 2008 |title=DNA Confirms Remains of Tsar's Children |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/30/tech/main4057567.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502013628/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/30/tech/main4057567.shtml |archive-date=2 May 2008 |access-date=28 September 2007 |work=CBS News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>Details on further testing of the Imperial remains are contained in {{Cite journal |last1=Rogaev |first1=E.I. |last2=Grigorenko |first2=A.P. |last3=Moliaka |first3=I.K. |last4=Faskhutdinova |first4=G. |last5=Goltsov |first5=A. |last6=Lahti |first6=A. |last7=Hildebrandt |first7=C. |last8=Kittler |first8=E.L.W. |last9=Morozova |first9=I. |date=2009 |title=Genomic identification in historical case of the Nicholas II royal family |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=13 |pages=5258–5263 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5258R |doi=10.1073/pnas.0811190106 |pmc=2664067 |pmid=19251637 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

On 1 October 2008, the [[Supreme Court of Russia]] ruled that Nicholas II and his family were victims of political persecution and should be rehabilitated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russia's last Tsar rehabilitated |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7645776.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816041817/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7645776.stm |archive-date=16 August 2019 |access-date=1 October 2008 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Russia's Last Tsar Declared Victim of Repression |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1846339,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114085646/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1846339,00.html |archive-date=14 January 2009 |access-date=7 September 2009 |magazine=Time}}</ref> In March 2009, results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Alexei and one of his sisters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2008 |title=DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian Tsar's children |url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-167726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306192343/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-167726 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |work=CNN}}</ref>

According to Finnish diplomat and historian [[Max Jakobson]], the director of the Soviet institute for military history, general [[Dmitri Volkogonov]] (1928 - 1995) has proven in his biography about Vladimir Lenin that emperor Nicholas II and his family were murdered by a decision of Lenin and his closest men in Moscow.<ref>''Väkivallan vuodet. 20. vuosisadan tilinpäätös 1'', p. 82.</ref><ref name="volkogonov">Volkogonov, Dmitri: ''Lenin: A New Biography'', New York: Free Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-02-933435-5}}.</ref>{{rp|82}} In the 2000s an official investigation was conducted in Russia trying to find out whether [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Yakov Sverdlov]] had been guilty of giving the order to execute the Romanov family.<ref name="tutkinta">[http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/artikkeli/Tsaariperheen+teloituksen+tutkinta+p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyi+Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4ll%C3%A4/1135263105132 Keisariperheen teloituksen tutkinta päättyi Venäjällä], ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 17 January 2011. Accessed on 5 May 2012.</ref> The investigation found no trustworthy evidence that either Lenin or Sverdlov would have given the order. The investigation was stopped in early 2011.<ref name="tutkinta"/><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8264321/No-proof-Lenin-ordered-last-Tsars-murder.html No proof Lenin ordered last Tsar's murder], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' 17 January 2011. Accessed on 29 April 2012.</ref><ref>Tutkinta: Ei näyttöä Leninin osuudesta tsaariperheen teloitukseen, ''[[Ilta-Sanomat]]'' 17 January 2011.</ref>

In late 2015, at the insistence of the Russian Orthodox Church,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2015 |title=Russia readies to exhume Tsar Alexander III in Romanov probe |url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/russia-readies-exhume-tsar-alexander-iii-romanov-probe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109032422/https://www.afp.com/en/news/russia-readies-exhume-tsar-alexander-iii-romanov-probe |archive-date=9 November 2015 |website=AFP.com |publisher=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> Russian investigators exhumed the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, for additional DNA testing,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2015 |title=Russia exhumes bones of assassinated Tsar Nicholas and wife |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34338802 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529144104/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34338802 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=28 June 2018 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> which confirmed that the bones were of the couple.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2015 |title=New DNA tests establish remains of Tsar Nicholas II and wife are authentic |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-dna-establishes-remains-tsar-nicholas-ii-wife-are-authentic-1528651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132550/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-dna-establishes-remains-tsar-nicholas-ii-wife-are-authentic-1528651 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=Ibtimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2015 |title=Russia says DNA tests confirm remains of country's last tsar are genuine |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-tsar-analysis-exhumation/russia-says-dna-tests-confirm-remains-of-countrys-last-tsar-are-genuine-idUKKCN0T01F820151111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204940/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-tsar-analysis-exhumation/russia-says-dna-tests-confirm-remains-of-countrys-last-tsar-are-genuine-idUKKCN0T01F820151111 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=DNA Testing Verifies Bones of Russia's Last Tsar |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/dna-testing-verifies-bones-of-russias-last-tsar-50711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204938/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/dna-testing-verifies-bones-of-russias-last-tsar-50711 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018 |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>

=== Funeral ===
After the DNA testing of 1998, the remains of the tsar and his immediate family were interred at [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|St. Peter and Paul Cathedral]], Saint Petersburg, on 17 July 1998, on the eightieth anniversary of their assassination.<ref>[http://www.romanov-memorial.com/Final_Chapter.htm Ipatiev House: The Final Chapter]. Accessed on 31 May 2007.</ref><ref name="skott"/>{{rp|287, 289, 293}} The ceremony was attended by Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]], who gave a speech at the funeral where he said, "Today is a historic day for Russia. For many years, we kept quiet about this monstrous crime, but the truth has to be spoken."<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 1998 |title=Romanovs laid to rest |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/133725.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529041116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/133725.stm |archive-date=29 May 2020 |access-date=5 November 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="skott"/>{{rp|295}}

The British Royal Family was represented at the funeral by [[Prince Michael of Kent]], and more than twenty ambassadors to Russia, including Sir [[Andrew Wood (diplomat)|Andrew Wood]], Archbishop [[John Bukovsky]], and [[:de:Ernst-Jörg von Studnitz|Ernst-Jörg von Studnitz]], were also in attendance.<ref>[http://www.romanovfamily.org/funeral.html 17 July 1998: The funeral of Tsar Nicholas II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216120421/http://www.romanovfamily.org/funeral.html |date=16 December 2015}} at romanovfamily.org, accessed 11 August 2016</ref>

==Sainthood==
{{Main|Canonization of the Romanovs|Tsarebozhiye}}

{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix=[[Saint]]
| name = Nicholas II of Russia
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| feast_day = 17 July
| venerated_in = [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
| image = Nicholas II in Nikolo-Tikhonov Monastery 01.jpg
| imagesize=
| caption =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| titles = [[Tsar]], [[Passion-Bearer]]{{Efn|Title used for Romanov Saints by Moscow Patriarchate}} or [[Martyr]]{{Efn|Title used for Romanov Saints by [[ROCOR]]}}
| canonized_date = {{Ubl | 1981 by [[Russian Orthodox Church Abroad]] | 2000 by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]}}
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| major_shrine = [[Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg|Church on Blood]], Yekaterinburg, Russia
| suppressed_date =
| issues =
}}
In 1981, Nicholas and his immediate family were [[Canonization|recognised]] as [[martyr]]ed [[saint]]s by the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia]].<ref>A Reader's Guide to Orthodox Icons [http://iconreader.wordpress.com/2011/07/17/the-icons-that-canonized-the-holy-royal-martyrs/ ''The Icons that Canonized the Holy Royal Martyrs''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517073057/http://iconreader.wordpress.com/2011/07/17/the-icons-that-canonized-the-holy-royal-martyrs |date=17 May 2013}}</ref> On 14 August 2000, they were recognised by the [[synod]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. This time they were not named as martyrs, since their deaths did not result immediately from their Christian faith; instead, they were canonized as [[passion bearer]]s.<ref>[http://churchmotherofgod.org/orthodox-terminology/glossary-p/495-passion-bearer.html "Orthodox Terminology", Church of the Mother of God] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223947/http://churchmotherofgod.org/orthodox-terminology/glossary-p/495-passion-bearer.html |date=19 January 2015}}. Churchmotherofgod.org. Retrieved on 5 December 2018.</ref> According to a statement by the Moscow synod, they were glorified as saints for the following reasons:

{{Blockquote|In the last Orthodox Russian monarch and members of his family we see people who sincerely strove to incarnate in their lives the commands of the Gospel. In the suffering borne by the Royal Family in prison with humility, patience, and meekness, and in their martyrs' deaths in Yekaterinburg in the night of 17 July 1918 was revealed the light of the faith of Christ that conquers evil.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}}}

However, Nicholas' canonization was controversial. The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad was split on the issue back in 1981, some members suggesting that the emperor was a weak ruler and had failed to thwart the rise of the Bolsheviks. It was pointed out by one priest that martyrdom in the Russian Orthodox Church has nothing to do with the martyr's personal actions but is instead related to why he or she was killed.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|pp=134–135}}

The Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia rejected the family's classification as martyrs because they were not killed on account of their religious faith. Religious leaders in both churches also had objections to canonising the tsar's family because they perceived him as a weak emperor whose incompetence led to the revolution and the suffering of his people and made him partially responsible for his own assassination and those of his wife, children and servants. For these opponents, the fact that the tsar was, in private life, a kind man and a good husband and father or a leader who showed genuine concern for the peasantry did not override his poor governance of Russia.{{Sfn|Massie|1995|pp=134–135}}

The Russian Orthodox Church does not recognise the remains that were found in 1991 and identified with DNA tests in the west as belonging to the imperial family or their servants.<ref name="harding"/> The Orthodox Church stands by Peter Ermakov's 1930 account that the bodies were burned and the traces of the crime went away in smoke.<ref>[http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/a1433559485889 Helsingin Sanomat 7 June 2015]</ref> In 2004 the Japanese Tatsuo Nagani argued that the bones found in 1991 do not belong to the Romanov family or their servants.<ref>''Kommersant'' 4 December 2004.</ref> The Finnish professor and forensic dentist [[Helena Ranta]] has studied the teeth of the skull claimed to have belonged to Nicholas. In 1995 Ranta assumed that the skull did not belong to Nicholas. Ranta demanded a DNA test to be made of the skull but the Russians declined this.<ref>''[[Turun Sanomat]]'' 29 September 1995.</ref> The Orthodox Church of Russia wanted to exhume the bodies that had already been buried so it could be confirmed whether they really were Nicholas II, Alexandra, Olga, Tatiana and Anastasia.<ref>''[[Ilta-Sanomat]]'' 12 September 2015.</ref>

Despite the original opposition, the Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia ultimately recognised the family as "passion bearers",{{Efn|{{Lang-rus|Святой страстотерпец Николай|r=Svyatoy strastoterpets Nikolay|p=svʲɪˈtoj strəstɐˈtʲerpʲɪts nʲɪkɐˈlaj|}}; also called '''Saint Nicholas II of Russia'''}} or people who met their deaths with Christian humility. Since the late 20th century, believers have attributed healing from illnesses or conversion to the Orthodox Church to their prayers to the children of Nicholas, Maria and Alexei, as well as to the rest of the family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serfes, Demetrios |date=2000 |title=Miracle of the Child Martyr Grand Duchess Maria |url=http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleofmaria.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130116/http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleofmaria.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=25 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Serfes, Demetrios |date=2000 |title=A Miracle Through the Prayers of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis |url=http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleprayers.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206173420/http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleprayers.htm |archive-date=6 February 2007 |access-date=25 February 2007 |website=The Royal Martyrs of Russia}}</ref>

There exist two types of icons of the imperial family. In one type they are dressed in Medieval clothes, in the other they are dressed in clothes they wore in the early 20th century. In the Medieval-type icons Nicholas wears a fur-lined crown of [[Vladimir II Monomakh]] and the coronation clothes of the era of the first Romanovs. In reality, Nicholas never wore the tsar's crown, as it had fallen out of use already at the time of [[Peter the Great]]. According to Robert K. Massie, Nicholas would have wanted to take the crown back to use, but the court protocol did not allow it.

The [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia|Karlovc synod]], which possesses the Nikolai Sokolov investigation committee's material and findings, such as jewellery, buttons, pieces of clothing and badges, the severed finger of the [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|empress]] and the collar of [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Anastasia]]'s pet Spaniel Jimmy,{{Sfn|Massie|1967}} canonised the members of the imperial family already in 1960.

==Legacy==
Contemporary evaluations of Nicholas portrayed him as a well-meaning but indecisive leader, whose actions as monarch were heavily influenced by his advisors. Historian Raymond Esthus states:

{{Blockquote|The contemporary assessments of Nicholas are remarkably uniform. He was described as shy, charming, gentle in disposition, fearful of controversy, indecisive, indulgent to his relatives, and deeply devoted to his family. Aleksandr Mosolov, who headed his Court Chancellery for sixteen years, wrote that Nicholas, though intelligent and well-educated, never adopted a definite, energetic attitude and loathed making a decision in the presence of others. Sergei Witte, who served Nicholas and his father for eleven years as Minister of Finance, commented that the tsar was a well-intentioned child, but his actions were entirely dependent upon the character of his counselors, most of whom were bad.{{Sfn|Esthus|1981|pages=396–411}}}}

During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet period]], Nicholas II's legacy was widely criticised within Russia, although discussion was heavily influenced by [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|state propaganda]], which described him as a bloodthirsty tyrant.<ref name="Kallistov">{{Cite book |last=Kallistov, D.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAFBAAAAYAAJ |title=History of the USSR in Three Parts: From the earliest times to the Great October Socialist Revolution |publisher=Progress Publishers.{{Page needed|date=January 2019}} |date=1977}}</ref> Pavel Bykov, who wrote the first full account of the downfall of the tsar for the new Soviet government, denounced Nicholas as a "tyrant, who paid with his life for the age-old repression and arbitrary rule of his ancestors over the Russian people, over the impoverished and blood-soaked country". Soviet-era historians described Nicholas II as unfit for rule, arguing that he had a weak will and was manipulated by adventurist forces. He was also criticised for fanning nationalism and chauvinism, and his regime was condemned for its extensive use of the army, police, and courts to destroy the revolutionary movement. During his reign, Nicholas had become known as "Nicholas the Bloody" for his role in the [[Khodynka Tragedy]] and the suppression of the 1905 Revolution.<ref name="Kallistov"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Трагедия на Ходынском поле |trans-title=The tragedy on the Khodynka Field |url=http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/socstuds/nicholas2/4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101103752/http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/socstuds/nicholas2/4.html |archive-date=1 November 2004 |access-date=5 July 2016 |website=ИМПЕРАТОР НИКОЛАЙ II |publisher=Omsk State University |quote=Сергей Александрович с тех пор получил в народе титул "князя Ходынского", а Николай II стал именоваться «Кровавым». [Sergei Aleksandrovich was thenceforth called the "Prince of Khodynka" amongst the people, while Nicholas II known as called "Nicholas the Bloody".]}}</ref>

The majority view among historians is that Nicholas was a well-intentioned yet poor ruler who proved incapable of handling the challenges facing his nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Восстановим историческую справедливость! |url=https://xn----7sbbz2c8a3d.xn--p1ai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226222708/https://xn----7sbbz2c8a3d.xn--p1ai/ |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=За-Царя.рф |language=ru }}</ref>{{Sfn|Esthus|1981|pages=396–411}}<ref name="Ferro, Marc 1995">{{Cite book |last=Ferro |first=Marc |title=Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-508192-7 |location=New York |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Warnes, David |title=Chronicle of the Russian Tsars |date=1999 |publisher=Thames And Hudson |isbn=0-500-05093-7 |page=163}}</ref> For most of the 20th century, Nicholas was generally considered by historians to have been incompetent at the colossal task of ruling the enormous Russian Empire, although the influence of Soviet propaganda on general opinion must be considered.<ref name="Ferro, Marc 1995"/> [[Barbara Tuchman]] provides a damning evaluation of his reign in her 1962 book ''[[The Guns of August]]'', describing his sole focus as sovereign as being "to preserve intact the absolute monarchy bequeathed to him by his father", and writing that, "lacking the intellect, energy or training for his job", Nicholas "fell back on personal favorites, whim, simple mulishness, and other devices of the empty-headed autocrat ... when a telegram was brought to him announcing the annihilation of the Russian fleet at Tsushima, he read it, stuffed it in his pocket, and went on playing tennis".<ref>Tuchman, Barbara W. ''[[The Guns of August]].'' New York: Presidio Press, 1962, p. 71.</ref>

Historian [[Robert K. Massie]] provides a similar indictment of his incompetence, although he emphasises Nicholas' personal morality, describing him as a tragic figure:

{{Blockquote| ... there still are those who for political or other reasons continue to insist that Nicholas was "Bloody Nicholas". Most commonly, he is described as shallow, weak, stupid—a one-dimensional figure presiding feebly over the last days of a corrupt and crumbling system. This, certainly, is the prevailing public image of the last Tsar. Historians admit that Nicholas was a "good man"—the historical evidence of personal charm, gentleness, love of family, deep religious faith and strong Russian patriotism is too overwhelming to be denied—but they argue that personal factors are irrelevant; what matters is that Nicholas was a bad tsar .... Essentially, the tragedy of Nicholas II was that he appeared in the wrong place in history.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|pp=viii–x}}}}

Following the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], present-day Russian historians give Nicholas a more positive assessment, particularly when evaluating the reforms made by the Russian state during his reign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=The main merits of Emperor Nicholas II |url=http://ruskline.ru/opp/2017/iyun/16/glavnye_zaslugi_imperatora_nikolaya_ii |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231354/https://ruskline.ru/opp/2017/iyun/16/glavnye_zaslugi_imperatora_nikolaya_ii |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=16 September 2019 |language=ru}}</ref>

==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
{{Infobox hrhstyles
| royal name=Nicholas II of Russia
| dipstyle=[[His Imperial Majesty]]
| offstyle=Your Imperial Majesty
| image=[[File:Coat of arms of the Russian Empire.svg|75px]]}}

===Titles and styles===
Nicholas II's full title as Emperor, as set forth in Article 59 of the [[Russian Constitution of 1906|1906 Constitution]], was:
{{Blockquote|[[By the Grace of God]], [[Royal we|We Nicholas]], Emperor and [[Autocrator|Autocrat]] of [[All the Russias|All Russia]], of [[Grand Principality of Moscow|Moscow]], [[Kiev]], [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Vladimir]], [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]]; Tsar of [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]], Tsar of [[Khanate of Astrakhan|Astrakhan]], Tsar of [[Congress Poland|Poland]], Tsar of [[Siberia]], Tsar of [[History of Crimea#Russian Empire (1783–1917)|Tauric Chersonesus]], Tsar of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]]; Lord of [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]], and Grand Prince of [[Smolensk]], [[Lithuanian Governorate|Lithuania]], [[Volhynia]], [[Podolia]], and [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]]; Prince of [[Governorate of Estonia|Estonia]], [[Governorate of Livonia|Livonia]], [[Governorate of Courland|Courland]] and [[Semigalia]], [[Samogitia]], [[Bielostok]], [[Karelia]], [[Tver]], [[Yugor]], [[Perm, Russia|Perm]], [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]], [[Bogar]] and others; Sovereign and Grand Prince of [[Nizhni Novgorod]], [[Chernigov]], [[Ryazan]], [[Polotsk]], [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], [[Jaroslavl]], [[Beloozero]], [[Udoria]], [[Obdoria]], [[Kondia]], [[Vitebsk]], Mstislav, and Ruler of all the [[Severia]]n country; Sovereign and Lord of [[Caucasian Iberia|Iveria]], [[Kartli|Kartalinia]], the [[Kabard]]ian lands and Armenian province: hereditary Sovereign and Possessor of the [[Circassia]]n and Mountain Princes and of others; Sovereign of [[Turkestan]], Heir to [[Norway]], Duke of [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Duchy of Stormarn|Stormarn]], [[Duchy of Dithmarschen|Dithmarschen]], and [[Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]], and so forth, and so forth, and so forth.<ref>[http://www.imperialhouse.ru/en/dynastyhistory/dinzak1/446.html "On the Title of His Imperial Majesty and the State Coat of Arms"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122911/http://www.imperialhouse.ru/en/dynastyhistory/dinzak1/446.html |date=9 August 2018}}, ''Russian Imperial House: Official site of the Romanov Dynasty''. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</ref>}}

===Honours===
[[File:Emperor Nicholas II Land Russian Empire Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Emperor Nicholas II Land]] in a 1915 map of the Russian Empire. At the time it was believed that what is now Severnaya Zemlya was a single landmass.]]
[[File:Russian regalia.jpg|thumb|right|Imperial [[regalia]] of the Russian Empire. On the left is the fur-lined [[Monomakh's Cap]] used as the original coronation crown.]]
[[Emperor Nicholas II Land]] ({{Langx|ru|link=no|Земля Императора Николая II}}, {{Lang|ru-Latn|Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II}}) was discovered in 1913 by the [[Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition]] led by [[Boris Vilkitsky]] on behalf of the [[Russian Hydrographic Service]].<ref name="Barr1975">{{Cite journal |last=Barr, William |date=1975 |title=Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery |journal=Geographical Journal |volume=141 |pages=59–71 |bibcode=1975GeogJ.141...59B |doi=10.2307/1796946 |jstor=1796946 |number=1}}</ref> Still incompletely surveyed, the new territory was officially named in the Emperor's honour by order of the Secretary of the Imperial Navy in 1914.<ref name="arkhipelag">[http://my.krskstate.ru/docs/relief/arkhipelag-severnaya-zemlya/ Архипелаг Северная Земля – один из наиболее крупных районов оледенения на территории России] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092700/http://my.krskstate.ru/docs/relief/arkhipelag-severnaya-zemlya |date=24 November 2016}}. My.krskstate.ru. Retrieved on 5 December 2018.</ref> The archipelago was renamed "[[Severnaya Zemlya]]" in 1926 by the [[Presidium]] of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union]].<ref name="newslab">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2007 |script-title=ru:Депутаты Законодательного собрания Красноярского края против переименования островов архипелага "Северная Земля" |url=http://newslab.ru/news/222324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224023/http://newslab.ru/news/222324 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=newslab.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
[[File:Nicholas II of Russia in the uniform of His Majesty's Cuirassier Guards Regiment.jpg|thumb|Nicholas II in the uniform of [[Chevalier Guard Regiment]], 1896]] [[File:Coronation 1896, walking under cover (complete).jpg|thumb|After his coronation, Nicholas II leaves [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]]. The Chevalier Guard Lieutenant marching in front to the Tsar's right is [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Carl Gustaf Mannerheim]], later President of Finland.]]

'''National'''<ref name="Army">[http://regiment.ru/bio/N/5.htm Russian Imperial Army – Emperor Nicholas II of Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202220/http://regiment.ru/bio/N/5.htm |date=17 December 2018}} (In Russian)</ref>
* [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]], ''1 June 1868''
* [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]], ''1 June 1868''
* [[Order of the White Eagle (Russia)|Knight of the White Eagle]], ''1 June 1868''
* [[Order of St. Anna|Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class]], ''1 June 1868''
* [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class]], ''1 June 1868''
* [[Order of St. Vladimir|Knight of St. Vladimir]], 4th Class, ''11 September 1890''
* [[Order of Saint George (Russia)|Knight of St. George]], 4th Class, ''7 November 1915''
[[File:King of Siam in Russia 1897.jpg|thumb|King [[Chulalongkorn]] of [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] with Nicholas II in Saint Petersburg, during the king's visit to Europe in 1897]]

'''Foreign'''<ref name="Army"/>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Austria-Hungary]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''18 May 1884''
* Belgium: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], ''18 May 1884''
* [[Empire of Brazil]]: [[Order of the Southern Cross|Grand Cross of the Southern Cross]], ''1 October 1884''
* [[Emirate of Bukhara]]:
** Order of Noble Bukhara, ''14 November 1885''; in Diamonds, ''11 March 1889''
** Order of the Crown of Bukhara, in Diamonds, ''3 December 1893''
** Order of the Sun of Alexander, ''30 May 1898''
* [[Principality of Bulgaria]]:
** [[Order of St. Alexander|Grand Cross of St. Alexander]], ''18 May 1884''
** [[Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius|Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius]], ''23 February 1910''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexei Popovkin |date=2012 |title=Visits of the Slavic Monarchs to Russia |url=https://ruskline.ru/analitika/2012/08/27/neoslavistskoe_dvizhenie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407075604/https://ruskline.ru/analitika/2012/08/27/neoslavistskoe_dvizhenie |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=7 April 2020 |language=ru}}</ref>
* Denmark:<ref name="DanskStatskalender">{{Cite book |url=https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918019.pdf |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1912 |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |date=1912 |editor-last=Bille-Hansen |editor-first=A. C. |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |location=Copenhagen |pages=3, 6 |language=da |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1912 |access-date=16 September 2019 |orig-date=1st pub. 1801 |editor-last2=Holck |editor-first2=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075039/https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/918019.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref>
** [[Knight of the Elephant]], ''18 May 1884''
** [[Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog]], ''11 September 1891''
** Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, ''1892''
** [[Grand Commander of the Dannebrog]], ''26 November 1894''
* [[Ethiopian Empire]]: [[Order of the Seal of Solomon|Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon]], ''12 July 1895''
* France: [[Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]], ''18 May 1884''<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. & B. Wattel. |title=Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |date=2009 |publisher=Archives & Culture |isbn=978-2-35077-135-9 |location=Paris |page=516 |ref=M. et B. Wattel}}</ref>
* [[German Empire]]:
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''6 May 1884'';<ref>{{Citation |title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste |volume=1 |page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=17&skin=2021 9] |date=1886 |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818034008/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |url-status=live |chapter=Schwarzer Adler-orden |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021 |language=German |via=hathitrust.org}}</ref> with Collar, ''25 January 1893''<ref name="prus">{{Citation |title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) |work=Preussische Ordens-Liste |volume=1 |pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878823&view=1up&seq=431&skin=2021 5], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878823&view=1up&seq=114&skin=2021 108] |date=1886 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878823&view=1up&seq=7&skin=2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321122725/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878823&view=1up&seq=7&skin=2021 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live |language=German |via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal [[House Order of Hohenzollern]], ''31 August 1890''<ref name="prus"/>
** [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]:<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878736 p. 62] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804122402/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878736 |date=4 August 2020}}, [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878750 76] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130180246/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878750 |date=30 November 2020}}</ref>
*** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1883''
*** Knight of the [[Order of Berthold the First]], ''1883''
** [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]: [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1884''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nTedipoxoGcC/page/n37 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern]'' (1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 7</ref>
** [[Hesse and by Rhine]]:<ref name="hesse">{{Citation |title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste |pages=3, 5 |date=1914 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248618&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021 |access-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906134431/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248618&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |url-status=live |place=Darmstadt |publisher=Staatsverlag |language=German |via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
*** Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''15 June 1884''
*** [[House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse)|Knight of the Golden Lion]], with Collar, ''26 November 1894''
** [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore, ''21 January 1879''
** [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown, ''27 April 1881''
** [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]], ''1881''<ref>''[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906150133/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif |date=6 September 2020}}'' (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16</ref>
** [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1896''<ref name="Sachsen1901">{{Cite book |last=Sachsen |title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen |publisher=Heinrich |date=1901 |location=Dresden |page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=45&skin=2021 5] |chapter=Königlich Orden |via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1884''<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg]'' (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 28</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Greece]]: [[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Redeemer]], ''18 May 1884''
* [[Kingdom of Italy]]:
** [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Knight of the Annunciation]], ''29 April 1884''<ref name="dell'interno1920">{{Cite book |last=Italy. Ministero dell'interno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96OIwfsSUs8C&pg=PR3 |title=Calendario generale del regno d'Italia |date=1916 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=96OIwfsSUs8C&pg=PA83 83] |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915130015/https://books.google.com/books?id=96OIwfsSUs8C&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=15 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus|Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''18 May 1884''
** [[Gold Medal of Military Valour]], ''4 September 1916''<ref name="Decorato">[http://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/12519 "Romanov Nicola II Czar di Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034228/http://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/12519 |date=23 July 2018}} (in Italian), ''Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica''. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</ref>
* [[Holy See]]: [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Catholic)|Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]], ''18 May 1884''
* [[Military Order of Malta]]: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<ref name="p. 81">Justus Perthes, ''Almanach de Gotha'' (1918) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha01unse_2/page/n207 p. 81]</ref>
* [[Empire of Japan]]:
** Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''17 June 1882''; Collar, ''3 March 1896''<ref>{{Cite book |last=刑部芳則 |url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf |title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 |publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要 |date=2017 |pages=143, 149 |language=ja |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328221535/http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Rising Sun|Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun]], with Paulownia Flowers, ''16 September 1882''
* Monaco: [[Order of Saint-Charles|Grand Cross of St. Charles]], ''16 May 1896''<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 1896 |title=Partie Officielle |url=https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/71cdf57e381f2983977dd00def7afb02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915125924/https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/71cdf57e381f2983977dd00def7afb02.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=Journal de Monaco |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|Mongolia]]: Order of the Precious Rod, ''1913''
* [[Principality of Montenegro]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Danilo I]]<ref>[http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/news/051207.htm "The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I"], ''orderofdanilo.org''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012208/http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/history/index.htm |date=9 October 2010 |data=9 October 2010}}</ref>
* Netherlands:
** [[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion]], ''27 March 1881''
** Commemorative Medal of the [[Second Hague Peace Conference]], ''1907''
* [[Ottoman Empire]]: [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class, ''9 August 1884''
* [[Qajar Iran|Persia]]: Order of the August Portrait, ''9 August 1884''
* [[Kingdom of Portugal]]: Grand Cross of the [[Sash of the Two Orders]], ''25 May 1881''; [[Sash of the Three Orders|Three Orders]], ''9 April 1896''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bragança |first1=Jose Vicente de |last2=Estrela |first2=Paulo Jorge |date=2017 |title=Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia |trans-title=Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia |url=https://www.academia.edu/35782766 |url-status=live |journal=Pro Phalaris |language=pt |volume=16 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123145805/https://www.academia.edu/35782766 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Qing dynasty]]: [[Order of the Double Dragon]], Class I Grade I in Diamonds, ''4 May 1896''
* [[Kingdom of Romania]]:
** [[Order of the Star of Romania|Grand Cross of the Star of Romania]], ''18 May 1884''
** Collar of the [[Order of Carol I]], ''15 June 1906''<ref name="wordpress2">{{Cite web |title=Image: carol-i-nicholas-ii.jpg, (500 × 315 px) |url=https://royalromania.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/carol-i-nicholas-ii.jpg?w=529 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222948/https://royalromania.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/carol-i-nicholas-ii.jpg?w=529 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 September 2015 |publisher=royalromania.files.wordpress.com}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Serbia]]:
** [[Order of St. Sava|Grand Cross of St. Sava]]
** [[Order of Karađorđe's Star|Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe]], ''1910''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Acović |first=Dragomir |title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima |publisher=Službeni Glasnik |date=2012 |location=Belgrade |page=128}}</ref>
* [[Siam]]: Knight of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''20 March 1891''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Thai Government Gazette |author-link=Royal Thai Government Gazette |date=29 March 1891 |title=การรับฮิสอิมปีเรียลไฮเนสแกรนด์ดุกซารวิตส์กรุงรุสเซีย |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2433/052/475.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211153/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2433/052/475.PDF |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=8 May 2019 |language=th}}</ref>
* Spain: [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''12 April 1883''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Guía Oficial de España |date=1887 |page=147 |language=es |chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro |access-date=21 March 2019 |chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222032234/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es |archive-date=22 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sweden: [[Royal Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Seraphim]], ''19 May 1883'';<ref>{{Citation |title=Svensk Rikskalender |page=613 |date=1909 |url=https://runeberg.org/rikskal/1909/0697.html |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051303/http://runeberg.org/rikskal/1909/0697.html |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live |language=sv |via=runeberg.org}}</ref> with Collar, ''25 May 1908''
* [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]:
** [[Order of the Garter|Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter]], ''1 July 1893''<ref name="p69">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n157/mode/2up p. 69]</ref>
** Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]], ''6 September 1904''<ref>Shaw, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n507/mode/2up p. 416]</ref>
** [[Order of the Bath|Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath]] (military), ''20 October 1916''<ref>"[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100840 Russian honours: Emperor Nicholas II of Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123161619/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100840 |date=23 November 2021}}". Received 26 November 2018.</ref>
}}

He was [[Colonel-in-Chief]] of the [[Royal Scots Greys]] from 1894 until his death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allan |first=Keith |date=2017-04-19 |title=The Royal Scots Greys and Russia |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/keithallan/2017/04/19/the-royal-scots-greys-and-russia/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Blogs |language=en-GB}}</ref> On becoming Colonel-in-Chief he presented the Regiment with a white [[bearskin]], now worn by the bass drummer of the Pipes and Drums of the [[Royal Scots Dragoon Guards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why do the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards consider the Russian Tsar Nicholas II their guardian angel? |url=https://www.gw2ru.com/lifestyle/3629-nicholas-royal-scots-dragoon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211085747/https://www.gw2ru.com/lifestyle/3629-nicholas-royal-scots-dragoon |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Gateway to Russia |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Arms===
[[File:Lesser CoA of the empire of Russia.svg|center|thumb|Lesser Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire and Lesser Coat of Arms of the Emperor]]

==Issue==
{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
!Image!!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=5|'''By [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine]]''' (6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918, married on 26 November 1894)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Grand Duchess Olga in court dress 1910-2.jpg|90px]] || [[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna]]||{{OldStyleDate|15 November|1895|3 November}}||rowspan="5"|[[Murder of the Romanov family|17 July 1918]]||rowspan="5"|Assassinated, along with their parents, at [[Yekaterinburg]] by the [[Bolsheviks]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Tatiana in court gown 1910.jpg|90px]] || [[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna]]||{{OldStyleDate|10 June|1897|29 May}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Grand Duchess Marie in court dress 1910.jpg|90px]] || [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna]]||{{OldStyleDate|26 June|1899|14 June}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Grand Duchess Anastasia close-up..jpg|90px]] || [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia|Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna]]||{{OldStyleDate|18 June|1901|5 June}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia.jpg|90px]] || [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia|Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich]]||{{OldStyleDate|12 August|1904|30 July}}
|}

== Wealth ==
Estimates of Nicholas II's personal wealth have been exaggerated. As Emperor of All The Russias, and an [[autocrat]], the resources under his command were virtually incalculable. However, the vast majority of this was owned by the state as [[crown property]]; the Romanov family's ''personal wealth'' was only a fraction of this. As monarch, the income of Nicholas was 24 million [[Russian ruble#Imperial ruble (1704–1922)|gold roubles]] per annum: this derived from a yearly allowance from the treasury, and from the profits of crown farmland.{{Sfn|Massie|1967|p=64}} From this income, he had to fund staff, the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres, annuities for the royal family, pensions, bequests, and other outgoings. "Before the end of the year, the Tsar was usually penniless; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn".{{Sfn|Massie|1967|p=64}} According to the Grand Marshal of the Court, Count Paul Benckendorff, the family's total financial resources amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles.<ref>Clarke, William ''The Lost Fortune of the Tsars'', St. Martin's Griffin; Reprint edition, 1996, p. 101.</ref> As a comparison, Prince Felix Yusupov estimated his family's worth in real estate holdings alone as amounting to 50 million gold roubles.<ref>Ferrand, Jacques ''Les Princes Youssoupoff & les comtes Soumarkoff Elston'', Paris 1991</ref>

The mystery and rumours surrounding the finances of the Romanov Dynasty during the early 20th century were addressed at length in the 1932 memoir of Nicholas II's brother-in-law (and first-cousin once-removed) Grand Duke Alexander Michailovich ''"Once a Grand Duke"''.<ref name="GrandDukeOnce">{{cite book
|last = Mikhaĭlovich
|first = Aleksandr
|title = Once a Grand Duke
|year = 1932
|publisher = Garden City Publishing Co.
|location = New York
|url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009333314&seq=190
|access-date = 9 March 2025
}}</ref> Grand Duke Alexander noted that the income of the Russian Emperor prior to the First World War was derived from three main sources:

# An annual governmental appropriate for the Imperial Family, amounting to 11 million gold roubles (410,000 [[troy oz]] of [[gold]], which he noted equated to just under $6 million);
# Proceeds from the exploitation of the Estates belonging to the Imperial Family (referred to as the "oodely"), which Grand Duke Alexander states were valued at $50 million, but produced a relatively low annual return of approximately $1–$2 million; and
# Interest from deposits kept abroad in English and German banks.<ref name="GrandDukeOnce"/>{{rp|156}}

Grand Duke Alexander estimated that the aggregate annual income of the Russian Emperor prior to the First World War was $10–$12 million in total. In addition to these sources of income, the 'frozen' assets of the Dynasty (which took the form of a hoard of jewels, gemstones etc) was worth an estimated $80 million in the early 20th century. From this annual income, the Emperor was required to maintain the costs of the Imperial Court, multiple residences, as well as the annual allowances which members of the Imperial Family were entitled to:

* $100,000 annually to each of the Grand Dukes;
* A dowry of $500,000 to each Grand Duchess upon her marriage;
* A settlement of $500,000 at birth to each Prince or Princess of the Imperial Blood (great-grandchildren in the male-line of each Emperor) which precluded these individuals from any further financial entitlement.<ref name="GrandDukeOnce"/>{{rp|158}}

Other sources suggest that the annuity paid to each Grand Duke was 280,000 roubles,<ref name="Bergamini1969p376">{{cite book
|last = Bergamini
|first = John D.
|title = The Tragic Dynasty: A History of the Romanovs
|publisher = G. P. Putnam's Sons
|location = New York
|year = 1969
|page = 376
|url = https://archive.org/details/tragicdynasty0000unse/page/376/mode/2up
|access-date = 2025-07-23
|isbn = 978-1-56852-160-2
}}</ref> whilst Grand Duchesses received an annuity of 50,000 roubles from birth, increased to 100,000 roubles in adulthood, and that a one-off 1,000,000 rouble payment was made to all Grand Duchesses ''and'' Grand Dukes when they married.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Russian Imperial Dowries
|work=Long Eaton Advertiser
|date=1908-05-29
|page=6
|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/long-eaton-advertiser-russian-imperial-d/144405531/
|access-date=2025-07-23
|via=Newspapers.com
}}</ref> Variations in the figures cited regarding the incomes of the Russian Imperial Family are likely further compounded by based changes in exchange rates during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; the approximate exchange rate of ₽2:$1 and ₽10:£1 in the late 19th century fell to ₽3:$1 and ₽15:£1 from 1914 to 1917.<ref name="Clarke2007-n10">{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=William M. |title=Romanoff Gold: The Lost Fortune of the Tsars |edition=1 |location=Stroud |publisher=Sutton Publishing |year=2007 |page=n10 |isbn=978-0-7509-4499-1 |oclc=1311044837 |url=https://archive.org/details/romanoffgoldlost0000clar |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="MeasuringWorth1886-1918">{{cite web |last=Officer |first=Lawrence H. |title=Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the Pound Sterling, 1791 to Present |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangepound/result.php |website=MeasuringWorth |access-date=25 July 2025 |others=Results generated for 1886–1918}}</ref>

Grand Duke Alexander also claimed that the oft-cited private fortune of £20,000,000 which the Tsars had invested in London Merchant Banks had been depleted during the First World War. This fortune, reportedly kept in London since the reign of Alexander II, ''"had been entirely spent to support the hospitals and various other charities patronized by the imperial family during the war (1915 - 1917)."''<ref name="GrandDukeOnce" />{{rp|155}}

Furthermore, he alleged that in 1914 an ''"overcareful Minister of the Imperial Court, acting against the orders of the Czar,"''<ref name="GrandDukeOnce" />{{rp|162}} had transferred the sums held from the annual allowances paid to Emperor Nicholas II's five children to Berlin, amounting to some 7,000,000 roubles; as a result, this part of the Romanov Family's wealth was lost in the rampant German currency inflation in the early 1920's.<ref name="GrandDukeOnce" />{{rp|162}}

Alternative figures regarding the payments which Nicholas II was required to make to the extended Imperial Family are listed in a number of contemporary sources; the 1912 edition of the ''Svod Zakonov'' (the Russian Empire’s official Digest of Laws) reprints the revised Statute on the Imperial Family which was approved on 2/14 July 1886. This defines who qualified for titles and how support was structured.<ref name="Svod-1912">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/svodzakonovrossi1416russ
|title=Свод законов Российской Империи, т. I, ч. II (Statute on the Imperial Family, revised 2/14 July 1886) |publisher=I.I. Zubkov |location=St Petersburg |date=1912–1913 |language=ru |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> The Brockhaus & Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890s), a standard Russian reference work, summarizes the administrative stipend scales then in force for imperial children and grandchildren.<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Великая княжна |encyclopedia=Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона |volume=Va |year=1892 |pages=750–751 |language=ru |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0
|access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="ESBE-VelikiyKnyaz">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Великий князь |encyclopedia=Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона |volume=Va |year=1892 |pages=754–756 |language=ru |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C
|access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> These sources are examined in Mikhail Dolbilov’s 2023 peer-reviewed study ''"Managing the Ruling House: Royals, Bureaucrats, and the Emergence of the 1886 Statute on the Imperial Family of the Russian Empire"'', which offers a detailed examination of the post-1886 financial provisions for the Imperial Family, with reference to the 1886 ''“Norms of financing” (RGIA)'' section.<ref name="Dolbilov-2023-719-720">{{cite journal |last=Dolbilov |first=Mikhail |title=Managing the Ruling House: Royals, Bureaucrats, and the Emergence of the 1886 Statute on the Imperial Family of the Russian Empire |journal=Rivista Storica Italiana |date=August 2023 |volume=CXXXV |issue=2 |pages=719–720 |language=en |url=https://www.academia.edu/108435563
|access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Dolbilov-2023-721-722">{{cite journal |last=Dolbilov |first=Mikhail |title=Managing the Ruling House: Royals, Bureaucrats, and the Emergence of the 1886 Statute on the Imperial Family of the Russian Empire |journal=Rivista Storica Italiana |date=August 2023 |volume=CXXXV |issue=2 |pages=721–722 |language=en |url=https://www.academia.edu/108435563
|access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> These sources provide the following data on the annuities and financial entitlements of the wider Romanov Family during the period from 1886 to 1917:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Financial Entitlements for Members of the Russian Imperial Family after 1886
! Rank of Family Member
! Financial Entitlement at Birth
! Financial Entitlement from Majority
! Financial Entitlement upon marriage
|-
! Sons of the Emperor (Grand Dukes)
| ₽33,000 per year prior to majority.<ref name="ESBE-VelikiyKnyaz" />
| Annuity increased to ₽150,000 per year; and granted a one-off lump sum of ₽1,000,000.<ref name="Dolbilov-2023-719-720" />
| Annuity increased to ₽200,000 per year, plus a separate ₽40,000 annuity granted to their wife, who also received one-time grants of ₽100,000 (from Emperor) and ₽50,000 (from husband). The widow of the son of an Emperor would continue to receive ₽40,000 annually (reduced to one-third of this amount if residing abroad during their widowhood, and ceasing to be paid if she remarried).<ref name="ESBE-VelikiyKnyaz" /><ref name="Dolbilov-2023-719-720" />
|-
! Daughters of the Emperor (Grand Duchesses)
| ₽33,000 per year to majority.<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" />
| Annuity increased to ₽50,000 per year until marriage.<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" />
| ₽50,000 annuity ceases, replaced by a Dowry lump-sum payment of ₽1,000,000 (held in Trust in Russia with income paid at 5%).<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" />
|-
! Male-line Grandsons of an Emperor (Grand Dukes)
| ₽15,000 per year to majority.<ref name="ESBE-VelikiyKnyaz" />
| Annuity increased to ₽150,000 per year; and granted a one-off lump-sum of ₽600,000.<ref name="Dolbilov-2023-719-720" />
| No increase in individual annuity, but a separate annuity of ₽20,000 was paid to their wife, who also would receive one-time grants of ₽100,000 (from Emperor) and ₽50,000 (from husband). The widow of the grandson of an Emperor would continue to receive ₽20,000 annually (reduced to one-third of this amount if residing abroad during their widowhood, and ceasing to be paid if she remarried).<ref name="ESBE-VelikiyKnyaz" /><ref name="Dolbilov-2023-719-720" />
|-
! Male-line Granddaughters of an Emperor (Grand Duchesses)
| ₽15,000 per year to majority.<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" />
| Annuity increased to ₽50,000 per year until marriage.<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" />
| ₽50,000 annuity ceases, replaced by a Dowry lump-sum payment of ₽1,000,000 (held in Trust in Russia with income paid at 5%).<ref name="ESBE-VelikayaKnyazhna" />
|}

== Documentaries and films ==
{{See also|List of films about the Romanovs}}
Several films about Nicholas II and his family have been made, including ''[[Nicholas and Alexandra]]'' (1971).

==See also==
{{Portal|Saints}}
* [[Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War]]
* [[Emperor railway station in Pushkin town]]

== Notes ==
* {{Note|dates|O.S./N.S.}}Over the course of Nicholas's life, two calendars were used: the [[Old Style]] [[Julian Calendar]] and the [[New Style]] [[Gregorian Calendar]]. Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1 February (O.S.) / 14 February (N.S.) 1918.
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clay |first=Catarine |title=King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War |date=2006 |publisher=Walker & Company |isbn=0-8027-1623-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Esthus |first=Raymond A. |date=1981 |title=Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War |journal=Russian Review |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=396–411 |doi=10.2307/129919 |issn=0036-0341 |jstor=129919}}
* {{Cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |author-link=Orlando Figes |title=A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924 |date=1998 |publisher=Penguin Books US |isbn=978-0-14-024364-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kenez |first=Peter |date=1999 |title=A History of the Soviet Union From the Beginning to the End |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-5213-1198-5 |page=7}}
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* {{Cite book |last=King |first=Greg |author-link=Greg King (author) |title=The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kowner |first=Rotem |author-link=Rotem Kowner |date=1998 |title=Nicholas II and the Japanese body: Images and decision-making on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War |journal=Psychohistory Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=211–252}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kowner |first=Rotem |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War |date=2006 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4927-3 |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Massie |first=Robert K. |author-link=Robert K. Massie |title=Nicholas and Alexandra |date=1967 |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=978-0-4403-6358-3 |location=London |ol=16693287M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Massie |first=Robert K. |author-link=Robert K. Massie |title=The Fate of the Romanovs: The Final Chapter |date=1995 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-3945-8048-7 |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pierre |first=Andre |date=1925 |title=Journal Intime de Nicholas II |location=Paris |publisher=Payot |page=45}}
* {{Cite book |last=Radzinsky |first=Edvard |author-link=Edvard Radzinsky |title=The Last Tsar |date=1992 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-3854-2371-7 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |author-link=Helen Rappaport |title=Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs |date=2009 |publisher=Windmill Books |isbn=978-0-0995-2009-2 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |title=The Race to save the Romanoffs |date=2018 |publisher=St Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-2501-5121-6 |location=New York |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Service (historian) |title=The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution |date=2018 |publisher=Pan Books |isbn=978-1-4472-9310-1 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tames |first=Richard |title=Last of the Tsars: The Life and Death of Nicholas and Alexandra |isbn=0-3300-2902-9 |ol=5079896M |date=1972 |publisher=Pan Books |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Warth |first=Robert D. |title=Before Rasputin: Piety and the Occult at the Court of Nicholas II |journal=Historian |volume=47 |issue=3 |date=1985|pages=323–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1985.tb00665.x }}
* {{Cite book |last=Warth |first=Robert D. |author-mask=2 |title=Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch |date=1997 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-2759-5832-9 |ol=660484M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Frances |title=The Imperial Tea Party: Family, Politics and Betrayal; The Ill-fated British and Russian Royal Alliance |date=2018 |publisher=Short Books |isbn=978-1-7807-2306-8 |location=London}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War}}
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*Antonov, Boris. ''Russian Czars'', St. Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers ({{ISBN|5-93893-109-6}})
* Baden, Michael M. ''Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation'', In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): ''Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition).'' Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174–183, Springfield, IL: 2006
* Emmerson, Charles. "The Future's Bright, the Future's Russian" ''History Today'' (2013) 63#10 pp 10–18. Optimism prevailed in 1913.
* {{Cite book |last=Lieven |first=Dominic |author-link=Dominic Lieven |title=Nicholas II, Emperor of all the Russias |publisher=Pimlico |date=1993 |location=London}}
* Maylunas, Andrei, and Sergei Mironenko, ''A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra'' 1999
* Multatuli, P. "Emperor Nicholas II and His Foreign Policy: Stages, Achievements and Results." ''International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations'' (2017) 63#3 pp 258–67
* [[Bernard Pares]], "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
* [[John Curtis Perry]] and [[Konstantin Pleshakov]], ''The Flight of the Romanovs''. 1999.
* [[Mark D. Steinberg]] and [[Vladimir M. Khrustalev]], ''The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
* [[Anthony Summers]] and [[Tom Mangold]],'' The File on the Czar''. 1976.
* Tereshchuk, Andrei V. "The Last Autocrat Reassessing Nicholas II" ''Russian Studies in History'' 50#4 (2012) pp. 3–6. {{doi|10.2753/RSH1061-1983500400}}
* Verner, Andrew M. ''The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution'' 1990
* Wade, Rex A. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917." ''Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography'' 9.1 (2016): 9–38.
{{Refend}}

=== Primary sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*''The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917''. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
*''Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie'' Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
*''Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917'' Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929
*''Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917''. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
*''The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna''. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
*''Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar''. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
*Paul Benckendorff, ''Last Days at Czarskoe Selo''. London: 1927
* [[Sophie Buxhoeveden]], ''The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography'' London: 1928
* {{Cite book |last=Gilliard |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre Gilliard |title=Thirteen Years at the Russian Court: A Personal Record of the Last Years and Death of the Tsar Nicholas II, and His Family |date=1921 |publisher=G. H. Doran |isbn=978-0-598-75546-9 |location=New York}}
*A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
* {{Cite journal |last1=Page |first1=Walter Hines |last2=Page |first2=Arthur Wilson |date=October 1904 |title=The Personality of the Czar: An Explanation, By A Russian Official of High Authority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYbNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5414 |journal=[[The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=VIII |pages=5414–30}}
* [[Anna Vyrubova]], ''Memories of the Russian Court'' London: 1923
*A. Yarmolinsky, editor, ''The Memoirs of Count Witte'' New York & Toronto: 1921 [https://archive.org/details/cu31924027031503 online]
*Sir [[George Buchanan]] (British Ambassador) ''My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories'' (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote|Nicholas II of Russia}}
{{EB1922 Poster|Nicholas II.}}
* [https://www.net-film.ru/en/found-page-1/?search=1900-1916qnicholas+ii Nicholas II and the Royal Family Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive]
* [http://www.normandythenandnow.com/cherbourg-torpedoes-and-a-tsar-in-the-playground/ Photos of the last visit of Tsar Nicholas and family to France, to Cherbourg 1909] from contemporary Magazine, Illustration
* [http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/nicholas.htm The Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918], EyeWitness to History.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nicholas_ii.shtml Brief Summary of Czar]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19981205154610/http://www.nicholasandalexandra.com/ Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition]}}
* [http://www.frozentears.org/ Frozentears.org] A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121026154641/http://www.freewebs.com/romanovsisters/romanovsisters.htm Romanov sisters]
* [http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/march3/romanov-33.html Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007161242/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/march3/romanov-33.html |date=7 October 2008}}
* [http://www.romanov-memorial.com/ Ipatiev House – Romanov Memorial] detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution
* {{In lang|ru}} [http://gatchino.com/literatura/sokolov_n_a/ The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322180049/http://gatchino.com/literatura/sokolov_n_a |date=22 March 2007}}, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanovs.
* {{In lang|ru}} [http://gatchina3000.ru/literatura/radzinski_e/ Nikolay II – Life and Death], Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as ''The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II''.
* {{In lang|ru}} [http://az.lib.ru/w/witte_s_j/text_0040.shtml Memoirs: The reign of Nicholas II 1–12] [http://az.lib.ru/w/witte_s_j/text_0050.shtml 13–33] [http://az.lib.ru/w/witte_s_j/text_0060.shtml 34–45] [http://az.lib.ru/w/witte_s_j/text_0070.shtml 46–52] (incomplete), [[Sergei Witte]]. It was originally published in 1922 in [[Berlin]]. No complete English translations are available yet.
* [http://www.pravmir.com/article_101.html New Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family]. A story of life, canonisation. Photoalbum.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208191424/http://www.kingandwilson.com/ Russian History Magazine] Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.
* [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Resurrecting-the-Czar.html Resurrecting the Czar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228015949/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Resurrecting-the-Czar.html |date=28 December 2013}} – November 2010 (''Smithsonian'' magazine)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180511150139/http://diaryrh.ru/historical-photos/the-coronation-of-nicholas-ii/ The coronation of Emperor Nicholas II. 26 (14, old style), may, 1896. Historical photos.]
* {{NPG name|name=Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia}}

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{{S-bef|rows=3|before=[[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Emperor of Russia]]|years=1 November 1894 – 15 March 1917}}
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{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Grand Duke of Finland]]|years=1 November 1894 – 15 March 1917}}
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{{S-end}}

{{Russian emperors}}
{{Russian grand dukes}}
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{{Russian Revolution 1917}}
{{Pretenders to the Russian throne since 1917}}
{{Murder of the Romanovs}}
{{Authority control}}

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Anarchism

2026-03-29T11:17:47Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: minor edit

{{Short description|Political philosophy and movement}}
{{Other uses|Anarchy|Anarchism (disambiguation)|Anarchist (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Anarchism sidebar}}
'''Anarchism''' is a [[political philosophy]] and [[Political movement|movement]] that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate [[authority]], [[coercion]], or [[Social hierarchy|hierarchy]], primarily targeting the [[state (polity)|state]] and [[capitalism]]. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with [[Stateless society|stateless societies]] and voluntary [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free associations]]. A historically [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] movement, anarchism is sometimes described as the [[libertarian]] wing of the [[socialist movement]] ([[libertarian socialism]]).

Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout [[history]], modern anarchism emerged from the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in [[Labour movement|workers' struggles]] for [[emancipation]]. [[#Schools of thought|Various anarchist schools of thought]] formed during this period. Anarchists have taken part in [[List of revolutions and rebellions|several revolutions]], most notably in the [[Paris Commune]], the [[Russian Civil War]] and the [[Spanish Civil War]], whose conclusion marked the end of the [[classical era of anarchism]]. In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent, growing in popularity and influence within [[anti-capitalist]], [[anti-war]] and [[anti-globalisation]] movements.

Anarchists employ a range of approaches to social change, often categorised as revolutionary or evolutionary, though the two frequently overlap and are reflected in a [[diversity of tactics]]. Evolutionary approaches generally favour gradual and often [[nonviolence|nonviolent]] change, while revolutionary approaches seek to destroy oppressive states and institutions. Many facets of [[human civilisation]] have been influenced by anarchist theory, critique, and [[Praxis (process)|praxis]].
{{Toc limit|3}}

== Etymology, terminology, and definition ==
{{Main|Definition of anarchism and libertarianism}}
{{See also|Glossary of anarchism}}
[[File:Proudhon jeune.jpg|thumb|[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] – the first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist{{Sfn|Kahn|2000}}<ref name = "Merriman"/><ref name = "Leier"/>]]
The [[Etymology|etymological]] origin of ''anarchism'' is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''anarkhia'' (ἀναρχία), meaning "without a ruler", composed of the [[prefix]] ''an-'' ("without") and the word ''arkhos'' ("leader" or "ruler"). The [[suffix]] ''[[-ism]]'' denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bates|1y=2017|1p=128|2a1=Long|2y=2013|2p=217}} ''Anarchism'' appears in English from 1642 as ''anarchisme'' and ''anarchy'' from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder.{{Sfnm|1a1=Merriam-Webster|1y=2019|1loc="Anarchism"|2a1=''Oxford English Dictionary''|2y=2005|2loc="Anarchism"|3a1=Sylvan|3y=2007|3p=260}} Various factions within the [[French Revolution]] labelled their opponents as ''anarchists'', although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists. Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as [[William Godwin]] (1756–1836) and [[Wilhelm Weitling]] (1808–1871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use ''anarchist'' or ''anarchism'' in describing themselves or their beliefs.{{Sfn|Joll|1964|pp=27–37}}{{Sfn|Carlson|1972|pp=22–23}}

The first [[List of political philosophers|political philosopher]] to call himself an ''anarchist'' ({{Langx|fr|link=no|anarchiste}}) was [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] (1809–1865),{{Sfn|Kahn|2000}}<ref name = "Merriman">Merriman, John M. (2009). ''How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siècle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror''. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 42. {{ISBN|9780300217933}}.</ref><ref name = "Leier">Leier, Mark (2006). ''Bakunin: The Creative Passion''. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 211. {{ISBN|9781583228944}}.</ref> marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century. Since the 1890s and beginning in France,{{Sfn|Nettlau|1996|p=162}} ''[[libertarianism]]'' has often been used as a synonym for anarchism;{{Sfn|Guérin|1970|loc="The Basic Ideas of Anarchism"}} its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States.{{Sfnm|1a1=Ward|1y=2004|1p=62|2a1=Goodway|2y=2006|2p=4|3a1=Skirda|3y=2002|3p=183|4a1=Fernández|4y=2009|4p=9}} Some usages of ''libertarianism'' refer to [[individualistic]] [[free-market]] philosophy only, and [[free-market anarchism]] in particular is termed ''libertarian anarchism''.{{Sfn|Morris|2002|p=61}}

While the term ''libertarian'' has been largely synonymous with anarchism,{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1992|1p=641|2a1=Cohn|2y=2009|2p=6}} its meaning has more recently been diluted by wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups,{{Sfn|Marshall|1992|p=641}} including both the [[New Left]] and [[libertarian Marxists]], who do not associate themselves with [[authoritarian socialists]] or a [[vanguard party]], and extreme [[cultural liberals]], who are primarily concerned with [[civil liberties]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1992|p=641}} Additionally, some anarchists use ''[[libertarian socialist]]''{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1992|1p=641|2a1=Cohn|2y=2009|2p=6|3a1=Levy|3a2=Adams|3y=2018|3p=104}} to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with [[socialism]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1992|p=641}} ''Anarchism'' is broadly used to describe the [[anti-authoritarian]] wing of the [[socialist movement]].{{Sfn|Levy|Adams|2018|p=104}}{{Refn|In ''Anarchism: From Theory to Practice'' (1970),{{Sfn|Guérin|1970|p=12}} anarchist historian [[Daniel Guérin]] described it as a synonym for [[libertarian socialism]], and wrote that anarchism "is really a synonym for socialism. The anarchist is primarily a socialist whose aim is to abolish the exploitation of man by man. Anarchism is only one of the streams of socialist thought, that stream whose main components are concern for liberty and haste to abolish the State."{{Sfn|Arvidsson|2017}} In his many works on anarchism, historian [[Noam Chomsky]] describes anarchism, alongside [[libertarian Marxism]], as the [[libertarian]] wing of [[socialism]].{{Sfn|Otero|1994|p=617}}|group=nb}} Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms which are [[State socialism|state-oriented]] or from above.{{Sfn|Osgood|1889|p=1}} Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials{{Sfn|Newman|2005|p=15}} and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two.{{Sfn|Morris|2015|p=64}} Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism,{{Sfn|Marshall|1992|p=641}} and being both liberal and socialist but more so.{{Sfn|Walter|2002|p=44}} Many scholars reject [[anarcho-capitalism]] as a misunderstanding of anarchist principles.{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1992|1pp=564–565|2a1=Jennings|2y=1993|2p=143|3a1=Gay|3a2=Gay|3y=1999|3p=15|4a1=Morris|4y=2008|4p=13|5a1=Johnson|5y=2008|5p=169|6a1=Franks|6y=2013|6pp=393–394}}{{Refn|[[Herbert L. Osgood]] claimed that anarchism is "the extreme antithesis" of [[authoritarian communism]] and [[state socialism]].{{Sfn|Osgood|1889|p=1}} [[Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|Peter Marshall]] states that "[i]n general anarchism is closer to socialism than liberalism. ... Anarchism finds itself largely in the socialist camp, but it also has outriders in liberalism. It cannot be reduced to socialism, and is best seen as a separate and distinctive doctrine."{{Sfn|Marshall|1992|p=641}} According to [[Jeremy Jennings]], "[i]t is hard not to conclude that these ideas", referring to [[anarcho-capitalism]], "are described as anarchist only on the basis of a misunderstanding of what anarchism is." Jennings adds that "anarchism does not stand for the untrammelled freedom of the individual (as the 'anarcho-capitalists' appear to believe) but, as we have already seen, for the extension of individuality and community."{{Sfn|Jennings|1999|p=147}} [[Nicolas Walter]] wrote that "anarchism does derive from liberalism and socialism both historically and ideologically. ... In a sense, anarchists always remain liberals and socialists, and whenever they reject what is good in either they betray anarchism itself. ... We are liberals but more so, and socialists but more so."{{Sfn|Walter|2002|p=44}} Michael Newman includes anarchism as one of many [[socialist traditions]], especially the more socialist-aligned tradition following Proudhon and [[Mikhail Bakunin]].{{Sfn|Newman|2005|p=15}} [[Brian Morris (anthropologist)|Brian Morris]] argues that it is "conceptually and historically misleading" to "create a dichotomy between socialism and anarchism."{{Sfn|Morris|2015|p=64}}|group=nb}}

While [[Anti-statism|opposition to the state]] is central to anarchist thought, defining ''anarchism'' is not an easy task for scholars, as there is much discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently.{{Sfn|Long|2013|p=217}}{{Refn|One common definition adopted by anarchists is that anarchism is a cluster of political philosophies opposing [[authority]] and [[hierarchical organisation]], including [[Anarchism and capitalism|capitalism]], [[Anarchism and nationalism|nationalism]], the [[State (polity)|state]], and all associated institutions, in the conduct of all [[human relations]] in favour of a society based on [[decentralisation]], [[freedom]], and [[voluntary association]]. Scholars highlight that this definition has the same shortcomings as the definition based on anti-authoritarianism (''[[a posteriori]]'' conclusion), anti-statism (anarchism is much more than that),{{Sfnm|1a1=McLaughlin|1y=2007|1p=166|2a1=Jun|2y=2009|2p=507|3a1=Franks|3y=2013|3pp=386–388}} and etymology (negation of rulers).{{Sfnm|1a1=McLaughlin|1y=2007|1pp=25–29|2a1=Long|2y=2013|2pp=217}}|group=nb}} Major definitional elements include the will for a non-coercive society, the rejection of the state apparatus, the belief that [[human nature]] allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive society, and a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy.{{Sfn|McLaughlin|2007|pp=25–26}}
[[File:Anarchy-symbol.svg|thumb|The '''anarchist symbol''', commonly known as the '''circle-A''', represents the core principles of anarchism, including '''individual freedom and anti-authoritarianism'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding The Meaning Behind The Anarchist Symbol: Breaking Down The Unconventional Ideals {{!}} ShunSpirit |url=https://shunspirit.com/article/anarchist-symbol-meaning |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=shunspirit.com}}</ref>]]

== History ==
{{Main|History of anarchism}}

=== Pre-modern era ===
[[File:Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Napoli, 1969) - BEIC 6353768.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Zeno of Citium]] ({{Circa|334|262 BC}}), whose ''[[Republic (Zeno)|Republic]]'' inspired [[Peter Kropotkin]]{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=70}}]]
The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in [[History of China#Ancient China|China]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]. In China, [[philosophical anarchism]] (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by [[Taoism|Taoist]] philosophers [[Zhuang Zhou]] and [[Laozi]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Coutinho|1y=2016|2a1=Marshall|2y=1993|2p=54}} Alongside [[Stoicism]], Taoism has been said to have had "significant anticipations" of anarchism.{{Sfn|Sylvan|2007|p=257}}

Anarchic attitudes were also articulated by [[Tragedy|tragedians]] and [[Philosophy|philosophers]] in Greece. [[Aeschylus]] and [[Sophocles]] used the myth of [[Antigone]] to illustrate the conflict between laws imposed by the state and personal [[autonomy]]. [[Socrates]] questioned [[Athens|Athenian]] authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual [[freedom of conscience]]. [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynics]] dismissed human law (''[[Nomos (sociology)|nomos]]'') and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (''[[physis]]''). [[Stoics]] were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state.{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=4, 66–73}}

In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements. These, and other [[Muslims|Muslim]] movements, later gave birth to [[Anarchism and religion|religious anarchism]]. In the [[Sasanian Empire]], [[Mazdak]] called for an [[egalitarian]] society and the [[abolition of monarchy]], only to be soon executed by Emperor [[Kavad I]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=86}} In [[Basra]], religious sects preached against the state.{{Sfn|Crone|2000|pp=3, 21–25}} In Europe, various religious sects developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies.{{Sfn|Nettlau|1996|p=8}}

Renewed interest in antiquity during the [[Renaissance]] and in private judgement during the [[Reformation]] restored elements of anti-authoritarian [[secularism]] in Europe, particularly in France.{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=108}} [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the [[List of revolutions and rebellions|revolutions of the 1790s and 1848]] all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.{{Sfn|Levy|Adams|2018|p=307}}

=== Modern era ===
[[File:Barricade18March1871 (more cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Paris Commune]], one of the earliest experiments of anarchism]]
During the [[French Revolution]], partisan groups such as the [[Enragés]] and the {{Lang|fr|[[sans-culottes]]}} saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments.{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=4}} The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 19th century: [[William Godwin]] espoused [[philosophical anarchism]] [[Anarchism in the United Kingdom|in England]], morally delegitimising the state, while [[Max Stirner]]'s thinking paved the way to [[Individualist anarchism|individualism]] and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]'s theory of [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] found fertile soil [[Anarchism in France|in France]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=4–5}} By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well-defined and a wave of then-unprecedented [[globalisation]] occurred from 1880 to 1914.{{Sfn|Levy|2011|pp=10–15}} This era of [[classical anarchism]] lasted until the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and is considered the golden age of anarchism.{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=4–5}}

[[File:Bakunin.png|thumb|upright|Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists.]]
Drawing from mutualism, [[Mikhail Bakunin]] founded [[collectivist anarchism]] and entered the [[International Workingmen's Association]], a class [[Working class|worker]] [[Trade union|union]] later known as the [[International Workingmen's Association|First International]] that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. The International became a significant political force, with [[Karl Marx]] being a leading figure and a member of its General Council. Bakunin's faction (the [[Jura Federation]]) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed [[state socialism]], advocating political [[abstentionism]] and small property holdings.{{Sfnm|1a1=Dodson|1y=2002|1p=312|2a1=Thomas|2y=1985|2p=187|3a1=Chaliand|3a2=Blin|3y=2007|3p=116}} After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the [[Marxists]] at the [[1872 Hague Congress]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1pp=334–336|2a1=Marshall|2y=1993|2p=24}} Anarchists were treated similarly in the [[Second International]], being ultimately expelled in 1896.{{Sfn|Levy|2011|p=12}} Bakunin predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the [[Dictatorship of the proletariat|new tyrants of workers]]. In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the [[St. Imier International]]. Under the influence of [[Peter Kropotkin]], a Russian philosopher and scientist, [[anarcho-communism]] overlapped with [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=5}} Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 [[Paris Commune]], advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods [[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|according to one's needs]].{{Sfn|Graham|2005|p=xii}}

During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary [[political violence]], known as [[propaganda of the deed]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=633–636}} The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many [[Communards]] to [[Penal colony|penal colonies]] following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts.{{Sfn|Anderson|2004}} Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to prevent [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchists immigrating to the US]], including the ''[[Immigration Act of 1903]]'', also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act.{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1993|1pp=633–636|2a1=Lutz|2a2=Ulmschneider|2y=2019|2p=46}} [[Illegalism]] was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period.{{Sfn|Bantman|2019|p=374}}

By the turn of the 20th century, the terrorist movement had died down, giving way to [[anarchist communism]] and [[syndicalism]], while anarchism had spread all over the world.{{Sfn|Moya|2015|p=327}}{{Sfn|Levy|2011|p=16}} In [[Anarchism in China|China]], small groups of students imported the [[Humanism|humanistic]] pro-science version of anarcho-communism.{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=519–521}} [[Anarchism in Japan|Tokyo]] was a hotspot for [[rebellion|rebellious]] youth from East Asian countries, who moved to the Japanese capital to study.{{Sfnm|1a1=Dirlik|1y=1991|1p=133|2a1=Ramnath|2y=2019|2pp=681–682}} In Latin America, [[Anarchism in Argentina|Argentina]] was a stronghold for [[anarcho-syndicalism]], where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology.{{Sfnm|1a1=Levy|1y=2011|1p=23|2a1=Laursen|2y=2019|2p=157|3a1=Marshall|3y=1993|3pp=504–508}} Anarchists were involved in the [[Strandzha Commune]] and [[Krusevo Republic]] established in [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] in [[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising]] of 1903, and in the [[Mexican Revolution]] of 1910. The [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|revolutionary wave of 1917–23]] saw varying degrees of active participation by anarchists.{{sfn|Marshall|1993|p=470}}

[[File:Makhno group.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nestor Makhno]] seen with members of the anarchist [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]]]]
Despite concerns, [[Anarchism in Russia|anarchists]] enthusiastically participated in the [[Russian Revolution]] in opposition to the [[White movement]], especially in the [[Makhnovshchina]]. Seeing the victories of the [[Bolsheviks]] in the [[October Revolution]] and the resulting [[Russian Civil War]], many workers and activists turned to [[Communist parties]], which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|General Confederation of Labour]] and the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] left their organisations and joined the [[Communist International]].{{Sfn|Nomad|1966|p=88}} However, anarchists met harsh suppression after the [[Bolshevik government]] had stabilised, including during the [[Kronstadt rebellion]].{{Sfn|Avrich|2006|p=204}} Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, before the Bolsheviks crushed the [[Anarchism in Ukraine|anarchist movement there]] too.{{Sfn|Avrich|2006|p=204}} With the anarchists being repressed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely [[platformism]] and [[synthesis anarchism]]. The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party.

In the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1936–39, anarchists and syndicalists ([[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] and [[Federación Anarquista Ibérica|FAI]]) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists. A long tradition of [[Spanish anarchism]] led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war, and particularly in the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]]. In response to the army [[rebellion]], an [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchist-inspired movement]] of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of [[Barcelona]] and of large areas of rural Spain, where they [[collectivised]] the land.{{Sfn|Bolloten|1984|p=1107}} The [[Soviet Union]] provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight between communists and other leftists in a series of events known as the [[May Days]], as [[Joseph Stalin]] asserted Soviet control of the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican]] government, ending in another defeat of anarchists at the hands of the communists.{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=xi, 466}}

==== Post-WWII ====
[[File:Rojava Sewing Cooperative.jpg|thumb|[[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava's]] support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative.]]
By the end of [[World War II]], the anarchist movement had been severely weakened.{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=xi}} The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of [[Marxism–Leninism]] and tensions built by the [[Cold War]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=539}} During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the [[Anti-nuclear movement|anti-nuclear]], [[Environmental movement|environmental]], and [[peace movement]]s, the [[counterculture of the 1960s]], and the [[New Left]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=xi, 539}} It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative [[anti-capitalist reform]]ism.{{Sfn|Levy|2011|pp=5|p=}} Anarchism became associated with [[punk subculture]] as exemplified by bands such as [[Crass]] and the [[Sex Pistols]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=493–494}} The established [[feminist]] tendencies of [[anarcha-feminism]] returned with vigour during the [[second wave of feminism]].{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=556–557}} [[Black anarchism]] began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a [[Eurocentric]] demographic.{{Sfn|Williams|2015|p=680}} This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.{{Sfn|Harmon|2011|p=70}}

[[File:Anarchists at WTO protest (14988709689).jpg|thumbnail|[[Black bloc]] organising during the [[Battle of Seattle]]]]
Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] and [[anti-globalisation]] movements.{{Sfn|Rupert|2006|p=66}} Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement,{{Sfn|Evren|2011|p=1}} whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation.{{Sfn|Evren|2011|p=2}} Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), the [[Group of Eight]] and the [[World Economic Forum]]. During the [[protest]]s, ''ad hoc'' [[Leaderless resistance|leaderless]] anonymous cadres known as [[black bloc]]s engaged in rioting, [[property destruction]] and [[Violence|violent]] confrontations with the police. Other organisational tactics pioneered at this time include [[affinity group]]s, [[security culture]] and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the [[1999 Seattle WTO conference]].{{Sfn|Rupert|2006|p=66}} As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signalled a revival of interest.{{Sfn|Evren|2011|p=2}} Contemporary news coverage of [[black bloc]] demonstrations emphasises violence committed by anarchists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2013 |title=Black Blocs hijack Brazil teacher protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-24453113 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |last2=Vallée |first2=Marc |date=1 April 2011 |title='Black bloc' anarchists behind anti-cuts rampage reject thuggery claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/apr/01/anarchists-anti-cuts-march |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2011 |title=Who are the Black Bloc and what are they trying to achieve? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-04-04/blocwilliams/45890 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

While having revolutionary aspirations, many contemporary forms of anarchism are not confrontational. Instead, they are trying to build an alternative way of [[social organisation]] (following the theories of [[dual power]]), based on [[Mutual aid|mutual interdependence]] and voluntary cooperation, for instance in groups such as [[Food Not Bombs]] and in [[self-managed social centers]].{{Sfn|Honeywell|2021|}}

Anarchism's publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as [[anthropology]] and [[Historian|history]] to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over [[Academy|academic]] theory.{{Sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=2010|1p=110|2a1=Evren|2y=2011|2p=1|3a1=Angelbeck|3a2=Grier|3y=2012|3p=549}} Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatistas]] in [[Anarchism in Mexico|Mexico]] and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]], a ''de facto'' [[Permanent autonomous zone|autonomous region]] in northern [[Anarchism in Syria|Syria]].{{Sfn|Ramnath|2019|p=691}}

== Schools of thought ==
Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, [[social anarchism]] and [[individualist anarchism]], owing to their different origins, [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]] and evolution.{{Sfnm|1a1=McLean|1a2=McMillan|1y=2003|1loc="Anarchism"|2a1=Ostergaard|2y=2003|2p=14|2loc="Anarchism"}} The individualist current emphasises [[negative liberty]] in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises [[positive liberty]] in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and [[social ownership]].{{Sfn|Harrison|Boyd|2003|p=251}} In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents ([[anarcha-feminism]], [[green anarchism]], and [[post-anarchism]]) developed thereafter.{{Sfn|Levy|Adams|2018|p=9}}

[[File:Black bloc at RNC running.jpg|thumb|Black bloc protesters parading anarcho-communism imagery such as the motto "[[No War but the Class War]]"]]
Anarchism's emphasis on [[anti-capitalism]], [[egalitarianism]], and for the extension of community and [[individual]]ity sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of [[economic libertarian]]ism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1992|1pp=564–565|2a1=Jennings|2y=1993|2p=143|3a1=Gay|3a2=Gay|3y=1999|3p=15|4a1=Morris|4y=2008|4p=13|5a1=Johnson|5y=2008|5p=169|6a1=Franks|6y=2013|6pp=393–394}} Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum, though many reject state authority from conservative principles, such as [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalists]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Brooks|1y=1994|1p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gHyUj9HFYBIC&pg=PP15 xi]|1ps=, "Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology".}} Much of its [[Anarchist economics|economics]] and [[Anarchist law|legal philosophy]] reflect [[anti-authoritarian]], [[anti-statist]], [[libertarian]], and [[Radical politics|radical]] interpretations of left-wing and [[socialist]] politics{{Sfn|Guérin|1970|p=12}} such as [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]], [[anarchist communism|communism]], [[Individualist anarchism|individualism]], [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]], and [[Anarcho-syndicalism|syndicalism]], among other [[libertarian socialist]] economic theories.{{Sfn|Guérin|1970|p=35|loc="Critique of authoritarian socialism"}}

As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of [[doctrine]] from a single particular [[worldview]],{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|pp=14–17}} many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely.{{Sfn|Sylvan|2007|p=262}} One reaction against [[sectarianism]] within the anarchist milieu was [[anarchism without adjectives]], a call for [[toleration]] and unity among anarchists first adopted by [[Fernando Tarrida del Mármol]] in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time.{{Sfn|Avrich|1996|p=6}} Despite separation, the various anarchist schools of thought are not seen as distinct entities but rather as tendencies that intermingle and are connected through a set of shared principles such as autonomy, [[mutual aid]], [[anti-authoritarianism]] and [[decentralisation]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1993|1pp=1–6|2a1=Angelbeck|2a2=Grier|2y=2012|2p=551}}

Beyond the specific factions of anarchist political movements which constitute political anarchism lies [[philosophical anarchism]], which holds that the state lacks [[Legitimacy (political)|moral legitimacy]], without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it.{{Sfn|Egoumenides|2014|p=2}} A component especially of individualist anarchism,{{Sfnm|1a1=Ostergaard|1y=2003|1p=12|2a1=Gabardi|2y=1986|2pp=300–302}} philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a [[minimal state]] but claims that citizens have no [[moral obligation]] to obey government when it conflicts with individual [[autonomy]].{{Sfn|Klosko|2005|p=4}} Philosophical currents as diverse as [[Objectivism]] and [[Kantianism]] have provided arguments drawn on in favour of philosophical anarchism, including [[Robert Paul Wolff|Wolff's]] defence of anarchism against formal methods for legitimating it.<ref name=sa>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=Thomas |date=Fall–Winter 2000 |title=Book Review: In Defense of Anarchism |journal=[[Social Anarchism (journal)|Social Anarchism]] |issue=27 |url=http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SA/en/display/348 |access-date=19 June 2008 }}</ref> Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy.{{Sfn|Franks|2019|p=549}} Belief in political [[nihilism]] has been espoused by anarchists.{{Sfn|Walter|2002|p=52}}

=== Classical ===
[[File:Portrait of Pierre Joseph Proudhon 1865.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] is the primary proponent of [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] and influenced many future [[Individualist anarchism|individualist anarchist]] and [[Social anarchism|social anarchist]] thinkers.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|pp=216–218}}]]
{{Main|Individualist anarchism|Mutualism (economic theory)|Collectivist anarchism|Anarchist communism|Anarcho-syndicalism}}

Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] and [[Individualist anarchism|individualism]]. They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism ([[Collectivist anarchism|collectivist]], [[anarchist communism|communist]] and [[Anarcho-syndicalism|syndicalist]]). They differ on [[organisational]] and economic aspects of their ideal society.{{Sfn|Levy|Adams|2018|p=2}}

Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Its aims include "abolishing the state",<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Desk Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Edmund |location=New York |pages=20–21}}</ref> [[Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)|reciprocity]], [[Free association (Marxism and anarchism)|free association]], voluntary contract, federation and [[monetary reform]] of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|pp=213–218}} Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1996|1p=6|2a1=Miller|2y=1991|2p=11}} In ''[[What Is Property?]]'' (1840), Proudhon first characterised his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property."{{Sfn|Pierson|2013|p=187}} Collectivist anarchism is a [[revolutionary socialist]] form of anarchism{{Sfn|Morris|1993|p=76}} commonly associated with [[Mikhail Bakunin]].{{Sfn|Shannon|2019|p=101}} Collectivist anarchists advocate [[collective ownership]] of the [[means of production]] which is theorised to be achieved through violent revolution{{Sfn|Avrich|1996|pp=3–4}} and that workers be paid according to time worked, rather than goods being distributed according to need as in communism. Collectivist anarchism arose alongside [[Marxism]] but rejected the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist [[stateless society]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Heywood|1y=2017|1pp=146–147|2a1=Bakunin|2y=1990}}

Anarcho-communism is a theory of anarchism that advocates a [[communist society]] with [[common ownership]] of the means of production,{{Sfn|Mayne|1999|p=131}} held by a [[federalism|federal]] network of [[voluntary association]]s,{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=327}} with production and consumption based on the guiding principle "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his need]]."{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1993|1p=327|2a1=Turcato|2y=2019|2pp=237–238}} Anarcho-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the [[French Revolution]]{{Sfn|Graham|2005}} but was first formulated as such in the [[Anarchism in Italy|Italian]] section of the [[First International]].{{Sfn|Pernicone|2009|pp=111–113}} It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of [[Peter Kropotkin]],{{Sfn|Turcato|2019|pp=239–244}} whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century.{{Sfn|Levy|2011|p=6}} Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views [[labour syndicate]]s as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers. The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are [[direct action]], workers' [[solidarity]] and [[workers' self-management]].{{Sfn|Van der Walt|2019|p=249}}

Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the [[individual]] and their [[Will (philosophy)|will]] over any kinds of external determinants.{{Sfn|Ryley|2019|p=225}} Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include [[William Godwin]], [[Max Stirner]], and [[Henry David Thoreau]]. Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals{{Sfn|Marshall|1993|p=440}} as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as [[illegalism]] and [[individual reclamation]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Imrie|1y=1994|2a1=Parry|2y=1987|2p=15}}

=== Post-classical and contemporary ===
{{Main|Contemporary anarchism}}

[[File:Jarach and Zerzan.JPG|thumb|Lawrence Jarach (left) and [[John Zerzan]] (right) are two prominent contemporary anarchist authors, with Zerzan being a prominent voice within [[anarcho-primitivism]] and Jarach a notable advocate of [[post-left anarchy]].]]
Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and [[syncretic|combining disparate concepts]] to create new philosophical approaches.{{Sfn|Williams|2007|p=303}}The anti-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent in contemporary currents.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=4}}

Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|pp=385–386}} While theorists and activists have established "relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple ''anarchisms'', rather than a singular ''anarchism'', in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritises those principles differently. [[Gender equality]] can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=386}}

Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely "all centralized and [[Hierarchical organization|hierarchical]] forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, [[Bolshevism]], [[feudalism]], [[slavery]], etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist Islam]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], etc.), [[patriarchy]], [[heterosexism]], [[white supremacy]], and [[imperialism]]."{{Sfn|Jun|2009|pp=507–508}} Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed.{{Sfn|Jun|2009|p=507}}

== Tactics ==
Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely, to first oppose [[the Establishment]] and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the [[Instrumental and intrinsic value|unity of means and ends]].{{Sfn|Williams|2019|pp=107–108}} A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive states and institutions by revolutionary means on one hand and aims to change society through evolutionary means on the other.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|pp=4–5}} Evolutionary tactics embrace [[nonviolence]] and take a gradual approach to anarchist aims, although there is significant overlap between the two.{{Sfn|Kinna|2019|p=125}}

Anarchist tactics have shifted during the course of the last century. Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a [[Diversity of tactics|broader array of approaches]].{{Sfn|Williams|2019|p=112}}

=== Classical era ===
[[File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg|thumb|right|The relationship between [[anarchism and violence]] is a controversial subject among anarchists as shown by anarchist [[Leon Czolgosz]] [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassinating]] [[William McKinley]].]]
During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as [[propaganda of the deed]]. Assassination attempts were carried out against [[Head of state|heads of state]], some of which were successful. Anarchists also took part in revolutions.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|pp=112–113}} Many anarchists, especially the [[Galleanists]], believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state.{{Sfn|Norris|2020|pp=7–8}} Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s.{{Sfnm|1a1=Levy|1y=2011|1p=13|2a1=Nesser|2y=2012|2p=62}} Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and of targeting and cataloguing by state institutions.{{Sfn|Harmon|2011|p=55}}

Anarchist perspectives towards violence have always been controversial.{{Sfn|Carter|1978|p=320}} [[Anarcho-pacifism|Anarcho-pacifists]] advocate for non-violence means to achieve their stateless, nonviolent ends.{{Sfn|Fiala|2017|loc=section 3.1}} Other anarchist groups advocate [[direct action]], a tactic which can include acts of [[sabotage]] or [[terrorism]]. This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a [[tyrant]] and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible.{{Sfn|Kinna|2019|pp=116–117}} [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Errico Malatesta]], who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a [[necessary evil]].{{Sfn|Carter|1978|pp=320–325}}

Anarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal [[syndicalism]], seeing it as [[reformist]]. They saw it as a part of the movement which sought to overthrow the state and capitalism.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|p=113}} Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda [[Anarchism and the arts|within the arts]], some of whom practised [[naturism]] and [[nudism]]. Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|p=114}}

[[Karl Marx]], considered to be one of the principal founders of [[Marxism]], criticised anarchism as the movement of the "[[petty bourgeois]]", i.e. of formerly self-employed craftsmen and artisans who had been ruined by capitalistic industrialisation or even war and then driven to factories; even so, they refused to subject themselves to factory discipline, party leadership, and State control, were prone to violence when frustrated, and advocated seizing factories only to break down mass production and return to craftsmanship.<ref>{{cite book|last= Meltzer|first= Albert|author-link= Albert Meltzer|year= 1996|orig-date= 1981|title= Anarchism: Arguments For and Against|url= https://files.libcom.org/files/Meltzer,%20Albert%20-%20Anarchism,%20Arguments%20for%20and%20Against.PDF|edition= second revised|pages= 7–8, 55–56}}</ref> [[Friedrich Engels]], who is considered Marxism's other principal founder, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian.{{Sfn|Tucker|1978}} A [[Socialist Workers Party (UK)|Socialist Workers Party]] pamphlet by [[John Molyneux (academic)|John Molyneux]], ''Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism'' argues that "anarchism cannot win", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas.{{Sfn|Dodds|2011}} Another Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values. According to this Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence. Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act. In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.{{Sfn|Baár|Falina|Janowski|Kopeček|2016|p=488}}

=== Revolutionary and insurrectionary ===
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In the current era, [[Anarchism in Italy|Italian anarchist]] [[Alfredo Bonanno]], a proponent of [[insurrectionary anarchism]], has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards. Both Bonanno and the French group [[The Invisible Committee]] advocate for small, informal affiliation groups, where each member is responsible for their own actions but works together to bring down oppression using [[sabotage]] and other violent means against state, capitalism, and other enemies. [[Tarnac Nine|Members of The Invisible Committee were arrested in 2008]] on various charges, terrorism included.{{Sfn|Kinna|2019|pp=134–135}}

Overall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors. They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as [[Anarchism in Canada|Canada]], [[Anarchism in Greece|Greece]], and [[Anarchism in Mexico|Mexico]]. Militant black bloc protest groups are known for clashing with the police;{{Sfn|Williams|2019|p=115}} however, anarchists not only clash with state operators, they also engage in the struggle against [[Fascism|fascists]], [[Racism|racists]], and [[Bigot|other bigots]], taking [[anti-fascist]] action and mobilising to prevent hate rallies from happening.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|p=117}}

=== Evolutionary ===
[[File:Free Soup For the Revolution.jpg|thumb|[[Food not Bombs]] poster with a [[circle A]] with text reading "Free Soup for the Revolution"]]
Anarchists commonly employ [[direct action]]. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as [[Intentional community|communes]] and non-hierarchical collectives.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|pp=4–5}} Decision-making is often handled in an anti-authoritarian way, with everyone having [[Group decision-making|equal say in each decision]], an approach known as [[horizontalidad|horizontalism]].{{Sfn|Williams|2019|pp=109–117}} Contemporary-era anarchists have been engaging with various [[grassroots]] movements that are more or less based on horizontalism, although not explicitly anarchist, respecting personal autonomy and participating in mass activism such as strikes and demonstrations. In contrast with the "big-A Anarchism" of the classical era, the newly coined term "small-a anarchism" signals their tendency not to base their thoughts and actions on classical-era anarchism or to refer to classical anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon to justify their opinions. Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience, which they will later theorise.{{Sfn|Kinna|2019|pp=145–149}}

The concept of [[prefigurative politics]] is enacted by many contemporary anarchist groups, striving to embody the principles, organisation and tactics of the changed social structure they hope to bring about. As part of this the decision-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|pp=109, 119}} Anarchists have employed various methods to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group. One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of [[facilitator]] to help achieve a [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point. Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values. Anarchists usually form small groups (5–20 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members. These kinds of groups more often than not interconnect with each other, forming larger networks. Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially [[Wildcat strike action|wildcat strikes]] as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|pp=119–121}}

As in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online to spread their message. Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|pp=118–119}} Anarchists were also involved in developing various software that are available for free. The way these [[Hacktivism|hacktivists]] work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from [[Mass surveillance|state surveillance]].{{Sfn|Williams|2019|pp=120–121}}

Anarchists organise themselves to [[Squatting|squat]] and reclaim [[public space]]s. During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called [[Temporary Autonomous Zone]]s (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and [[surrealism]] are blended to display the anarchist ideal.{{Sfnm|1a1=Kinna|1y=2019|1p=139|2a1=Mattern|2y=2019|2p=596|3a1=Williams|3y=2018|3pp=5–6}} As seen by anarchists, [[squatting]] is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action.{{Sfnm|1a1=Kinna|1y=2012|1p=250|2a1=Williams|2y=2019|2p=119}} Acquiring space enables anarchists to experiment with their ideas and build social bonds.{{Sfn|Williams|2019|p=122}} Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a [[carnivalesque]] atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity.{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=37–38}}

== Key issues ==


As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought, disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and [[Tactic (method)|tactics]] is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of [[definitional concerns in anarchist theory]]. The compatibility of [[Anarchism and capitalism|capitalism]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1993|1p=565|2a1=Honderich|2y=1995|2p=31|3a1=Meltzer|3y=2000|3p=50|4a1=Goodway|4y=2006|4p=4|5a1=Newman|5y=2010|5p=53}} [[Anarchism and nationalism|nationalism]], and [[Anarchism and religion|religion]] with anarchism is widely disputed, and anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as [[communism]], [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]], [[Marxism]], and [[trade unionism]]. Anarchists may be motivated by [[humanism]], [[God|divine authority]], [[enlightened self-interest]], [[Veganarchism|veganism]], or any number of alternative ethical doctrines. Phenomena such as [[civilisation]], technology (e.g. within anarcho-primitivism), and the [[Anarchism and statist democracy|democratic process]] may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others.{{Sfn|De George|2005|pp=31–32}}

=== The state ===
[[File:Fight the state, not wars.jpg|thumb|Anarchist protesters in [[Boston]] opposing state-waged war]]
Objection to the [[State (polity)|state]] and its institutions is a ''[[sine qua non]]'' of anarchism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Carter|1y=1971|1p=14|2a1=Jun|2y=2019|2pp=29–30}} The most minimal form of anarchist objection to the state is simply that political and social life would be better in a stateless society. However, many anarchists go further and consider the state to be a tool of domination, believing it to be not only suboptimal, but illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. For instance, instead of people being able to control their own lives, anarchists often accuse states of taking decisions only involving a small elite. Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption. Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the [[ruling class]] is distinct from the rest of society.{{Sfn|Jun|2019|pp=32–38}}

One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority.{{Sfn|Ferguson|1886}}{{primary source inline|date=May 2025}} [[Joseph Raz]] states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success.{{Sfn|Gans|1992|p=37}} Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction.{{Sfn|Gans|1992|p=38}} Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgement.{{Sfn|Gans|1992|pp=34, 38}} Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively.{{Sfn|Brinn|2020|p=206}} Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.{{Sfn|Lucy|2020|p=162}}

Specific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary. [[Robert Paul Wolff]] believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate. Bakunin saw the state as meaning "coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be." [[A. John Simmons]] and [[Leslie Green (philosopher)|Leslie Green]], who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely.{{Sfnm|1a1=Wendt|1y=2020|1p=2|2a1=Ashwood|2y=2018|2p=727}} Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ.{{Sfn|Ashwood|2018|p=735}}

A counterpoint of anarchism is the assertion that humans cannot [[Self-governance|self-govern]] and so a state is necessary for human survival; this critique was supported by Philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]], stating that "[p]eace and war, [[tariff]]s, regulations of [[Sanitation|sanitary]] conditions and the sale of noxious [[drug]]s, the preservation of a just system of distribution: these, among others, are functions which could hardly be performed in a community in which there was no central government."{{Sfn|Krimerman|Perry|1966|p=494}} Another common criticism of anarchism is that it fits a world of [[Isolationism|isolation]] in which only the small enough entities can be self-governing; a response would be that major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism.{{Sfn|Ward|2004|p=78}}

In [[Anarchy, State, and Utopia]], the philosopher [[Robert Nozick]] argued that a "[[night-watchman state]]", or minarchy, would emerge from anarchy through the process of an [[invisible hand]], in which people would exercise their liberty and buy protection from protection agencies, evolving into a minimal state.<ref name="Nozick 1974">{{cite book|title=Anarchy, State, and Utopia|last=Nozick|first=Robert|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|year=1974|isbn=978-0465097203|url=https://archive.org/details/anarchystateutop00nozi}}</ref> Anarchists reject these criticisms by arguing that humans in a [[state of nature]] would not just be in a state of war. [[Anarcho-primitivism|Anarcho-primitivists]] in particular argue that humans were better off in a state of nature in small tribes living close to the land, while anarchists in general argue that the negatives of state organisation, such as hierarchies, monopolies and inequality, outweigh the benefits.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fiala |first=Andrew |title=Anarchism |date=2021 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/anarchism |access-date=17 June 2023 |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Philosophy lecturer [[Andrew G. Fiala]] composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well. Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically. He says that this line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it. The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory as a ruling theory that has no ruling theory. Anarchism also calls for collective action while endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken. Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.{{Sfn|Fiala|2017|loc="4. Objections and Replies"}}

=== Gender, sexuality, and free love ===
{{Main|Anarchism and issues related to love and sex}}

As [[gender]] and [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles.{{Sfn|Nicholas|2019|p=603}}

[[File:AnarchaFeminism.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Collection of [[anarcha-feminist]] protests, symbols, and flags]]
Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing.{{Sfn|Lucy|2020|p=162}} Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as [[Benjamin Tucker]], who opposed [[age-of-consent laws]], believing they would benefit predatory men.{{Sfn|Lucy|2020|p=178}} A historical current that arose and flourished during 1890 and 1920 within anarchism was [[free love]]. In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support [[polyamory]], [[relationship anarchy]], and [[queer anarchism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Nicholas|1y=2019|1p=611|2a1=Jeppesen|2a2=Nazar|2y=2012|2pp=175–176}} Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men. The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure.{{Sfn|Jeppesen|Nazar|2012|pp=175–176}} Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travellers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together.{{Sfn|Jeppesen|Nazar|2012|p=177}} Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love.{{Sfn|Jeppesen|Nazar|2012|pp=175–177}} Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and [[Abortion-rights movement|pro-choice]] (using a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda. Anarchist and non-anarchist feminists differed on [[Women's suffrage|suffrage]] but were supportive of one another.{{Sfn|Kinna|2019|pp=166–167}}

During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the [[second wave of feminism]], radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well. By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, LGBT people, and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents.{{Sfn|Nicholas|2019|pp=609–611}} With the [[third wave of feminism]], sexual identity and [[compulsory heterosexuality]] became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a [[post-structuralist]] critique of [[Heteronormativity|sexual normality]].{{Sfn|Nicholas|2019|pp=610–611}} Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.{{Sfn|Nicholas|2019|pp=616–617}}

=== Education ===
{{Main|Anarchism and education}}

{|class="wikitable" style="border: none; float: right;"
|+ Anarchist vs. statist perspectives on education {{Small|Ruth Kinna (2019){{Sfn|Kinna|2019|p=97}}}}
|-
!scope="col"|
!scope="col"|Anarchist education
!scope="col"|State education
|-
|Concept || Education as self-mastery || Education as service
|-
|Management || Community based || State run
|-
|Methods || Practice-based learning || Vocational training
|-
|Aims || Being a critical member of society || Being a productive member of society
|}
The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism. Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Kinna|1y=2019|1pp=83–85|2a2=Suissa|2y=2019|2pp=514–515, 520}} Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (''[[Political Justice]]'') and Max Stirner ("[[The False Principle of Our Education]]") attacked both [[State school|state education]] and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.{{Sfnm|1a1=Suissa|1y=2019|1pp=514, 521|2a1=Kinna|2y=2019|2pp=83–86|3a1=Marshall|3y=1993|3p=222}}

In 1901, [[Catalonia|Catalan]] anarchist and free thinker [[Francisco Ferrer]] established the [[Escuela Moderna]] in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church.{{Sfn|Suissa|2019|pp=511–512}} Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process while giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance. Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster [[class consciousness]] among students. The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested. Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of [[Modern School (United States)|modern schools]] around the world.{{Sfn|Suissa|2019|pp=511–514}} [[Christian anarchism|Christian anarchist]] [[Leo Tolstoy]], who published the essay ''Education and Culture'', also established a similar school with its founding principle being that "for education to be effective it had to be free."{{Sfn|Suissa|2019|pp=517–518}} In a similar token, [[A. S. Neill]] founded what became the [[Summerhill School]] in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.{{Sfn|Suissa|2019|pp=518–519}}

Anarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes [[Manipulation (psychology)|manipulation]]. Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and [[social justice]] were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1980|1pp=3–33|2a1=Suissa|2y=2019|2pp=519–522}}

Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers ([[Paul Goodman]], [[Herbert Read]], and [[Colin Ward]]) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of [[State school|state education]], largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in [[consumerism]] as part of a consumer society.{{Sfn|Kinna|2019|pp=89–96}} Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate [[Economic inequality|socioeconomic inequality]].{{Sfn|Ward|1973|pp=39–48}}

While few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for [[Children's rights movement|child autonomy]] and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions. Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists' schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American-Canadian network of schools, the Self-Managed Learning College in [[Brighton|Brighton, England]], and the Paideia School in Spain.{{Sfn|Suissa|2019|pp=523–526}}

=== The arts ===
{{Main|Anarchism and the arts}}

[[File:Apple Harvest by Camille Pissarro.jpg|thumb|340px|''Les chataigniers a Osny'' (1888) by anarchist painter [[Camille Pissarro]] is a notable example of blending anarchism and the arts.{{Sfn|Antliff|1998|p=99}}]]
The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others.{{Sfn|Mattern|2019|p=592}} In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the [[New Apocalyptics]] and the [[neo-romanticism]] movement.{{Sfn|Gifford|2019|p=577}} In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as [[Punk subculture|punk]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=1993|1pp=493–494|2a1=Dunn|2y=2012|3a1=Evren|3a2=Kinna|3a3=Rouselle|3y=2013|p=138}} Anarchists such as [[Leo Tolstoy]] and [[Herbert Read]] stated that the border between the artist and the non-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.{{Sfn|Mattern|2019|pp=592–593}}

Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends.{{Sfn|Mattern|2019|p=593}} In his book ''Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas'', Chris Robé claims that "anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism."{{Sfn|Robé|2017|p=44}} Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists ([[Peter Kropotkin]], [[Emma Goldman]], [[Gustav Landauer]] and [[Camillo Berneri]]) and publications such as ''[[Anarchy (magazine)|Anarchy]]'' wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.{{Sfn|Miller|Dirlik|Rosemont|Augustyn|2019|p=1}}

Three overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists. It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests. As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect.{{Sfn|Mattern|2019|pp=593–596}} The 19th-century [[neo-impressionist]] movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism.{{Sfn|Antliff|1998|p=78}} In ''Les chataigniers a Osny'' by anarchist painter [[Camille Pissarro]], the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.{{Sfn|Antliff|1998|p=99}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Anarchism|Libertarianism|Politics
}}
* [[Outline of anarchism]]
* [[List of anarchist movements by region]]
* [[List of anarchist political ideologies]]
* [[List of books about anarchism]]
* [[List of films dealing with anarchism]]
* [[List of freedom indices]]
'''Anarchist communities'''
* [[List of stateless societies]]
* [[List of intentional communities]]
* [[List of self-managed social centers]]

== References ==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== General and cited sources ===
==== Primary sources ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bakunin |first=Mikhail |author-link=Mikhail Bakunin |title=Statism and Anarchy |title-link=Statism and Anarchy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-5213-6182-8 |editor-last=Shatz |editor-first=Marshall |series=Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought |location=Cambridge, England |translator-last=Shatz |translator-first=Marshall |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139168083 |lccn=89077393 |oclc=20826465 |orig-date=1873}}
{{Refend}}

==== Secondary sources ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Angelbeck |first1=Bill |last2=Grier |first2=Colin |date=2012 |title=Anarchism and the Archaeology of Anarchic Societies: Resistance to Centralization in the Coast Salish Region of the Pacific Northwest Coast |url=https://arcabc.ca/islandora/object/dc%3A312/datastream/PDF/view |url-status=live |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=547–587 |doi=10.1086/667621 |s2cid=142786065 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721142558/https://arcabc.ca/islandora/object/dc%3A312/datastream/PDF/view |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 June 2021 |s2cid-access=free |issn=0011-3204}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Antliff |first=Mark |date=1998 |title=Cubism, Futurism, Anarchism: The 'Aestheticism' of the "Action d'art" Group, 1906–1920 |journal=Oxford Art Journal |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=101–120 |doi=10.1093/oxartj/21.2.99 |jstor=1360616}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Benedict |author-link=Benedict Anderson |date=2004 |title=In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel |url=http://newleftreview.org/II/28/benedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel |journal=[[New Left Review]] |volume=2 |issue=28 |pages=85–129 |article-number=2519 |doi=10.64590/q8k |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219130121/http://newleftreview.org/II/28/benedict-anderson-in-the-world-shadow-of-bismarck-and-nobel |archive-date=19 December 2015 |access-date=7 January 2016 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arvidsson |first=Stefan |author-link=Stefan Arvidsson |title=The Style and Mythology of Socialism: Socialist Idealism, 1871–1914 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-3673-4880-9 |edition=1st |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ashwood |first=Loka |date=2018 |title=Rural Conservatism or Anarchism? The Pro-state, Stateless, and Anti-state Positions |journal=[[Rural Sociology]] |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=717–748 |doi=10.1111/ruso.12226 |s2cid=158802675}}
* {{Cite book |last=Avrich |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Avrich |title=[[Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-6910-4494-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Avrich |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Avrich |title=The Russian Anarchists |title-link=The Russian Anarchists |publisher=[[AK Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-9048-5948-2 |location=Stirling |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Avrich |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Avrich |title=[[The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=1980 |isbn=978-1-4008-5318-2 |pages=3–33 |oclc=489692159 |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Baár |first1=Monika |title=A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Long Nineteenth Century' |last2=Falina |first2=Maria |last3=Janowski |first3=Maciej |last4=Kopeček |first4=Michal |last5=Trencsényi |first5=Balázs Trencsényi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-1910-5695-6 |volume=I |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bantman |first=Constance |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=371–388 |chapter=The Era of Propaganda by the Deed |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bates |first=David |title=Political Ideologies |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-1987-2785-9 |editor-last=Wetherly |editor-first=Paul |chapter=Anarchism |access-date=28 February 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111304/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bolloten |first=Burnett |author-link=Burnett Bolloten |title=The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-8078-1906-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Brinn |first=Gearóid |date=2020 |title=Smashing the State Gently: Radical Realism and Realist Anarchism |journal=[[European Journal of Political Theory]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=206–227 |doi=10.1177/1474885119865975 |s2cid=202278143}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Frank H. |title=The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908) |publisher=Transaction Publishers |date=1994 |isbn=978-1-5600-0132-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carlson |first=Andrew R. |title=Anarchism in Germany; Vol. 1: The Early Movement |title-link=Anarchism in Germany (book) |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-8108-0484-5 |location=Metuchen, New Jersey}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carter |first=April |author-link=April Carter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mlWPgAACAAJ |title=The Political Theory of Anarchism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-4155-5593-7 |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214125/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mlWPgAACAAJ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=April |date=1978 |title=Anarchism and violence |journal=Nomos |publisher=American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy |volume=19 |pages=320–340 |jstor=24219053}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofterrori00grar |title=The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al-Quaeda |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-5202-4709-3 |editor-last=Chaliand |editor-first=Gerard |location=Berkeley; Los Angeles; London |oclc=634891265 |editor-last2=Blin |editor-first2=Arnaud |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |date=2009 |title=Anarchism |encyclopedia=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Oxford |last=Cohn |first=Jesse |editor-last=Ness |editor-first=Immanuel |editor-link=Immanuel Ness |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0039 |isbn=978-1-4051-9807-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Crone |first=Patricia |author-link=Patricia Crone |date=2000 |title=Ninth-Century Muslim Anarchists |url=https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Articles/Crone_Ninth_Century_Muslim_Anarchists.pdf |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |issue=167 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1093/past/167.1.3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828210845/https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Articles/Crone_Ninth_Century_Muslim_Anarchists.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dirlik |first=Arif |title=Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-5200-7297-8 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Dodds |first=Jonathan |date=October 2011 |title=Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism |url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/362/anarchism-marxist-criticism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111328/http://socialistreview.org.uk/362/anarchism-marxist-criticism |archive-date=18 February 2021 |access-date=31 July 2020 |magazine=Socialist Review}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dodson |first=Edward |title=The Discovery of First Principles |publisher=Authorhouse |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-5952-4912-1 |volume=2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Kevin |date=August 2012 |title=Anarcho-Punk and Resistance in Everyday Life |journal=Punk & Post-Punk |publisher=Intellect |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1386/punk.1.2.201_1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Egoumenides |first=Magda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qEMBAAAQBAJ |title=Philosophical Anarchism and Political Obligation |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4411-2445-6 |location=New York |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111334/https://books.google.com/books?id=4qEMBAAAQBAJ |archive-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Evren |first=Süreyyya |author-link=Süreyyya Evren |title=Post-Anarchism: A Reader |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7453-3086-0 |editor-last=Rousselle |editor-first=Duane |editor-link=Duane Rousselle |pages=1–19 |chapter=How New Anarchism Changed the World (of Opposition) after Seattle and Gave Birth to Post-Anarchism |editor-last2=Evren |editor-first2=Süreyyya |editor-link2=Süreyyya Evren}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Evren |first1=Süreyyya |author-link=Süreyyya Evren |title=Blasting the Canon |last2=Kinna |first2=Ruth |author-link2=Ruth Kinna |last3=Rouselle |first3=Duane |author-link3=Duane Rousselle |publisher=[[Punctum Books]] |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-6158-3862-5 |location=Santa Barbara, California}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ferguson |first=Francis L. |date=August 1886 |title=The Mistakes of Anarchism |journal=The North American Review |publisher=[[University of Northern Iowa]] |volume=143 |issue=357 |pages=204–206 |issn=0029-2397 |jstor=25101094}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fernández |first=Frank |title=Cuban Anarchism: The History of A Movement |publisher=Sharp Press |date=2009 |orig-date=2001}}
* {{Cite book |last=Franks |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Franks (philosopher) |title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies |date=August 2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |editor-last=Freeden |editor-first=Michael |pages=385–404 |chapter=Anarchism |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-958597-7 |editor-last2=Stears |editor-first2=Marc}}
* {{Cite book |last=Franks |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Franks (philosopher) |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=549–570 |chapter=Anarchism and Ethics |author-mask=2 |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gabardi |first=Wayne |date=1986 |title=Anarchism. By David Miller. (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1984. pp. 216 [book review]) |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=300–302 |doi=10.2307/1957102 |jstor=446800 |s2cid=151950709}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gans |first=Chaim |title=Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-5214-1450-0 |edition=reprint |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Kathlyn |title=Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy |last2=Gay |first2=Martin |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-8743-6982-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gifford |first=James |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |chapter=Literature and Anarchism |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodway |first=David |author-link=David Goodway |title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow]] |publisher=Liverpool Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-8463-1025-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Graham |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graham (historian) |title=Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism |publisher=[[Black Rose Books]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-5516-4250-5 |location=Montréal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Graham |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graham (historian) |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=325–342 |chapter=Anarchism and the First International |author-mask=2 |access-date=17 May 2020 |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001923/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-date=26 July 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guérin |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Guérin |url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/daniel-guerin-anarchism-from-theory-to-practice |title=Anarchism: From Theory to Practice |publisher=Monthly Review Press |date=1970 |isbn=978-0-8534-5128-0 |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714125723/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/daniel-guerin-anarchism-from-theory-to-practice |archive-date=14 July 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qrJCgAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Political Ideas and Movements |last2=Boyd |first2=Tony |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-7190-6151-6 |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308074910/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qrJCgAAQBAJ |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Harmon |first=Christopher C. |date=2011 |title=How Terrorist Groups End: Studies of the Twentieth Century |journal=Connections |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=51–104 |jstor=26310649}}
* {{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Heywood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy8hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-1376-0604-4 |edition=6th |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111410/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy8hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Honderich |first=Ted |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-1986-6132-0 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Honeywell |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzKOzQEACAAJ |title=Anarchism |publisher=Wiley |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-5095-2390-0 |series=Key Concepts in Political Theory |access-date=13 August 2022}}
* {{Cite news |last=Imrie |first=Doug |date=1994 |title=The Illegalists |url=http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908072801/http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm |archive-date=8 September 2015 |access-date=9 December 2010 |work=Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jennings |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Jennings |title=Contemporary Political Ideologies |publisher=Pinter |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-8618-7096-7 |editor-last=Eatwell |editor-first=Roger |editor-link=Roger Eatwell |location=London |pages=127–146 |chapter=Anarchism |editor-last2=Wright |editor-first2=Anthony}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jennings |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Jennings |title=Contemporary Political Ideologies |publisher=A & C Black |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-8264-5173-6 |editor-last=Eatwell |editor-first=Roger |editor-link=Roger Eatwell |edition=reprinted, 2nd |location=London |chapter=Anarchism |editor-last2=Wright |editor-first2=Anthony}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jeppesen |first1=Sandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ |title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism |last2=Nazar |first2=Holly |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2 |editor-last=Kinna |editor-first=Ruth |editor-link=Ruth Kinna |chapter=Genders and Sexualities in Anarchist Movements |access-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214158/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Charles |title=Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country? |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-6066-8 |editor-last=Long |editor-first=Roderick T. |pages=155–188 |chapter=Liberty, Equality, Solidarity Toward a Dialectical Anarchism |editor-last2=Machan |editor-first2=Tibor R. |editor-link2=Tibor Machan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Joll |first=James |author-link=James Joll |title=[[The Anarchists (book)|The Anarchists]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=1964 |oclc=65683373}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jun |first=Nathan |date=September 2009 |title=Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/JUNAPA-2 |journal=[[WorkingUSA]] |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=505–519 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x |issn=1089-7011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jun |first=Nathan |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=27–47 |chapter=The State |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kinna |first=Ruth |author-link=Ruth Kinna |title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-6289-2430-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kinna |first=Ruth |author-link=Ruth Kinna |title=[[The Government of No One: The Theory and Practice of Anarchism]] |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-2413-9655-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Klosko |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToHmfIj8d_gC |title=Political Obligations |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-1995-5104-0 |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124033632/https://books.google.com/books?id=ToHmfIj8d_gC |archive-date=24 November 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/patternsofanarch00krim |title=Patterns of Anarchy: A Collection of Writings on the Anarchist Tradition |date=1966 |publisher=Anchor Books |editor-last=Krimerman |editor-first=Leonard I. |location=Garden City, New York |language=en |editor-last2=Perry |editor-first2=Lewis}}
* {{Cite book |last=Laursen |first=Ole Birk |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=149–168 |chapter=Anti-Imperialism |access-date=17 May 2020 |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001923/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-date=26 July 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |date=8 May 2011 |title=Social Histories of Anarchism |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1353/jsr.2010.0003 |issn=1930-1197 |s2cid=144317650}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |date=2018 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3-3197-5619-6 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Long |first=Roderick T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7MzEHaJgKAC |title=The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-4158-7456-4 |editor-last=Gaud |editor-first=Gerald F. |access-date=28 February 2019 |editor-last2=D'Agostino |editor-first2=Fred |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809085833/https://books.google.com/books?id=z7MzEHaJgKAC |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lucy |first=Nicholas |title=The SAGE Handbook of Global Sexualities |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-5297-2194-2 |pages=160–183 |chapter=Anarchism and Sexuality |access-date=21 February 2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-t7KDwAAQBAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214344/https://books.google.com/books?id=-t7KDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lutz |first1=James M. |last2=Ulmschneider |first2=Georgia Wralstad |date=2019 |title=Civil Liberties, National Security and U.S. Courts in Times of Terrorism |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=43–57 |jstor=26853740}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946) |title=[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-0021-7855-6 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946) |title=Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism |publisher=PM Press |date=1993 |isbn=978-1-6048-6064-1 |location=Oakland, California |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mattern |first=Mark |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=589–602 |chapter=Anarchism and Art |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=Alan James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&q=Communist+anarchism+believes+in+collective+ownership&pg=PA131 |title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-2759-6151-0 |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013303/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&q=Communist+anarchism+believes+in+collective+ownership&pg=PA131 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=McLaughlin |first=Paul |title=Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-6196-2 |location=Aldershot}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morland |first=Dave |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etb2UFzCBv4C |title=Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-7190-6694-8 |editor-last=Purkis |editor-first=Jonathan |pages=23–38 |chapter=Anti-capitalism and poststructuralist anarchism |access-date=24 January 2020 |editor-last2=Bowen |editor-first2=James |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111517/https://books.google.com/books?id=etb2UFzCBv4C |archive-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Meltzer |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Meltzer |url=https://archive.org/details/anarchism00albe |title=Anarchism: Arguments For and Against |publisher=[[AK Press]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-1-8731-7657-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJXy5eCpPawC |title=Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom |publisher=[[Black Rose Books]] |date=1993 |isbn=978-1-8954-3166-7 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225175003/https://books.google.com/books?id=GJXy5eCpPawC |archive-date=25 February 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Brian |title=Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader |publisher=[[PM Press]] |others=Marshall, Peter |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-6048-6093-1 |edition=illustrated |location=Oakland |author-mask=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Christopher W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuyJ9Bw8w7QC |title=An Essay on the Modern State |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-5215-2407-0 |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214335/https://books.google.com/books?id=uuyJ9Bw8w7QC |archive-date=15 January 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moya |first=Jose C. |title=In Defiance of Boundaries: Anarchism in Latin American History |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]] |others=Kirwin R. Shaffer |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8130-5138-3 |editor-last=Laforcade |editor-first=Geoffroy de |chapter=Transference, culture, and critique The Circulation of Anarchist Ideas and Practices |access-date=6 March 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikt6AQAACAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809085903/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikt6AQAACAAJ |archive-date=9 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nesser |first=Petter |date=2012 |title=Research Note: Single Actor Terrorism: Scope, Characteristics and Explanations |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=61–73 |jstor=26296894}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nettlau |first=Max |author-link=Max Nettlau |title=[[A Short History of Anarchism]] |publisher=Freedom Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-9003-8489-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Michael |title=Socialism: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-1928-0431-0 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Saul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA43 |title=The Politics of Postanarchism |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-7486-3495-8 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103005542/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA43 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nicholas |first=Lucy |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |chapter=Gender and Sexuality |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Jesse J. |date=2020 |title=Idiosyncratic Terrorism: Disaggregating an Undertheorized Concept |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=14 |issue=3 |issn=2334-3745 |jstor=26918296s}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nomad |first=Max |title=Revolutionary Internationals 1864–1943 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |date=1966 |isbn=978-0-8047-0293-5 |editor-last=Drachkovitch |editor-first=Milorad M. |page=88 |chapter=The Anarchist Tradition}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Osgood |first=Herbert L. |date=March 1889 |title=Scientific Anarchism |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |publisher=The Academy of Political Science |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.2307/2139424 |jstor=2139424}}
* {{Cite book |last=Otero |first=Carlos Peregrín |title=Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-4150-1005-4 |volume=2–3 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parry |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/bonnotgang0000parr |title=The Bonnot Gang |publisher=Rebel Press |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-9460-6104-4 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pernicone |first=Nunzio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ttgjwEACAAJ |title=Italian Anarchism, 1864–1892 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-6916-3268-1 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819161516/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ttgjwEACAAJ |archive-date=19 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pierson |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jvKDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |title=Just Property: Enlightenment, Revolution, and History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-1996-7329-2 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316125550/https://books.google.com/books?id=7jvKDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramnath |first=Maia |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism |access-date=17 May 2020 |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001923/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-date=26 July 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robé |first=Chris |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336710855 |title=Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas |publisher=[[PM Press]] |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-6296-3233-9 |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221022844/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336710855_Breaking_the_Spell_A_History_of_Anarchist_Filmmakers_Videotape_Guerrillas_and_Digital_Ninjas |archive-date=21 February 2022 |url-status=live |via=ResearchGate}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rupert |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationint00rupe |title=Globalization and International Political Economy |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-7425-2943-4 |location=Lanham}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ryley |first=Peter |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=225–236 |chapter=Individualism |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shannon |first=Deric |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=91–106 |chapter=Anti-Capitalism and Libertarian Political Economy |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Skirda |first=Alexandre |title=Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization From Proudhon to May 1968 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-9025-9319-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sylvan |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Sylvan |title=A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy |date=2007 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4051-3653-2 |editor-last=Goodin |editor-first=Robert E. |editor-link=Robert E. Goodin |edition=2nd |series=Blackwell Companions to Philosophy |volume=5 |chapter=Anarchism |editor-last2=Pettit |editor-first2=Philip |editor-link2=Philip Pettit |editor-last3=Pogge |editor-first3=Thomas |editor-link3=Thomas Pogge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Suissa |first=Judith |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |chapter=Anarchist Education |access-date=17 May 2020 |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001923/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRyQswEACAAJ |archive-date=26 July 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Thomas (Marx scholar) |title=[[Karl Marx and the Anarchists]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-7102-0685-5 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Marx-Engels Reader |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |date=1978 |isbn=0-3930-5684-8 |editor-last=Tucker |editor-first=Robert C. |edition=2nd |location=New York |oclc=3415145}}
* {{Cite book |last=Turcato |first=Davide |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |chapter=Anarchist Communism |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Van der Walt |first=Lucien |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |pages=249–264 |chapter=Syndicalism |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Ward |date=1973 |title=The Role of the State |journal=Education Without Schools |pages=39–48}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkgSDAAAQBAJ |title=Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-1928-0477-8 |location=Oxford |author-mask=2 |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304153805/https://books.google.com/books?id=nkgSDAAAQBAJ |archive-date=4 March 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walter |first=Nicholas |title=About Anarchism |publisher=Freedom Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-9003-8490-5 |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wendt |first=Fabian |date=2020 |title=Against Philosophical Anarchism |journal=Law and Philosophy |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=527–544 |doi=10.1007/s10982-020-09377-4 |s2cid=213742949}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilbur |first=Shawn |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |chapter=Mutualism |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Dana M. |date=2015 |title=Black Panther Radical Factionalization and the Development of Black Anarchism |journal=[[Journal of Black Studies]] |location=Thousand Oaks |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=678–703 |doi=10.1177/0021934715593053 |jstor=24572914 |s2cid=145663405}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Dana M. |author-mask=2 |date=2018 |title=Contemporary Anarchist and Anarchistic Movements |journal=Sociology Compass |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |article-number=e12582 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12582 |issn=1751-9020}}
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Dana M. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Carl |editor-link=Carl Levy (political scientist) |chapter=Tactics: Conceptions of Social Change, Revolution, and Anarchist Organisation |author-mask=2 |editor-last2=Adams |editor-first2=Matthew S.}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Leonard |date=September 2007 |title=Anarchism Revived |journal=[[New Political Science]] |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=297–312 |doi=10.1080/07393140701510160 |issn=0739-3148 |s2cid=220354272}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Leonard |author-mask=2 |date=2010 |title=Hakim Bey and Ontological Anarchism |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |location=East Lansing |publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=109–137 |doi=10.1353/jsr.2010.0009 |jstor=41887660 |s2cid=143304524}}
{{Refend}}

==== Tertiary sources ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite web |last=Coutinho |first=Steve |date=3 March 2016 |title=Zhuangzi |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/zhuangzi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175106/http://www.iep.utm.edu/zhuangzi |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=5 March 2019 |publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=De George |first=Richard T. |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-1992-6479-7 |editor-last=Honderich |editor-first=Ted |editor-link=Ted Honderich}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |date=2017 |title=Anarchism |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism |access-date=12 March 2019 |last=Fiala |first=Andrew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828210847/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism |archive-date=28 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |date=2019 |title=Anarchism In The Arts |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism/Anarchism-in-the-arts#info-article-contributors |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128002441/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarchism/Anarchism-in-the-arts#info-article-contributors |archive-date=28 November 2020 |last2=Dirlik |first2=Arif |last3=Rosemont |first3=Franklin |last4=Augustyn |first4=Adam |last5=Duignan |first5=Brian |last6=Lotha |first6=Gloria |last1=Miller |first1=Martin A. |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |date=2008 |title=Anarcho-capitalism |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; [[Cato Institute]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT51 |access-date=2 September 2020 |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=13–14 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n8 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=191924853 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111721/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT51 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |last1=Morris |first1=Andrew |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McLean |first1=Iain |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordconcisedic00iain |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics |last2=McMillan |first2=Alistair |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-1928-0276-7 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Definition of Anarchism |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anarchism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218111728/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anarchism |archive-date=18 February 2021 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en |ref={{Sfnref|Merriam-Webster|2019}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIZfQTd3nSMC |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-6311-7944-3 |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=NIZfQTd3nSMC |archive-date=18 August 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |date=2003 |title=Anarchism |encyclopedia=The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, Massachusetts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJmdpqJwkwwC&pg=PA12 |access-date=15 August 2020 |last=Ostergaard |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Ostergaard |editor-last=Outhwaite |editor-first=William |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-6312-2164-7 |oclc=49704935 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418004719/https://books.google.com/books?id=JJmdpqJwkwwC&pg=PA12 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |date=September 2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=3rd |chapter=Anarchy |ref={{Harvid|Oxford English Dictionary|2005}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Avrich |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Avrich |title=[[Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America]] |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-6910-3412-6 |location=Princeton |language=English }}
* {{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=Harold B. |author-link=Harold Barclay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrFHQgAACAAJ |title=People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy |publisher=Kahn & Averill |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-9393-0609-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Zoe |author-link=Zoe Baker |title=Means and Ends: The Revolutionary Practice of Anarchism in Europe and the United States |publisher=[[AK Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-8493-5498-1 |oclc=1345217229 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |author-link=Noam Chomsky |title=Chomsky on Anarchism |publisher=[[AK Press]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-9048-5926-0 |editor-last=Pateman |editor-first=Barry |location=Oakland}}
* {{Cite book |last=Edmundson |first=William A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_gClKUbJyYC |title=Three Anarchical Fallacies: An Essay on Political Authority |date=2007 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-5210-3751-8}} Criticism of philosophical anarchism.
* {{Cite book |last=Esenwein |first=George |title=Anarchist Ideology and the Working-Class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898 |publisher=University of California Press |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-5200-6398-3 |location=Berkeley}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harper |first=Clifford |author-link=Clifford Harper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W63aAAAAMAAJ |title=Anarchy: A Graphic Guide |publisher=Camden Press |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-9484-9122-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Huemer |first=Michael |title=The Problem of Political Authority: An Examination of the Right to Coerce and the Duty to Obey |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-1372-8164-7 |location=London |page=137}} A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims."
* {{Cite news |last=Kahn |first=Joseph |date=5 August 2000 |title=Anarchism, the Creed That Won't Stay Dead; The Spread of World Capitalism Resurrects a Long-Dormant Movement |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/05/arts/anarchism-creed-that-won-t-stay-dead-spread-world-capitalism-resurrects-long.html |url-access=subscription |page=B9 |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kinna |first=Ruth |author-link=Ruth Kinna |title=Anarchism: A Beginners Guide |publisher=Oneworld |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-8516-8370-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Le Guin |first=Ursula K. |author-link=Ursula K. Le Guin |title=The Dispossessed |title-link=The Dispossessed |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |date=2009}} Anarchistic popular fiction novel.
* {{Cite book |last=Sartwell |first=Crispin |author-link=Crispin Sartwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk-aaMVGKO0C |title=Against the State: An Introduction to Anarchist Political Theory |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-7914-7447-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scott |first=James C. |author-link=James C. Scott |title=Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play |title-link=Two Cheers for Anarchism |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-6911-5529-6 |location=Princeton, New Jersey}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Suissa |first=Judith |date=1 July 2019b |title=Education and Non-domination: Reflections from the Radical Tradition |journal=Studies in Philosophy and Education |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=359–375 |doi=10.1007/s11217-019-09662-3 |s2cid=151210357 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Robert Paul |author-link=Robert Paul Wolff |title=In Defense of Anarchism |title-link=In Defense of Anarchism |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-5202-1573-3}} An argument for philosophical anarchism.
* {{Cite journal |last=Woodcock |first=George |author-link=George Woodcock |date=January 1962 |title=Anarchism in Spain |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/anarchism-spain |journal=[[History Today]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–32 |access-date=14 October 2020}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Carl |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |last2=Adams |first2=Matthew S. |date=2019 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3-3197-5620-2 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2 |s2cid=149333615}}
{{refend}}

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Marathahalli metro station

2026-03-25T18:47:05Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: stub!

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Marathahalli
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Marathahalli metro station (Mar '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station as of March 2025 under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = NH 44, Ashwath Nagar, Marathahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560037
| coordinates = {{coord|12.95824|77.70127|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Kodibeesanahalli|to-left1=Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=ISRO|to-right1=Krishnarajapura or KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Marathahalli''' is an important upcoming elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This metro station serves mainly the [[Marathahalli]] suburban area and als [[WeWork]], a coworking space company in South Bengaluru and the main '''Marathahalli Bridge''' that connects [[Kundalahalli]] area and [[HAL Aerospace Museum]] along with the [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]] which leads towards [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]] in the north and [[Silk Board junction|Silk Board]] in the south. This metro station is slated to become operational ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Marathahalli metro station, part of the 8.377 km Reach 2A – Package 2 (Kodibeesanahalli - Krishnarajapura) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, Shankaranarayana Constructions '''(SNC)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Marathahalli track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|ISRO}} **
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kodibeesanahalli}} **
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Kodibeesanahalli}}
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} ** '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|ISRO}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |''''' ** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Rohini (nakshatra)

2026-03-24T08:49:06Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: adding a entry w/ infobox!

{{other uses|Rohini (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the consort of Chandra|Vasudeva's wife| Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Krishna's wife|Rohini (Krishna's wife)}}
{{short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{Infobox deity
| name = Rohini
| consort = [[Chandra]]
| children = [[Varchas]]
| image = ChandraRohini.jpg
| type = Hindu
| caption = Chandra and Rohini
| deity_of = A Nakshatra Goddess The Personification of [[Aldebaran]]
| abode = Chandraloka
| affiliation = [[Devi]]
| father = [[Daksha]]
| mother = [[Asikni (goddess)| Asikni]]
}}
'''Rohini''' is the [[God and gender in Hinduism|goddess]] of stars in [[Hinduism]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Prithvi Kumar |title=Goddesses in Ancient India |date=1983 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-184-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BmDIbNuD0gC&q=rohini+goddess&pg=PA106 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202063156/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BmDIbNuD0gC&q=rohini+goddess&pg=PA106 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the favorite consort of [[Chandra]], the moon god. She is one of the 27 [[List of Daksha's daughters|daughters]] of the [[prajapati]] [[Daksha]] and his wife [[Asikni (goddess)|Asikni]]. As "the red goddess" (also known as '''Rohini Devi'''), she is the personification of the orange-red star [[Aldebaran]], the brightest star in the [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] constellation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=Saket|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYG3DwAAQBAJ&q=aldebaran+Rohini&pg=PT21|title=Understanding The Nakshatras: Soul of Astrology is Nakshatras|date=2019-10-19|publisher=Saket Shah|language=en|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-date=2023-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202063136/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYG3DwAAQBAJ&q=aldebaran+Rohini&pg=PT21|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In Hinduism ==
In [[Hindu]], 27 [[List of Daksha's daughters|daughters of Daksha]] and Asikni were married to Chandra.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

Chandra spent most of his time with Rohini, which enraged his other wives, who subsequently complained about this to their father. Seeing his daughters unhappy, Daksha cursed Chandra with leprosy and proclaimed that the Moon would wax and wane each month.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=Charles Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEJUEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chandra+Daksha&pg=PA437 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |last2=Turner |first2=Patricia |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9179-7 |pages=437 |language=en}}</ref>

Rohini, along with her sisters [[Kṛttikā]] and [[Revati (nakshatra)|Revati]], are often described as deified beings and "mothers".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jessalyn |first1=Blossom Meghan |title=Rohini (Nakshatra) |date=2012 |publisher=Sess Press |isbn=978-613-8-62464-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtyeuAAACAAJ&q=rohini+nakshatra |language=en |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202063154/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtyeuAAACAAJ&q=rohini+nakshatra |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In Indian astronomy==
In [[Indian astronomy]], the fourth of the 27 [[nakshatra]]s ([[lunar station]]s) is named Rohini. It is an asterism of six stars corresponding to the [[Hyades (star cluster)|Hyades]], with the brightest star being [[Aldebaran]]. Rohini literally means "red", referring specifically to the reddish star Aldebaran.<ref name=ASE>{{cite web |title=Rohiṇī (रोहिणी) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Rohini |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> The lunar station Rohini spans from 10° 0' to 23° 20' in [[Vṛṣabha]] constellation ([[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]).{{cn|date=July 2023}}

==In Indian astrology==
In [[Hindu astrology|Indian astrology]], also known as Jyotisha, Rohini is the fourth<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohini Nakshatra in Vedic Astrology |url=https://vedicgrace.com/articles/rohini-nakshatra-vedic-astrology/ |website=Vedicgrace.com |date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
lunar station or ''nakshatra'' of the zodiac, ruled by the Moon. Lord [[Krishna]]'s birth star is Rohini and it is believed there exists a significance in his choice to be born under the influence of this star.<ref> {{cite web |title=The Divine Influences of Rohini Nakshatra and Lord Krishna |url=https://storiesofgods.com/rohini-nakshatra-and-lord-krishna/}}</ref>

==Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism==
Rohini is known as '''Gorakak Devi''' ({{langx|km|គោរាគៈទេវី}}) in Cambodia; she is the wife of Chandra in Hinduism, a tradition passed down from the [[Khmer Empire]], and the protective goddess of Monday. She is worshipped during the [[Cambodian New Year]] if the first day of the year falls on a Monday according to the Cambodian calendar ({{langx|km|ពិធីផ្ទេរតំណែងទេវតាឆ្នាំថ្មី}}), as she is believed to descend from heaven to care for the people of this land for one year until the following New Year.

Gorakak Devi's appearance is influenced by Cambodian culture, including [[Buddhism in Cambodia|local Buddhist imagery]]. Her [[vāhana]] (mount) is a [[tiger]]. She has only two hands, carries a [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] and [[Royal Staff]], and her clothes are yellow.<ref> Min Saes (Braḥ Mahā.) (1942) [https://www.worldcat.org/title/Brahmacariyakatha/oclc/23580153 Brahma Chariyakathā], Bibliothèque Royale, Publisher: Royal Library of Cambodia p.185 </ref><ref> Astrologer Nhim Pen (1947) [https://books.google.com/books/about/Prakratidin_kambuj%C4%81.html?id=yODnAAAAMAAJ Cambodia Calendar], Contributor: William J. Gedney, Publisher: Association Sutharot, Original from the University of Michigan p.118 </ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Hindu deities and texts}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohini (Nakshatra)}}
[[Category:Hindu astrology]]
[[Category:Daughters of Daksha]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Aldebaran]]

Agroha Dham

2026-03-23T13:32:08Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Stub

{{about|the Hindu temple complex in Agroha|other uses|Agroha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Agroha Dham
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|29|19|54|N|75|37|31|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
|native_name = Agroha Dham
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]]
|location = [[Agroha (town)]]
|elevation_m =
|deity = [[Mahalakshmi]]
|festivals = Agroha Maha Kumbh
|architecture = [[Vastu Shastra]]
|temple_quantity = 3
|monument_quantity = 1
|inscriptions =
|established = 1984
|year_completed = 1984
|creator = Tilak Raj Aggarwal
|temple_board = Agroha Vikas Trust
|website = http://www.agroha.com/
}}
[[File:Agroha Dhaam Hindu Temple.jpg|alt=The entrance to the Agroha Dham Hindu temple.|thumb|The entrance to the Agroha Dhaam [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]].|305x305px]]'''Agroha''' is a [[Hindu temple]] complex in [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]] city of [[Hisar District]] of [[Haryana, India|Haryana]] state of [[India]]. Construction started in 1976 and was completed in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agroha.com/introduction.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113145803/http://www.agroha.com/introduction.html |archive-date=2007-11-13 |title=agroha-introduction|date=13 November 2007}}</ref> The main temple is dedicated to the [[Hindu goddess]] [[Mahalakshmi]]. The temple complex is located adjacent to the [[Agroha Mound]] and near [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha|Maharaja Agrasen Medical College]].

==History==

Agroha is the historical place where the [[Agrawal]] community originated in antiquity. in 1194, Agroha was captured by [[Muhammad of Ghor|Ghori]] and the settlement at Agroha declined, and people settled in nearby Hansi, Hissar, Delhi and places further away. Agroha became desolate.<ref>Agrawal Jati ka Vikas, Parmeshwari Lal Gupt, Kashi Paper Stores, 1942, p.180</ref> in 1907, an ascetic Brahmananda Brahmachari arrive an Agroha.<ref>Shri Vishnu Agrsen Purana, Saksena Printing works, 1925, p. 5</ref> He organized a group named Agrawal Darbar in 1908 by inspiring the Agrawal community representatives (Panchayat). A gaushala, a shiva temple, and 18 sati shrines were established. Marwari Agrawals of Calcutta such as [[Tarachand Ghanshyamdas]] supported the project.

The decision to construct the modern temple was made at the convention of All India Aggarwal Representatives in 1976. The trust was established for this purpose under Shri Krishna Modi and Rameshwar Das Gupta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agroha.com/agrdham.htm|title=None|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref> The land was donated to the trust by [[Laxmi Narayan Gupta|Laxmi Narain Gupta]] and construction was started under the supervision of Tilak Raj Aggarwal. The construction of the main temple was completed in 1984 while construction of other features started in 1985 under Subhash Goel.<ref name="auto"/>

==Agroha Vikas Trust==
''Agroha Vikas Trust'' is the temple board responsible for the building and maintenance of the temple complex. It was founded in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agroha.com/vikastrust.htm|title=None|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref>

==The temple complex==
[[File:HANUMAN TEPLE AGROHA HISAR HARYANA.jpg|thumb|Hanuman temple]]
[[File:Sheela Mata Temple Agroha.jpg|thumb|Sheela Mata Temple Agroha]]

===Main temple with 3 wings===
{{anchor | Wing}}

The main temple is divided into three wings. The central wing is dedicated to Hindu goddess [[Mahalakshmi]], western wing to goddess [[Saraswati]] and eastern wing to Maharaja [[Agrasena]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agroha.com/temple.html|title=None|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref>

===Adya Mahalaxmi temple ===
{{anchor | Adya}}

In 2021, plan was announced to build INR100 crore ''Adya Mahalaxmi temple'', dedicated to [[Lakshmi|Adi Mahalakshmi]] designed by the designers of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi|Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi temple]], will be 108 feet tall and it will be constructed on 10 acre land.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-mahaluxmi-temple-will-be-made-in-agroha-21841091.html अग्रोहा में 100 करोड़ की लागत से दस एकड़ में आद्य महालक्ष्मी मंदिर को तैयार करेंगे राम मंदिर के शिल्पकार], Jagran, 18 July 2021.</ref>

===Sarovar===

''Shakti Sarovar'' is a large pond behind the temple complex. It was filled with water from 41 [[Major rivers of India|rivers of India]] in 1988. A platform at the north-west end depicts the scene of ''[[Samudra manthan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agroha.com/temple.html#sarovar|title=None|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref> A [[naturopathy]] center is located near ''Shakti Sarovar'', where treatment is done through [[yoga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agroha.com/temple.html#naturopathy|title=None|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref> An [[amusement park]] with a [[boating]] site has been built near the complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agroha.com/temple.html#park|title=None|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref>

==Festival==
The '''Agroha Maha Kumbh''' festival is held every year on [[Sharad Purnima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2011/10/agroha-mahakumbha-of-aggrawal-community.html|title=Agroha Mahakumbh of Agarwal Community - Agroha Mela|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Agroha Mound#Development plan|Agroha development plan]]
* [[Agroha Mound]]
* [[Rakhigarhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.agroha.com/ Official website]

{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{ Hisar, India topics }}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Agroha (town)]]

Bhujanga

2026-03-16T03:15:01Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhujanga
| image =
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = Jeeva
| producer = Varuna Mahesh
| writer = B. A. Madhu
| starring = [[Prajwal Devraj]] [[Meghana Raj]]
| music = [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
| cinematography = Gundlupete Suresh
| editing = Soundar Raj
| studio = Nagamale Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|07|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhujanga''''' is a 2016 Indian Kannada romance film written by B. A. Madhu and directed by Jeeva. It was produced by Varuna Mahesh under his production company, Nagamale Movies. It stars [[Prajwal Devraj]] and [[Meghana Raj]]. The supporting cast features [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Tabla Nani]], Santhosh and Padma Vasanthi. The film was released on 15 July 2016.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160104190042/http://www.indiaglitz.com/bhujanga-on-floor-kannada-news-131947.html Indiaglitz Bhujanga on floor]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/bhujanga.html |title=What the movie has in store for you |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129100501/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/bhujanga.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17213/kannada/bhujanga/ |title=Nowrunning Bhujanga |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204175149/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17213/kannada/bhujanga |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Prajwal Devaraj]] as Bhujanga
*[[Meghana Raj]] as Rachana
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]] as Basya
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[Tabla Nani]]
*Santhosh
*[[Padma Vasanthi]]
*Kalyani Raju
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[Kuri Prathap]]
*Mico Nagaraj
*Mico Shivu
*Aishwarya Shindogi in an [[item number|item song]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/1032-bhujanga.html |title=Aishwarya Sindhogi's Item Dance in Bhujanga |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073841/http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/1032-bhujanga.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The shooting of the movie commenced in May 2015 and finished in December 2015. It was shot in Bangalore, [[Mysore]] and some locations of [[Mangalore]].

==Soundtrack==
The music of the movie has been composed by [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi]] of ''[[Lucia (2013 film)|Lucia]]'' fame. The movie has five songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hero Cycle by Hemanth & Sangeetha Rajeev |date=2016-01-16 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/hero-cycle/1077663351?i=1077663491 |access-date=2026-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126175501/https://music.apple.com/in/album/hero-cycle/1077663351?i=1077663491 |archive-date=2022-01-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Bhujanga (soundtrack)
| type = Album
| artist = [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Heartige Kanna
| lyrics1 = Poornachandra Tejaswi
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Alibaba
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Naveen Sajju]], Bappi Blossom
| length2 = 4:10
| title3 = Nalle Enutha
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Sridevi
| length3 = 5:40
| title4 = Hero Cycle
| lyrics4 = Arasu Anthare
| extra4 = [[Sangeetha Rajeev]], [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]]
| length4 = 5:14
| title5 = Preethine Dyavru
| lyrics5 = Arasu Anthare
| extra5 = Naveen Sajju, [[Ananya Bhat]]
| length5 = 5:01
}}

==References==
{{More footnotes|date=January 2016}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13231658}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Kaj Schmidt Memorial

2026-03-08T20:07:58Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: added new article first draft...

{{short description|Monument in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox monument
|monument_name = Kaj Schmidt Memorial
|native_name = Kaj Schmidt Memorial
|image = Carl-Schmidt-Monument-Besant-Nagar-beach.jpg
|caption = Kaj Schmidt Memorial at Elliots Beach after restoration
|coordinates =
|location = [[Besant Nagar, Chennai]], [[India]]
|designer =
|type = Memorial
|material = Concrete
|length =
|width =
|height =
|begin =
|complete = 1931
|open = 1931
|dedicated_to = Kaj Schmidt
|map_image =
|map_width =
|extra =
}}

The '''Kaj Schmidt Memorial''' is an architectural landmark commemorating a [[Denmark|Danish]]<ref name="sanmar">[http://www.sanmargroup.com/matrix/oct-2013/The-story-behind-the-Kaj-Schmidt-Memorial.php ...the gallantry of a Dane, Kaj Erik Gjolstad Schmidt.]</ref> sailor who drowned in 1930 trying to save the life of a woman. It is located at [[Elliot's Beach]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The monument had been in a derelict state,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Achuthan
| first = Kannal
| title = A sailor's memorial on beach sinks into oblivion
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 8 May 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050855241000.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514155205/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050855241000.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 14 May 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| accessdate = 17 Mar 2013}}</ref> but was restored starting in 2013<ref>{{Cite news |title=Expert workmen descend on Kaj Schmidt memorial |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-downtown/expert-workmen-descend-on-kaj-schmidt-memorial/article5389247.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612110707/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-downtown/expert-workmen-descend-on-kaj-schmidt-memorial/article5389247.ece |archive-date=2023-06-12 |access-date=2026-03-08 |language=en}}</ref>.

==History==
[[File:Schmidt-Memorial-2.JPG|thumb|left|Kaj Schmidt memorial in a dilapidated condition before restoration]]
According to historians, Kaj Schmidt, who had gone to the beach, saw an English girl getting into the water who soon started struggling against the tide. In a successful attempt to save her life, he lost his own.<ref name="TOI_ATipplersHaunt">{{cite news
| last = Hemalatha
| first = Karthikeyan
| title = Schmidt Memorial a tippler's haunt
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 29 December 2012
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Schmidt-Memorial-a-tipplers-haunt/articleshow/17801703.cms
| accessdate = 17 Mar 2013}}</ref> The English girl, whom Schmidt saved from the sea, attended a party the following evening as though nothing had happened. The then governor, who was apparently angry with her, built the memorial to mark Schmidt's gallant act.<ref name="TOI_CivicBodyPlansMemorialRestoration">{{cite news
| last = Hemalatha
| first = Karthikeyan
| title = Glory to Schmidt memorial: Civic body plans restoration
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 12 March 2013
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/chennai/37650540_1_english-girl-restoration-sea-water
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130629123946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/chennai/37650540_1_english-girl-restoration-sea-water
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 29 June 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| accessdate = 12 May 2013}}</ref>

==The memorial==
[[File:Karl Schmidt Memorial .jpg|thumb|The plaque at Kaj Schmidt Memorial]]
According to experts, the structure, which was built using bricks, lacks a stone foundation. The uneven base and the sea water have caused damage to the memorial over the years.<ref name="TOI_CivicBodyPlansMemorialRestoration"/>

The memorial is the only heritage structure on Elliot's Beach. The memorial stone in the memorial reads, "To commemorate the gallantry of Kaj Schmidt who was drowned near this spot on December 30, 1930 while helping to save the lives of others."<ref name="TOI_ATipplersHaunt"/>

At the initiative of an 87-year-old lady, in March 2013, the Corporation of Chennai announced that it would restore the memorial.<ref name="TOI_CivicBodyPlansMemorialRestoration"/> In connection with the planned restoration of the memorial, the Chennai Corporation announced on 4 February 2014 that it plans to utilize Fiber Wrapping Technology to reinforce the structure.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Schmidt Memorial to be wrapped, strengthened
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 4 February 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/schmidt-memorial-to-be-wrapped-strengthened/article5650138.ece?homepage=true
| access-date = 15 May 2021}}</ref> The restoration was done by IIT Madras and REACH Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=History-lovers-feted-for-preserving-citys-heritage-30112014002031 |title=The Times Group |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905181352/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=History-lovers-feted-for-preserving-citys-heritage-30112014002031 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Until 2030, this memorial has to survive so as to get a heritage tag. As of 2018, there is an enclosure around the memorial, and the cracks in the structure have been mended. However, there is still a lot of graffiti on the white surface, and people regularly climb the structure to take selfies. There are no security guards to discourage such actions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shruti Suresh |date=27 December 2018 |title=He saved a girl, residents try to save his memory |pages=selfie spot where young couples leave scribbled messages of |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/he-saved-a-girl-residents-try-to-save-his-memory/articleshow/67263612.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WHITEHEAD |first=ANDREW |date= |title=4 Chennai: the Karl Schmidt Memorial |url=https://www.andrewwhitehead.net/blog/4-chennai-the-karl-schmidt-memorial}}</ref>

Cult classic Malayalam movie, ''[[Nadodikattu]]'', which revolves around two impecunious young men, Ramdas ([[Mohanlal]]) and Vijayan ([[Sreenivasan]]) who not being able to find any job in Kerala, plan to immigrate to Dubai to make their fortunes, but get deceived by Gafoorkka and end up in this spot. Thus the spot has become an iconic place for Keralites.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/01/23/younger-generation-revisit-dubai-beach.html
| title = History repeats as younger generation of Dasan and Vijayan visits 'Dubai' beach
| last =
| first =
| date = 23 January 2022
| website = OnManorama
| publisher =
| access-date = 29 November 2023
| quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/celebrity-travel/2018/08/01/madras-the-cradle-of-malayalam-cinema.html
| title = Madras - the cradle of Malayalam cinema
| last = Anand
| first = V.
| date = 1 August 2018
| website = OnManorama
| publisher =
| access-date = 29 November 2023
| quote = }}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}

==External links==
*[http://chennai.citizenmatters.in/ngo-spark-civic-problem-solving-kamakshi-paati-t-d-babu-3318 SPARKing a civic movement]

{{Coord|12.999443|80.272159|display=title}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Chennai]]

N. Shivdas

2026-02-25T11:18:22Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: article

{{more footnotes|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = N. Shivdas
| image = N. Shivdas with his book, Babu, in 2025.jpg
| caption = N. Shivdas with his book, Babu, in 2025
| birth_name = Shivdas Sonu Naik
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|3|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nageshi Bandoda, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Goa]], India
| occupation = Writer, social activist, educator
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rajani Salkar|1980}}
| children = 2
| awards = {{ubl|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2005)|Kala Academy Literary Award|NCERT Children's Literature Award (1999)}}
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Bhangarsall''|''Gallsari''|''Oh Babush''}}
}}

'''Shivdas Sonu Naik''' (born 17 March 1949), known by the pen name '''N. Shivdas''', is an Indian writer and social activist from [[Goa]]. He is a prominent figure in [[Konkani literature]], known for his short stories, novels, and plays that often address social inequality and the caste hierarchy. He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2005 for his short story collection ''Bhangarsall''.

== Early life and education ==
Shivdas was born in Nageshi Bandoda, [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], to Sonu Subha Naik and Shantabai Naik. His father died when he was young, and he was raised by his mother, a farmer. He attended Almeida High School in Ponda, completing his matriculation under the Pune Board in 1970. Due to financial constraints, he began working as a government primary teacher in 1971 while pursuing higher education. He eventually graduated in English Literature from [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]].<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio">{{cite report |last= |first= |date=29 June 2017 |title=Meet the Author: N. Shivdas |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/n_shivdas.pdf |website=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Goa University]] |docket= |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Shivdas began writing as a schoolboy, initially in Marathi and Portuguese before finding his primary creative voice in his mother tongue, [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. His first short story was published in the ''Pormol'' Diwali issue, followed by "Ant Eke Zinnecho" in ''Novem Goyem''. He gained further recognition through story writing competitions held by the daily ''Rashtramat''.<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/>

His literary work is noted for its "fresh narrative techniques" and use of local idioms. His short story collections ''Gallsari'' (1983) and ''Maharukh'' (1999) won several regional awards. In 2005, his third collection, ''Bhangarsall'', received the national [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/>

Shivdas also wrote for children; his novelette ''Babu'' was selected as the best Konkani book for children by [[NCERT]] in 1999. His novels include ''Oh Babush'' (2014), which deals with environmental destruction and local power politics, and ''Mhazan'' (2015), which explores themes of legitimacy and temple traditions during the Portuguese era.<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/>

== Activism ==
In addition to his writing, Shivdas is a dedicated social activist. During the [[Goa Opinion Poll]] of 1967, he actively campaigned against the merger of Goa into Maharashtra. He was a member of the cultural troupe ''Jai Gomantak Kalapathak'' and later joined the [[Konkani Porjecho Avaz]] (KPA) to advocate for Konkani's status as Goa's official language.<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/>

He pioneered the ''Devlle Khuil Kara'' movement, which sought to open Goan Hindu temples to all caste groups, challenging the bans imposed by certain temple managements on non-Brahmin Hindus.<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/> He also led a movement of farmers against the government<ref name="MahajanNT">{{Cite news |date=November 2, 2016 |title=N Shivdas translates ‘Hindu...? Mahajan’ in Marathi |url=https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/pdf/2016/11/02/02112016-md-ga-19.pdf |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=Navhind Times}}</ref> and another of bus commuters.<ref name="HeraldGKAPrez" />

==Political career==
{{As of|2012}}, as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was the Vice-President of Goa Pradesh Congress Committee (GPCC).<ref name="NIEIre12">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Goa Congress leader faces women's ire over poem |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2011/Apr/16/goa-congress-leader-faces-womens-ire-over-poem-245085.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Positions and honours ==
[[File:N. Shivdas receiving the Goa State Cultural Award from Shyam Benegal.jpg|thumb|N. Shivdas receiving the Goa State Cultural Award from [[Shyam Benegal]]]]
Shivdas has held several leadership roles in literary organizations:
* President of the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] (appointed by the Goa Government).<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/><ref name="HeraldGKAPrez">{{Cite web |date=2009-01-02 |title=Shivdas is GKA new president|work=O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/shivdas-is-gka-new-president/348453/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Founder President of the Konkani Lekhak Sangh (re-elected for a third term in 2015).<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/>
* President of the 23rd session of the All India Konkani Sahitya Sammelan held in New Delhi (2017).<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/>
* Member of the Sahitya Akademi's Konkani Advisory Board (2003).<ref name="SahityaAkademiBio"/>
* Vice-President of Goa Pradesh Congress Committee (GPCC)<ref name="NIEIre12" />

==Reception==
In 2012, a poem of his written in {{circa|1987}} titled ''Chedi'' ({{Translation|Prostitute}}) was criticised by women's rights organisations in Goa. The poem compared life with a commercial sex worker.<ref name="NIEIre12" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Short story collections ===
* ''Gallsari'' (1981)
* ''Naklami'' (1995)
* ''Maharukh'' (1999)
* ''Bhangarsall'' (2003)
* ''Shivkatha'' (2015)

=== Novels ===
* ''Oh Babush'' (2014)
* ''Mhazan'' (2015)
* ''Hindu...? Mahajan'' (Konkani and Marathi)<ref name="MahajanNT" />

=== Plays ===
* ''Pissatt'' (1979)
* ''Foreign Zavoi'' (1983)
* ''Bundd'' (1985)

=== Children's literature ===
* ''Babu'' (1983)
* ''Zhoro Zalo Mahasagar'' (1995)
* ''Hanv Panchavi Pass'' (2007)

=== Translations ===
* ''Bhavyatra'' (2017) – Konkani translation of Gujarati poems by [[Narendra Modi]].
* ''Mantra aani Her Katha'' (2014) – Konkani translation of short stories by [[Premchand]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivdas, N.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Kiran Dubey

2026-02-24T23:09:18Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: added initial page v1

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
'''Kiran Dubey''' (née '''Smita Dubey''', in [[Gorakhpur]])<ref>{{cite news |title=What's in a name! |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/gossip/whats-name-0 |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=TellyChakkar |date=13 April 2006 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian television and film actress,<ref>{{cite book |title=Cine Blitz |date=2003 |publisher=Blitz Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yMqAAAAYAAJ |access-date=25 October 2023 |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1}}</ref> best known for her supporting roles in the [[Hindi]] [[soap opera]]s ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'', ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'',<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last1=Bakshi |first1=Tania Saili |title=Kiran Dubey Wins The Best Actress Award For Her Hollywood Film 'Where Is She Now?' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/television-actress-kiran-dubey-wins-the-best-actress-award-for-her-hollywood-film-where-is-she-now-1676426 |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |location=[[Dehradun]] |date=2 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Kiran Dubey makes her way to Hollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/kiran-dubey-makes-way-to-hollywood/articleshow/58238537.cms |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2017}}</ref> and ''[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Ranjini |title=Kiran Dubey in Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na.. |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/kiran-dubey-in-babul-ka-aangann-chootey-na_6569?mode=amp |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=India Forums |date=16 June 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Raised in [[Dehradun]], Dubey began participating in [[beauty pageant]]s while in college in [[Pune]], competing for Miss Pune in 1994, before making her television debut on the [[Zee TV]] series ''Sansar'' in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D |first1=Johny |title=Kiran Dubey: From ramp to television |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kiran-dubey-from-ramp-to-television/story-7La3pBICtAnPsgHmqnS9PP.html |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 March 2006 |location=[[Mumbai]] |language=en}}</ref> A graduate of [[Fergusson College]] in Pune and a follower of [[Osho]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Anjali |title='I am a follower of Osho' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-am-a-follower-of-osho/story-QMXQ9ZYelp7baSDF1peS0H_amp.html |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> she quit mainstream Indian television in 2009, and went on to study at the [[New York Film Academy]], returning to television for her former role on the show ''Jet Set Go'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=No rat-race for Kiran |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-no-rat-race-for-kiran-1019206 |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[DNA India]] |date=21 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Dubey later starred in and co-produced the [[Documentary film|docu]]-[[mystery film]] ''Where Is She Now?'' (2015),<ref>{{cite news |title=अब हॉलीवुड में धमाल मचा रही ये बॉलीवुड एक्ट्रेस, जल्द इस नई फिल्म में आएंगीं नजर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/dehradun-actress-kiran-dubey-lead-role-in-hollywood-movie |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=8 March 2018 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=किरन दूबे की हाॅलीवुड मूवी सीरीज जल्द होगी रिलीज |url=https://www.twnews.in/kiran-dubey/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=Time Witness |date=7 March 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> for which she won the Best Feature Documentary and Best New Genre Film awards at the [[World Music & Independent Film Festival]] as a co-producer of the film in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=WMIFF {{!}} 2016 Winners |url=https://www.wmiff.net/winners-2016 |website=[[World Music & Independent Film Festival]] |access-date=25 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She further won the Best Actress award at the Hollywood Film Competition in 2017,<ref name="NDTV" /><ref name="TOI" /><ref>{{cite news |title=हॉलीवुड ने भी किया दून की बिटिया किरन दूबे की एक्टिंग का सम्मान |url=https://khabaruttarakhand.com/hollywood-also-did-the-honor-of-bitia-kiran-dubeys-act-of-doon/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=Khabar Uttarakhand News |date=2 April 2017 |location=[[Dehradun]] |language=hi |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010084101/http://khabaruttarakhand.com/hollywood-also-did-the-honor-of-bitia-kiran-dubeys-act-of-doon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was nominated as a supporting actress and as a producer for the film at the [[Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards – IIFC 2017 |url=https://idyllwildcinemafest.com/awards-iifc-2017/ |website=[[Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema]] |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020164334/https://idyllwildcinemafest.com/awards-iifc-2017/ |archive-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm1655679}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Kiran}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research

2026-02-22T15:06:50Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: minor edit

{{short description|Civil Service Educational institution in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
| image = [[File:Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.svg|150px]]
| established = {{start date and age|1987}}
| type = Education and Research Institute
| affiliations = *[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
*[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| director = Basanta Kumar Pradhan
| chairman = [[Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|19.1661982|N|72.8775967|E|format=dms|region:IN-MH_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| doctoral = ~60
| postgrad = ~80
| faculty = ~26
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] (14 acres)
| parent = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| website = {{url|http://www.igidr.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research''' ('''IGIDR''') is an advanced research and educational institution in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name="NAAC">{{Cite book|year=2005 |chapter=Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Mumbai (Deemed University) |title=Great Institutions of Higher Learning: Accredited Universities in India |publisher=National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) |pages=107–117 |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/docs/Books/Great%20Institutions%20of%20Higher%20Learning%20-%20Univeristies%20in%20Indi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922023726/http://www.naac.gov.in/docs/Books/Great%20Institutions%20of%20Higher%20Learning%20-%20Univeristies%20in%20Indi.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The institute's mission is to carry out research on developmental issues from a multi-disciplinary point of view. This includes economics, energy and environmental policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scholarship in development studies |date=19 December 2001 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/566075682.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516033441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Scholarship-in-development-studies/articleshow/566075682.cms |archive-date=16 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The institute offers [[Ph.D.]] programmes in [[Development Studies]] and also a [[Master of Science]] programme in [[Economics]]. The institute has one of the largest [[social sciences]] libraries in [[Asia]].{{Citation needed|reason=notability claim|date=May 2020}}

==History==
The institute was the brainchild of Prof. Jyoti Parikh and Prof. Kirit Parikh and was funded by the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Jyoti and Kirit Parikh YSSP Fellowship |publisher=International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) |url=https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/about/giving/yssp_fund/The_Jyoti_and_Kirit_Parikh_YSSP_Fellowship.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121212443/https://iiasa.ac.at/web/home/about/giving/yssp_fund/The_Jyoti_and_Kirit_Parikh_YSSP_Fellowship.html |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was formally opened upon the occasion of the bank's golden jubilee in 1987.<ref name=RBI>{{Cite web|title=RBI Platinum Jubilee Report|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/RBI290410BC.pdf|access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>

After its registration as an autonomous society on 14 November 1986 and as a public trust on 15 January 1987, then Prime Minister Shri [[Rajiv Gandhi]] inaugurated the campus at [[Goregaon]], Mumbai on 28 December 1987. Subsequently, the institute was recognized as a [[deemed university]] under Section 3 of the UGC Act. It has its jurisdiction over entire state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/ugc_act.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312060742/https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/ugc_act.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=www.ugc.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

Starting as a purely research-oriented institution, the institute quickly developed into a full-fledged teaching cum research organisation when in 1990 it launched a Ph.D. programme in the field of development studies under agreement with [[Bombay University]].<ref name="NAAC" /> The objective of the Ph.D. programme is to produce analysts with diverse disciplinary background who can address developmental issues of policy. In 1995, accreditation for its own Ph.D. programme was obtained and a master's programme was started to help meet the growing need of the country for more development economists.<ref name="NAAC" /> The mission to address development issues has been the driving force and motivation behind the growth of the institute.{{Citation needed|reason=claim|date=May 2020}}

IGIDR also has a full-fledged Masters of Science programme which draws applicants from all over India. This programme normally has over 60<ref>{{Cite web|title=Current Students - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/people/current-students/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|language=en-GB}}</ref> participants at a time.

== Management ==
Dr. [[Kirit S. Parikh]] was the first director of the institute.<ref name="Parikh">{{Cite web |title=Distinguished Alumnus of IIT Kharagpur: Dr. Kirit Shantilal Parikh |work=Distinguished Alumni List |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] |url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/top-awardees/daa1.php?Sl=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217001353/http://iitkgp.ac.in/top-awardees/daa1.php?Sl=25 |archive-date=17 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Dr. Basanta Kumar Pradhan is the current director of the institute. There were 26 full-time faculty members, 25 non-academic staff, 60 M.Phil/Ph.D. students and 80 M.Sc. Economics students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/about-us/management/|title=Management - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|language=en-GB|access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>
*[[Sanjay Malhotra]], Chairman
*Prof. Basanta Kumar Pradhan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Professor Basanta Kumar Pradhan has been appointed as the new Director of IGIDR. He will take over the position of the Director at IGIDR with effect from 9th February, 2023. - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research |url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/professor-basanta-kumar-pradhan-appointed-new-director-igidr-will-take-position-director-igidr-effect-9th-february-2023/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research |language=en-GB}}</ref> Director (Vice Chancellor)
*Dr. Michael D. Patra, Member
*Shri. T. Rabi Shanker, Member
*Prof. Sandip Trivedi, Member
*Prof. Ravindra H. Dholakia, Member
*Dr. Shubhro Sarkar, Member
*A. Ganesh Kumar, Member
*G. Mythili, Member
*Shri Saurabh Bhargava, Member
*Dr. Satya Narayan Mohanty, Member
*Jai Mohan Pandit, Registrar

== Vision and values ==
The aims and objectives of the institute are to promote and conduct research on developmental issues from a broad inter- disciplinary perspective (economic, technological, social, political and ecological). It aspires to gain insights into the process of development and alternative policy options and to further disseminate the knowledge acquired.<ref name="Vision">{{Cite web|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/about-us/vision-values/|title=Vision & Values - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|language=en-GB|access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>

The primary objectives of the institute are :<ref name="Vision" />
* To promote and conduct research on development from a broad inter-disciplinary perspective.
* To promote co-operative endeavour and interaction between research scholars and institutions in India and abroad.
* To undertake projects or activity which renders itself useful for the furtherance of development and social welfare.
* To carry out training for advanced degrees viz. Master's and Doctorate award.
Special emphasis will be laid on the following areas:
* The comparative study of development and policy in different regions and countries.
* The growing interdependence among nations in the world economy and its impact on development strategies and policy options.
* The influence of international trading, financial and economic systems on countries.
* The examination of energy, technology and environment problems in global setting.
* The analytical foundations of the positions adopted by India and other developing countries in international forums and negotiations.
* Economic and technological cooperation among developing countries and India's development experience and policies.
* Planning techniques and methodology.
* Issues in the choice of technology and social well-being.
* The role of innovation and diffusion of technology in development.
* Resource utilisation and environment implications of technological alternatives.
* Social, legal, organisational and institutional aspects of development.
* The Institute shall also serve as a centre for promoting co-operative endeavour and interaction in research activities between Indian scholars and institutions as well as between Indian and foreign scholars and institutions

== Campus ==
The institute is located on a {{convert|14|acre|m2|adj=on}} site on a hillside in Goregaon (East), 15 minutes by public bus from Mumbai's suburban Goregaon railway station and 20 minutes drive from Mumbai's national and international airports. The campus, whose architecture is inspired by the art in the [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] and [[Jogeshwari Caves|Jogeshwari]] caves, includes office buildings for research and administrative staff, several seminar rooms, a 500-seat auditorium, a library, a computer centre, a cafeteria and a guest house where visiting scholars are accommodated.

The students and staff of the institute are provided accommodation on campus. There are also some recreational facilities which include a 20-metre swimming pool, a tennis court, an indoor badminton court, a table tennis room, a small jogging track, a fully equipped gym and a children's park at the institute.

The institute also has an Alumni Association, which conducts an annual meet in the month of March.

== Programs offered ==

=== M.Sc. in Economics ===
The Masters in Economics is a two-year programme, which provides students with rigorous hands-on training in Economics, special emphasis on analytical and problem solving skills, and exposure to emerging national and international policy issues. Students have an option for a Master's thesis in their 4th semester<ref>{{Cite web|title=M.Sc. - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/m-sc/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/m-sc/|title=M.Sc. - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|language=en-GB|access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>

===Ph.D. ===

The Ph.D. programme is designed to create academic researchers as well as professionals who are capable of conducting policy analysis, relating to national and global economic and development issues, from a quantitative and inter-disciplinary perspective. While an interdisciplinary approach is encouraged, the programme lays somewhat larger emphasis on economics to provide an integrated framework within which various development issues can be addressed. Ph.D. students are expected to submit their dissertations within four years of joining the institute. Ph.D. programmes involve successful completion of course work as well as submission of a dissertation.

=== Visiting Scholars Programme ===
There is a programme for visiting scholars which is part of the institute's outreach to other colleges and universities in India.<ref name="Visit-Scholars">{{Cite web|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/visiting-scholars-program-2/|title=Visiting Scholars Program - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|language=en-GB|access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref> The programme's scholarships enable up to five selected scholars to spend three months at a stretch at IGIDR to work on a research proposal that can be satisfactorily completed during their stay.<ref name="Visit-Scholars" />

=== Post-Doctoral Fellowship ===
The Post-Doctoral Fellowship (PDF) Programme<ref>{{Cite web|title=Post-Doctoral Fellowship - Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/post-doctoral-fellowship-programme/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research|language=en-GB}}</ref> has been instituted in IGIDR as part of its outreach activities. Its objective is to support high quality research by scholars with a doctoral degree and an outstanding academic record. Up to three fellowships are available per year. The fellowships are granted for an initial period of one year, which can be extended by a maximum of one more year.

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.igidr.ac.in IGIDR Website]
*[http://www.sas.com/offices/asiapacific/india/success-stories/IGIDR-succeeds-with-SAS.html IGIDR's success with SAS]
*[https://edirc.repec.org/data/igidrin.html Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World]
*[http://www.epw.in/indira-gandhi-institute-development-research-igidr.html IGIDR at EPW]
*[http://www.business-standard.com/photo-gallery/general/tenth-convocation-of-igidr-held-670.htm Tenth Convocation at IGIDR]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/ready-to-revisit-ideal-inflation-target-of-45-says-subbarao/article4156250.ece IGIDR Silver Jubilee Coverage]

{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{BRICS Universities League}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Economics schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ujjwala Raut

2026-02-18T18:27:26Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox model
|image= Ujjwala_Raut.jpg
|name = Ujjwala Raut
|caption = Raut in June 2012
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|06|11}}
|birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[India]]
|birth_name =
|children = 1
|height = {{height|m=1.78}}
|eyecolor = Brown
|haircolor = Black
| agency = {{Flatlist|
* Brave Model Management (Milan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/models/ujjwala-raut|title=Supermodel Ujjwala Raut|website=Models.com|language=en}}</ref> }}
| relatives=[[Sonali Raut]] (sister)}}
'''Ujjwala Raut''' (born 11 June 1978) is an Indian [[Supermodel]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.openchest.com/oc-in-print/supermodel-ujjwala-raut/|title=OC Interview: OPEN CHEST Interview with supermodel Ujjwala Raut|date=2006-06-01|website=Celebrity Hollywood Bollywood Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-30|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430083958/https://www.openchest.com/oc-in-print/supermodel-ujjwala-raut/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewari |first=Bandana |date=2024-07-08 |title=Ujjwala Raut on the abandonment of hustle culture and surrendering to the codes of soft living |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/ujjwala-raut-on-the-abandonment-of-hustle-culture-and-surrendering-to-the-codes-of-soft-living |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> She is considered one of India's first supermodels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Ujjwala Raut: 'The definition of supermodel is not interpreted correctly in India' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/ujjwala-raut-definition-of-supermodel-not-interpreted-correctly-in-india-9261931/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2024-07-18 |title=Supermodel Ujjwala Raut poses in 3 exclusive looks for Indulge as she explains what's ailing the modelling industry here |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2024/Jul/18/supermodel-ujjwala-raut-poses-in-3-exclusive-looks-for-indulge-as-she-explains-whats-ailing-the-modellingindustry-here |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Ujjwala Raut (March, 2019).jpg|thumb|right|Ujjwala Raut in 2019]]
Raut was a 17-year-old commerce student when she won "[[Femina Look of the Year]]" at the [[Femina Miss India]] 1996 contest.<ref name=":0" /> She was also among the top fifteen in the 1996 [[Elite Model Look]] contest in [[Nice]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ujjwalaraut.net/bio.php |title=Biography Of Ujjwala Raut India's First Super Model {{!}} Ujjwala Raut The Show Stopper |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531021036/http://www.ujjwalaraut.net/bio.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bellazon.com/main/topic/1200-ujjwala-raut/ Ujjwala Raut – Fashion Models – Bellazon]</ref> She walked the runway for, among others: [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint-Laurent]], Roberto Cavalli, [[Hugo Boss]], Cynthia Rowley, [[Diane von Fürstenberg|Diane von Furstenberg]], Dolce & Gabbana, Betsey Johnson, [[Gucci]], Givenchy, Valentino, [[Oscar de la Renta]], and Emilio Pucci, and the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/ujjwala-raut-heres-what-the-40-year-old-supermodel-of-the-90s-is-doing-now/16956|title=Ujjwala Raut: Here's what the 40-year-old supermodel of the 90s is doing now|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>

She was the first Indian to appear as the face of [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=2011-08-25 |title=I had to protect my daughter: Ujjwala Raut |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/i-had-to-protect-my-daughter-ujjwala-raut/story-iuYmTtG39toO0269tg3hnN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115032544/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/i-had-to-protect-my-daughter-ujjwala-raut/story-iuYmTtG39toO0269tg3hnN.html |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=www.hindustantimes.com/ |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

She was also among the first Indians to have walked for the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, having done so twice, in 2002 and 2003.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Who is Ujjwala Raut, India's first supermodel now reportedly dating IPL founder and Sushmita Sen's 'ex beau' Lalit Modi? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-who-is-ujjwala-raut-supermodel-reportedly-dating-ipl-founder-sushmita-sen-ex-boyfriend-lalit-modi-3058845 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, she co-hosted and judged the Kingfisher Calendar Hunt with model [[Milind Soman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/indian-supermodel-ujjwala-rauts-hot-bikini-photos-will-ring-a-bell-of-romance-in-your-heart-heres-proof/365787|title=Indian supermodel Ujjwala Raut's hot bikini photos will ring a bell of romance in your heart! Here's proof {{!}} Entertainment News|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref>

She has acted in a Hindi Language Bollywood movie [[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ujjwala Raut {{!}} Actress |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2101141/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanam Teri Kasam (2016) - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://movieslist.best/movie/sanam-teri-kasam-2016/cast/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=movieslist.best |language=en-US}}</ref>

She was honored as one of the Women of the Year 2025 by [[Harper's Bazaar]] India in its second edition of these annual awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harper’s Bazaar Women of the Year Awards 2025: The game-changing winners you need to know |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/women-of-the-year-awards-2025/story/full-list-of-winners-of-harpers-bazaar-women-of-the-year-awards-2025-1295808-2025-10-28 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Harper Bazar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Lifestyle |date=2025-10-26 |title=Harper's Bazaar Women of the Year Awards 2025: Power, creativity and purpose |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/story/harpers-bazaar-women-of-the-year-awards-2025-power-creativity-and-purpose-2808584-2025-10-26 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Her father was a Deputy Commissioner in Mumbai Police.<ref name="Team"/> She was married to Maxwell Sterry on 19 June 2004<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Roshmila|title=I had to protect my daughter: Ujjwala Raut|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/i-had-to-protect-my-daughter-ujjwala-raut/article1-737368.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127120125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/I-had-to-protect-my-daughter-Ujjwala-Raut/Article1-737368.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2012|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> and the couple divorced in 2011. They have one daughter named Ksha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-11 |title=Ujjwala Raut, The Super Model Of The Past And Her Biography - Odiha News |url=https://newsodihaonline.com/ujjwala-raut-life-family-height-biography-husband/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/ugly-break-up-for-indias-first-supermodel-1776351.html|title=Ugly break-up for India's first supermodel|date=2009-08-23|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-life-revolves-around-my-daughter-ksha-says-ujjwala-raut-1085048|title=My life revolves around my daughter Ksha, says Ujjwala Raut |website=DNA|language=en|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" text-align:center;"
! Name !! Year !! Role !! Channel
|-
| [[MTV Supermodel of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/mtv-supermodel-of-the-year-milind-soman-and-ujjwala-raut-photoshoot-is-every-bit-steamy-582211|title=Supermodel of the Year: Milind Soman and Ujjwala Raut's photoshoot is every bit steamy
|publisher=India TV |date=24 January 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2019 |title=MTV launches Supermodel of the Year |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mtv-launches-supermodel-of-the-year-191218 |access-date=25 December 2019 |publisher=Telly Chakkar}}</ref>|| 2019 || Mentor || [[MTV India]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Fashionmodel}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raut, Ujjwala}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]

Adrishya

2026-02-13T21:03:35Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Article

{{Short description|2014 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = Non-Fiction
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Nidhi Tuli|Ashraf Abbas}}
| director = {{Unbulleted_list|Raaghav Dar|Nidhi Tuli}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 13
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 60 minutes
| network = [[Epic TV]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|21}}
}}

'''''Adrishya''''' ({{lit|''Invisible''}}) is a non-fiction Indian [[Hindi]]-language television [[serial (radio and television)|series]] that aired on [[Epic TV]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Adrishya-featuring-Mr-Ajit-Doval-only-on-EPIC-channel/articleshow/45805482.cms|title= Adrishya featuring Mr. Ajit Doval only on EPIC channel|newspaper= Times of India|date= 8 January 2015|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref> The show is based on real-life stories of Indian [[spying|spies]]. The show [[premiere]]d on 21 November 2014 and aired thirteen episodes.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://starblockbuster.com/epic-channel-republic-day-special-adrishya-marathon|title= EPIC Channel: Republic Day Special with Adrishya Marathon|newspaper=starblockbuster.com|date= 20 January 2015|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref>

==Show summary==
''Adrishya'' is a show based on some of the greatest [[spying|spies]] in Indian [[history]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/republic-day-tube-check-here-s-your-tv-plan/story-68ZgANIxqVPFm0baeKFpPI.html|title= Republic Day tube check: Here's your TV plan|newspaper= Hindustan Times|date= 24 January 2015|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref> These are stories of the unsung [[hero]]es that fought for a [[cause]]. Every episode depicts the life of a [[spy]] and the dangers that accompanied the job. The show presents all the tales from post and pre- [[Independence]] [[era]] of [[India]].

Some of the spies covered in the show are [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]'s chief intelligence officer [[Bahirji Naik]], [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]] – Spy of the Gods, [[Noor Inayat Khan]] – descendant of [[Tipu Sultan]] and a spy for the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British]] in [[Paris]]{{Who|date=January 2023}} during [[World War II]], [[Durgawati Devi]] – the gutsy lady who helped [[Bhagat Singh]] escape, Jeevsiddhi – [[Chanakya]]'s spy, Spies of [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] [[Ravindra Kaushik]] – the spy who [[infiltration tactics|infiltrated]] [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan's army]], [[Ajit Doval]] who sabotaged [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani terrorists]] during [[Operation Black Thunder]], Amar Bhushan and many more. The series was consistently rated among the top ten shows of this station.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mythology-inspired-channel-epic-to-launch-on-nov-19-114110601097_1.html|title= Mythology inspired channel Epic to launch on Nov 19|newspaper= Business Standard|date= 6 November 2015|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ep 13 Amar Bhushan |url=https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/adrishya/season-1/e13-amar-bhushan&ved=2ahUKEwiYz9ufs-D8AhUBwzgGHTHJCs4QFnoECC8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1elZrQwoCjEk38XPyPQcLX |website=Epicon}}</ref>

==Production==
The show is produced by Nidhi Tuli, Ashraf Abbas and Akash Thakkar of Rangrez Films and written by Amit Babbar, Anurag Goswami, Purva Naresh, Nidhi Tuli, Raaghav Dar and Sneha Nair. It was shot by Alphonse Roy and edited by Navnita Sen and Zubin Sheikh.

==Episodes==

* Episode 1 - Jeevsiddhi - A trusted spy employed by [[Chanakya]] to spy and influence [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Rakshasa]], and thwart an assassination attempt on [[Chandragupta Maurya]].<ref name="EPIC">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/adrishya-english/season-1/e1-jeevsiddhi|title=Ep 1 Adrishya|publisher=EpicON}}</ref>
* Episode 2 - [[Bahirji Naik]] - The [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]]'s Chief Intelligence Officer
* Episode 3 - [[Noor Inayat Khan]] - The Unlikely Spy
* Episode 4 - [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]] - Spy of The [[Gods]]
* Episode 5 - Aziz Un Nisa
* Episode 6 - [[Ravindra Kaushik]]
* Episode 7 - [[Saraswathi Rajamani]]
* Episode 8 - [[Durga Bhabhi]]
* Episode 9 - [[Chand Bardai]]
* Episode 10 - [[K. Sankaran Nair|KSN]] & [[R. N. Kao|Kao]]
* Episode 11 - Sharan Kaur<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/FgJEAR5preo| archive-date = 2021-12-09| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgJEAR5preo| title = Adrishya Episode 9 Promo {{!}} Sharan Kaur | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Episode 12 - [[Ajit Doval]]
* Episode 13 - Amar Bhushan

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6918112}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:Epic TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Fiction about Sikhism]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:Television series about intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Non-fiction works about espionage]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing in fiction]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of spies]]
[[Category:Indian espionage television series]]

Mahesh Shahdadpuri

2026-02-11T08:25:26Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন:

{{Short description |Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Shahdadpuri
| image = Mahesh Shahdadpuri CEO Tasc Outsourcing.jpg
| alt = Shahdadpuri in 2018
| caption = Shahdadpuri in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|12|13}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Manipal Institute of Technology|Manipal Institute of technology]] and [[Boston University]]
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Founder of [[TASC Outsourcing]]
| notable_works =
| spouse = Payal Shahdadpuri
| children = 2
}}

'''Mahesh Shahdadpuri''' (born 13 December 1969) is an Indian [[entrepreneur]] who is the founder of [[TASC Outsourcing]], a staffing company in the Middle East headquartered in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tascoutsourcing.com/ |title=Home |website=tascoutsourcing.com}}</ref> As well as founder he is the CEO of TASC Outsourcing and a director on the board of the Nikai group of companies.

In 2017, Forbes ranking as one of the Top 100 Indian Business Owners in the Arab World.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/top-indian-leaders-in-the-arab-world/item/77/ |title=Top 100 Indian Business Owners in the Arab World 2017 - Forbes Middle East |access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-date=2017-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820161814/https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/top-indian-leaders-in-the-arab-world/item/77/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also received the Sheikh Khalifa Excellence Award 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skea.ae/English/SKEAWinners/Pages/Default.aspx |title=Sheikh Khalifa Excellence Award - Default |website=www.skea.ae |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207100639/http://www.skea.ae/English/SKEAWinners/Pages/Default.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-07}}</ref> and Innovator of the Year 2016 by Entrepreneur Middle East,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/286501|title = The Recap: Indian Innovator Awards 2016}}</ref> among others.

==Early life and education==
Shahdadpuri was born on 13 December 1969 in New Delhi. He spent his childhood growing up in [[India]], [[China]], [[US]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Libya]]. He was sent to a boarding school at an early age. In 1992 he received an engineering degree in electronics and telecommunications at [[Manipal Institute of Technology|Manipal Institute of technology]] and then headed to the US for an MBA in Marketing and Entrepreneurship at [[Boston University]].

==Career==
Shahdadpuri worked in the United States for [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]’s semiconductor facility in [[Hudson, Massachusetts]] which was sold later to [[Intel|Intel Corporation]]. After leaving Digital in 1999 he founded a software company called Ad Astrum Technologies based in [[New York City]] and [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore]].

In November 2007, Shahdadpuri incorporated [[TASC Outsourcing]] in [[Dubai]], which grew rapidly to become one of the largest staffing and outsourcing companies in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/tasc-outsourcing-one-of-dubai-s-modern-day-success-stories-573392.html|title=TASC Outsourcing: One of Dubai's modern-day success stories|work=Arabian Business}}</ref>

After founding TASC Outsourcing in Dubai in November 2007, Shahdadpuri expanded the company to become one of the largest providers of contract, permanent, and remote professionals in the Middle East. The company now boasts over 10,500 employees from more than 78 different nationalities covering 76 job functions and serves over 550 businesses in the region. In addition to TASC, Shahdadpuri launched AIQU, a leading tech recruitment agency, and Future Milez, a transformative last-mile delivery solution company. He also oversees TASC Corporate Services, which provides critical compliance operations to organizations of all scales.

Shahdadpuri is responsible for launching the region's first online temporary staff hiring portal: TascTemp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/retail/uae-s-retailers-open-up-opportunities-for-temps-1.2091809|title=UAE's retailers open up opportunities for temps: Owners - Gulf News|author=Gulf News|work=Gulf News}}</ref> It is an innovative new service that was launched on 18 September 2017 in a PR event in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tasctemp.com/member/home|title=Tasctemp|work=TASC Outsourcing}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
The following is the list of awards and recognition received by Shahdadpuri:
*Dubai Quality Appreciation Award (2020)
*Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum Business Award (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaichamber.com/what-we-do/business-excellence/mrm-business-excellence-award/the-business-excellence-award/about-the-business-excellence-award|title= MRM Business Award}}</ref>
*Sheikh Khalifa Excellence award for Business Excellence (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skea.ae/English/SKEAWinners/Pages/Default.aspx|title=SKEA 2018 UAE Winners|access-date=2017-05-16|archive-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202010406/http://www.skea.ae/English/SKEAWinners/Pages/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Arabian Business: Dubai 100 Most Influential People (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/397581-dxb100-51mahesh-shahdadpuri|title= Mahesh Shahdadpuri - Arabian Business: Dubai 100 Most Influential People}}</ref>
*Forbes top 100 Indian Business Owners in the Arab world (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/top-100-indian-business-owners-in-the-arab-world-2018/item/69/|title=Mahesh Shahdadpuri - Top 100 Indian Business Owners in the Arab World 2018: Owners - Forbes Middle East}}</ref>
*Bloomberg Businessweek ME 2018 recognizes Mahesh Shahdadpuri as the 'Game Changer of Outsourcing in the Middle East 2018' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessweekme.com/2018/05/07/game-changer-mahesh-shahdadpuri/|title=Mahesh Shahdadpuri - Bloomberg Businessweek ME 2018}}</ref>
*Winner of the Best Website Launch of the Year 2018 for tasctemp.com <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.terrapinn.com/awards/seamless-awards/Winners-2018.stm|title=SEAMLESS}}</ref>
*Forbes top 100 Indian Business Owners in the Arab world (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/top-indian-leaders-in-the-arab-world/|title=Mahesh Shahdadpuri - Top 100 Indian Business Owners in the Arab World 2017: Owners - Forbes Middle East}}</ref>
*Sheikh Khalifa Excellence award for Business Excellence (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skea.ae/English/SKEAWinners/Pages/Default.aspx|title=SKEA 2016 UAE Winners|access-date=2017-05-16|archive-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202010406/http://www.skea.ae/English/SKEAWinners/Pages/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Forbes top 100 Indian leaders in the Arab world (2015)<ref name="forbesteam">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/lists/people/pname/mahesh-shahdadpuri/pid/84063/|title=Mahesh Shahdadpuri - Top Indian Leaders in the Arab World 2015: Owners - Forbes Middle East|author=Forbes Team|work=Forbes Middle East}}</ref>
*Asia and the Pacific entrepreneurship award (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-2015-uae-winners/|title=APEA 2015 UAE Winners|author=The Asian Entrepreneur Editorial Team|work=The Asian Entrepreneur|access-date=2015-07-02|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127125502/https://www.asianentrepreneur.org/apea-2015-uae-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*CEO Middle East Award (2014)<ref name="arabianbusiness.com">{{cite web|url=http://m.arabianbusiness.com/mideast-business-leaders-honoured-at-ceo-awards-564334.html|title=MidEast business leaders honoured at CEO Awards|work=arabianbusiness.com}}</ref>
*LinkedIn top 10 most influential brands in the UAE <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/20140902/linkedin-reveals-most-influential-uae-brands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902222036/http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/20140902/linkedin-reveals-most-influential-uae-brands|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 2, 2014|title=LinkedIn reveals most influential UAE brands|author=John Everington|work=thenational.ae}}</ref>
*I.T. Innovator of the year by the Entrepreneur magazine(2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/EntMagazineME/posts/765683593500561|title=Entrepreneur ME - Indian Innovator Awards 2014,... - Facebook|work=facebook.com}}</ref>
*Dubai SME 100 award 2013 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaisme100rankings.com/2013/|title=Dubai SME ONE HUNDRED|work=dubaisme100rankings.com}}</ref>
*Arabia Fast 500 winner for 2012 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allworldlive.com/arabia-500/winners/2012|title=AllWorld Network|work=allworldlive.com}}</ref>

==Affiliations and Media Presence==
Mahesh Shahdadpuri serves on the Boston University Advisory Board and is a regular speaker on entrepreneurship at various educational institutions. He is the Chair of YPO MENA Gold and a charter member of TiE. Mahesh is a sought-after spokesperson in the Outsourcing and Staffing industry, frequently featured in major media outlets such as Dubai One TV, Dubai Eye 103.8 FM, The National, and Gulf News.

== Personal life ==
Outside of his professional endeavors, Shahdadpuri enjoys a range of activities including cooking, running, working out, and hiking. He is also an avid tennis player and has a passion for molecular gastronomy, as well as racing both bikes and cars.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahdadpuri, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Malkangiri Airport

2026-01-31T12:42:33Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: stub

{{Short description|Airport in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Malkangiri Airport
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width = 250
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| type = Public
| owner = [[Government of Odisha]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Malkangiri]]
| location = Nilimari, Malkangiri, [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2024|01|09|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="SE">{{cite news|last=Swain|first=Biswajit|title=Odisha CM Inaugurates Malkangiri Airport|url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-cm-inaugurates-malkangiri-airport/|work=Sambad English|date=9 January 2024|access-date=9 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>
| elevation-f = 685
| elevation-m = 210
| coordinates = {{coord|18|19|25|N|081|55|26|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label = Malkangiri Airport
| pushpin_label_position =
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 16/34
| r1-length-f = 5,314
| r1-length-m = 1,620
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malkangiri Airport''' {{airport codes|none|none}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Malkangiri]] in the state of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It is owned by the [[Government of Odisha]], and is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). It is located at Nilimari, {{cvt|8|km}} south-east from the city centre. The airport has been developed as a regional airport under the [[Government of India|government]]'s [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]].<ref name="SE2">{{cite news|last=Swain|first=Biswajit|title=All You Need To Know About Newly Built Malkangiri Airport|url=https://sambadenglish.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-newly-built-malkangiri-airport/|work=Sambad English|date=9 January 2024|access-date=9 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="OB">{{cite news|title=CM Naveen Patnaik Inaugurates Malkangiri Airport, 7th In Odisha|url=https://odishabytes.com/cm-naveen-patnaik-inaugurates-malkangiri-airport-7th-in-odisha/amp/|work=Odisha Bytes|date=9 January 2024|access-date=9 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
To facilitate development, connectivity, socio-economic growth and [[tourism in Odisha]], especially in the [[Malkangiri district]], which is considered to be one of the most backward regions of [[India]] and that lies in the [[Red corridor]], in 2021, the [[Government of Odisha]] and the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] planned to construct an airport for [[Malkangiri]], under the [[Government of India|government]]'s [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]], to encourage building more airports across the country and encourage people to travel by air for faster connectivity. Then, land acquisition of {{cvt|94.5|ha}} at a cost of {{INRConvert|29|c}} began in the latter half of the same year.<ref name="ZN">{{cite news|title=Malkangiri airport in Odisha to be operational by 2024|url=https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/malkangiri-airport-in-odisha-to-be-operational-by-2024-2443502.html|work=Zee News|date=9 March 2022|access-date=5 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|title=Work on Malkangiri airport gets underway|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/oct/13/work-on-malkangiriairport-gets-underway-2507693.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=13 October 2022|access-date=5 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> The land included 74 acres of the government, 126 acres of private property and 33 acres of forest area. Around 55 families who needed to be shifted were included under the state rural housing scheme. So, houses were constructed for them, where all of them were rehabilitated and given compensation on time. In March 2022, the land acquisition was completed, and the Government of Odisha stated the airport would be completed by 2024, after two years of construction.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jena|first=Suryakant|title=Odisha Govt Plans To Operationalise Malkangiri Airport By Jan 2024|url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/odisha-govt-plans-to-operationalise-malkangiri-airport-by-jan-2024-172318|work=Odisha TV|date=8 March 2022|access-date=5 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> The tenders for construction were invited by the state cabinet in September 2022, which was won by a [[Jeypore]]-based firm, Tarartarini Construction Pvt. Ltd. On 13 October 2022, the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid for the project by the then [[District Magistrate]], Maheshwar Nayak, along with district revenue officials. Construction began on the same day, and was expected to be completed by December 2023, with flights beginning from January 2024.<ref name="TNIE"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha govt sets December 2023 deadline for Malkangiri airport|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/feb/26/odisha-govt-sets-december-2023-deadline-for-malkangiri-airport-2551131.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 February 2023|access-date=5 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, most of the construction work was completed, with the finishing works and testings of systems as the only remaining tasks that were underway. On 7 January 2024, the first trial run was successfully conducted at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rout Shekhar|first=Himansu|title=Trial run held at Malkangiri airport successfully; pilot gives positive response|url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/trial-run-held-at-malkangiri-airport-successfully-pilot-gives-positive-response--224552|work=Odisha TV|date=7 January 2024|access-date=9 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> The airport was completed and inaugurated by [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] on 9 January 2024. After opening, the airport will be initially connected to [[Biju Patnaik International Airport|Bhubaneswar]] using a 9-seater [[Cessna 208 Caravan#Civilian|Cessna 208B Grand Caravan EX]] type aircraft, and at a later date to [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="OB"/><ref name="SE2"/>

==Structure==
The airport has been built at a cost of {{INRConvert|70|c}}, and covers an area of around {{cvt|94.5|ha}} of land. It has a terminal building, a parking space for vehicles in its premises, an access road linking to the city, an apron for parking of aircraft, a {{cvt|1620|m}}-long and 30 m-wide runway suitable for handling [[ATR 72|ATR-72]] type aircraft, an [[Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower-cum-technical block and a fire station. The airport could be further expanded in the future from a Category 2B airport at present with the available land, to cater more passengers and handle larger aircraft, like the [[Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sahoo Kumar|first=Akshaya|title=Malkangiri airport in Odisha all set to be operational this month|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/040124/malkangiri-airport-in-odisha-all-set-to-be-operational-this-month.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 January 2024|access-date=5 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="SE"/>

==Facilities==
The airport, at its initial phase of development, does not have advanced facilities for passenger and aircraft operations like conventional airports. To compensate, it has the [[Signal square|'landing T']] on both sides of the runway, which is a tool that provides information to an aircraft from the ground, indicating the direction in which it should land, and a [[windsock]] to give the pilot a quick reference of wind direction and speed. There are all basic facilities for serving passengers in the terminal, similar to [[regional airport]]s. The airport will develop further in the coming years once it expands from its first phase.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malkangiri Airport Set for Inauguration by CM Patnaik in Early January|url=https://newsd.in/malkangiri-airport-set-for-inauguration-by-cm-patnaik-in-early-january/|work=NewsD|date=26 December 2023|access-date=5 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of airports in Odisha]]
* [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]]
* [[Tourism in Odisha]]
* [[Red corridor]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in Odisha}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Odisha]]
[[Category:Malkangiri district]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Kaviraj Shyamaldas

2026-01-28T17:02:27Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Indian historian (1836–1893)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Kaviraj]] [[Mahamahopadhyaya]] [[Kaisar-i-Hind]]
| name = Shyamaldas
| image = Kaviraja Shyamaldas portrait at Government of Rajasthan Museum, Udaipur.png
| caption = Kaviraja Shyamaldas portrait at Government of Rajasthan Museum, [[Udaipur]]
| birth_date = 1836
| birth_place = Udaipur, Mewar
| death_date = 1893
| death_place = [[Udaipur]]
| occupation = Historian, Prime Minister of Mewar
| notable_works = Vir Vinod
| title = Mahamahopadhyaya
| spouse = 2
| children = 4
| mother = Aijan Kanwar
| father = Kamji Dadhwadiya
| honours = Kesar-e-Hind (Lion of India)
}}

'''Mahamahopadhayaya''' '''Kaviraja Shyamaldas Dadhivadia''' (1836-1893), popularly referred to as ''Kaviraja'' ([[Hindi]]: king of poets) was one of the early writers involved in documenting the history and culture of what is now [[Rajasthan]] region of [[India]].<ref>[[Sharma, Dasharatha]] (1970) Lectures on Rajput history and culture p1 Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi</ref>

==Authorship==

Shyamaldas co-wrote ( with his father Kayamadana Dadhivadia ) the ''Dipanga Kul Prakash'', an extended narrative poem on the Dodia [[Rajputs]] of Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dadhivāṛiyā |first=Kāyamadāna |url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=96903370&searchType=1&permalink=y |title=Dīpaṅga-kula-prakāśa: Saradāragaṛha ke Ḍoḍiyoṃ kā itihāsa |last2=Śyāmaladāsa |last3=Jāvaliyā |first3=Brajamohana |last4=Jāvaliyā |first4=Śarada |date=1995 |publisher=Pratāpa Śodha Pratishṭhāna, Bhūpāla Nobalsa Saṃsthāna, Udayapura |others=Pratāpa Śodha Pratishṭhāna |edition=1. saṃskaraṇa |series=Rājasthāna gaurava granthamālā |location=Udayapura |language=raj, hi}}</ref> Maharana Sajjan Singh, ruler of [[Udaipur]] ([[princely state]]), assigned Shyamaldas the task of compiling an authentic history of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śrivastava |first=Vijai Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=PA37 |title=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume |date=1981 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02358-1 |language=en}}</ref> Titled ''Vir Vinod'' ( Hindi: Heroes' Delight ), this is the earliest known comprehensive history written in Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dCkiyLJ6EC&pg=PA247 |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages |last2=Bakshi |first2=S. R. |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |language=en}}</ref> It reached the public only in 1930 as Maharana Fateh Singh ( Maharana Sajjan Singh's successor) was averse to its publication.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dCkiyLJ6EC&pg=PA255 |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages |last2=Bakshi |first2=S. R. |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Maharana Sajjan Singh of Udaipur with Sirdars, circa 1882.jpg|thumb| Maharana Sajjan Singh of Udaipur with Sirdars. Kaviraja Shyamaldas: sitting, second from the left {{circa}} 1882.]]

==Negotiator and mentor==

Shyamaldas was also a confidant of Maharana Sajjan Singh and was entrusted with the delicate negotiations which resulted in a quick end to the Bhil rebellion of 1881.<ref>Pati, Biswamoy Editor (2000) Issues in modern Indian history p88 Popular Prakashan Pvt Ltd [[Mumbai]] {{ISBN|978-81-7154-658-9}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&dq=SHYAMALDAS&pg=PA88]</ref> Later, Shyamaldas' pupil, [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha]] also became a famed historian and writer.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Honors and awards==

Shyamaldas was honored with the degree of ''Mahamahopadhayaya'' and conferred with the ''Kesar-e-Hind'' ( Lion of India) by the British Government.<ref>Cultural contours of India p37</ref>

==References==
<references/>

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Nina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AgOswEACAAJ|title=Becoming a Modern Historian in Princely India: An Intellectual History of Shyamal Das and His Vir Vinod|last2=Shekhar|first2=Indu|publisher=Olympia Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-1848973213}}

==External links==
*Permalink to Vir Vinod listing in Library of Congress catalog [http://lccn.loc.gov/2007342511]
*University of Chicago Library Catalog [https://libcat.uchicago.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1J685212838R6.15318&profile=ucpublic&uri=link=3100006~!678172~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=subtab13&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!horizon&term=%C5%9Ay%C4%81malad%C4%81sa&index=AUTHORP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717112247/https://libcat.uchicago.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1J685212838R6.15318&profile=ucpublic&uri=link=3100006~!678172~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=subtab13&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!horizon&term=%C5%9Ay%C4%81malad%C4%81sa&index=AUTHORP |date=17 July 2011 }}
*''Mewar ke gaurav-Kaviraj Shyamaldas'' in Hindi [http://pratahkal.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/मेवाड़-के-गौरव-234/ मेवाड़ के गौरव - कविराजा श्यामल दास]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyamaldas, Kaviraj}}
[[Category:Historians from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Rajputana]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited

2026-01-23T19:05:05Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Created article...

{{Short description|Petrochemical facility in India}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| industry = [[Polymer]]
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|2016|02|05|df=yes}}
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| fate =
| hq_location_city = [[Lepetkata]], Dibrugarh
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[ethylene]]|[[propylene]]|[[linear low-density polyethylene]]|[[high-density polyethylene]]|[[polypropylene]]}}
| owners = {{Unbulleted list|[[GAIL (India) Limited]] (70%)|[[Government of Assam]] (10%)|[[Numaligarh Refinery]] (10%)|[[Oil India]] (10%)}}
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|bcplonline.co.in}}
}}
'''Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited''' (commonly abbreviated as the '''BCPL''') is a [[public sector undertaking]] situated at [[Lepetkata]], [[Dibrugarh]] City, [[Assam]], India. Included in the [[Assam Accord]] as an Assam Gas Cracker Project, the construction of BCPL was launched by then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] on 9 April 2007 and it was inaugurated for production on 5 February 2016 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].

[[GAIL (India) Limited]] is the main promoter with 70% equity participation and the rest of the equity stakes are owned equally by the [[Government of Assam]], [[Numaligarh Refinery]] and [[Oil India]]. [[Ethylene]], [[propylene]], [[Linear low-density polyethylene]], [[high-density polyethylene]] and [[polypropylene]] are the different petro-products and polymers produced by the plant currently and two production units for [[Pyrolysis gasoline|hydrogenated pyrolysis gasoline]] and [[1-Butene]] are under construction.

== History ==
The Assam Gas Cracker Project was first envisaged by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984.<ref name="HT2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/32-yrs-later-modi-to-inaugurate-assam-gas-cracker-project-today/story-hSpbEJg0UYcy1l1vUbuazJ.html |title=32 yrs later, Modi to inaugurate Assam gas cracker project today |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=5 February 2016 |access-date=8 May 2021 |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |location=[[Guwahati]]}}</ref> It was included in the [[Assam Accord]], a memorandum of settlement signed between representatives of the Government of India and the leaders of the [[Assam Movement]] in 1985 to protect Assamese cultural, economic and political rights, by the [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv Gandhi government]]. <ref name="HT2016" />However, the detailed feasibility report of the project was prepared and approved under Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2006.<ref name="Bulk Chemicals from Petroleum">{{Cite book |last=Bhaskararao |first=B. K. |title=Bulk Chemicals from Petroleum |publisher=Khanna Publishers |year=2017 |isbn=9789386173997 |pages=389}}</ref> The BCPL is responsible for implementing the AGCP.<ref name="AGCP">{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assam-gas-cracker-project-moved-to-oil-ministry-119122400898_1.html |title=Assam Gas Cracker Project moved to oil ministry |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=7 May 2021 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> The foundation stone of the BCPL was laid at [[Tengakhat]], Dibrugarh district, in November 1995 by then Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].<ref name="HT2016" /> But the location was abandoned due to the opposition of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] because of its proximity to the [[Dinjan Airfield]] of the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] and it also attracted resistance from local residents who were to be displaced.<ref name="HT2016" /> The construction of the BCPL Petrochemical Complex begun at Lepetkata on 9 April 2007 after it was launched in a ceremony by then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Lepetkata was chosen as it did not require any displacement of people and much of the {{convert|992|acre|ha|adj=on}} land demarcated for the project there belonged to different tea estates and the Assam Government.<ref name="HT2016" /> The initial total budget estimate for constructing the BCPL Petrochemical Complex was {{INRConvert|500|c}} in 1985.<ref name="HT2016" /> But it kept missing deadlines which resulted final cost escalating to {{INRConvert|10000|c}}.<ref name="TOI2016">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-gas-cracker-project/articleshow/50877462.cms |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates gas cracker project |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2016 |access-date=8 May 2021 |agency=Times News Network |location=[[Dibrugarh]]}}</ref> The project was inaugurated on 6 February 2016 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and it became the first petrochemical project of the [[North East India]].<ref name="TOI2016" />

== Administration and shareholding ==
The BCPL comes under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]. The [[Department of Chemicals and Petro-Chemicals]] of the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers]] used to be the controlling agency of the project until 24 December 2019 when the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, headed by the Prime Minister, of the Government of India approved its transfer to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.

The BCPL is a joint venture with its main promoter [[GAIL (India) Limited]] owning 70% of equity participation.<ref name="Wang2016">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Henry K. H. |title=Energy Markets in Emerging Economies |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=9781134886852 |pages=141}}</ref> The [[Government of Assam]], [[Numaligarh Refinery]] and [[Oil India]] each holds 10% equity stake.<ref name="Wang2016" />

The board of directors of the company includes representatives from all of its four stakeholders. It consists of chairman and managing director of the GAIL Manoj Jain as its chairman, managing director of the BCPL Reep Hazarika, finance director Pruthiviraj Dash, six directors including Advisor to Government of Assam R. K. Dutta, Commissioner and Secretary to Government of Assam (Industries and Commerce Department) K. K. Dwivedi, Deputy Secretary (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India) Kapil Verma, Managing Director of Numaligarh Refinery S. K. Barua, Executive Director of OIC–GAIL Pata M. V. Ravi Someswarudu and Director (Finance) of OIL India Harish Madhav and charted accountant Saumitra Sarkar as an independent director.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bcplonline.co.in/home/aboutus |title=About Us – Board of Directors |publisher=Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited |website=Bcplonline.co.in |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>

== Production ==
A dual feed cracker complex of the BCPL produces different types of petro-products and polymers including [[ethylene]], [[propylene]], [[Linear low-density polyethylene]], [[high-density polyethylene]] and [[polypropylene]].<ref name="Bulk Chemicals from Petroleum" /> The company proposed expansion in production by setting up a second stage production unit for [[Pyrolysis gasoline|hydrogenated pyrolysis gasoline]] and one for [[1-Butene]].<ref name="Expansion">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/brahmaputra-cracker-and-polymer-limited-bcpl-proposes-expansion-518783 |title=Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited (BCPL) proposes expansion |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |location=[[Guwahati]] |date=31 December 2021 |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> The Pollution Control Board of Assam conducted a public hearing in this regard under the supervision of the Dibrugarh district administration on 28 December 2020 for issuing environment clearance.<ref name="Expansion" />

== COVID-19 pandemic ==
The BCPL has also been affected by the ongoing worldwide [[COVID-19 pandemic]] with some of its employees tested positive and treated for the viral infection.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-covid-19-wave-at-bcpl-10-employees-test-positive.html |title=Assam: Covid-19 wave at BCPL, 10 employees test positive |publisher=Northeast Now |website=Nenow.in |date=16 April 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |last=Chakraborty |first=Avik}}</ref> Its chief manager Manab Jyoti Dowerah died of the infection in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/bcpl-chief-manager-manab-jyoti-dowerah-dies-of-covid19-at-assam-medical-college-hospital.html |title=BCPL chief manager Manab Jyoti Dowerah dies of Covid19 at Assam Medical College Hospital |publisher=Northeast Now |website=Nenow.in |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |last=Chakraborty |first=Avik}}</ref> However, the company successfully managed to operate in the financial year 2020–21 achieving even 106% capacity utilisation with a turnover of {{INRConvert|2819|c}}.<ref name="Sentinelassam2021">{{Cite news |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/despite-covid-pandemic-bcpl-operated-at-full-capacity-in-2020-21-534305 |title=Despite COVID pandemic, BCPL operated at full capacity in 2020–21 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |location=[[Guwahati]] |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> It produced 2.86 [[lakh]] metric tonnes of polymers and 60,145 metric tonnes liquid hydro-carbons during this period.<ref name="Sentinelassam2021" /> The company committed {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} for the capacity expansion of the [[emergency department]] of [[Assam Medical College]] to support the hospital for its attempt to tackle the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|surge in COVID-19 cases]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-medical-college-well-equipped-to-handle-surge-in-covid-19-cases-principal-s-kakati.html |title=Assam Medical College well equipped to handle surge in Covid-19 cases, principal S Kakati |publisher=Northeast Now |website=Nenow.in |date=13 April 2021 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Oil and gas industry in India]]
* [[Economy of Assam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mopng.gov.in/en Official website of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (Government of India)]
* [https://assam.gov.in/ Government of Assam Portal]
* [https://www.nrl.co.in/ Official website of Numaligarh Refinery Limited]
* [https://www.oil-india.com/ Official website of OIL India Limited]

[[Category:Petrochemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Assam]]

Ravikumar (actor)

2026-01-18T04:41:42Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1954–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravikumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1954|3|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|4|4|1954|3|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| children = 2
| years_active = 1968–2024
}}

'''Ravikumar Menon''' (1 March 1954 – 4 April 2025) was an Indian actor in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] feature films and serials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150913/entertainment-tvmusic/article/i-love-playing-negative-roles-ravikumar-menon|title=I love playing negative roles: Ravikumar Menon|date=13 September 2015 }}</ref> He acted in more than 100 south Indian films. He played lead roles during the early and late 1970s. He came to the Malayalam film industry through his debut movie ''[[Ullasa Yaathra]]'' (1975).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aaraattu-mohanlal-reunite-veteran-star-after-39-years-upcoming-action-entertainer-605824 | title=Aaraattu: Mohanlal to reunite with THIS veteran star after 39 years for the upcoming action entertainer? | date=2 February 2021 }}</ref>

==Background==
Ravikumar was born in [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} His debut movie as a hero was ''[[Ullasa Yaathra]]'' (1975). After that he had acted in a lot of movies in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] in supporting roles.

Ravikumar died from lung cancer in Chennai, on 4 April 2025, at the age of 71.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam actor Ravikumar passes away at 71 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/04/malayalam-actor-ravikumar-passes-away-at-71 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en-In |date=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Noted Malayalam and Tamil actor Ravikumar passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/noted-malayalam-and-tamil-actor-ravikumar-passes-away/article69411980.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=4 April 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Malayalam===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Lakshaprabhu]]'' (1968){{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* ''[[Ullaasayaathra]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Neelasaari]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Romeo (1976 film)|Romeo]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Ayalkkaari]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Amma (1976 film)|Amma]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Aashirvadham]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Sreemurukan]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Innale Innu]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Yatheem]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Aanandam Paramaanandam]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Abhinivesham]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Aa Nimisham]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Madhuraswapnam]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Pattalaam Jaanaki]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Angeekaaram]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Samudram]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Thacholi Ambu]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Ninakku Njaanum Enikku Neeyum]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Aanayum Ambaariyum]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Adavukal Pathinettu]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Madhurikkunna Raathri]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Etho Oru Swapnam]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Padakkuthira]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Amarsham]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Ee Manoharatheeram]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Aalmaaraattam]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Aval Kanda Lokam]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Tiger Salim]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Black Belt (1978 film)|Black Belt]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Thiranottam]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Ajnaatha Theerangal]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Ottapettavar]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Neelathamara (1979 film)|Neelathamara]]'' (1979 film)
* ''[[Koumaarapraayam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Jimmy (1979 film)|Jimmy]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Anupallavi (film)|Anupallavi]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Pushyaraagam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Ezham Kadalinakkare]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Sarppam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Puzha (film)|Puzha]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Sakthi (1980 film)|Sakthi]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Thirayum Theeravum]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Sishirathil Oru Vasantham]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Angadi (film)|Angadi]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Ivar]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Rajaneegandhi]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Hridayam Paadunu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Chora Chuvanna Chora]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Theenaalangal]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Theekkadal]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Swathu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Ammayum Makalum]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Prakadanam]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Kaanthavalayam]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Ashwaradham]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Aagamanam]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Saahasam (1981 film)|Saahasam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Nizhal Yudham]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Choothaattam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Orikkalkkoodi]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Sphodanam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Veliyettam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Ankachamayam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Rakthasaakshi]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Madrasile Mon]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Maattuvin Chattangale]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Drohi (1982 film)|Drohi]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Jambulingam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Karthavyam (1982 film)|Karthavyam]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Chilanthivala]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Kodumkattu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Thavalam (1983 film)|Thavalam]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Umanilayam]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Surabhi Yamangal]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Ajantha (1987 film)|Ajantha]]'' (1987)
* ''Kallanum Policum'' (1992)
* ''[[Sainyam]]'' (1994)
* ''Nishasurabhikal'' (2000)
* ''Agrahaaram'' (2001)
* ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aarattu]]'' (2022)
* ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' (2022)
{{div col end}}

===Tamil===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Avargal]]'' (1977) as Bharani
*''[[Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum|Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]]'' (1979) as Fasul Jamal
*''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]'' (1979) as Ramesh
*''[[Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi]]'' (1979) as Somu
*''[[Anandha Ragam]]'' (1982) as Pandian
*''[[Malabar Police]]'' (1999)
*''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]'' (1999)
*''[[Rojavanam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]'' (2000)
*''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' (2001)
*''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' (2002)
*''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' (2002)
*''[[Ramanaa]]'' (2002)
*''[[Gummalam]]'' (2002)
*''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' (2003)
*''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' (2003)
*''[[Joot]]'' (2003)
*''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' (2005)
*''[[June R]]'' (2006)
*''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007)
*''[[Viyabari]]'' (2007)
*''[[En Uyirinum Melana]]'' (2007)
*''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' (2022)
{{div col end}}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel!!class=unsortable| Language
|-
|1997||''[[Marmadesam|Iyandhira Paravai]]''||Mr.SPS||[[Raj TV]]||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1999–2000||''Jannal: Marabu Kavithaigal''||Nellai Appan||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Anubandham''|| ||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2000–2001||[[Chithi (TV series)|''Chithi'']]||Eshwarapandian / Anbucheran||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan=7|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2005–2006||''Selvi''|| Yogeswaran
|-
|rowspan=2|2007–2008||''Arasi''|| Yogeswaran
|-
|''Manjal Magimai''||||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2006-2008 ||[[Kasthuri (TV series)|''Kasthuri'']]|| Annamalai ||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2009||''[[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]]''|| Gangadharan
|-
|2009–2012||''[[Chellamay]]''||Aavudiyappan
|-
|2011 ||''Agniputhri''||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2012 ||''Chandralekha''||Sakhavu||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2013–2018||[[Vani Rani (TV series)|''Vani Rani'']]||Manickam||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan=2|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2014–2016||''[[En Iniya Thozhiye]]''|| ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Chocolate (Malayalam TV series)|Chocolate]]''|| Pareshwaram||[[Surya TV]]||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2019||''Ayyappa Saranam''||Muni||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]'' || Siddhar || [[Star Vijay]]||rowspan=2| [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2019–2020|| ''[[Chocolate (Tamil TV series)|Chocolate]]'' ||Narayanan||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020||''Koodathayi'' ||||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2022–2024||''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]''||Thiyagarajan||[[Star Vijay]]||rowspan=2|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2023 2024||''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal (TV series)|Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-14 |title=Television actor Ravikumar joins the cast of Kannedhirey Thondrinaal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-ravikumar-joins-the-cast-of-kannedhirey-thondrinaal/articleshow/103650566.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>||Extended Special Appearance||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0474864}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikumar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Jal Minocher Mehta

2026-01-14T23:10:33Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: improved section for consistency for accuracy

{{Short description|Parsi Indian surgeon, social worker, and philanthropist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jal Minocher Mehta
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|2001|10|13}}
| death_place = Pune, Maharashtra, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Medical surgeon Philanthropist Social worker
| yearsactive =
| known for = Reconstructive surgery [[Leprosy]] eradication program
| spouse = Mehru Jal Mehta
| domesticpartner =
| children = One son
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Jal Minocher Mehta''' (died 2001) was a [[Parsi]] Indian [[surgeon]], [[social work]]er and philanthropist, known for his services for the rehabilitation of people who have [[leprosy]].<ref name="Philanthropist Jal Mehta Dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011015/nation.htm | title=Philanthropist Jal Mehta Dead | work=The Tribune | date=14 October 2001 | access-date=21 July 2016 | archive-date=18 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518023819/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011015/nation.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the president of Pune District Leprosy Committee and was involved in organizing [[Support group|self help groups]] of the leprosy patients and in creating social awareness about the disease through documentaries.<ref name="Erfahrungen mit Selbsthilfegruppen von Menschen, die infolge von Lepra von Behinderungen betroffen sind (Mehta Cooperative Rehabilitation Model)">{{cite journal | url=http://www.zbdw.de/projekt01/media/pdf/2000_1.pdf | title=Erfahrungen mit Selbsthilfegruppen von Menschen, die infolge von Lepra von Behinderungen betroffen sind (Mehta Cooperative Rehabilitation Model) | author=Jal Minocher Mehta | journal=Zeitschrift Behinderung und Dritte Welt | date=January 2000 | access-date=22 July 2016 | archive-date=15 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415142652/http://www.zbdw.de/projekt01/media/pdf/2000_1.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Neuropathic foot in leprosy">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221532401 | title=Neuropathic foot in leprosy | publisher=Aveer Films [for the Poona District Leprosy Committee] | date=1999 | people=Dr. Jal Mehta, Vishram Revankar | OCLC=221532401}}</ref> He chaired the [[Serum Institute of India]] (SIIL) and sat in the Advisory Boards of Pharmabiz, Chronicle Pharmabiz and the Vienna Karl Landsteiner Institute.<ref name="Padma Bhushan Dr. Jal Mehta passes away">{{cite web | url=http://saffron.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=8190&sectionid=17 | title=Padma Bhushan Dr. Jal Mehta passes away | publisher=Pharma Biz | date=15 October 2001 | access-date=21 July 2016 | archive-date=27 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827151009/http://saffron.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=8190&sectionid=17 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His efforts towards the Leprosy eradication program included the management of a Leprosy Hospital and a Rehabilitation Centre in Pune.<ref name="A mission is orphaned">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/A-mission-is-orphaned/articleshow/1727491953.cms | title=A mission is orphaned | publisher=Times of India | date=15 October 2001 | access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1982, for his contributions to medical science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He died on 13 October 2001, succumbing to a cerebral hemorrhage at Pune,<ref name="Padma Bhushan Dr. Jal Mehta passes away" /> survived by his wife, Mehru, a medical doctor and cancer surgeon;<ref name="Like Father, Like Daughter">{{cite web | url=http://health.virtualpune.com/mehta/mehta.shtml | title=Like Father, Like Daughter | publisher=Virtual Pune | date=2016 | access-date=21 July 2016 | archive-date=3 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703131848/http://health.virtualpune.com/mehta/mehta.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221532401 | title=Neuropathic foot in leprosy | publisher=Aveer Films [for the Poona District Leprosy Committee] | date=1999 | people=Dr. Jal Mehta, Vishram Revankar | OCLC=221532401}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Jal Minocher}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
{{India-med-bio-stub}}

COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana

2026-01-10T18:22:10Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Haryana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox pandemic


| name = COVID-19 Pandemic in [[Haryana]]
| disease = [[COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| first_case = [[Gurugram]]
| arrival_date = 4 March 2020 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=22|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})
| origin = [[Wuhan]], [[China]]
| confirmed_cases = {{increaseNegative}} 2,64,955
| active_cases = {{DecreasePositive}} 2,510
| recovery_cases = {{increase}} 2,59,495
| deaths = {{IncreaseNegative}} 2,950
| territories = 22 out of 22 districts
| website = {{url|https://www.mohfw.gov.in/}}
}}
The first case of [[COVID-19]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]] was reported on 4 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/first-coronavirus-positive-case-reported-in-gurugram/story-eK31WEUeqi7gssd2n9Ha5J.html|title=Haryana's first coronavirus positive case reported in Gurugram|date=16 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] has confirmed a total of 2,64,955 positive cases as of 10 January 2021 out of which 2,510 are still active and 2,950 deaths so far. The recovery rate in Haryana is 97.9%.<ref name="MoHFW">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in/page.aspx?id=208|title=NHMHry {{!}} Home|website=www.nhmharyana.gov.in|access-date=2020-06-05|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307201424/http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in/page.aspx?id=208|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Testing and countermeasures==
=== Testing facilities ===
Six (8) labs, one each at PGIMS, [[Rohtak]], [[Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College|BPS Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat]], [[ESIC Medical College, Faridabad|ESIC Hospital]], Faridabad, [[Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College|Kalpana Chawla Medical College, Karnal]], ICAR-[[National Research Centre on Equines]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]] Chandigarh, [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research|CSIR]] Mohali, Civil Hospital, Panchkula are already functional for testing of COVID-19. Five private labs at Gurugram (Modern Diagnostics and Research Lab, [[SRL Diagnostics|SRL]], CORE Diagnostics, Pathkind Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd., [[Dr Lal PathLabs|Dr. Lal Pathlabs]]) approved by [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] for COVID-19 testing.

=== Hospital facilities ===
6 government/ aided medical colleges namely PGIMS in Rohtak, BPSGMC in Khanpur Kalan (Sonepat), [[Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College|SHKMGMC in Nalhar, Nuh]], KCGMC, Karnal, MAMC, Agroha and 27 hospitals will have dedicated exclusive wards/blocks for COVID-19 patients only. ESIC Medical College, Faridabad is under process for COVID-19 hospital.

All government/ government aided/ private medical colleges in the state have been asked to reserve at least 25% of the beds.

Isolation wards and quarantine facilities are established as given below:
{{blockquote|
'''34,876''' isolation beds identified in '''601''' government and private facilities.
'''21,188''' persons quarantine facility identified in '''6133''' rooms/dormitories.}}

==Timeline==
===July 2020===
* As of 10 July, the total figure in Haryana had reached 19934. Of these, 13290 males and 6642 females and two transgenders have been found infected. In the new case, 111 in Gurugram, 50 in Sonipat, 24 in Rohtak, 7 in Bhiwani, 66 in Rewari, 24 in Karnal, 27 in Ambala, 16 in Jhajjar, 15 in Palwal, 68 in Mahendragarh, 66 in Hisar, Panipat has 38, 18 in Noah, 1 in Kurukshetra, 10 in Sirsa, 8 in Jind, 5 in Fatehabad, 5 in Panchkula, 1 in Yamunanagar and 5 in Kaithal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/local/haryana/haryana-565-new-cases-of-corona-3-deaths-334966|title=Haryana : कोरोना के 565 नए केस, तीन मौतें | Hari Bhoomi|first=Chetan|last=Verma|date=10 July 2020|website=www.haribhoomi.com}}</ref>
* As of 13 July, the total COVID-19 Case-21929, Total active COVID-19 patients-4984, Total positive COVID-19 patients- recovered/discharged to date-16637<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in/page.aspx?id=208|title=National Health Mission, Haryana|website=www.nhmharyana.gov.in|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307201424/http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in/page.aspx?id=208|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* As of 16 July, total number of cases in Haryana was 24002, including 5495 active cases, 18185 recoveries and 322 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in|title=MoHFW-GOI|accessdate=23 May 2020 |work=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]}}</ref>
* As of 18 July, the total number of cases was 25547, including 5885 active cases, 19318 cures and 344 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 July, the total number of cases was 28975, including 6348 active cases, 22249 recoveries and 378 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 27 July, the total number of cases was 32127, including 6684 active cases, 25046 recoveries and 397 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 29 July, the total number of cases was 33631, including 6798 active cases, 26420 recoveries and 413 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===August 2020===
* As of 3 August, the total figure in Haryana had reached 39234. This includes 6193 active cases, 32583 recoveries and 458 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 6 August, the total number of COVID-19 cases in the state was 39303. This includes 6205 active cases, 32640 recoveries and 458 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 9 August, the total number of COVID-19 cases in the state was 41635. This includes 6371 active cases, 34781 cures and 483 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 14 August, the total number of COVID-19 cases was 45614. This includes 6748 active cases, 38348 cures and 518 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 18 August, the total number of COVID-19 cases in the state was 48936. This includes 7081 active cases, 41298 cures and 557 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 August, the total number of COVID-19 cases in the state was 54386. This includes 8961 active cases, 44822 cures and 603 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 25 August, the total number of COVID-19 cases was 56608, including 9489 active cases, 46496 cures and 623 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===September 2020===
* As of 1 September, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana had reached 66426. This includes 11885 active cases, 53835 recoveries and 706 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 6 September, the total number of COVID cases was 76549. This includes 15692 active cases, 60051 cures and 806 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 10 September, the total number of COVID cases was 85944. This includes 18332 active cases, 66705 cures and 907 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 16 September, the total number of COVID cases was 101316, including 21334 active cases, 78937 recoveries and 1045 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" /> Total number of cases in Haryana passed the grim milestone of 100000 persons on 16 September.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/sep/16/haryana-crosses-one-lakh-covid-19-cases-half-of-themin-seven-districts-bordering-delhi-2197806.html |title=Haryana crosses one lakh COVID-19 cases|accessdate=22 September 2020 |work=New Indian Express}}</ref>
* As of 22 September, the total number of COVID cases was 114870. This includes 19888 active cases, 93776 cures and 1206 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 28 September, the total number of COVID cases was 125412, including 15670 active cases, 108411 cures and 1331 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===October 2020===
* As of 2 October, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana had reached 131388. This includes 13247 active cases, 113716 recoveries and 1425 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 5 October, the total number of COVID cases was 134909. This includes 11822 active cases, 121596 recoveries and 1491 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 14 October, the total number of COVID cases was 145507 including 10187 active cases, 133706 cures and 1614 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 27 October, the total number of COVID cases was 160705 including 10452 active cases, 148530 cures and 1750 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===November 2020===
* As of 4 November, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana had reached 174082. This includes 14110 active cases, 158136 recoveries and 1836 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 15 November, the total number was 199874. This includes 19557 active cases, 178298 recoveries and 2019 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 November, the total number was 219963. This includes 20412 active cases, 197335 cures and 2216 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===December 2020===
* As of 2 December, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana had reached 237604. This includes 16673 active cases, 218443 recoveries and 2488 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 7 December, the total number of COVID cases was 245288. This includes 12126 active cases, 230551 recoveries and 2611 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 20 December, the total number of COVID cases was 257644. This includes 5888 active cases, 248935 recoveries and 2821 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 28 December, the total number of COVID cases was 261258, including 4040 active cases, 254336 recoveries and 2882 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 31 December, the total number of COVID cases was 262325, including 3567 active cases, 255853 recoveries and 2905 Deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===January 2021===
* As of 3 January, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana had reached 263068, including 2890 active cases, 257261 recoveries and 291 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 11 January, the total number of COVID cases was 265199. This includes 2547 active cases, 259696 recoveries and 2956 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 19 January, the total number of COVID cases was 266581, including 1837 active cases, 261751 recoveries and 2993 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 24 January, the total number of COVID cases was 267203, including 1511 active cases, 262682 cures and 3010 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===February 2021===
* As of 1 February, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana had reached 267989, including 1081 active cases, 263886 recoveries and 3022 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 13 February, the total number of COVID cases had reached 268969, including 845 active cases, 265085 recoveries and 3039 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 20 February, the total number of COVID cases had reached 269609, including 816 active cases, 265751 recoveries and 3042 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===March 2021===
* As of 6 March, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 272215, including 1898 active cases, 267261 recoveries and 3056 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 14 March, the total number of COVID cases had reached 275137, including 3095 active cases, 268968 cures and 3074 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 29 March, the total number of COVID cases had reached 288714, including 9312 active cases, 276259 cures and 3143 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===April 2021===
* As of 1 April, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 292409, including 10362 active cases, 278883 recoveries and 3164 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 4 April, the total number of COVID cases was 298133, including 12574 active cases, 282368 recoveries and 3191 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 8 April, the total number of cases was 307510, including 17129 active cases, 287151 cures and 3230 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 13 April, the total number of COVID cases is 324544, including 24207 active cases, 297039 recoveries and 3298 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===May 2021===
* As of 5 May, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 558795, including 113425 active cases, 440590 recoveries and 4960 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 17 May, the total number of COVID cases was 701915, including 83161 active cases, 611955 recoveries and 6799 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 25 May, the total number of COVID cases was 744602, including 34088 active cases, 702779 cures and 7735 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
7 MAY,2021

===June 2021===
* As of 17 June, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 766838, including 3227 active cases, 754464 recoveries and 9147 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 21 June, the total number of COVID cases was 767580, including 2337 active cases, 755968 recoveries and 9275 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 25 June, the total number of COVID cases was 768142, including 1927 active cases, 756864 cures and 9351 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===July 2021===
* As of 13 July, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 769343, including 872 active cases, 758908 recoveries and 9563 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===August 2021===
* As of 28 August, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 770445, including 657 active cases, 760115 recoveries and 9673 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===September 2021===
* As of 23 September, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 770770, including 332 active cases, 760629 recoveries and 9809 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 28 September, the total number of COVID cases was 770847, including 277 active cases, 760696 recoveries and 9874 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />

===Oct to Dec 2021===
* As of 6 October, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 770949, including 273 active cases, 760801 recoveries and 9875 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 8 October, the total number of COVID cases was 770975, including 279 active cases, 760821 cures and 9875 deaths.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 23 October, the total number of COVID cases was 771141, including 115 active cases, 760977 recoveries and 10049 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 1 November, the total number of COVID cases was 771252, including 135 active cases, 761068 cures and 10049 fatalities.<ref name="MOHFW" />
* As of 4 December, the total number of COVID cases was 771780, including 182 active cases, 761544 cures and 10054 fatalities.<ref name="MyGov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mygov.in/corona-data/covid19-statewise-status/|title=COVID19 STATEWISE STATUS |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=MyGov.in|date=28 March 2020 }}</ref>

===Jan to Mar 2022===
* As of 9 January, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 788985, including 13960 active cases, 764953 recoveries and 10072 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 28 January, the total number of COVID cases was 937606, including 32011 active cases, 895339 recoveries and 10256 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 11 February, the total number of COVID cases was 971511, including 7039 active cases, 954000 recoveries and 10472 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 21 February, the total number of COVID cases was 978884, including 2633 active cases, 965220 cures and 10531 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 25 February, the total number of COVID cases was 980759, including 2310 active cases, 967898 cures and 10551 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 19 March, the total number of COVID cases was 984457, including 571 active cases, 973291 cures and 10595 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />

===Apr to Jun 2022===
* As of 13 April, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 986259, including 580 active cases, 975062 recoveries and 10617 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 26 April, the total number of COVID cases was 989762, including 2673 active cases, 977293 cures and 10618 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 2 May, the total number of COVID cases was 992987, including 2496 active cases, 979872 recoveries and 10619 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 11 May, the total number of COVID cases was 997759, including 2153 active cases, 984985 cures and 10621 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 28 May, the total number of COVID cases was 1002025, including 1096 active cases, 990308 cures and 10621 fatalities.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 11 June, the total number of COVID cases was 1005359, including 1548 active cases, 993190 recoveries and 10621 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 22 June, the total number of COVID cases was 1011421, including 2984 active cases, 997915 cures and 10622 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />

=== July to September 2022 ===
* As of 16 July, the total number of COVID cases in Haryana was 1022034, including 2033 active cases, 1009369 recoveries and 10632 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 30 August, the total number of COVID cases was 1051297, including 2300 active cases, 1038318 recoveries and 10679 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 10 September, the total number of COVID cases was 1053666, including 666 active cases, 1042307 cures and 10693 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 18 September, the total number of COVID cases was 1054254, including 439 active cases, 1043118 cures and 10697 fatal cases.<ref name="MyGov" />
* As of 24 September, the total number of COVID cases was 1054683, including 337 active cases, 1043643 cures and 10703 deaths.<ref name="MyGov" />

== COVID-19 vaccines with approval for emergency or conditional usage ==
[[File:The Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, Science & Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Harsh Vardhan visiting the GTB Hospital, Shahdara to review the preparedness of Dry Run of COVID-19 vaccine, in Delhi on January 02, 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare, [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Dr. Harsh Vardhan]] visiting the GTB Hospital, Shahdara to review the preparedness of dry run of COVID-19 vaccine, in Delhi on January 2, 2021.]]

{{main|COVID-19 vaccine}}

===Covishield===

On January 1, 2021, the [[Drug Controller General of India]], approved the emergency or conditional use of [[AstraZeneca]]'s COVID-19 vaccine [[AZD1222]] (marketed as Covishield).<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19 vaccine Covishield gets approval from DCGI's expert panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-serum-institute-of-indias-covid-19-vaccine-covishield-likely-to-be-approved-for-emergency-use-in-india/article33472324.ece |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=1 January 2021}}</ref> Covishield is developed by the [[University of Oxford]] and its spin-out company, [[Vaccitech]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine authorised for emergency supply in the UK |url=https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine-authorised-in-uk.html |access-date=4 January 2021 |agency=AstraZeneca |publisher=AstraZeneca |date=30 December 2020}}</ref> It is a viral vector vaccine based on replication-deficient adenovirus that causes cold in chimpanzees.
It can be stored, transported and handled at normal refrigerated conditions (28 degrees Celsius/ 36-46 degrees Fahrenheit). It has a shelf-life of at least six months.

On 12 January 2021 first batches of Covishield vaccine was despatched from the [[Serum Institute of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-serum-institute-sends-out-first-vaccines-as-india-readies-for-covid-shots-2351052 |title=Stand By, India: Serum Institute Sends Out Vaccines, 1st Batch In Delhi |access-date=12 January 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

===Covaxin===
On January 2, 2021, [[BBV152]] (marketed as Covaxin), first indigenous vaccine, developed by [[Bharat Biotech]] in association with the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and [[National Institute of Virology]] received approval from the Drug Controller General of India for its emergency or conditional usage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Expert panel recommends Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for restricted emergency use |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/expert-panel-clears-bharat-biotechs-covaxin-amid-uk-virus-strain-what-you-need-to-know-3240500.html |access-date=4 January 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 January 2021}}</ref>

On 14 January 2021 first batches of Covaxin vaccine was despatched from the Bharat Biotech, albeit it was still in the third phase of testing.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covaxin-delivery-starts-full-initial-procurement-allotted-7145380/ |title=Covaxin delivery starts, 'full initial procurement allotted' |access-date=14 January 2021 |publisher=Indian Express |date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

===Others===
On 19 May 2021, Dr Reddy's Labs received Emergency Use Authorisation for anti-COVID drug 2-DG.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dr-reddys-confirms-emergency-use-authorisation-for-anti-covid-drug-2-dg-says-price-not-yet-fixed-6914241.html |title=Dr Reddy's confirms Emergency Use Authorisation for anti-COVID drug 2-DG, says price not yet fixed |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Moneycontol |date=19 May 2021}}</ref> On 21 February, 2022, Drugs Controller General of India granted approval to Biological E's COVID-19 vaccine Corbevax, that can be used for children between 12 and 18 years of age.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/covid-vaccine-for-kids-approval-granted-to-covid-vaccine-corbevax-for-children-between-12-18-years-heres-all-we-know/articleshow/89727948.cms |title=Approval granted to COVID vaccine Corbevax for children between 12-18 years |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=21 Feb 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/biological-e-s-covid-vaccine-corbevax-receives-emergency-use-nod-for-children-aged12-18-yrs-101645446354414.html |title=Biological E's Covid vaccine Corbevax receives emergency use nod for children aged 12-18 yrs |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=21 Feb 2022}}</ref>

On 21 October 2021, India completed administering of one billion Covid vaccines in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-administers-one-billion-covid-19-vaccine-doses-101634794885385.html |title=India scripts history, administers one billion Covid-19 vaccine doses |access-date=27 Oct 2021 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 Oct 2021}}</ref>

On 8 January 2022, India crossed 1.5 billion Covid vaccines milestone in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-achieve-milestone-of-1-5-billion-anti-covid-jabs-today-says-pm-modi-101641551025378.html |title=India crosses 1.5 bn Covid vaccine doses, Modi terms it 'significant milestone' |access-date=9 Jan 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 Jan 2022}}</ref>

On 19 February 2022, India crossed 1.75 billion Covid vaccines milestone in the country.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-covid-19-india-s-vaccination-coverage-crosses-175-crore-mark-covid-cases-coronavirus-covaxin-covishield-news-2935176 |title= COVID-19: India's vaccination coverage crosses 175 crore mark |access-date=26 Feb 2022 |publisher=DNA India |date=19 Feb 2022}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Rohtak]]
* [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
* [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]


{{Portal bar|COVID-19|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India by state or union territory|Haryana]]
[[Category:Disasters in Haryana]]

The Rest (Bombay) cricket team

2026-01-06T22:05:56Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: put up

{{Short description|Former Indian cricket team that played in the Bombay Pentangular}}
{{About|the [[Bombay Tournament (cricket)|Bombay Tournament]] team|the [[Irani Cup]] team|Rest of India cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
'''The Rest''' was an Indian [[first-class cricket]] team which took part in the annual [[Bombay Tournament (cricket)|Bombay Pentangular]] from 1937–38 to 1945–46.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1168/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-class matches played by The Rest (India) |publisher=Cricket Archive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref> It comprised those players who did not fit into any of the teams that took part in the Quadrangular, including [[Catholic Church in India|Catholics]], [[History of the Jews in India|Jews]] and mixed-race [[Anglo-Indian]]s.<ref>[[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'', Andre-Deutsch, 1990, p. 125.</ref> Several leading players from [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] also took part.<ref>Michael Roberts, "Sri Lanka: The Power of Cricket and the Power in Cricket", in ''Cricket and National Identity in the Postcolonial Age'', ed. Stephen Wagg; Routledge, Abingdon, 2005, p. 140.</ref> The team reached the final of the Pentangular twice, in 1940–41 and 1943–44. In the 1943–44 final [[Vijay Hazare]] scored 309 out of the team's total of 387.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17391.html |title=Hindus v The Rest 1943–44 |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref>

The Rest also played two first-class matches in the one-off Amritsar Tournament, competing against the [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] and [[Muslims cricket team|Muslims]], in 1940–41.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amritsar Tournament 1940-41|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Amritsar_Tournament_1940-41.html|website=CricketArchive|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref>

In all, The Rest played 12 first-class matches, losing six and drawing six.

The Rest also competed in the five-team Sind Tournament in [[Karachi]] from 1919–20 to 1946–47, but these matches are not considered first-class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Other Matches played by The Rest|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1168/Other_Matches.html|website=CricketArchive|accessdate=5 October 2017|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101156/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1168/Other_Matches.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Rest were unsuccessful in this tournament except in the last season, when they beat [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] by two wickets in the final.

==Other teams called "The Rest"==
Also in India, the annual [[Irani Cup]] fixture features [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] which plays against the current [[Ranji Trophy]] champions.

The appellation "The Rest" has been applied on an ''ad hoc'' basis to teams in other countries:
* In England, it is generally understood that teams which represent "the rest of England", usually assembled to play against a particular county club team, are called "England" or "England" or "The Rest". They are in fact [[Rest of England cricket teams]] and such teams have been organised since the 1730s. A team specifically called "The Rest" took part in a [[single wicket cricket|single wicket]] "fives" match on Monday, 6 June 1748, playing against [[Addington Cricket Club|Addington]] at the [[Artillery Ground]]; this appears to be the first instance of the name.<ref name="FL18C22">{{cite book |last=Buckley |first=G. B. |authorlink=G. B. Buckley |title=Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket |year=1935 |publisher=Cotterell |page=22}}</ref> A team called "The Rest" played a combined [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] and [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] team in 1883.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2704.html |title=Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire v The Rest 1883 |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref> Between then and 1997, "The Rest" teams played irregular first-class matches. At the end of most seasons from 1901 to 1960, "The Rest" played the winner of the [[County Championship]] in a first-class match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1171/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-class matches played by The Rest (England) |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref>
* In Australia, a team called [[Rest of Australia cricket team|The Rest]] played irregular first-class matches, usually against an Australian XI, between 1872–73 and 1939–40.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1169/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-class matches played by The Rest (Australia) |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref>
* In New Zealand, a team called "The Rest" played six first-class matches against a New Zealand XI between 1927–28 and 1981–82.<ref>{{cite web |title=First-class matches played by The Rest (New Zealand) |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1174/First-Class_Matches.html |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref>
* In Pakistan, a team called "The Rest" played four first-class matches against a Pakistan XI between 1952–53 and 1969–70. In 2009–10 a team called "The Rest" competed in the [[RBS Pentangular Cup]], finishing third.<ref>{{cite web |title=First-class matches played by The Rest (Pakistan) |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1176/First-Class_Matches.html |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref>
* Teams called "The Rest" have also played first-class matches in the West Indies (two matches)<ref>{{cite web |title=First-class matches played by The Rest (West Indies) |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/1/1181/First-Class_Matches.html |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref> and South Africa (one match).<ref>{{cite web |title=First-class matches played by The Rest (South Africa) |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/3/3406/First-Class_Matches.html |website=CricketArchive |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[Vasant Raiji]], ''India's Hambledon Men'', Tyeby Press, 1986
* [[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'', Andre-Deutsch, 1990
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], ''A Corner of a Foreign Field - An Indian History of a British Sport'', Picador, 2001

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rest (Bombay) cricket team}}
[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Former senior cricket teams in India]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

List of metropolitan cities in West Bengal

2025-11-15T16:12:34Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: done!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The Indian state of [[West Bengal]] has six metropolitan cities with a population of over 500,000. More four cities are considered as secondary metropolitan or greater urban agglomerations based on their development, population and characteristics.

== List ==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 50%; font-size: 0.90em;"
!No.
!Metropolis
!Photo
!Population (2011)<ref name=2011UA>{{cite web|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=Censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Cen2011-Basirhat">
{{cite web
| title = Basirhat City Population 2025
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/212-basirhat.html
| website = Census2011.co.in
| access-date = 29 August 2025
}}
</ref><ref name="Cen2011-Asansol">
{{cite web
| title = Asansol City Population Estimates
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/200-asansol.html
| website = Census2011.co.in
| access-date = 29 August 2025
}}
</ref><ref name="Macrotrends-SiliguriPopulation">
{{cite web
| title = Siliguri, India Metro Area Population (1950–2025)
| url = https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21405/siliguri/population
| website = Macrotrends
| access-date = 29 August 2025
}}
</ref><ref name="Cen2011-Durgapur">
{{cite web
| title = Durgapur City Population Estimates
| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/204-durgapur.html
| website = Census2011.co.in
| access-date = 29 August 2025
}}
</ref>
!Area (Km2)
!Density
!District
|-
|1
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[File:Kolkata_skyline.jpg|130x130px]]
|1,41,12,536
|1,888
|24000
|[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|-
|2
|[[Asansol]]
|[[File:Gandhi_More_or_'Court',_Asansol-_02.jpg|130x130px]]
|12,43,008
|1,615
|3,812.90
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|-
|3
|[[Siliguri]]
|[[File:Siliguri_view.jpg|130x130px]]
|11,91,000
|2,222
|1,510.62
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|-
|4
|[[Durgapur]]
|[[File:Durgapur_City_Centre_aerial_view.jpg|130x130px]]
|5,80,000
|1,550
|3,392.96
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|-
|5
|[[Bardhaman]]
|[[File:Curzon_Gate.jpg|130x130px]]
|5,22,445
|157
|3,327.68
|[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|-
|6
|[[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
|[[File:Malda_Town_Railway_Station.jpg|130x130px]]
|4,00,295
|206
|1,933.79
|[[Malda district|Malda]]
|-
|7 ||[[Berhampore]]||[[File:Kathgola satyajit sinha.jpg|130px]] || 305,609 || 194 || 6,365.37 || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|-
| 8 ||[[Kharagpur]] ||[[File:IIT Kharagpur Main Building.JPG|thumb|130px]] || 293,719 || 127 || 1,884.80 || [[West Medinipur]]
|-
| 9 ||[[Basirhat]] ||[[File:Basirhat aerial view.jpg|thumb|130px]] || 206,000 || 56 || 8,400.45 || [[North 24 Parganas]]
|-
| 10 ||[[Haldia]] ||[[File:Haldia Institute of Technology building.jpg|thumb|130px]]|| 200,762 || 198 || 1,841.85 || [[East Medinipur]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]

Battle of Bhatvadi

2025-10-24T14:08:24Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: New

{{short description|Battle fought in 1624}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Bhatvadi
| partof = Mughal invasion of Deccan
| date = September 1624
| place = Bhatvadi
| coordinates = {{coord|19.045731|74.899063}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location of Bhatvadi in India
| map_label = Bhatvadi
| result = Ahmadnagar victory
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Bijapur Sultanate]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[Golconda Sultanate]]<ref name="BGT">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.117961|title=The Life and Work Of Malik Ambar|last=Tamaskar|first=B. G.|date=1978|publisher=Delhi., Idarah-i Adabiyat-i}}{{pn|date=October 2025}}</ref>
| commander1 = [[Malik Ambar]] [[Shahaji]] Sarfoji{{KIA}}<ref name="BGT"/>
| commander2 = [[Mullah Muhammad Lari]]{{KIA}} Ikhlas Khan{{POW}}<ref name="BGT"/> Lashkar Khan{{POW}}<ref name="BGT"/> Farhad Khan{{executed}}<ref name="BGT"/> [[Randaula Khan]]{{WIA}}<ref name="BGT"/> [[Lakhuji Jadhav]]<ref name="BGT"/>
}}
The '''Battle of Bhatvadi''' (also Bhatavadi or Bhatwadi) was fought in 1624, near modern [[Bhatodi]] Pargaon village in [[Maharashtra]], India. The [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] army led by [[Malik Ambar]] defeated a combined [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-[[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] force led by the Bijapuri general [[Mullah Muhammad Lari]].

Malik Ambar's army was being pursued by the allied forces, when he took shelter at a fortified complex near Bhatvadi. He then breached a dam to cause flooding that prevented the allied cavalry from approaching his camp. Meanwhile, disagreements between various generals and heavy rains added to the chaos in the Mughal-Bijapur camp. Taking advantage of this situation, Malik Ambar attacked the allied camp, and achieved a decisive victory, imprisoning several Bijapuri and Mughal generals. Muhammad Lari was killed, possibly on the orders of the rival Bijapuri general Ikhlas Khan.

The generals of the Ahmadnagar army included [[Shahaji]], whose son [[Shivaji]] subsequently established a kingdom that evolved into the [[Maratha Empire]]. The Maratha records portray the battle of Bhatvadi as an auspicious omen signaling the rise of the Maratha power.

== Background ==

The [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] was a major kingdom in the [[Deccan]] region of India; it was officially ruled by the Nizam Shahi dynasty, but its de facto ruler was the powerful minister [[Malik Ambar]]. Ahmadnagar was involved in conflicts against its northern neighbour, the [[Mughal Empire]], its southern neighbour, the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty, and its eastern neighbour, the [[Golconda Sultanate]]. A peace treaty between the Mughals and Bijapur led to their alliance against Ahmadnagar. Malik Ambar could not match the military superiority of the Bijapur-Mughal forces, and relied on [[guerrilla warfare|guerilla tactics]].{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|pp=15-16}}

[[Shahaji]] and other local [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] chiefs frequently changed their allegiance between the warring sides. Sometime before the battle of Bhatvadi, Shahaji and some other Maratha leaders joined the Mughals, but returned to Malik Ambar's service just before the battle.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|1993|p=44}} The Maratha officers who fought on Malik Ambar's side at Bhatvadi included Shahaji, Sharofji, Maloji, Parsoji, Mambaji, Nagoji, Trimbakji, Kakoji, Hambir Rao Chavan, Madhji, Nar Singh Raj, Ballela Tripul, Vithal Raj Kavata, Dattaji, Naganath, Nar Singh Pingle, and Sunder Jagdev.{{sfn|Richard M. Eaton|2006|p=134}}

By 1624, the Mughals had captured the [[Ahmadnagar]] city, and Malik Ambar controlled the rural areas to the east of the city.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=16}} After a series of conflicts and negotiations, Malik Ambar invaded the Bijapur Sultanate, and besieged its capital, the [[Bijapur]] city. The Bijapuri king [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] asked his general [[Mullah Muhammad Lari]] to come to Bijapur, and also secured support of the Mughal viceroy Sarbuland Rai by offering 200,000 ''[[hun (coin)|huns]]'' to him. Meanwhile, an epidemic killed 500 horses in Malik Ambar's camp in a single night. He attempted to convince the Mughals to stay away from the conflict and tried to negotiate a peace treaty with Bijapur, but was unsuccessful. The impending arrival of a combined Bijapur-Mughal army forced him to retreat from Bijapur.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|pp=79-80}}

Adil Shah sent an army led by Ikhlas Khan Habshi to pursue Malik Ambar's retreating army, and shortly after, sent a larger army comprising Mughal and Bijapur troops commanded by Muhammad Lari.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=80}}

== The battle delayed ==

Malik Ambar retreated to his own territory, and encamped at a place described as the "fort of Bhatavdi" by the near-contemporary text ''Futuhat-i-Adilshahi''. This place was probably a large fortified complex located in present-day [[Beed district]], near the Bhatvadi village (modern Bhatodi Pargaon) in present-day [[Ahmednagar district]], south-east of the Ahmadnagar city. The Bijapur-Mughal army encamped nearby, with the Keli River (or Kalinadi) separating the two camps.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|pp=16-17}}{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=80}}

The Ahmadnagar minister Salabat Khan had constructed a dam on the Keli River in 1589.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=16}} The records of the [[British Raj|colonial British government]], which repaired this dam in the mid-19th century, suggest that it could store at least 4.22 million cubic meters of water.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=17}} The battle was fought during the [[monsoon of South Asia|monsoon season]] in September 1624, when the water level in the dam would have been very high.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=19}} (Note: According to the ''[[Jedhe Shakawali|Jedhe Shakavali]]'', the battle was fought in October 1624. ''Basatin-us-Salatin'' variously dates it to the [[Hijri year]]s 1033 and 1034; the change from Hijri year 1033 to 1034 happened on 6–7 October 1624 CE. These sources suggest the battle was fought in October 1624. However, based on circumstantial evidence, scholar B. G. Tamaskar theorizes that the battle was fought in September 1624. Art and architectural historian [[Pushkar Sohoni]] finds Tamaskar's theory "quite convincing".{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=22}})

Malik Ambar ordered the dam to breached, and the subsequent flooding prevented the Bijapur-Mughal cavalry from advancing towards his camp. The allied effort was further hindered by heavy rain and quarrels between the Mughal and the Bijapuri commanders.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=16}} Adil Shah had sent special robes to honour to his general Ikhlas Khan and a few other Bijapuri nobles, but refused to similarly honour the Mughal generals of the joint army, despite requests from Muhammad Lari to do so. This behaviour of Adil Shah had alienated the Mughal troops.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=80}}

For nearly two months, neither side advanced towards the enemy camp.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=80}} Sijahdar Khan, the commander of the Mughal troops, recommended that the Bijapur-Mughal force leave Bhatvadi and retreat to the Mughal-controlled Ahmadnagar city. The Bijapuri general Ikhlas Khan favoured a negotiation with Malik Ambar before retreating to the Bijapur city. However, his colleague Muhammad Lari refused to leave without engaging in a battle with Malik Ambar. The disagreement led to a verbal argument between the two generals, with Ikhlas Khan blaming Muhammad Lari for the misfortunes of the Bijapur-Mughal force.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=80}}

== The battle ==

Amid the chaos in the Bijapur-Mughal camp, Malik Ambar launched an attack, starting a battle at Bhatvadi. The Bijapuri general Muhammad Lari was killed when a ball hit him and he fell down from his horse. According to ''Futuhat-i-Adilshahi'', he was killed by the Bijapuri soldiers by the order of Ikhlas Khan.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=81}} But many historians refuse this. According to 'Shivbharat' Muhammad Lari was killed by Shahaji Bhosale a brave warrior in Ahmednagar Sultanate.

Meanwhile, Malik Ambar's cavalry feigned retreat, but then launched a surprise attack on the Bijapuri troops, bypassing the Mughal contingent. Malik Ambar's men captured Ikhlas Khan and 240 other commanders of Bijapur. They also captured three Mughal generals; the other Mughal generals fled the battlefield, riding towards the Mughal-controlled territory.{{sfn|Shanti Sadiq Ali|1996|p=81}} The battle thus resulted in a huge victory for Ahmadnagar.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|pp=15-16}}

== Legacy ==

The battle was important enough to be recorded by the European traveler [[Pietro Della Valle]], who heard about it in [[Goa]] on 31 October 1624.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=21}} Malik Ambar died in 1626, and Ahmadnagar fell to its enemies a decade later, in 1636. In the subsequent decades, [[Shivaji]] - a son of Malik Ambar's subordinate [[Shahaji]] - established a kingdom that covered much of former Ahmadnagar territory, and that ultimately evolved into the [[Maratha Empire]]. The Maratha records portray the battle of Bhatvadi as an important turning point in the history of the region, and as an auspicious omen indicating the rise of the Marathas.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=15}}

The [[Sanskrit]]-language texts ''Radha-madhava-vilasa-champuh'' (composed under Shahaji's patronage in 1654) and ''Shiva-bharata'' (composed under Shivaji's patronage in 1674) describe the battle of Bhatvadi.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=15}} The [[Persian language]] texts ''Futuhat-i-Adilshahi'' (1640–43), ''Iqbalnamah-i-Jahangiri'' (17th century), and ''Basatin-us-Salatin'' (1824) also contain information about the battle.{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|pp=15, 22}} The event also finds a mention the [[Marathi language]] records, including the ''[[Jedhe Shakawali|Jedhe Shakavali]]'' (17th century) and a [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara Temple]] inscription (1803).{{sfn|Pushkar Sohoni|2016|p=15}}

== See also ==

* [[Battle of Salsu]] (612 CE), another battle won by breaching a dam

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Pushkar Sohoni |title=Flushing out the Enemy: Revisiting the battle of Bhatavadi |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |volume=76 |year=2016 |pages=15–22 |jstor=26264763 }}
* {{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |chapter=The rise and fall of military slavery in the Deccan, 1450-1650 |title=Slavery and South Asian History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&pg=PA134 |year=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-11671-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA80 |year=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Bhatvadi]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1624|Bhatvadi]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:1624 in Asia]]
[[Category:1620s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Military operations involving dams]]
[[Category:Battles involving Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]

Purbasthali

2025-08-26T18:15:44Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: adding first bio from scratch

{{For other uses|Purbasthali (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Tone | date = December 2024}}
{{More citations needed | date = January 2019}}}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Purbasthali
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4668|N|88.3329|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,207
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713513
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Purbasthali Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali Dakshin]],
[[Purbasthali Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali Uttar]]
| website = {{URL|bardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Purbasthali''' is a village in the [[Purba Bardhaman district]] of West Bengal, India. It is located 120 km north from [[Kolkata]]. Also known as Chupi Char, it lies on the banks of a large oxbow lake created by the [[Ganges river]] and is only 8 km from the town of [[Nabadwip]]. The 2–3 km long lake attracts migrants and water birds.<ref>[http://www.kolkatabirds.com/purbast.htm Water Birds of India]</ref> The Purbasthali area has a fairly high level of arsenic in the ground water.<ref>[http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm Ground water arsenic contamination]</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Purbasthali had a total population of 4,207 of which 2,128 (51%) were males and 2,079 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 379. The total number of literates in Purbasthali was 3,215 (83.99% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 February 2019}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|20|30|N|88|17|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Kalna subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious cetre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|20|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Kalna | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Kalna, India]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|24|20|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Srirampur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Srirampur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Hatsimla | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Hatsimla]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|20|30|N|88|20|44|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jaluidanga | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jaluidanga]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|18|54|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Gopinathpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|18|36|N|88|20|20|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nasratpur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nasratpur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|16|43|N|88|18|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dhatrigram | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dhatrigram]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|27|N|88|20|32|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Piarinagar | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Piarinagar]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|15|4|N|88|19|21|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Uttar Goara | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Uttar Goara]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|22|45|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Shashpur | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Shashpur]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|22|35|N|88|15|6|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nadanghat| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nadanghat]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|28|0|N|88|19|58|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Purbasthali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= Purbasthali (R)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black 
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|21|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Monteswar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Monteswar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|14|30|N|88|20|27|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Rangapara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Rangapara, Kalna]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|10|15|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Singarkone| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singarkone]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|26|57|N|88|18|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Parulia| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Parulia, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|16|32|N|88|16|36|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Atgharia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Atgharia]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|24|N|88|16|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Badla| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Badla, Purba Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|55|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Samudragarh| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Samudragarh]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|34|7|N|88|17|15|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Patuli| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Patuli]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|9|20|N|88|14|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Baidyapur Jora Deul| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Baidyapur Jora Deul]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.1327|88.4529}}| label22=Hooghly| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=-90| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.1787|88.4579}}| label23=River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-45| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.4564|88.2065}}| label24=Khari River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=55| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none}}{{Clear|left}}

=== Location ===
Purbasthali lies close on the Tropic of Cancer. Purbasthali is a large block with a number of villages adjoining a large oxbow lake, created by the river Ganga, on its Western bank, in Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal. It is 120 km north from Calcutta. On the Eastern bank of the river lies the town of Nabadwip. The entire Gangetic Isle complex of Purbasthali extends between the geographical coordinates from 88° 19' 45" to 88° 22' E longitude and 23° 26' to 23° 26'45" N latitude.

===Police station===
Purbasthali police station has jurisdiction over parts of [[Purbasthali I]] and [[Purbasthali II]] CD Blocks. The area covered is 180.3 km2.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | title = Purba Bardhaman District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234333/http://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 27 September 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

===Physiography===
Purbasthali is located on the agriculturally rich alluvial plains between the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]], [[Ajay River|Ajay]] and [[Damodar River|Damodar]] rivers.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p. 15, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> Temperatures in this region varies from 17-18 °C in winter to 30-32 °C in summer.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 19</ref>

=== The Oxbow Lake ===
{{Unsourced section|date=April 2025}}
The oxbow lake of Purbasthali has an area of {{convert|3.50|km2|sqmi}} in the post monsoon winter months. Beyond the lake the river fed eco-system also forms a cluster of larger and smaller islands comprising Purbasthali Gangetic Isle Complex.

== Transport ==
[[Purbasthali railway station]] is on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line#Other routes|Bandel-Katwa Branch Line]] of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Notable people ==
* [[Upendranath Brahmachari]] (1873–1941), medical scientist, hailed from Purbasthali.<ref>http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm http://bardhaman.gov.in/personality/emiper.htm</ref>
* Krishnanath Nyayapanchanan (1833–1911) Sanskrit scholar, authority in Nyaya, Mimangsa and other branches of Indian philosophy<ref>{{cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Satyanarayan |year=2012 |chapter=Krishnanath Nyayapanchanan, Mahamahopadhyay |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Krishnanath_Nyayapanchanan,_Mahamahopadhyay |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
* Baneswar Sarkar won the national award for weaving in 1998. <ref>{{Cite web | title=National Award, Merti Certificate winners, Jamdani Weaving of West Bengal, Handicrafts | url=http://www.craftrevival.org/Ahtml/Awards/003367.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004143311/http://www.craftrevival.org/Ahtml/Awards/003367.htm | archive-date=2006-10-04 | access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
* [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]], writer.
*Batukeshawar Dutta-was an Indian Bengali revolutionary and independence fighter in the early 1900s. He and Bhagat Singh set off bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi on 8 April 1929. After they were arrested, tried and imprisoned for life, they went on a hunger strike against the abusive treatment of Indian political prisoners, for whom they eventually secured some rights. He was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association<ref>{{Cite web |title=Personality |url=http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/know_bardhaman/personality.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124030739/http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/know_bardhaman/personality.php |archive-date=24 November 2020 |website=purbabardhaman.gov.in}}</ref>
*[[Manoranjan Nath|Monoranjan Nath]], politician
*[[Pradip Kumar Sahu|Pradip Kumar Saha]], politician

== See also ==
* [[Healthcare in West Bengal]]

*

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
Survey Report on Oxbow Lake of Purbasthali, 1998 by Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management.

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Lakes of West Bengal]]

Richard Pischel

2025-08-21T18:01:51Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: adding a pg w/ infobox!

{{Short description|German Indologist}}
{{One source|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Richard Pischel cropped.tif
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Richard Pischel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1849|01|18}}
| birth_place = [[Breslau]], [[Prussia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1908|12|26|1849|01|18}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| nationality = 
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Indologist]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| awards =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Richard Pischel''' (18 January 1849 – 26 December 1908) was a German [[Indologist]] born in [[Breslau]].

In 1870 he received his doctorate from the [[University of Breslau]] under the guidance of [[Adolf Friedrich Stenzler]] (1807-1887). His graduate thesis was ''De Kalidasae Cakuntali recensionibus'' ("On the [[Recension]]s of [[Kālidāsa]]'s [[Shakuntala]]").<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barnett|first=L. D.|title=''Kalidasa's Śakuntala, an Ancient Hindu Drama'' by Richard Pischel|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|date=October 1927|issue=4|pages=867–869|jstor=25221263}}</ref> In 1875, he received an appointment to the [[University of Kiel]], where he was a professor of [[Sanskrit]] and comparative [[linguistics]].

From 1885 to 1902, he was a professor of [[Indology]] and comparative linguistics at the [[University of Halle]]. At Halle, he collaborated with [[Karl Friedrich Geldner]] (1852-1929) on important [[Vedas|Vedic]] studies (''Vedische Studien''; three volumes). In 1900 he was appointed [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the University, and from 1886 to 1902, served as director and [[librarian]] of the ''Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' (German Oriental Society).

In 1902 he was appointed professor of Indology at the [[University of Berlin]]. He died on 26 December 1908 in [[Madras]] shortly after setting foot in India, where he was scheduled to give a series of lectures. One of Pischel's better written efforts was the masterful ''Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen'' ([[Grammar]] of the [[Prakrit]] languages, 1900). Two years prior to his death, he published a book on the life and teachings of [[Buddha]], titled ''Leben und Lehre des Buddha''.

Well-known students of Pischel were [[Friedrich Schrader]] (not to be mixed up with Friedrich Otto Schrader (1876-1961)), who became known as a writer, newspaper editor and [[art historian]] in [[Constantinople]], Baron [[Alexander von Staël-Holstein]], who became a famous scholar of Central Asian languages and [[Sinology]], and [[Karl Eugen Neumann]], himself a [[Buddhist]] since the 1880s, and with his translations of texts by Buddha one of the founders of occidental "[[Neo-Buddhism]]", with a huge impact on contemporary writers and intellectuals such as [[Hermann Hesse]] and [[Thomas Mann]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_r2ctAAAAYAAJ Richard Pischel, Kaschgar und die Kharoṣṭhī]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pischel, Richard}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Wrocław]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kiel]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Halle]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Silesia]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Prussia]]

Bahuara, Vaishali district

2025-08-04T16:11:49Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahuara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|51|13.0|N|85|35|40.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[vaishali district|vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3 = Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajipur assembly constituency (AC.123)]]<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf ]</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bahuara''' is a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] in [[Hajipur]], [[Vaishali district]], [[Bihar]].

==Geography==
This panchayat is located at {{coord|25|51|13.0|N|85|35|40.7|E|type:panchayat}}

==Panchayat office==
Panchayat Bhawan Bahuara (पंचायत भवन bahuara )<ref>[http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Bihar ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183509/http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf |date=3 November 2014 }} page number 7</ref>

''' '''

==Nearest major road highway or river==
NH 103 (National highway 103) is the nearest state highway<ref>[http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg Map - vaishali district official government website ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104113148/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg |date=4 November 2014 }} file type: image/jpeg, size:13.9 MB</ref>

==Compass==
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf |title=The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509091000/http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Geographic location
|Centre =Bahuara
|North =[[Dayalpur panchayat]]
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest =
|West =[[Kashipur Chakbibi]]
|Northwest =
}}

==Villages in panchayat==
There are villages in this panchayat<ref>[http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99308&rlbtype=V Reports of National Panchayat Directory Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India List of Census Villages mapped for BAHUARA Gram Panchayat, HAJIPUR, VAISHALI, BIHAR ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103215718/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99308&rlbtype=V |date=3 November 2014 }} Report printed on 26/09/2014 National Panchayat Portal, Panchayat Informatics Division</ref>

* Randaha
* Shivganj
* Bahuara

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{panchayat of Hajipur block}}
{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Hajipur]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Bihar]]

Paula Richman

2025-05-23T00:28:33Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: adding first data more to come!

{{short description|Indian American academic, author, and editor}}{{Infobox academic
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Oberlin College]] {{Small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
* [[Princeton University]] {{Small|([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}
* [[University of Chicago]] {{Small|([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
}}
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Swarthmore College]]
* [[Western Washington University]]
* [[Colby College]]
* Oberlin College
}}
| discipline = [[Religious studies]] scholar
| sub_discipline = {{Plainlist|
* [[Indian religions]]
* [[Tamil studies]]
}}
| thesis_title = Religious Rhetoric in Maṇimēkalai
| thesis_year = 1983
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/4a951098c3a4fb80d56094de902194b8/
| birth_date =
| academic_advisors = [[Edward C. Dimock]]
}}

'''Paula Richman''' is an [[Emeritus|Emerita]] [[William H. Danforth]] Professor of South Asian Religions at [[Oberlin College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion Emeriti Faculty |date=14 May 2018 |url=https://www.oberlin.edu/arts-and-sciences/departments/religion/emeriti |publisher=[[Oberlin College]] |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Krislov |first1=Marvin |title=Understanding Different Worldviews |url=https://www.oberlin.edu/news/understanding-different-worldviews |publisher=[[Oberlin College]] |access-date=11 July 2022 |date=September 25, 2014}}</ref> She is an expert in the [[Tamil language]] and has edited a series of books about the ''[[Ramayana]]'', including ''Many Ramayanas'', ''Questioning Ramayana'', ''Ramayana Stories in Modern South India'' and ''Performing the Ramayana Tradition''.<ref name="NIE 2012">{{cite news |title=Paula Richman and her 'Ramayana' journey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jan/25/paula-richman-and-her-ramayana-journey-164101.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=May 16, 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
Richman completed her undergraduate degree at [[Oberlin College]] in 1974, an [[Master of Arts|MA]] at [[Princeton University]] and the [[University of Chicago]], followed by a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] at the [[University of Chicago]] and a research affiliation with the Tamil Department at the [[American College, Madurai|American College]] in [[Madurai]], [[India]].<ref name="Oberlin Observer"/> She began her study of the ''Ramayana'' and the Tamil language during her education.<ref name="NIE 2012"/> She studied Tamil for two years in [[Coimbatore]] and Madurai.<ref name="Vishnoi 2015">{{cite news |last1=Vishnoi |first1=Anubhuti |last2=Delhi |first2=Teena Thackernew |title='Different cultures have derived different morals from Ramayana' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/different-cultures-have-derived-different-morals-from-ramayana/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=January 20, 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Richman was faculty at [[Swarthmore College]], [[Western Washington University]], and [[Colby College]] before becoming a member of the faculty at [[Oberlin College]] in 1985.<ref name="Oberlin Observer"/> In 1997, she was named to the Irvin E. Houck professorship in Humanities for a period of five years.<ref name="Oberlin Observer">{{cite news |title=Lisa Crawford, Paula Richman, and Robert Shannon Are Honored with Endowed Professorships |url=https://cdm15963.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15963coll11/id/7614/rec/8 |access-date=10 July 2022 |work=Oberlin Observer |date=February 14, 1997}}</ref> During her career, she traveled to conduct lectures, including to India and [[Copenhagen]].<ref name="Oberlin Observer"/><ref name="Vishnoi 2015"/>

Richman and her co-editor [[Rustom Bharucha]] spent eight years developing the book ''Performing the Ramayana Tradition: Enactments, Interpretations and Arguments'', which includes essays, photographs, interviews, and scripts for theatrical productions, and was published in 2021.<ref name="Sattar 2021">{{cite news |last1=Sattar |first1=Arshia |title=Exploring the diverse performance traditions of the Ramayana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/exploring-the-diverse-performance-traditions-of-the-ramayana/article37109460.ece |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 21, 2021}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Bynum |editor1-first=Caroline Walker |editor2-last=Harrell |editor2-first=Stevan |editor3-last=Richman |editor3-first=Paula |title=Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols |date=1986 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tom |first1=Winnie |title=Reviewed Work: Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols by Caroline Walker Bynum, Stevan Harrell, Paula Richman |journal=[[Philosophy East and West]] |date=October 1991 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=594–598 |doi=10.2307/1399660 |jstor=1399660 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399660 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paulsell |first1=Stephanie |title=Reviewed Work: Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols by Caroline Walker Bynum, Stevan Harrell, Paula Richman |journal=[[The Journal of Religion]] |date=October 1991 |volume=71 |issue=4 |page=596 |doi=10.1086/488739 |jstor=1203981 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1203981 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Richman |first1=Paula |title=Women, Branch Stories, and Religious Rhetoric in a Tamil Buddhist Text |date=1988 |publisher=Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University |location=Syracuse}}<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Hallisey |first1=Charles |title=Women, Branch Stories, and Religious Rhetoric in a Tamil Buddhist Text. By Paula Richman. |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=February 1994 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=267–268 |doi=10.2307/2059620 |jstor=2059620 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/women-branch-stories-and-religious-rhetoric-in-a-tamil-buddhist-text-by-paula-richman-syracuse-maxwell-school-of-citizenship-and-public-affairs-syracuse-university-1988-foreign-and-comparative-studiessouth-asian-series-12-xii-272-pp/C30C4E7EBE956CF4B09F1D4235305A41 |access-date=10 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cutler |first1=Norman |title=Book Reviews : Paula Richman, Women, Branch Stories, and Religious Rhetoric in a Tamil Buddhist Text |journal=[[The Indian Economic & Social History Review]] |date=June 1, 1990 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=254–256 |doi=10.1177/001946469002700211 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001946469002700211 |access-date=10 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=John S. |title=A Text without a Community |journal=[[History of Religions]] |date=February 1991 |volume=30 |issue=3 |doi=10.1086/463235 |s2cid=162427720 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/463235 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Richman |editor1-first=Paula |title=Many Rāmāyanas |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=Book Reviews : PAULA RICHMAN, ed., Many Rāmāyanas; K.S. SINGH and BIRENDRANATH DATTA, eds., Rama-katha in Tribal and Folk Traditions of India, Anthropological Survey of India |journal=[[Studies in History]] |date=August 1, 1994 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=294–299 |doi=10.1177/025764309401000209 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/025764309401000209 |access-date=10 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kenoyer |first1=Jonathan Mark |title=Reviewed Work: Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia. by Paula Richman |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=May 1992 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=437–439 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2058084|doi=10.2307/2058084 |jstor=2058084 |s2cid=165176392 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shahed |first1=Syed Mohammad |title=Reviewed Work: Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia by Paula Richman |journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]] |date=1993 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=234–235 |doi=10.2307/1178471 |jstor=1178471 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178471 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Robert P. |title=Reviewed Works: Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia by Paula Richman; Rāmāyaṇa and Rāmāyaṇas by Monika Thiel-Horstmann |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |date=October 1993 |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=605–609 |doi=10.2307/605799 |jstor=605799 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/605799 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Cutler |editor1-first=Norman |editor2-last=Richman |editor2-first=Paula |title=A Gift of Tamil: Translations from Tamil Literature. In Honor of K. Paramasivam |date=1992 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies |location=Manohar}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Indira Viswanathan |title=Reviewed Work: A Gift of Tamil: Translations from Tamil Literature. In Honor of K. Paramasivam. by Norman Cutler, Paula Richman |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=February 1994 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=247–248 |doi=10.2307/2059606 |jstor=2059606 |s2cid=162037065 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059606 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Richman |first1=Paula |title=Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre |date=1997 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monius |first1=Anne E. |title=Reviewed Work: Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre by Paula Richman |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |date=August 1998 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=299–300 |jstor=20106600 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106600 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Richman |editor1-first=Paula |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niklas |first1=Ulrike |title=Review: Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |date=March 2003 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=244–248 |doi=10.1093/jaar/71.1.244 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-abstract/71/1/244/665336 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blank |first1=Jonah |title=Reviewed Works: Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition by Paula Richman; Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Indentities of the Hindu Great Goddess by Tracy Pintchman |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |date=December 2002 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=1228–1230 |doi=10.1525/aa.2002.104.4.1228 |jstor=3567113 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3567113 |access-date=11 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Pradip |title=Reviewed Work: Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition by Paula Richman |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |date=January 2005 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=191–194 |jstor=20106939 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106939 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Richman |editor1-first=Paula |title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |date=2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-21953-4}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shankar |first1=S. |title=Reviewed Work: Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology by Paula Richman |journal=Marvels & Tales |date=2009 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=406–408 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388936 |access-date=11 July 2022 |publisher=Wayne State University Press|jstor=41388936 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sathaye |first1=Adheesh |title=Review of Paula Richman. Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology. |journal=[[H-Net|H-Net Reviews]] |date=August 2011 |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=33583 |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Richman |editor1-first=Paula |editor2-last=Bharucha |editor2-first=Rustom |title=Performing the Ramayana Tradition: Enactments, Interpretations, and Arguments |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197552506}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Rosinka |title=That which endures |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/performing-the-ramayana-tradition-paula-richman-rustom-bharucha-book-review-rosinka-chaudhuri/ |access-date=10 July 2022 |work=[[The Times Literary Supplement]] |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richman, Paula}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American academics]]
[[Category:21st-century American academics]]
[[Category:Oberlin College faculty]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College faculty]]
[[Category:Western Washington University faculty]]
[[Category:Colby College faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century American women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century American educators]]
[[Category:21st-century American educators]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American women academics]]

Bichiwara tehsil

2025-04-01T01:38:26Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bichiwara Tehsil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|47|N|73|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dungarpur district|Dungarpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#RJ.E2.80.94Rajasthan|RJ]]-
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Bichiwara Tehsil''' is one of five [[tehsil]]s in [[Dungarpur District]] of Rajasthan, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panchayat Samiti - Rajasthan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Rajasthan |url=http://www.rajcensus.gov.in/other/ps.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Block Panchayats of Dungarpur, Rajasthan |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=99&parenttype=D&ptype=B |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113171254/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=99&parenttype=D&ptype=B |archivedate=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 April 2015 }}</ref> It is in the western part of the district and borders on [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Wise Health Facilities: District Map: Dungarpur District |publisher=National Health Mission (NHM), Government of Rajastha |url=http://nrhmrajasthan.nic.in/District%20map%20PDF%20Dt.%2026.01.13/District%20Wise/Dungarpur.jpg |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319175709/http://nrhmrajasthan.nic.in/District%20map%20PDF%20Dt.%2026.01.13/District%20Wise/Dungarpur.jpg |archivedate=19 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The village of [[Bichhiwara]] is the headquarters of the tehsil.

Bichiwara Tehsil is bounded by Kherwara Tehsil, of [[Udaipur District]], to the northwest and north, by Dungarpur Tehsil to the east, by Simalwara Tehsil to the southeast, and by Meghraj Taluka and Bhiloda Taluka, both of Gujarat, to the southwest and west. It averages {{Convert|328|m|ft|0}} in elevation.

In the 2015 [[panchayat samiti]] election the seats were split pretty evenly between the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] (14 seats) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (11 seats).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bichiwara Panchayat Samiti Election Result 2015 |date=2 February 2015 |url=http://election2014.co.in/bichiwara-panchayatsamiti-seat-election-result-voter-list-rajasthan-election-2015/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419024519/http://election2014.co.in/bichiwara-panchayatsamiti-seat-election-result-voter-list-rajasthan-election-2015/ |archivedate=19 April 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

[[Category:Dungarpur district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Rajasthan]]

Uthamar Kovil

2025-01-14T02:14:27Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: done

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Purushothaman Temple
| image = Uthamarkovil (4).jpg
| alt =
| caption = The shrine of temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.877161|78.703141|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Sri Purushothaman Perumal
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| locale = Tamilnadu, India
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Purushothaman Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Poornavalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
* Bikshandar ([[Shiva]])
* Soundarya Parvati ([[Parvati]])
* [[Brahma]]
* [[Saraswati]]
}}
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Cholas]]
| website =
}}

'''Uthamar Kovil''' (also known as '''Thirukkarambanoor''' or '''Bhikshandar Kovil''') in Uthamarkoil, a village in the outskirts of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu [[Trimurti]] of [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], and [[Brahma]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Purushothaman Perumal (also called as [[Purushottama|Purushothamar]]) and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Poornavalli Thayar.

Purushottamar is believed to have appeared to Hindu gods [[Brahma]] and [[Shiva]], to relieve Shiva off his sins committed while cutting one of Brahma's heads. The temple is one of the few historical temples in India where the images of the Trimurti, Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma are housed in the same premises. It is one of the two temples in [[Chola Nadu]] where the trinity can be seen in the same premises, the other being [[Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple]] at Thirukkandiyur.

The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Medieval Cholas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, while the temple tank is located outside the main gateway.

Six daily rituals and four yearly festivals are held at the temple for each of trinities. The major festival of the temple, the ''Brahmotsavam'', is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartikai]] (November – December) when festival images of both Purushotamar and Bikshadanar are carried together in the streets surrounding the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Etymology and legend==
[[File:uthamarkoil4.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Uthyanga Vimanam, the roof of the sanctum]]
As per Hindu legend, the god [[Vishnu]] emerged as a [[Neolamarckia cadamba|Kadamba tree]] here, giving the name ''Kathambanur'', which later became ''Karambanur''. The name ''Karambanur'' is mentioned by [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in ''Nalayira Divya Prabandam'', in which he refers to the presiding deity as "Karambanur Uthaman". The temple is commonly called "Uthamar Kovil" derived from the presiding deity. The temple is also called Bhikshandar Kovil as the god [[Shiva]] is present in the form of [[Bhikshatana|Bhikshandar]] (a mendicant) and believed to have attained cure by worshiping Vishnu at this place.<ref name="temple"/>

As per Hindu legend, once Vishnu wanted to test the devotion of the god [[Brahma]]. He raised as a Kadamba tree in the place; Brahma worshipped him with ''thirumanjanam'' (ablution). The water from the ablution filled a tank nearby, which came to be known as "Kathamba Theertham". Vishnu was satisfied with the devotion of Brahma and gave a boon to Brahma to have a shrine in this place. Shiva wanted to expiate the sin for decapitating a head of Brahma and went on a pilgrimage. Here, Vishnu requested his consort Lakshmi to give [[Bhiksha|alms]] to Shiva. Shiva's grail was filled by the alms and Lakshmi came to be known as [[Poornavalli Thayar]] (the one who filled the grail).<ref name="temple"/>

As per another legend, Brahma and Shiva both had originally five heads. [[Parvati]], the wife of Shiva, once got confused and worshipped Brahma, instead of her husband. Shiva got enraged and cut off one of Brahma's heads; the head stuck in Shiva's hand due to Brahma's curse. To atone for the sin, Shiva worshipped Vishnu here; Shiva was fully relieved of the curse after worshipping Vishnu at [[Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple]].<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|title=Temple for the Great Trinity |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/21/stories/2003032101220600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031013112053/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/21/stories/2003032101220600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 March 2003|last=T.A.|first=Srinivasan|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=govindaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA242|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982}}</ref>

According to another Hindu legend, the temple is believed to have been constructed by [[Janaka]], the king of Janakapuri and the father of the goddess [[Sita]]. [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] is believed to have resided in the temple to build the surrounding walls of the [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]].

==Temple==
[[File:uthamarkoil1.jpg|Inside Uttamarkoil seen with the Sthalaviruksham – Kadhali(red banana)|thumb|200px]]
The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Medieval Cholas]] of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. During the war between [[British Raj|British]] and [[French Colonial Empire|French]] in 1751, the temple acted as an infantry for both the troops.<ref name="temple"/> There was no damage done to the temple during the war.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=464–5}}</ref>

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temples has images and separate shrines for Purushottamar ([[Vishnu]]), Bhikshadanar ([[Shiva]]), [[Brahma]] and their respective consorts Poornavalli ([[Lakshmi]]), Soundarya [[Parvati]] and [[Saraswati]]. This is one of the few historical Hindu temples in the world, where the Hindu [[Trimurti]] are worshipped along with their consorts in six separate shrines within the same temple complex. The central shrine facing East houses the image of Vishnu, as Purushottamar, in reclining posture, similar to the idol of [[Ranganatha]] at the nearby [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|temple]] in [[Srirangam]] with the [[Sudarshan Chakra|discus]] in one hand and the procession idols of [[Vishnu]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]] ([[Earth]] goddess). The roof or ''[[vimana (tower)|vimana]]'' of the central shrine is called Udhyoga Vimana. There are two shrines located to the south east, each housing the image of Poornavalli and Mahalakshmi. The Shiva shrine, located behind Vishnu's, houses the ''[[lingam]]'' (aniconic form of Shiva) as [[Bhikshatana|Bhikshadanar]]. The granite images of the deities [[Ganesha]] (son of Shiva and god of wisdom), [[Murugan]] (son of Shiva and god of war), [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the bull and vehicle of Shiva) and [[Navagraha]] (nine planetary deities) are located in the hall leading to the Shiva sanctum. As in other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the first precinct of the Shiva shrine has images of [[Dakshinamurthy]] (Shiva as the Teacher), [[Durga]] (warrior-goddess) and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]] (a saint and devotee of Shiva). The shrines of Brahma and his consort Saraswati are located in the south west corner of the temple complex.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

The ''Saptaguru'' or seven gurus (teachers) are identified in the temple. The seven are Bhikshadanar (representing Sadasiva Guru, Shiva as a guru), Brahma (Brahma Guru), Soundarya Parvati (Shakti Guru, the Goddess as a guru), [[Brihaspati]] (Deva Guru, the teacher of the gods), Varadarajaperumal (Vishnu Guru), Murugan (Gnana Guru, the guru of knowledge) and [[Shukra]] (Asura Guru, the guru of demons).<ref name="temple">{{cite journal|title=Thirukoyil|publisher=Hindu Religious And Endowment Board Tamil Nadu|volume=15|series=1|date=January 2013|url=http://www.tnhrce.org/thirukoil.html|pages=14–15|access-date=2013-03-17}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112158750200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203203949/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112158750200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-12-03|title=A seat to shun ego and seek wisdom |last=M.|first=Balaganessin|date=2010-11-21|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2013-03-17}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite news|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=169|title=Sri Uthamar temple|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-03-17}}</ref>

==Festival and administration==
[[File:Uthamarkovil (9).jpg|250px|thumb|left|An aerial view of the temple]]

The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The priests of the Bhikshadanar shrine belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, while the priests of Purushothamar are from [[Vaishnava]] community. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:30 p.m. The Shaiva and Vaishnava sects have their own rituals. The ritual of Bhikshadanar comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Bhikshadanar and Soundarya Parvati. The worship is held amidst religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi'' for Bhikshadanar. The major festival of the temple, the ''Brahmotsavam'', is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Kartigai (November – December) when festival images of both Purushothamar and Bhikshadanar are carried together in the streets surrounding the temple. Kadambha Tiruvila is a festival celebrated in the temple when the festival image of [[Ranganatha]] (a form of Vishnu) is brought to the Kadambha tank of the temple for ''Theerthavari''. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="temple"/>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Uthamarkovil (8).jpg|250x250px|thumb|Sculpture of Vinayaga on the wall of the temple]]
Uthamar Kovil is one of the two temples in [[Chola Nadu]] where the trinity can be seen in the same premises, the other being [[Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple]] at Thirukkandiyur. Trimurti in Hindu mythology refers to the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction. They are personified by the forms of [[Brahma]] the creator, [[Vishnu]] the preserver, and [[Shiva]], the destroyer.<ref name="hindu1"/>

The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in ten hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar"/> Thirumangai Alvar have sung in praise of the perumal in this temple with one [[Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam|pasuram]] (hymn).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srivaishnava.org/ddesam/uttamar/|title=Thirumangai Azhwar pasuram on Uthamar Kovil|publisher=Srivaishnava.org|access-date=2013-03-17}}</ref>

Periyavachan Pillai, who translated the verses of Thirumangai Alvar, glorifies the temple as "the one without doors where devotees can always visit and worship".<ref name="temple"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Brahma temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]

Kallur Yadahalli

2024-08-20T18:51:54Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: formatting fix

{{Short description|Small Railway Station On Mysore-Arasikere line Of Indian Railways}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2017}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

[[File:Kallur Yadahalli RS.jpg|thumb|Kallur Yadahalli Railway Station]]
'''Kallur Yadahalli''' is a small railway station on Mysore-Arasikere line of Indian railways.

==Location==
Kallur Yadahalli is located between Mysore and Hassan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kallur+Yadahalli+Railway+Station,+Kallurunaganahalli,+Karnataka+571130/@12.4133333,76.5073377,17zdata=!4m6!1m3!3m2!1s0x3baf7efeb1bfb629:0x8c709f70f2b9d520!2sKallur+Yadahalli+Railway+Station,+Kallurunaganahalli,+Karnataka+571130!3m1!1s0x3baf7efeb1bfb629:0x8c709f70f2b9d520|title = Google Maps}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kallur-yadahalli-klyh/4354|title=Kallur Yadahalli Railway Station Map/Atlas SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://expresstrainroute.com/stations/kallur-yadahalli-KLYH-railway-timetable|title=Kallur Yadahalli - KLYH Railway Station Train Time Table}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Mysore district]]

{{Mysore-geo-stub}}

Bebdo

2024-06-30T05:56:57Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: New

{{Short description|Konkani song by Lorna Cordeiro}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2009}}
'''"Bebdo"''' is a traditional [[Goa]]n [[Konkani language|Konkani]] song composed by [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] and sung by [[Lorna Cordeiro|Lorna]]. It was a part of the album ''Lorna - Unforgettable Hits.'' The song is about a drunkard husband who troubles his wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-Bombay-to-Goa-Konkani-rap-connection/129160.html|title=The Bombay to Goa Konkani rap connection|date=Apr 7, 2018|website=oHeraldo|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216091240/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-Bombay-to-Goa-Konkani-rap-connection/129160.html|archive-date=December 16, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>

==Nike ad==
An international ad campaign by [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] for its [[cricket]] equipment featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" sung by Ella Castellino based on the song "Bebdo" as the theme music. The lyrics to the new song were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the [[J. Walter Thompson|JWT]] [[advertising agency]] that made the ad) and recomposed by Ram Sampat.

The ad was shot on a set in [[Karjat]], [[Maharashtra]] over a month on a budget of Rs 1 crore. Indian [[bowler (cricket)|bowlers]] [[S. Sreesanth]] and [[Zaheer Khan]] have cameos in the ad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/wc2007/2007/feb/27sld2.htm|title=Nike just did it!|date=Feb 27, 2007|website=rediff.com Specials|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216090218/http://specials.rediff.com/wc2007/2007/feb/27sld2.htm|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==Further reading==

*[http://shripriya.com/blog/2007/03/11/best-nike-commercial-of-all-time/ Article on Nike ad]

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ib3WSzJyqVQ YouTube video of the ad]

[[Category:Goan music]]

Savaari (2018 film)

2024-02-18T22:30:30Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: Updated and refined page content

#REDIRECT [[Savari (2018 film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh/Districts update - 2023

2023-11-23T15:09:45Z

মোহাম্মদ ইমাদ উদ্দীন: stub

[[File:Andhra Pradesh districts 2022.svg|thumb|Andhra Pradesh districts 2022]]
[[Andhra Pradesh]] was reorganised with districts count increasing from 13 to 26 on 4 April 2022. Telugu Wikipedia articles were [[:te:వికీపీడియా:ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ లింకు వ్యాసాల అభివృద్ధి/AP districts reorg - 2022|updated in an agile project like manner]] with the available information with major involvement by [[User:Arjunaraoc|Arjunaraoc]] by August 2022. English Wikipedia articles were updated but did not follow a systematic approach. When reviewed in April 2023, major deficiencies in the article structure, content, links were still found. As English Wikipedia articles have page views of 10-20 times more than Telugu Wikipedia articles, there is a need to update them in a systematic manner. All contributors are invited to participate in this initiative, by contributing to the various tasks, updating status table and/or provide feedback by checking the completed changes and discussing further improvements needed on the respective talk pages.

For model articles, please see [[Krishna district]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_district&diff=1152583101&oldid=1147519546 diff for the effort in April 2023]) (old district page), [[Tirupati district]]([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirupati_district&diff=1152454225&oldid=1148168977 diff for the effort in April 2023]) (new district page)

==History==
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh/Districts update - 2023/2020404-20230303 edit and page analytics|Analysis of updates during the period from 2022-04-04 to 2023-03-03]] was done. Active editors (at least average of 3 edits on a page over one year) ranges from 2 (Parvatipuram Manyam) to 17 (Konaseema). The median count of such editors is 7 and median of total such edits per page is 38 and median count of edits per editor per page is 6. Out of 17 editors, who made at least 3 edits per month, I found that about half of them contributed constructive edits, while the remaining comprised of disruptors/vandalism fighters/copy editors. Only 7 of 26 districts have watchers more than 29. All of these are older districts. Guntur district has highest watcher count at 42. For information Andhra Pradesh article has watcher count of 490 as on 2023-04-17. Newly created district page articles were assessed with Stub, Start or C class.

The first and second sprints were completed in April and May 2023 with only two people contributing valid content, out of 24 human editors. Third sprint during June 2023 had active participation from only one contributor.

== Improvements proposed==
===Article structure update===
Proposed article structure slightly modified from [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian districts]] (See [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections_for_"Tourism"_and_"Notable_people"|discussion]])
# Lede
# Etymology
# History
# Geography
# Demographics
# Administrative divisons
# Cities and towns
# Politics
# Economy
# Transport
# Education
# Culture
# Sports
# Tourism
# Notable people
# References

===Content improvements===
# Reformating of Mandal information from wikitable to a basic HTML multicolumn format, which can display multicolumn on desktops with large screen space and change to single column for mobile views.
# Historical taluk information was added in several articles without proper citations. This is not useful and needs to be removed, moving any summary of historical taluks information into History section.
# OSM based district map to be added in the infobox. Overpass-turbo script based OSM interactive map of mandals is to be added in External links section in place of static OSM maps.
# Content updation reflecting the formation of new district and for new districts using the old district information if appropriate.
# Tourism section is absent in several new district articles and some old district articles. This needs updation with data from reliable sources and/or info from Telugu wikipedia articles.
# Several pages had more citations needed and/or copy edit needed warning notices. These are to be removed after appropriate updates
# Official website info in Wikidata needs correction to ".ap.gov.in" from the earlier "nic.in"
# Infobox update: Coordinates for the map infobox to be update to that of district headquarters, One photo instead of photo montage. any other useful photos could to be moved to Tourism section.
# Tourism, Notable people to be updated into a paragraph format, limiting the selection particularly in Notable people. Citations are required for all sections, except the lede, which should be a summary of the article, though some people would like to have citations in lede as well.
# Basic copy editing, as articles some times have poor sentence construction, due to experimentation by newbies without adequate English skills, which was not caught by page patrollers.
=== Easy to implement improvements===
# Update Tourism section with info from latest district level E- brochures available at [https://aptourism.gov.in/brouchers/ AP Toursim website]. Update the status below with {{tl|tick}} before the page name below, when work is completed for a particular page.

* [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
* [[Anakapalli district]]
* [[Anantapur district]]
* [[Annamayya district]]
* {{tick}}[[Bapatla district]]
* [[Chittoor district]]
* [[East Godavari district]]
* [[Eluru district]]
* [[Guntur district]]
* [[Kadapa district]]
* [[Kakinada district]]
* [[Konaseema district]]
* [[Krishna district]]
* [[Kurnool district]]
* {{tick}} [[NTR district]]
* {{tick}} [[Nandyal district]]
* {{tick}} [[Nellore district]]
* [[Palnadu district]]
* [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
* {{tick}}[[Prakasam district]]
* [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]
* [[Srikakulam district]]
* [[Tirupati district]]
* [[Visakhapatnam district]]
* [[Vizianagaram district]]
* [[West Godavari district]]

==Agile project sprints ==
Sprints discontinued w.e.f July 2023, due to lack of collaborators.
Work will be continued and the final report will be updated after all the articles are updated as per the proposal.

===Past Sprints ===
* Sprint-202306 (June 2023) Completed, [[/Sprint-202306 report|Sprint-202306 report]],36.5% complete
* Sprint-202305 (May 2023) Completed, [[/Sprint-202305 report|Sprint-202305 report]],30.76% complete
* Sprint-202304 (April 2023) Completed, [[/Sprint-202304 report|Sprint-202304 report]], 25% complete

==Progress status==
{{Progress bar|36.5|text=on 2023-07-01, progress of 5.8% over month}}
* In the following table, please mark "Update status" using {{tl|taskp}}. Progress is marked with values 25,50,75 corresponding roughly to 1/3, 2/3 and full completion of proposed improvement respectively. Independent check is marked with value 100.
{{noprint|'''''Row numbers''' are static. Other columns are sortable. This allows ranking of any column.''}}
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
! page_title !! DHS released in 2022 available? !! Update status!! Remarks
|-
| [[Alluri_Sitharama_Raju district|Alluri_Sitharama_Raju]] || || {{taskp|0}} ||
|-
| [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]] || || {{taskp|0}} ||
|-
| [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] || Yes|| {{taskp|75}} || District handbook of statistics area and population differ from the press releases in April 2022, Prese release info used in the article for these.
|-
| [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]] || Yes|| {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]] || Yes || {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] || No || {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[East_Godavari district|East_Godavari]]
|-
| [[Eluru district|Eluru]] || || {{taskp|0}} ||
|-
| [[Guntur district|Guntur]] || || {{taskp|0}} ||
|-
| [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] || Yes|| {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] || || {{taskp|0}} || Adminstrative divisions format updated, but alphabetical ordering yet to be done
|-
| [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]] || || {{taskp|0}} || Adminstrative divisions format updated, but alphabetical ordering yet to be done
|-
| [[Krishna district|Krishna]] || Yes|| {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] || No || {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[NTR district|NTR]] || || {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]] || Yes|| {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Nellore district|Nellore]] || Yes|| {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] || Yes|| {{taskp|25}} || Admin division reformatting completed
|-
| [[Parvathipuram_Manyam district|Parvathipuram_Manyam]] || || {{taskp|0}} || Adminstrative divisions format updated, but alphabetical ordering yet to be done
|-
| [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] || Yes || {{taskp|50}} || copy edit, bullet point conversion to paras required.
|-
| [[Sri_Sathya_Sai district|Sri_Sathya_Sai]] || Yes|| {{taskp|50}} || copy edit, bullet point conversion to paras etc required.
|-
| [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] || || {{taskp|0}} || Adminstrative divisions format updated, but alphabetical ordering yet to be done
|-
| [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] || No|| {{taskp|75}} ||
|-
| [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] || || {{taskp|0}} || Adminstrative divisions format updated, but alphabetical ordering yet to be done
|-
| [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] || || {{taskp|0}} || Adminstrative divisions format updated, but alphabetical ordering yet to be done
|-
| [[West_Godavari district|West_Godavari]] || || {{taskp|0}} || Adminstrative divisions format updated, but alphabetical ordering yet to be done
|}

==Further work required ==
* Updating Economy section: For old districts, Info as of 2013-14 only is available in article. this content is being moved to History as sub section, for the present. For new districts, new district wise GSDP figures are not yet available.
* Adding Geographic location by filling the directional details into the template in the External links section.

==Learnings==
* While researching the content, I found that Krishna district website content has suggested mention of visiting wikipedia for more information ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220618032320/https://krishna.ap.gov.in/ archive time stamp 2022-06-18]). While that shows the brand value of Wikipedia, Krishna district page did not have sufficient quality to earn that recommendation. Only when more wikipedians get involved in Andhra Pradesh district pages, the quality can be improved.
*Other than an anonymous contributor who stopped vandalising the changes being implemented after two weeks of warnings/engagement and is supporting with minor contributions, no other contributor has joined the initiative till 3 weeks of launch. Even that contributor is blocked on 2024-04-23.
* As of 2024-04-27, the participation in this is by two editors.
* I have tried to improve Andhra Pradesh and few pages linked from it. I found that South coastal zone, though in a proposal stage, was depicted as if it is reality.
* From an analysis of signedup members activity in 2022, there were only 12 people who contributed to wikipedia on an average of one edit per month and the top contributor contributed on a average of 4 per month. (See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh/active in enwp 2022]]. This shows that several people who contributed to district pages in 2022, did not sign up as Andhra Pradesh Wikproject members. There were only two members who were common to both. This gives a clear picture of interest in AP district pages in the year 2022
* Analysed contributors to Andhra Pradesh (article) in 2022 and found that there were only seven people who contributed 12 or more edits. one of them is an IP editor.
* Analysed [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh/active 202304 |top contributors to all Andhra Pradesh project articles in the month 202304]] with atleast 30 edits, found about 4 people out of 22 interested in Andhra Pradesh topics excluding film articles.
*As per [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Members| WP India signed up members page]], around 400 are active as of 2023-05-04.
* For WikiProject Indian districts, only 29 articles out of 737 reached quality level of B or above i.e 3.9%. [http://Talk:Murshidabad_district#GA_Review A sample review of article that was submitted for GA review] is useful to understand the expectations.
* It is challenging to find information for Education, Economy sections when the District handbook of statistics is not yet released as per the change in boundaries. Socio Economic Survey 2022-23 could be useful in some cases.

==Resources==

* District handbook of statistics are available for most of the new districts and some old districts from the district official websites.
**Example:{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3c399862d3b9d6b76c8436e924a68c45b/uploads/2022/04/2022040631.pdf|title=District Hand Book of Statistics – 2020 Krishna district|year=2022|author=CPO}}
* {{Cite book|title=Socio economic survey 2022-23|url=https://apfinance.gov.in/downloads/FINALBOOKSES-2023FINAL.pdf|publisher=AP government |date=15 March 2023 }} has some updates as per the reorganised districts. Unfortunately, copying for suitable adaptation is not working, as the PDF file did not use unicode font.

==Utilities/tools==
Quarry queries help understand activity levels on a project. Fork and run these if required for latest data.
* See [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh]] or [https://pagepile.toolforge.org/api.php?action=get_data&id=48982 Pagepile 48982 page titles] for the target articles list for this subproject.
* [https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/73429 AP districts update 2023 - Current month page wise edits]
* [https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/73440 AP districts update 2023 - previous month page wise edit details]
* [https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/73155 AP districts improvement in enwiki - Current month unique human editor count, and sum of their edits]]
* [https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/73391 AP districts edit activity - Previous month, unique human editor count, and sum of their edits]
* [https://tableconvert.com/excel-to-mediawiki table convert to create mediawiki table from excel/csv and others (json to excel for ex)]

==FAQ==
* Why is this unlike a traditional WikiProject?
: Traditional WikiProject Andhra Pradesh seems to be not suitable for improving district pages, as the number of active editors is much less(See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Andhra_Pradesh/2006-2022_assessment]]). This model is useful when lots of people collaborate, as it involves lot of overhead of planning, tracking and metrics updation. This initiative is more agile like, with no expectation of continuous active contributions. Tracking also is simple with tools using quarry or media action API. All the discussion items on talk pages are expected to be addressed. Formal peer review can be tried out for sample articles. Similar approach was tried on Telugu Wikipedia in 2022 with the participation mainly by two-three people. Exploring whether this initiative on English wikipedia will lead to more participation.

==See also ==
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh|Wikiproject Andhra Pradesh]]
** [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Andhra Pradesh/2006-2022 assessment]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian districts|WikiProject Indian districts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}