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Anchal Sahu

2026-05-07T11:23:27Z

উদাহরণ: Starting new pg

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2005,)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anchal Sahu
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|df=yes|2002|03|18}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| from =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for = ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]'' ''[[Barrister Babu]]'' ''[[Parineeti (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
}}

'''Anchal Sahu''' (born 18 March 2002) is an Indian television actress who is best known for her portrayal of Vashma Baig in ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]'' , Bondita in ''[[Barrister Babu]]'' and Parineet Kakkar in ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anchal Sahu on her experience from Barrister Babu to Parineeti: 'It is a wholesome journey'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/anchal-sahu-her-experience-barrister-babu-parineeti-it-wholesome-journey-1018218|access-date=2022-04-19|website=Pinkvilla|date=8 February 2022|language=en|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419062407/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/anchal-sahu-her-experience-barrister-babu-parineeti-it-wholesome-journey-1018218|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anchal was born on 18 March 2005 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anchal-sahu-my-valentine-is-my-family/articleshow/89476631.cms|title=Anchal Sahu: My Valentine is my family|work=The Times of India|date=10 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Kitne ache se jante hai Bondita aur Anirudh ek dusre ko? Compatibility test kisne mari baazi?| date=30 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jePmoVBFdW4|language=en|access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref> She hails from [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur]] in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parineetii-actress-anchal-sahu-on-missing-her-hometown-odisha-from-visiting-jagannath-puri-to-konark-temple-and-the-beaches-i-miss-everything/articleshow/97403059.cms|title=Parineetii actress Anchal Sahu on missing her hometown Odisha|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 January 2023 }}</ref> She has a sister, Anjali Sahu.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Career==
Anchal started her acting career at the age of 6, through an advertisement.<ref name=".0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-tellyblazer-barrister-babu-fame-anchal-sahu-on-doing-intimate-scenes-on-screen-my-parents-are-very-aware-of-how-such-scenes-are-shot-and-it-is-very-professional/articleshow/99109820.cms|title=Exclusive - Barrister Babu fame Anchal Sahu on doing intimate scenes on-screen: My parents are very aware of how such scenes are shot and it is very professional|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 March 2023 }}</ref> She has worked in several TV shows as a child artist.<ref name="BB">{{Cite news |date=7 August 2021 |title=There were comparisons earlier with the younger Bondita but now the audience has accepted me: Anchal Sahu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/there-were-comparisons-earlier-with-the-younger-bondita-but-now-the-audience-has-accepted-me-anchal-sahu/articleshow/85126340.cms |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She rose into fame playing Vashma Baig in ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2021/12/2021s-top-20-newcomers-of-indian-television/|title=2021's Top 20 Newcomers of Indian Television|date=14 December 2021 }}</ref> From 2022, she portrayed the lead role of Parineet Kakkar Bajwa opposite Ankur Verma in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]'' and continued playing it as elderly parent when the show took generation leap in June 2025 and she started playing second generational lead and her onscreen character's daughter Preet Bajwa opposite [[Paras Kalnawat]].<ref name="pti">{{Cite web|title=Does Parineetii promote bigamy? Anchal Sahu opens up|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/does-parineetii-promote-bigamy-anchal-sahu-opens-up-exclusive-1910912-2022-02-09|access-date=2022-04-19|website=India Today|date=9 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Get set for Parineetii|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/get-set-for-parineetii-366376|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
| ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
|
|rowspan="7"| Child actor
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
|''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-wasnt-fully-prepared-but-ive-passed-my-12th-boards-with-distinction-anchal-sahu/articleshow/92140542.cms|title=I wasn't fully prepared, but I've passed my 12th boards with distinction: Anchal Sahu|newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 June 2022 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
|''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
| child Sakshi
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2015
|''[[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]''
|
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
|''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]''
|
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2017
|''[[Meri Durga]]''
| Arti's friend
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
|''Shaktipeeth Ke Bhairav''
| Manjari
|Episodes 60 & 61
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Christie
| (Episode 176)
| <ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqgdjN-e78U|title=Laal Ishq - Episode 176 - Indian Ghost Supernatural - Romantic Horror Hindi Tv Serial - And Tv|publisher=[[&TV]]|date=15 December 2019|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
|Vashma Baig / Noor Mahal
|rowspan="4"|Adult actor
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|date=January 10, 2021|title=Period drama Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye trailer out. New TV show narrates story of three young girls|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/period-drama-kyun-utthe-dil-chhod-aaye-trailer-out-new-tv-show-narrates-story-of-three-young-girls-1757644-2021-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Barrister Babu]]''
|Barrister Bondita Das Roy Choudhary
|
|-
!scope="row"|2022–2025
|rowspan="2"|''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
| Parineet "Pari" Kakkar Bajwa alias Parvati Singhania Bajwa
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anchal Sahu will be seen next in Colors new show Parineetii|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/anchal-sahu-will-be-seen-next-in-colors-new-show-parineetii-368670|access-date=2022-02-19|website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|2025
| Preet Bajwa
|
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|2022
|''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''
|Barrister Bondita Das Roy Choudhary
| Episode 1: "Voiceover of Bondita"
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/durga-aur-charu/1/durga-yearns-for-devi/3513631|title=Durga aur Charu |work=JioCinema}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''
| Parineet Kakkar Bajwa
| Episode: "Saavi and Nityam's Sangeet"
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
| ''[[Dance Deewane Juniors (season 1)|Dance Deewane Juniors]]''
| Herself
| Grand finale
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
! scope="row"|2022; 2023
|''[[Pyar Ke Saat Vachan Dharampatnii]]''
| rowspan="4"|Parineet Kakkar Bajwa
| Mahasangam crossovers
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|2024
| ''[[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan: Ke Rang Jashn Ke Rang]]''
| Holi celebration
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=22 March 2024|title=Munawar Faruqui, Tanvi Dogra And Others Join Suhaagan Cast To Celebrate Holi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/munawar-faruqui-tanvi-dogra-and-others-join-suhaagan-cast-to-celebrate-holi/articleshow/108704697.cms|access-date=17 May 2024|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
| Lakshmi's wedding
|
|-
| ''[[Megha Barsenge]]''
| Mahasangam crossovers
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=11 November 2024|title=Megha Barsenge & Parineetii to have special hour-long mahasangam|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/megha-barsenge-parineetii-to-have-special-mahasangam-episode-kunal-kapoor-23427308|access-date=12 November 2024|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
! scope="row"| 2019
| ''[[Mardaani 2]]''
| Brij's daughter
|
| <ref name=".0"/>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
! scope="row"| 2020
| ''Girlfriend Chor''
| Pihu
| <ref>{{Cite episode |title=Girlfriend Chor Season 1 Episode 3 - Golmaal|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-girlfriend-chor/season-1/golmaal-online-11ae3b8891469f68ed78b9d97745dbd4|series=Girlfriend Chor|network=[[MX Player]]|date=17 April 2020|number=03|url-access=limited }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=11323719}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Anchal}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]

Karawadi

2026-05-04T11:12:53Z

উদাহরণ: starting a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date = January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karawadi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Karawadi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.33|N|74.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 566
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,588
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Karawadikar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415105
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-2164
| registration_plate = MH- 50
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Karawadi''' is a village panchayat located in the [[Karad]] taluka of [[Satara district]] in the southern part of [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It belongs to Western Maharashtra region. It has a population of 3,588 according to 2011 census. The nearby villages include Ogalewadi, Viravade, Wagheri, Vadoli Nileshwar. Prominent family surnames include Pisal, Dubal, Patil, Chavan, Bhosale, More, Bansode. It is in the Pune Division. It is located 57 km towards South from District headquarters Satara and 278 km from State capital Mumbai.

==Features==

*Major spots in the village include Aarfal irrigation Project Tunnel, Bus Stand, Janai Temple, Ram Temple and Hanuman Temple.

==Geography==

Karawadi is located at {{Coord|17.28|N|74.2|E|region:IN_type:city}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Karad.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Karad]</ref> It has an average elevation of 592 metres (1856 feet). Karawadi is located near Sadashivgad {{Coord|17.237506|74.15205|region:IN_type:city}}.

==Politics==
Karawadi Gram Panchayat was formed on 16 January 1953. Pandurang Pisal was the first Sarpanch while Shankar Pisal the first Vice Sarpanch of Karawadi. Karawadi has 4 wards in it. It lies at a distance of 8 km from [[Karad]] while 65 km from [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. Karawadi falls in the Karad North constituency.
*Karad North constituency has a voter list of 274526. Currently Balasaheb Patil from NCP represents this constituency in [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]].

===Climate===
Karawadi belongs to the [[subtropical]] category of climate characterized by medium to heavy rainfall and moderate temperature. Three main seasons in the region are:
*The Rainy Season (June to Sept)
*The winter season (Oct to Jan)
*The summer Season (Feb to May)

Average maximum temperature is 36 c and Minimum temperature is 11 c. May is the hottest and December is coldest month of the year. The rainfall varies widely in different parts of the village. Climate of Karawadi is [[temperate]]. The maximum rainfall is in June to Aug from south-west monsoon. The average rainfall is 540.40 mm in Karawadi.

The dryness is marked in the plains than in the hills. During the south- west monsoons seasons the sky is heavily clouded to over cast. Winds are generally light to moderate receiving during the south-west monsoon season, when they are stronger particularly on hills. [[Fogs]] occur occasionally in the valleys in the cold season.

==Offices and institutions==

The village boasts few government offices and other institutions. Major offices and institutions in Karawadi are as follows:

*Gram Panchayat, Karawadi
*Satara District Central Cooperative Bank, Karawadi
*V.V Cooperative Seva Society, Karawadi
*Post Office, Karawadi
*Talathi Office, Karawadi
*Irrigation Department Maharashtra Housing Quarters, Karawadi
*Primary Clinic, Karawadi
*Veterinary Clinic, Karawadi

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Karawadi had total population of 3,588. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Karawadi has an average literacy rate of 84.55%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 90.26%, and female literacy is 78.45%. In Karawadi, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. People are educated and have medium living standards.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

People from different cultures live here but vast majority belong to Hinduism and Speak Marathi language.

===Occupation===
Majority of people are involved in farming as occupation. Some people also indulge in milk business as secondary. Major crops grown are sugarcane, ground nut, wheat, soya bean, Turmeric, ginger etc. sugarcane is the major crop which is supplied to Sahyadri Sugar Factory. Water supply is done through bore wells, tube wells and canals.

==Transport==

===Railways===

* Karad – 4 km from city
The nearest railway station is Karad.
Karad has railway station and is onroute from Mumbai to Miraj, Sangli, Kolhapur, and Bangalore (some trains).
You can reach Karad from Mumbai or Pune easily by road or rail (''[[Mahalaxmi Express]]'', ''[[Koyna Express]]'', ''[[Sahyadri Express]]'' ''[[Sharavati Express]]'', [[Dadar–Puducherry Chalukya Express]] or ''[[Dadar–Tirunelveli Chalukya Express]]'').

Recently, Railway minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] has allocated funds for a plan to build a new 112 km railway line between Karad and [[Chiplun]].

;Nearest railway junction

* [[Miraj]] – 72 km
All super-fast trains like the ''Karnataka Sampark Kranti'', ''Deekshaboomi Express'', ''Rani Chenama Express'', ''Haripriya Express'' and ''Miraj Hubli Express'' stop at Miraj Junction. You can take private cars or [[MSRTC]] buses from Miraj to Karad. Travel time from Miraj to Karad is approximately 1 hour 15 minutes.

===Roadways===
Karawadi is on route the way to Vaduj village in Khatav Taluka of Satara District.
State Highway MH SH 78 with route [[Guhagar]] - [[Chiplun]] - Koyana - [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan]] - Karad - [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]] - [[Jath]] - Bijapur(Karnataka) goes from nearby Karawadi.

===Airport===
Nearest airport is in [[Karad]].
An [[Airstrip]] was constructed in the 1955 by the [[Public Works Department]] to facilitate the [[Koyna dam]] project. It is currently being used for [[General aviation]] and pilot training. The airport is spread on 65 acres and the acquisition of more than 100 acres has been proposed. Runway 10/28 is 1280 meters long and 30 meters wide with a 60 meter by 60 meter apron. Neither navigational aids nor night landing facilities are available on the airstrip.
The State run [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) plans to extend the 1,250 meters airstrip by another 1,500 m and widen it by 150 m.

==Education==

;Schools

*Zilla Parsihad Primary School, Karawadi
*New English School, Karawadi
*Angel International School, Karawadi

;
*
*
*
*

;
*

;
*
*

;
*

;
*

==Schemes==
*Mahatma Gandhi Rojgar Hami Yojana
*Dalivasti Sudhar Yojana
*Rajmata Jijau Kuposhan Mukta Gram Paryavaran Santulan Karyakram
*Sant Gadagebaba Gram Swachata
*Yashwant Gram Samrudhi Yojana
*Rashtriya Pey Jal Yojana
*Nirmal Bharat Yojana

==Culture==

===Mandals===
*Vitthal Ganesh Mandal, Karawadi
*Mahalaxmi Navaratra and Ganesh Utsav Mandal, Karawadi
*Janai Ganesh and Navaratra Utsav Mandal, Karawadi
*Hanuman Ganesh and Navaratra Utsav Mandal, Karawadi
*Shiv Shakti Ganesh and Navaratra Utsav Mandal, Karawadi
*Samrat Ganesh and Navaratra Utsav Mandal, Karawadi
*Mayur Ganesh and Navaratra Utsav Mandal, Karawadi

===Folk Dance===
The famous [[Tamasha]] artist [[Mangala Bansode]] belongs to Karawadi village. Since, she has retired her son Nitin Kumar Bansode looks after her Tamasha company. It is said that she is the only woman owner of a tamasha troupe in Maharashtra. Her troupe has 150 persons in employment.

===Historic & Religious areas===
*Janai Temple
*Hanuman Temple
*Ram Temple
*Balaji Temple
*Vithhal Temple
*Saptashrungi Temple
*Mahalingeshwar Temple

===Annual Fair===
After Hanuman Jayanti annual village fair is held usually in the month of May where people worship Goddess Janai and celebrate with Gulal. A Pooja is followed by a Palaki procession. They also hold feasts welcoming friends and relatives from all around.

==Tourism==

Some tourist points near Karawadi are:

*Mhalingeshwar matha(temple), Karawadi
*Shrikrishna Gopalan Kendra, Karawadi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Karawadi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100504043234/http://insatara.in/ Satara Goes Global]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140516190446/http://satara.nic.in/ Satara district website]
* [http://www.karaddiary.com/ karaddiary]
{{Satara district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Satara district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

CHIREC International

2026-04-29T11:30:33Z

উদাহরণ: adding new pg first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = CHIREC International
| image = CHIREC International.png
| motto = "Setting trends in Education since 1989"
| location = [[Telangana]]: [[Hyderabad]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.4630|78.3519|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| type = [[International School]]
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|1989|03}}
| district = [[Hyderabad]]
| founder = Ratna Reddy
| free_text = [[Peter McLaughlin]]
| free_label = CEO
| free_text1 = [[Iffat Ibrahim]]
| free_label1 = Principal Emeritus
| principal = Sanchita Raha, Katyayini VKLT
| faculty = 484<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chirec.ac.in/images/cbse/Mandatory.html|title=Mandatory Public Disclosure}}</ref>
| grades = Pre-primary to Grade 12
| website = {{URL|chirec.ac.in}} {{!}} {{URL|cognita.com}}
| campus_type = Urban, {{convert|6.0|acre|m2}}
| colors = Red, Green, Blue {{color box|red}}{{color box|green}}{{color box|blue}}
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[IBDP]], [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|CAIE]]
}}
'''CHIREC International''' is a [[K–12]] school located in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1989 by Ratna D. Reddy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eca-india.org/eca_ratnareddy.html|title=Early Childhood Association|website=Eca-india.org|accessdate=2017-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828035151/http://www.eca-india.org/eca_ratnareddy.html|archive-date=28 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

CHIREC has four [[campus]]es, with the main campus located in [[Kondapur, Ranga Reddy|Kondapur]], a [[Kindergarten|Pre-Primary]] campus in [[Jubilee Hills]],one in [[Gachibowli]] with Pre-Primary–Class 4 and the fourth one in Seringampally.The school offers three curricula: the [[International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme]] (IBDP), [[Cambridge Assessment International Education]] (CAIE) and [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-3635# |title=Educationworldonline.net |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827061118/http://www.educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-3635# |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
In April 1989, the Children's Recreational Centre (CHIREC) was founded as a summer camp that offered classes in fine arts, performing arts, computer science, and sports. That June, CHIREC became a school for Nursery, [[Kindergarten|PP]]-I, and PP-II students.

In 1996, the then-Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], inaugurated CHIREC's eco-friendly integrated campus at Kondapur. In 2004, CHIREC unveiled its Jubilee Hills Pre-Primary school campus and introduced [[Senior secondary education|Senior Secondary]] classes at the Kondapur campus.

In 2008, the [[Cambridge International Primary Programme]] (CIPP) was introduced to the curriculum, and the [[Cambridge International General Certificate of Education]] A/AS levels for Classes 10 and 12 were also introduced three years later. In 2012, CHIREC gained authorization for the [[International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme]].

The Gachibowli campus was inaugurated in 2012.

In 2019, CHIREC entered into a partnership with [[Cognita]], a global schools group with 76 schools across Asia, Europe, and Latin America.<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="120">
File:1989, Nursery School.jpg|CHIREC Nursery School, 1989
</gallery>

== Campuses and education ==
[[File:Campusinfo.png|thumb]]
CHIREC International has four campuses, in [[Kondapur, Ranga Reddy|Kondapur]] (main campus), [[Jubilee Hills]],and two in [[Gachibowli]]. The campuses generate solar power, and use recycling and [[resource management]].<ref name="indiaschoolnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaschoolnews.com/blog/2017/01/10/chirec-international-school-hyderabad-latest-initiatives/|title=CHIREC International School, Hyderabad- Latest Initiatives – India School News|website=Indiaschoolnews.com|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729011806/https://www.indiaschoolnews.com/blog/2017/01/10/chirec-international-school-hyderabad-latest-initiatives/|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:CHIRECMaincampus.jpg|Kondapur Campus
File:CHIREC Transport.jpg|Jubilee Hills Campus
File:CHIREC International Gachibowli Campus.jpg|Gachibowli Campus
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{International schools in India|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]
[[Category:International schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Schools in Telangana]]
[[Category:International schools in India]]

List of Anglo-Indian wars

2026-04-23T18:55:20Z

উদাহরণ: created new post

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
The '''Anglo-Indian wars''' were the several wars fought in the [[Indian subcontinent]], over a period of time, between the [[British East India Company]] and different Indian states, mainly the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilkhand]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[Bengal Subah|Subah of Bengal]], [[Maratha Confederacy]], [[Sikh Empire]] of [[Punjab]], [[Talpur dynasty|Kingdom of Sindh]] and others. These wars led to the establishment of [[British rule in India|British colonial rule in India]].

==List of wars==
The list excludes single [[siege]]s and major [[battle]]s:

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal war]] (1686–1690)
* [[First Carnatic War]] (1746–1748)
* [[Second Carnatic War]] (1749–1754)
* [[Polygar Wars]] (1752–1847)
* [[Third Carnatic War]] (1756–1763)
* [[Bengal War]] (1756–1765)
** [[Battle of Plassey]] (1757)
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1767–1769)
* [[Sannyasi rebellion|Sannyasi Rebellion]] (1770–1777)
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] (1775–1782)
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–1784)
* [[1781 revolt in Bihar|Bihar Revolt]] (1781)
* [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1790–1792)
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–1799)
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1806)
* [[Vellore Mutiny]] (1806)
* [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–1816)
* [[Paika Rebellion]] (1817)
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Barrackpore mutiny of 1824]]
* [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] (1824–1826)
* [[Panchayati Revolution]] (1842–1845)
* [[Gwalior campaign]] (1843)
* [[British conquest of Sindh]] (1843)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849)
* [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] (1852–1853)
* [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (1857–1858)
* [[Ambela campaign|Ambela Pass campaign]] (1863)
* [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885)
* [[Hazara Expedition of 1888|Hazara expedition]] (1888)
* [[Anglo Manipur War]] (1891)
* [[Hunza–Nagar Campaign]] (1891)
* [[Chitral Expedition]] (1895)
* [[Military history of the North-West Frontier#1898–1914 (Frontier Revolt to Great War)|1897 Frontier Revolt]]
** [[Tochi Expedition|Tochi Valley Expedition]] (1897–1898)
** [[Siege of Malakand|Malakand Uprising]] (1897)
** [[Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898|First Mohmand campaign]] (1897–1898)
** [[Tirah campaign]] (1897–1898)
* [[Bazar Valley campaign|Bazar Valley]] (1908)
* [[Mohmand blockade|Mohmand Blockade]] (1916–1917)
* [[Waziristan campaign (1921–1924)]]
* [[Pink's War]] (1925)
* [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)]]
* [[Burma campaign (1944)]]
** [[Operation U-Go]] (1944)
** [[Battle of Imphal]] (1944)
** [[Battle of Kohima]] (1944)
** [[Battle of the Admin Box]] (1944)
** [[Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations]] (1945)
** [[Battle of Central Burma]] (1945)
* [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] (1946)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Indian War (disambiguation)]]
* [[List of wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
* [[Afghan–Sikh wars]]
* [[Mughal–Maratha wars]]
* [[Mughal–Rajput wars]]
* [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
* [[Chola–Chalukya wars]]
* [[Hindu mythological wars|Ancient Hindu wars]]
* [[List of battles of Rajasthan]]
* [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
* [[List of battles involving the Sikh Empire]]
* [[Military history of the North-West Frontier]]
* [[List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent]]

'''Notes:'''
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company|Anglo-Indian Wars]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]

Mame Khan

2026-04-22T06:55:20Z

উদাহরণ: created a article - done

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mame Khan
| image = Folk Phonic.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mame Khan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Jaisalmer]], Rajasthan, India
| origin = [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Folk music|Folk]]
*[[Sufi music|Sufi]]
*[[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]]
}}
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Vocal
| years_active = 1999–present<ref name=asianage/>
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Saregama]], [[Sony Music India|Sony Music Entertainment India]]
| associated_acts = [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| website = {{URL|www.mamekhan.com}}
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}
'''Mame Khan''' is an Indian playback and folk singer from [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name=dna>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Dyuti Basu |title=Meet the Manganiyar maestro Mame Khan, who brought his Rajasthani folk traditions to Bollywood |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-the-manganiyar-maestro-2597300 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahni |first1=Devika |title=10 Fantastic Folk Singers Who Have Brought The Unique Flavor Of Regional Music To Bollywood |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/folk-singers-in-bollywood/#.0wyxexrk8 |publisher=[[ScoopWhoop]] |date=20 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Uddin |first1=Salah |last2=Choudhury |first2=Shoaib |title=Kaushiki Chakrabarty & Mame Khan: My angels of melodious dream and love |url=https://www.weeklyblitz.net/entertainment/kaushiki-chakrabarty-mame-khan-my-angels-of-melodious-dream-and-love/ |work=[[Weekly Blitz]] |date=15 February 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000412/https://www.weeklyblitz.net/entertainment/kaushiki-chakrabarty-mame-khan-my-angels-of-melodious-dream-and-love/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has been [[playback singer]] for numerous [[Hindi films]] such as ''[[Luck By Chance]]'' (2009), ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]'' (2010), ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' (2011), ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'' (2016) and ''[[Sonchiriya]]'' (2019).<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news |last1=Kusnur |first1=Narendra |title=Music is like mathematics to us, says Rajasthani folk singer Mame Khan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-calculated-affair/article24105455.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Nidhi |title=जोधपुर पहुंचे मामे खां, मखमली आवाज की सौंधी महक से महकेगा मारवाड़ |url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/mame-khan-in-jodhpur-2339052/ |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=24 September 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> Khan was featured on [[Coke Studio @ MTV]] (second season) along with [[Amit Trivedi]], the duo performed the folk song ''Chaudhary''.<ref name=dna/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Nikita |title=You have to create your audience |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow-live/20180527/281749860025869 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 May 2018}}</ref> He received the Best Folk Single Award at [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] (GiMA) 2016.<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |title=Rajasthani folk singer Mame Khan bags Best Folk Single award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/rajasthani-folk-singers-mame-khan-best-folk-single-award-gima-saawan-music-today-mtv-coke-studio-amit-trivedi-323832-2016-05-16 |work=[[India Today]] |date=16 May 2016}}</ref> Mame Khan was first ever Folk artist to walk the Red Carpet at The Cannes Film Festival in 2022 and to perform at the Indian pavilion at Cannes. Mame Khan's most recent folk, Sufi, fusion album named "Desert Rose" was released on 13 October 2022.

== Early life and background ==
Mame Khan was born in Satto, a small village near [[Jaisalmer]] in Rajasthan.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Srabanti |title=राजस्थान की मिट्टी से कोक स्टूडियो तक! |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/2015/02/150216_mame_khan_manginyar_interview_ssm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=19 February 2015 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Manganiyar]] community of [[Rajasthan]], India. He was exposed to the folk music of the Manganiyar community since childhood.<ref name=thehindu/> His father, Ustad Rana Khan was also a [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] folk singer.<ref name=thehindu/><ref name=indiatoday/> At the age of 14, he was given a six-year scholarship by the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] to pursue his studies in music and arts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Aditya |title=Manganiar's Creed: The Voice of The Desert |url=http://www.rsjonline.com/features/manganiars-creed-the-voice-of-the-desert.html |work=[[Rock Street Journal]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Lensemble Badila (Auditorium du musée Guimet) (8255060622).jpg|thumb|Mame Khan at Auditorium du musée Guimet in 2012]]
Khan made his singing debut in [[Bollywood]] with [[Shankar Mahadevan]] for the film ''[[Luck By Chance]]'' in 2009.<ref name=asianage/> However, he shot into the spotlight, when he appeared in an episode of [[Coke Studio @ MTV]] (season 2), featuring the song ''Chaudhary'' in collaboration with music director [[Amit Trivedi]] in 2012.<ref name=dna/><ref name=bbc/> Mame also performed another title ''Badri badariya'' at [[Coke Studio @ MTV]], where he collaborated with singer [[Mili Nair]].<ref name=indianexpress/>
He sang for movies like ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'', ''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]'', ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' and ''[[Sonchiriya]]''.<ref name=asianage/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Shreya |title=Sonchiriya music review: Vishal Bhardwaj's pensive, soulful soundtrack is filled to the brim with nostalgia |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sonchiriya-music-review-vishal-bhardwajs-pensive-soulful-soundtrack-is-filled-to-the-brim-with-nostalgia-6163551.html |publisher=Firstpost |date=27 February 2019}}</ref> He also lent his voice for a Hindi song in [[Malayalam]] film, ''[[Monsoon Mangoes]]''.<ref name=asianage>{{cite news |title=Mame Khan is the name |url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/music/230218/mame-khan-is-the-name.html |publisher=[[The Asian Age]] |date=23 February 2018}}</ref>

In October 2015, Khan released his debut album, ''Mame Khan's Desert Sessions'', which was [[crowd funded]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manganiyar musician launches debut album, a crowdfunded one |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/manganiyar-musician-launches-debut-album-a-crowdfunded-one-115100400201_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=indianexpress/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Devi |title=Tunes from the dunes |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/vivacity/tunes-from-the-dunes.html |work=[[Daily Pioneer]] |date=25 September 2015}}</ref> He sang the national anthem for [[Hotstar]] and [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]'s [[2015 Pro Kabaddi League season]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mame Khan made his entry on th 3rd day of Pro-Kabaddi Championship League |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z17Gz0bk8NQ |publisher=[[First India News Rajasthan]] |date=29 July 2015}}</ref> In December 2016, he released a single, ''Sanu Ik Pal Chain Na Ave'', which was a combination of Punjabi and Rajasthani folk music.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mame Khan Wants to Sing For Amitabh Bachchan Someday |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mame-khan-wants-to-sing-for-amitabh-bachchan-someday-1330991.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=4 January 2017}}</ref> In December 2017, he had collaboration with composer duo [[Salim–Sulaiman]] for [[McDowell's No.1]]'s [[No. 1 Yaari|No.1 Yaari Jam's]] ''Yaari'' song.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salim-Sulaiman collaborate with artistes for 'Yaari' songs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/05/salim-sulaiman-collaborate-with-artistes-for-yaari-songs-1719031.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=5 December 2017}}</ref> He also sang for television commercials for clients such as [[Samsung]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Aditi |title=Samsung Curved TV promises a view as real as life |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/45909_Samsung-Curved-TV-promises-a-view-as-real-as-life |publisher=Afaqs |date=9 October 2015 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> and [[Tanishq]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Vinaya |title=Tanishq Celebrates The Modern, Social Woman Of Today in New Ad |url=http://lighthouseinsights.in/tanishq-zuhur-ad.html/ |work=Lighthouseinsights.in |date=2 October 2015}}</ref> Mame Khan has been the voice for the nutrition campaign "Mhari Champion" by ICDS and the Government of Rajasthan.

He was also a part of [[Shankar Mahadevan]]'s folk project titled My Country, My Music.<ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |last1=Khurana |first1=Suanshu |title=Mirzya singer Mame Khan is going solo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/mirzya-singer-mame-khan-is-going-solo-3071008/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 October 2016}}</ref> He was the lead vocalist of [[Roysten Abel]]'s show, ''The Manganiyar Seduction'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Karan |title=Mame Khan, the voice behind Mirzya, on the need to reinvent Manganiyar music |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2017/nov/18/mame-khan-the-voice-behind-mirzya-on-what-keeps-him-ticking-and-the-need-to-reinvent-manganiyar-mu-4853.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |publisher=Indulg Express |date=18 November 2017}}</ref> which has been touring the world since 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swaminathan |first1=Chitra |title=Songs of the sand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Songs-of-the-sand/article17097439.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 January 2017}}</ref> He has performed at some of India's most popular festivals including the [[NH7 Weekender]],<ref>{{cite news |title=BACARDI NH7 Weekender 2017 Lineup announced |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Rock_Concert.Rock_Event.BACARDI_NH7_Weekender_2017_Lineup_announced_20170826 |publisher=e-pao.net |date=26 August 2017}}</ref> [[Mood Indigo (festival)|Mood Indigo]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mood Indigo at IIT Bombay: Highlights Series |url=http://dubeat.com/2016/12/hans-raj-wins-acapella-finals-mame-khan-steals-the-show-with-damadum-at-mood-indigo/ |publisher=Dubeat |date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Repertwahr Festival,<ref>{{cite news |title=Mix bag of emotions |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow-live/20171216/281767039576707 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 December 2017 |location=Lucknow}}</ref> Rajasthan Partnership Summit<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa |title=Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje attends cultural evening of the Resurgent Rajasthan Partnership Summit in Jaipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/jaipur/Chief-Minister-Vasundhara-Raje-attends-cultural-evening-of-the-Resurgent-Rajasthan-Partnership-Summit-in-Jaipur/articleshow/49870024.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 November 2015}}</ref> and [[Aaj Tak|Sahitya Aaj Tak]].<ref>{{cite news |title=साहित्य आज तक: मामे खान के गीतों पर झूम उठे लोग |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/video/sahitya-aaj-tak-2017-with-mame-khan-songs-1-964172.html |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=12 November 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In June 2018, he performed with his troupe at the [[Mumbai]]'s [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] (NCPA), where he also collaborated with [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramanan |first1=Sumana |title=High notes: Chalk and cheese |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/sumana-ramanan/high-notes-chalk-and-cheese/articleshow/64546965.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=12 June 2018}}</ref> First folk singer to play the opening act at NMACC's Studio Theatre in 2023.

== Discography ==
; As a playback singer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Song(s) !! Co-singer(s) !! Composer(s) !! Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Luck by Chance]]''
|"Baware"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|rowspan=3|
|-
|2010
|''[[I Am (2010 Indian film)|I Am]]''
| "Baangur"
|[[Kavita Seth]]
|rowspan=2|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|-
|2011
|''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''
|"Aitbaar"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]], Robert Bob Omulo
|-
|rowspan=4|2016
|''[[Monsoon Mangoes]]''
|"Beete Din"
| Abhishek Iyer
| Jakes Bejoy
|Malayalam film
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'' || "Chakora"
|Suchismita Das, Akhtar Chinnal, [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|rowspan=5|
|-
||"Aave Re Hitchki"
| rowspan="2"| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
||"Doli Re Doli"
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sonchiriya]]'' || "Baaghi Re"
|rowspan="6"|Solo
|rowspan="2"|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|-
||"Baaghi Re" (Remix)
|-
|''[[The Extraordinary Journey Of The Fakir]]''
|"Maila Maila"
|rowspan=2|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|English film
|-
|2020
|''[[Bandish Bandits]]''
|"Bandish Bandits Theme Song"
|Web series
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
|''Turtle''
|"Ram Bharose"
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]], Rapperiya Baalam
|rowspan=5|
|-
|''[[Dasvi]]''|| "Nakhralo"
|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|-
| ''[[Nikamma]]'' ||"Tere Bin Kya (Reprise)"
|[[Shirley Setia]]
|Gourov Dasgupta
|-
|2023
| ''[[Afwaah]]'' ||"Aaj Yeh Basant"
|Solo
| Shameer Tandon
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|''[[Chandu Champion]]''
|"Jamoore"
|Kailash Waghmare
|[[Pritam]]
|-
|''[[Baby John (film)|Baby John]]''
|"Bandobast"
|Solo
|[[Thaman S]]
|
|}

=== TV shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year!! Show(s)!! Track !! Music !! Singer(s) !! Season !! Channel(s)
|-
| 2012|| [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio]]|| "Chaudhary"|| [[Amit Trivedi]] ||Mame Khan ||Season 2, ep. 3|| [[MTV India]]
|-
| 2012|| [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio]]|| "Badari Badariyan" || [[Amit Trivedi]] || Mame Khan, [[Mili Nair]]|| Season 2, ep. 3|| [[MTV India]]
|-
| 2016|| [[The Dewarists]]|| "Mitho Laage" || [[Mame Khan]]|| Mame Khan, [[Dhruv Ghanekar]]|| Season 5, ep. 4|| [[MTV India]]
|-
|2025
|[[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards 2025]]
|"[[Mere Desh Ki Dharti]]"
|[[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|[[Mame Khan]], [[Mithoon|Mithoon Sharma]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
|Season 23rd, ep. 2
|[[Zee TV]], [[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|-
|2025
|Ek Aur Baar Kishore Kumar
|"Saagar Kinare"
|
|Mame Khan
|Season 1, ep 1
|[[SonyLIV|Sony Liv]]
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Track !! Artist(s) !! Composer(s) !! Label
|-
| 2016|| ''Kesariya Balam''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan|| Folk Phonic
|-
| 2016|| ''Mitho Laage''||Mame Khan & Dhruv Ghanekar||Mame Khan, Dhruv Ghanekar||Dewar's India
|-
| 2017|| ''Rail Gaadi''||Mame Khan, Salim-Sulaiman||Mame Khan,[[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]]||No.1 Yaari Jam
|-
| 2018|| ''Jogiya ''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan|| Folk Phonic
|-
| 2018|| ''Laal Peeli Ankhiyan''<ref>{{cite news |title=प्लेबैक सिंगर मामे खां ने स्पेनिश फ्लेमिंग के फ्यूजन से बनाया राजस्थानी गीत, यू-ट्यूब पर किया लान्च |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/playback-singer-mame-khan-launches-rajasthani-song-youtube-from-fusion-of-spanish-fleming-025531-3199799.html |work=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=16 November 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref>|| Mame Khan ||Mame Khan|| Pehchan Music
|-
| 2019|| ''Ganesha''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan|| Hungama Artist Aloud
|-
| 2019 || ''Sifar''|| Mame Khan, Tajinder Singh, Shatadru Kabir|| Tushar Lall || Tushar Lall
|-
| 2019|| ''Power Is Power''|| Mame Khan, Clinton Cerejo, Bianca Gomes || Shor Police|| Shor Police, Clinton Cerejo
|-
| 2019|| ''Dance Ganesha''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan|| Tamashaa Mediabox
|-
| 2020|| ''Rasila''|| Mame khan & Shalini Adhikary || Kapil Jangir|| KS Records
|-
| 2020|| ''Sajaniya''|| Mame khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Bichhudo''|| Mame khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Lolee ''|| Mame khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Shri Krishna''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Holi Aa Gayi''|| Mame Khan & Manesha A Agarwal || Shailesh Dani || Times Music
|-
| 2021|| ''Malhar''|| Mame Khan & Manesha A Agarwal || Ravi Pawar || T-series Pop Chartbusters
|-
| 2021|| ''Mooch''|| Mame Khan & Ruchika Chauhan || Amit Trivedi || Amit Trivedi Azad
|-
| 2021|| ''Shukran ''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Ik Tere Bin''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Krishna''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Moomal''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2021|| ''Bullah''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2022|| ''Darare Dil''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2022|| ''Judaaiyan''|| Mame Khan & Anirudh Bhola || GD (Gaurav Dagaonkar) || Songfest India
|-
| 2022|| ''Samjhe Na''|| Mame Khan & Ruchika Chauhan || Amit Trivedi || Amit Trivedi Azad
|-
| 2022|| ''Kesariya Balam''|| Mame Khan & Gul Saxena || Amjad Bagadwa || Tips Rajasthani
|-
| 2022|| ''Gori Matwali Ori Chori''|| Mame Khan || Ravi Pawar || T-series Rajasthani
|-
| 2022|| ''Gori''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2022|| ''Rangeelo Chokro''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2023|| ''Umad Ghumad''|| Mame Khan || Ravi Pawar || T-series Rajasthani
|-
| 2023|| ''Halla Bol''|| Amit Trivedi, Mame Khan, Sharvi Yadav || Amit Trivedi || Rajasthan Royals
|-
| 2023|| ''Majnu Bheeg Gaye''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2024|| ''Laagi Re Lagan''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2024|| ''Dama Dam Mast Qalandar''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2024|| ''Tu Boond Boond''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2024|| ''Garba Ghoomar Dhol''|| Mame Khan & Vandana Gadhavi || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2024|| ''Surilo Rajasthan''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
| 2025|| ''ShivaTriology - (Shiv Mantra, Mahadeva & Bam bole)''|| Mame Khan || Mame Khan || Folk Phonic
|-
|2025
|Tu Boond Boond - Reprise
|Mame Khan & Roope Khan
|Mame Khan
|Folk Phonic
|-
|2025
|Dama Dam Mast Kalandar 2.0
|Mame Khan & AJRaps
|Mame Khan
|Folk Phonic
|-
|2025
|Hu Ru Ru Lolee
|Mame Khan
|Mame Khan
|Folk Phonic
|-
|2025
|Jug Jug Jiyo
|Mame Khan
|Mame Khan
|Folk Phonic
|-
|2025
|Banjara Jhoom
|Mame Khan
|Mame Khan
|Folk Phonic
|-
|2026
|Naughty Hiraniya
|Mame Khan
|Mame Khan
|Folk Phonic
|}

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Year !! style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Albums's Name !!style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Label
|-
| 2015 || ''Mame Khan's Desert Sessions''|| Music Today
|-
| 2016|| ''Summer Nights on the Dunes''|| Living Media
|-
| 2017 || ''No. 1 Yaari Jam''|| Mame Khan & Salim–Sulaiman
|-
| 2021 || ''Unbounded (Abaad)''|| Mame Khan, Shankar Mahadevan
|-
| 2022 || ''Desert Rose''|| Mame Khan
|}

=== Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Song
!Result
!Ref.(s)
|-
| 2016
| [[GiMA Awards]]
| Best Traditional Folk Single
| ''Saawan''
| {{won}}
|<ref name=indiatoday/>
|-
| 2021
| [[WBR CORP]]
| Iconic Folk/ Sufi Singer of the Year
| ''-''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aryaekfan.com/iconic-achievers-award-2021-winners-list-check-out-here/ | title=ICONIC ACHIEVERS AWARD 2021 Winners List Check Out Here | date=October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| Best Traditional Folk Singer Of Rajasthan
| ''-''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | title=मामे खान को राजस्थान संगीत नाटक अकादमी अवॉर्ड: लोक कलाकार को अवॉर्ड के साथ 51 हजार रुपए व ताम्रपत्र देगी सरकार - Jaisalmer News | work=Dainik Bhaskar | date=17 November 2022 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaisalmer/news/government-will-give-51-thousand-rupees-and-copper-plate-along-with-award-to-folk-artist-mame-khan-130573185.html }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Clef Music Awards 2023]]
| Best Traditional Folk Artist
| ''Halariya - Janam Mubarak''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/clefmusicawards/winner.html | title=Cma 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Boogle Bollywood - Ballistic 2023]]
| Ballistic International Vocalist
| ''-''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Rajasthan Film Festival]]
| Best Traditional Folk Singer of Rajasthan.
| ''-''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2023
| [[Jaipur Idol Music Awards - Season 7]]
| Best Solo Album Of 2023
| ''-''
| {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Music|India|Biography}}

* [https://www.mamekhan.com Official website]
* {{IMDb name|id=nm4452905}}
* [https://www.hungama.com/artist/mame-khan/87518/ Mame Khan] on [[Hungama.com]]
* {{AllMusic |id=mn0002859355}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1skErqOrr44 Shakhsiyat with Mame Khan] at [[Rajya Sabha TV]]
* [https://www.firstpost.com/living/singer-mame-khan-on-being-part-of-manganiyar-legacy-taking-folk-art-to-international-platforms-4498501.html Singer Mame Khan on being part of Manganiyar legacy, taking folk art to international platforms] at Firstpost
* [https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20160227/281809987975325 It's my dream to work with Rahman: Mame Khan ] at [[Hindustan Times]] (Interview)
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mame}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Assam State School Education Board

2026-04-20T02:17:56Z

উদাহরণ: Starting new article

{{Short description|School education board in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Assam State School Education Board
| native_name =
| image = Logo of ASSEB.png
| image_size = 175px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation = ASSEB
| predecessor =[[Assam Board of Secondary Education]] [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]]
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=y|2024|09|13}} <ref>{{cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Sentinel |date= 13 September 2024|title=Assam: Full-fledged school education board constituted in state |url= https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-full-fledged-school-education-board-constituted-in-state |website= |location= |publisher= The Sentinel|access-date= 13 January 2025}}</ref>
| founder =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type = [[Regulatory Agency|State Education Regulatory Board]]
| status = Active
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| services =
| membership =
| language =
| secretary_general =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Ramesh Chandra Jain<ref>{{cite web |last=Tomy|first=Sherin Tressa |date= 9 September 2024|title=SEBA and AHSEC Merged to Form Assam State School Education Board, Check Details Here |url= https://www.jagranjosh.com/news/seba-and-ahsec-merged-to-form-assam-state-school-education-board-check-details-here-174262 |website= |location= |publisher= Jagran Josh|access-date= 13 January 2025}}</ref>
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = Ministry of Education, [[Government of Assam]]
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| slogan =
| website = {{URL|https://asseb.in/}}
| remarks =
| former_name =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Assam State School Education Board''' is the [[Regulatory Agency|state education regulatory board]] under the [[jurisdiction]] of [[Government of Assam|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of Assam]] for conducting examinations and providing assurance for the quality of education imparted in schools within [[Assam]], [[India]] that are affiliated to it. This Board was formed by merging the [[Assam Board of Secondary Education]] and the [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]] under the ''Assam State School Education Board Act, 2024''. It was formally established on September 13, 2024, and the previous two boards were dissolved.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam State School Education Council Inaugurated with New Leadership|url=https://dy365.in/topstories/assam-state-school-education-council-inaugurated-with-new-leadership-14443|website=DY365|date=2024-09-13}}</ref>

[[Government of Assam]] appointed R.C. Jain as its first Chairman and Rukma Gohain Baruah as its Vice-Chairman. Consequently, the Assam Board of Secondary Education (SEBA) is now known as the Assam State School Education Board, Division-I, and the Assam Higher Secondary Education Council (AHSEC) is now known as Division-II.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= 13 September 2024|title=Assam State School Education Council Inaugurated with New Leadership |url= https://dy365.in/topstories/assam-state-school-education-council-inaugurated-with-new-leadership-14443 |website= |location= |publisher= DY365|access-date= 13 January 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The new education policy has transformed the educational structure from pre-primary to college, introducing changes at every level, including lower primary, upper primary, secondary, and higher secondary. As part of this reform, the merger of the Assam Board of Secondary Education and the Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was necessary to consolidate classes from Grade IX to Grade XII into one level.

The Ministry of Education initiated the merger process of the Education Council and SEBA by forming a four-member committee. This committee comprised the Secretary to Secondary Education, the Secretary to the Assam Higher Secondary Education Council, the Managing Director of Assam Textbook Development and Publication Corporation, and the Secretary to SEBA.

SEBA was established on January 29, 1962, under the Assam Secondary Education Act (1961). The Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was formed on June 1, 1984. Both boards conducted the High School Leaving Certificate Examination and Higher Secondary Examination respectively.

The Assam State School Education Board Bill, 2024, was introduced in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] on February 7, 2024. Under the new [[National Education Policy 2020]], the Government of Assam merged SEBA and the Assam Higher Secondary Education Council.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= 7 February 2024|title=Assam govt’s big move to supervise secondary education, proposes to merge Class 10 & 12 boards into single entity|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/assam-govt-s-big-move-to-supervise-secondary-education-proposal-made-to-merge-class-10-12-boards-into-single-enti-101707317113034.html |website= |location= |publisher= Hindustan Times|access-date= 13 January 2025}}</ref>

Former SEBA Chairman Ramesh Chandra Jain was appointed as the first Chairman of the Assam State School Education Board and former AHSEC Chairman Rukma Gohain Baruah as its first Vice-Chairman. Both officers were appointed for three years. Following the council's formation, all examinations up to Class XII will be conducted by the council, which comprises 21 members.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= 8 September 2024|title=Assam announces merger of SEBA-AHSEC, forms unified state board; RC Jain appointed Chairman|url= https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-announces-merger-of-seba-ahsec-forms-unified-state-board-rc-jain-appointed-chairman-1088397-2024-09-08 |website= |location= |publisher= India Today|access-date= 13 January 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{School education in India}}

[[Category:Education in Assam]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India|Assam]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2024]]
[[Category:State agencies of Assam]]

Pawai Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:38:35Z

উদাহরণ: adding new data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pawai
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 58
| map_image = 58-Pawai.svg
| mla = [[Prahlad Lodhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Mukesh Nayak]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Panna district|Panna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Pawai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=28 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=4|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Pawai (constituency number 58) is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Panna district]]. This constituency covers the entire Pawai and Shahnagar [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=231, 250}}</ref>

Pawai is part of [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Gunnaor Assembly constituency|Gunnaor]] and [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]] in this district, [[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla]] and [[Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] in [[Chhatarpur district]] and [[Vijayraghavgarh Assembly constituency|Vijayraghavgarh]], [[Murwara Assembly constituency|Murwara]] and [[Bahoriband Assembly constituency|Bahoriband]] in [[Katni district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | Electors
! scope="col" | No.
|-
| Male
| 1,35,041
|-
| Female
| 1,21,886
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''2,56,929'''
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
===As a constituency of Madhya Bharat===
* 1951: Bhura, [[Indian National Congress]] / Narendra Singh, Indian National Congress<ref name=eci2/>

===As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Narendra Singh Judeo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Jagsuriya
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Ram Sewak Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jagdish Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Uma Shankar
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | Jaipal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Ashok Veer Vikram Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Mukesh Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Ashok Veer Vikram Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" | Brijendra Pratap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janshakti Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Mukesh Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Prahlad Lodhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pawai<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prahlad Lodhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:106411}}
|percentage = 49.76
|change = +9.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mukesh Nayak]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84368}}
|percentage = 39.45
|change = +11.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Ganrajya Party
|candidate = Rampal Singh Gondela
|votes = {{formatnum:4109}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hari Lal Choudhary Retired T.I.
|votes = {{formatnum:3387}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hemant Rishiraj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3314}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change = -5.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajani Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2896}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change = -9.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2498}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change = -0.72
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22043}}
|percentage = 10.31
|change = -1.53
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213842}}
|percentage = 75.81
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pawai<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prahlad Lodhi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:79647}}
|percentage = 39.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mukesh Nayak]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55967}}
|percentage = 27.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhuwan Vikram Singh (Keshu Bhaiya Raja)
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:22384}}
|percentage = 11.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Advocate Sita Ram Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14381}}
|percentage = 7.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Mahipal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9913}}
|percentage = 4.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Anil Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:3846}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mansukh Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2275}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = P. Mukesh
|votes = {{formatnum:1863}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3789}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23680}}
|percentage = 11.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199956}}
|percentage = 77.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pawai<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Mukesh Nayak]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78949
|percentage = 45.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Brijendra Pratap Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 67254
|percentage = 38.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Feran Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 11691
|percentage = 6.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ghasoti Adiwasi
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 3977
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chhatrapal Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2172
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Sharma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1648
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jeevan Prasad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1413
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mukesh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1357
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kalpna Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1272
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jawahar Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1200
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Roshan Lal
|party = BSCP
|votes = 805
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3135
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 174873
|percentage = 72.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pawai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.27|80.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Panna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Araidanga Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:18:01Z

উদাহরণ: Starting entry

{{Short description|Former West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Araidanga
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
| constituency_no = 44
| established = 1977
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Araidanga Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], [[Kharba Assembly constituency]] and Araidanga Assembly constituency cease to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 21 July 2014|work= West Bengal| publisher= ECI}}</ref> There are two new constituencies in the area – [[Chanchal Assembly constituency]] and [[Malatipur Assembly constituency]]. Araidnaga is now part of [[Ratua Assembly constituency]].

Araidanga Assembly constituency was part of [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|1977||Araidanga||Habib Mustafa||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Habib Mustafa||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Habib Mustafa||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||[[Sabitri Mitra]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Sabitri Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Sabitri Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Sabitri Mitra||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==

===1977–2006===
In the 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> state assembly elections, Sabitri Mitra of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Araidanga assembly seat defeating her nearest rivals Sadiqul Islam of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2006, Setara Begum of CPI(M) in 2001 and 1996, and Habib Mustafa of CPI(M) in 1991. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Habib Mustafa of CPI(M) defeated Abdul Hannan of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Sajjad Ahmed of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Md. Gofurur Rahaman of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp44.htm | title = 44 - Araidanga Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref> Prior to that the Araidanga seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|25.12|87.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

History of Kollam

2026-04-01T19:51:16Z

উদাহরণ: starting a stub

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[[Quilon]] or Coulão ({{audio|Pronunciation of the alternate name "Quilon" of the city Kollam.ogg|pronunciation}}), officially [[Kollam]] ({{audio|Kollam-pronunciation.ogg|pronunciation}}), is one of the ancient civilizations in [[India]]. It is one of the oldest port cities in the [[Malabar Coast]] (present-day [[Kerala]], [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] and [[Tulu Nadu|Tulu]] region) and was the capital city of historic [[Venadu kingdom|Venadu Kingdom]] and [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/articles/hitryswling.htm |title=History of Swathi Thirunal's Lineage |publisher=Swathithirunal.in |access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> When it was known as '''Quilon''', it was the most popular, advanced, and prosperous city in Malabar Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Its significance reduced significantly later when it officially known as Kollam. [[Quilon]] was once an important trading port in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=Marco+polo+Quilon&pg=PA710 |title=Page No.710, International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |access-date=25 October 2015|isbn=9781136639791 |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |last2=Watson |first2=Noelle |last3=Schellinger |first3=Paul |date=12 November 2012 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> It was also known as '''Jaysimhanadu''' or '''Desinganadu'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is now known as the "Cashew Capital of the World".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189382_1_kollam-backwaters-tourism-infrastructure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101143805/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189382_1_kollam-backwaters-tourism-infrastructure |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2011 |title=Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake – great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake |work=Economic Times|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The popular theory is that the name "Kollam" is derived from the word ''koyillam'', which is a compound of ''[[kovilakam]]'' (meaning "Royal Palace") and ''[[illam]]'' (a traditional house of [[Illathu Nair|Nair nobles]] or [[Brahmin|Brahmins]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=One%20theory%20has%20it%20that,and%20illam%20(brahmin%20house). |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> Another theory posits that the name originates from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''kollam'', which means "pepper," as the region was historically a prominent center for the trade and export of pepper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=The%20name%20Kollam%20has%20a,and%20exporting%20centre%20for%20pepper. |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Early modern history==
Since the ancient times, city of [[Kollam]] (Quilon) has played some major roles in the business, economical, cultural, religious and political history of [[Asia]] and [[Indian sub continent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/heritage-walk-explores-kollam-tangasseri-regions/article24892273.ece |title=Kollam on the itinerary |work=The Hindu|date=14 September 2018 |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> The [[Kollam Era|Malayalam calendar]] (''Kollavarsham'') is also known so with the name of the city [[Kollam]]. The city is mentioned in historical citations dating back to Biblical times and the reign of [[Solomon|King Solomon]], connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian Sea (supported by a find of ancient Roman coins). The teak wood used in building [[Solomon|King Solomon]]'s [[Throne of Solomon|throne]] was taken from [[Quilon]]. Merchants from [[Phoenicia]], [[China]], the [[Straits of Malacca]], the [[Arab world]], [[Europe]] and [[East Africa]] used to visit and trade from Quilon in the ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/story-print/1159603 |title=The legendary beauty of Kollam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://paru.in/history-of-kollam |title=History of Kollam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602135640/http://paru.in/history-of-kollam |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

Quilon was a Decentralized state (complex feudal and political relations)<ref name=":2">Subrahmanyam, S. (1988). Commerce and State Power in Eighteenth-Century India: Some Reflections. ''South Asia Research'', ''8''(2), 97–110.</ref><ref name=":4">Ganesh, K. N. (1990). The Process of State Formation in Travancore. ''Studies in History'', ''6''(1), 15–33.</ref> under the Influence of the land lords and the barons, known as [[Madampi (Nair title)|Madampimar]]<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=2007}}</ref> popular among them were the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]]. The authority of the throne was also influenced by the [[Ettara Yogam]] (the Yogakkar, Brahmins), the managing committee of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]].<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=2007}}</ref> There was no standing army.<ref name=":2">Subrahmanyam, S. (1988). Commerce and State Power in Eighteenth-Century India: Some Reflections. ''South Asia Research'', ''8''(2), 97–110.</ref><ref name=":4">Ganesh, K. N. (1990). The Process of State Formation in Travancore. ''Studies in History'', ''6''(1), 15–33.</ref> King [[Marthanda Varma]] inherited the small feudal state of Quilon and Kottayam, and built it into Travancore. Marthanda Varma led the Marthanda Varma went on to conquer most of the smaller principalities of the native rulers.<ref name=":42">Ganesh, K. N. (1990). The Process of State Formation in Travancore. ''Studies in History'', ''6''(1), 15–33.</ref>

The history of the [[Kollam district|district of Kollam]] as an administrative unit can be traced back to 1835, when the [[Travancore]] state consisted of two revenue divisions with headquarters at [[Central Division (Travancore)|Kollam]] and [[Northern Division (Travancore)|Kottayam]]. During the integration of Travancore and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] states in [[Kerala]] in 1949, [[Kollam]] was one among the three revenue divisions in the state. Later, those revenue divisions were converted as the first districts in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kollam.nic.in/ |title=Kollam District |publisher=District Authority of Quilon |access-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217211600/http://kollam.nic.in/ |archive-date=17 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Quilon 1505 verbessert.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kollam|City of Quilon]] during AD.1500]]
==Pre-history==
[[Kollam]] is the most historic and ancient settlement in [[Kerala]], probably in [[South India]]. Ingots [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] from [[kollam]] city, [[Kollam Port|Port]], Umayanallur, [[Mayyanad]], [[Sasthamcotta]], [[Kulathupuzha]] and [[Kadakkal]] proved that the whole district and city were human settlements since [[Stone Age]]. Teams of archaeologists and anthropologist have conducted visits to [[Kollam]] [[city]] and [[Kollam Port|Port]] many times for treasure hunts and researches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/ingots-found-in-kollam-throws-light-on-life-of-megalithic-people.html |title=Ingots found in Kollam throws light on life of Megalithic people |publisher=Malayala Manorama – On Manorama |access-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928122902/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/ingots-found-in-kollam-throws-light-on-life-of-megalithic-people.html |archive-date=28 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/emergence-of-antiques-triggers-treasure-hunt-in-kollam/article5711850.ece |title=Emergence of antiques triggers treasure hunt in Kollam |work=The Hindu|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=24 October 2015|last1=Pereira |first1=Ignatius }}</ref>

The period between 1000 [[Before Christ|BC]] and 500 [[Anno Domini|AD]] is referred to as the [[Megalith]]ic Culture in [[South India]] and is similar to the culture in [[Africa]] and [[Europe]]. In January 2009, the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Department of Archaeology]] discovered a Megalithic age cist burial ground at [[Thazhuthala]] in [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]], which had thrown lights to the past glory and ancient human settlements in [[Kollam]] area. Similar cists had been earlier discovered from the south east of [[Kollam]]. The team discovered three burial chambers, iron weapons, earthen vessels in black and red and remains of molten iron after their first major excavation in Kollam. They found a cairn circle in 1990 during their first major excavation. In August 2009, a team of archaeologists led by Dr P.Rajendran, UGC research scientist and archaeologist at the Department of History of Kerala University, had discovered [[Lower Paleolithic]] tools along with the Chinese coins and potteries from the seabed of [[Tangasseri]] in the city. This is for the first time that prehistoric cupules and [[Lower Paleolithic]] tools were discovered from below the seabed in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morien-institute.org/uwnews2015.html |title=History under Seabed |work=The Hindu|date=9 August 2014 |access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> These tools prove that the [[Stone Age]] people lived in present [[Kollam]] area and surroundings had moved to the coastal areas during the [[glacial period]] in the [[Pleistocene]], when the sea-level was almost 300 feet below the present sea-level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/History-under-Seabed/2014/08/09/article2371061.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208205912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/History-under-Seabed/2014/08/09/article2371061.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2015 |title=History under Seabed |publisher=TNIE|date=9 August 2014 |access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> Those tools are made of [[chert]] and [[Quartzite|quartzite rocks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/megalithic-age-idols-unearthed-in-kerala/article19301.ece |title=Megalithic age idols unearthed in Kerala |work=The Hindu|date=12 September 2009 |access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>

==Ancient history==
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
The ancient political and cultural history of [[Kollam]] was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The [[Chera dynasty]] governed the area of [[Malabar Coast]] between [[Kanyakumari]] in the south to [[Kasaragod]] in the north. This included [[Palakkad Gap]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Kolli Hills]]. The region around [[Coimbatore]] was ruled by the Cheras during [[Sangam period]] between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the [[Palakkad Gap]], the principal trade route between the [[Malabar Coast]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Trade">{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S|title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th|access-date=28 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th|archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref><ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri</ref>

==Voyages to Quilon/Kollam==
[[File:Mar Sabor Grab.JPG|right|thumb|Tomb of [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Mar Sabor]] at Marth Mariam church, [[Thevalakkara]] in [[Quilon]]]]

{| class="wikitable" plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:20%%;" style="background:Aquamarine;"| Time
! style="width:20%%;" style="background:Aquamarine;"| Traveller
! style="width:20 " style="background:Aquamarine;"| Country from which he/she came to Quilon
! style="width:20 " style="background:Aquamarine;"| Name they used to mention Quilon
|-
| A.D. 23–79 || [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] || [[Roman Empire]] || –
|-
| A.D. 522 || [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] || [[Alexandria]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] || ''Male''<ref>{{cite book|date=2010|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Pius Malekandathil |isbn=978-9380607016}}</ref>
|-
| A.D. 825 || [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]] || [[Syria]] || ''Coulão''
|-
| A.D. 845–855 || [[Sulaiman al-Tajir]] || [[Siraf]], [[Iran]] || ''Male''
|-
| A.D. 1166 || [[Benjamin of Tudela]] || [[Tudela, Navarre|Tudela]], [[Kingdom of Navarre]] (''Now in [[Spain]]'') || ''Chulam''
|-
| A.D. 1292 || [[Marco Polo]] || [[Republic of Venice]] || ''Kiulan''
|-
| A.D. 1273 || [[Abu'l-Fida]] || [[Hamāh]], [[Syria]] || ''Coilon / Coilun''
|-
| A.D. 1311–1321 || [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus Catalani]] || [[Sévérac-le-Château]], [[France]] || ''Columbum''
|-
| A.D. 1321 || [[Odoric of Pordenone]] || [[Holy Roman Empire]] || ''Polumbum''<ref>{{cite book|date=2010|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |author=René Grousset |publisher=Rutgers |page=312 |isbn=9780813506272}}</ref>
|-
| A.D. 1346–1349 || [[Ibn Battuta]] || [[Morocco]] || --<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/10Return.html |title=Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 10 |access-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012235936/http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/10Return.html |archive-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| A.D. 1405–1407 A.D. 1409–1411 || [[Zheng He]] || [[Ming China]] || --<ref name=ch98-233-6>Chan 1998, 233–236.</ref><ref>{{cite book|date=2005|title=Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas|publisher=China Intercontinental Press|pages=22, 24, 33}}</ref>
|-
| A.D. 1503 || [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] || [[Kingdom of Portugal]] || --<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Albuquerque, Alphonso d' |volume=1 |page=516}}</ref>
|-
| A.D. 1502–1503 || [[Vasco da Gama]] || [[Kingdom of Portugal]] || --<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1400_1499/vascodagama/vascodagama.html |title=Vasco da Gama (c.1469–1524) |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| A.D. 1503 || Giovanni da Empoli || [[Kingdom of Portugal]] || –
|-
| A.D. 1510–1517 || [[Duarte Barbosa]] || [[Kingdom of Portugal]] || ''Coulam''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=pliny+quilon&pg=PA710 |title=Page No.710, International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |access-date=25 October 2015|isbn=9781884964046 |last1=Boda |first1=Sharon La |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>
|-
| A.D. 1578 || [[Henrique Henriques]] || [[Kingdom of Portugal]] || --<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece |title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578 – The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=4 November 2016|last1=Madhavan |first1=Karthik }}</ref>
|}

===Arrival of Thomas the Apostle===
According to the most widely circulated legend the arrival of [[Christianity]] in [[Kerala]] begins with the expedition of [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]], one of the 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|disciples]] of [[Jesus]] in AD 52. He founded [[Seven Churches of Saint Thomas|Seven Churches]] in [[Kerala]], started from [[Maliankara]] and then [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Niranam]], [[Nilackal St.Thomas Church|Nilackal]], [[Kokkamangalam]], [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur|Kottakkavu]] and [[Palayoor]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants | author = James Arampulickal | publisher = Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications | year = 1994 | page = 40 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18 | publisher = Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum | year = 1951 | page = 233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Adrian Hastings| title = A World History of Christianity| date = 15 August 2000| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans| isbn = 978-0-8028-4875-8| page = 149 }}</ref>

===Arrival of Malik Dinar===
[[Kollam]] is also home to one of the oldest mosques in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who left from [[Dharmadom]] to [[Mecca]] and converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], Kollam, [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

==Inception of the Port of Kollam==
{{main|Kollam Port}}
[[File:Indo-Roman trade.jpg|thumb|[[Indo-Roman trade and relations|Roman trade with ancient Coastal South West India]] according to the ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' 1st century AD]]
In 823 AD, two Persian bishops [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]], settled in [[Quilon]] with their followers. After the beginning of [[Kollam Era]] (825 AD), [[Quilon]] became the premier city of the Malabar region ahead of [[Travancore]] and [[Cochin]].<ref name="Aiyya, V.V Nagom p. 244"/> [[Kollam Port]] was founded by Mar Sabore at Thevally in 825 as an alternative to reopening the inland ''Seaport of Kore-ke-ni'' [[Kollam]] near Backare (Thevalakara), which was also known as ''Nelcynda'' and ''Tyndis'' to the [[Roman people|Romans]] and [[Greek people|Greeks]] and as Thondi to the [[Tamils]].<ref name="Aiyya, V.V Nagom p. 244">Aiyya, V.V Nagom, State Manual p. 244</ref>

Migration of [[West Syriac Rite|Syriac]] Christians or Nasranies to [[Kerala]] started in the 9th century. Their first migration is dated to the year AD 823 and that was to the city of [[Quilon]].

==Beginning of Kollam Era==
{{main|Kollam era}}
[[Kollam Era]] (also known as ''Malayalam Era'' or ''Kollavarsham'' or ''Malayalam Calendar'' or ''Malabar Era'' or ''Nasrani Era'') is a [[Solar calendar|solar]] and [[sidereal time|sidereal]] used in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The origin of the calendar has been dated as 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at [[Kollam|Kollam (Quilon)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title=Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year=1956|pages=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|pages=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> It replaced the traditional [[Hindu calendar]] used widely elsewhere in India and is now prominently used in Kerala. All temple events, festivals and agricultural events in the state are still decided according to the dates in the Malayalam calendar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaikhari.org/kollavarsham.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416022855/http://www.vaikhari.org/kollavarsham.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 April 2013|title = Malayalam Calendar – Kollavarsham}}</ref>

''There are many theories regarding the origin of the Malayalam calendar – the Kolla Varsham. A major theory is;''

According to [[Herman Gundert]] Kolla Varsham started as part of erecting a new church '' Tharissappally Church'' in Kollam (''Thulasserry'' is a distorted form of ''Tharissappally'' which is used by some of the syriac Christians living in and around Kollam) and because of the strictly local and religious background, the other regions did not follow this system at first. Then once the Kollam port emerged as an important trade center the other kingdoms were also started to follow the new system of calendar. This theory backs the remarks of [[Ibn Battuta]] as well.<ref name="kerala.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Kollam – Short History|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm|work=Statistical Data|publisher=kerala.gov.in|access-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121073245/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/klm_shis.htm|archive-date=2007-11-21  |format=Short History}}</ref><ref name="ASurveyOfKeralaHistory-104">{{cite book|title=A Survey of Kerala History|orig-year=1967|year=2007|publisher=DC Books, Kottayam|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=104–110|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=Nestorian+kollam+era&pg=PA104|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|access-date=7 August 2013|chapter=CHAPTER VIII - THE KOLLAM ERA|author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon}}</ref>

==Persian trade and subsequent Arab trade==
[[Sulaiman al-Tajir]], a [[Persians|Persian]] merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]] (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and [[China]] at that time, based at the port of [[Kollam]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India Charitram|last=Menon|first=A. Shreedhara|publisher=DC Books|year=2016|isbn=978-8126419395|location=Kottayam|pages=219}}</ref> Quilon to be the only port in India used by the huge Chinese ships as their transshipment hub for goods on their way from China to the Persian Gulf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Shreedhara |title=India Charitram |publisher=DC Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-8126419395 |location=Kottayam |pages=219}}</ref> A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable [[Muslim]] population in the coastal towns. Arab writers such as [[Al-Masudi]] of [[Baghdad]] (896–956 CE), [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] (1100–1165 CE), [[Abulfeda]] (1273–1331 CE), and [[Al-Dimashqi (geographer)|Al-Dimashqi]] (1256–1327 CE) mention the Muslim communities in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar|last=Razak|first=Abdul|publisher=|year=2013}}</ref>

==Copper Plate Inscriptions from Kollam==
{{main|Tharisapalli plates}}
[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Tharisapalli plates]] of AD 849 written at [[Quilon]]]]
The ''Tharisappalli Copper Plates'' (849 AD) are a [[copper-plate grant]] issued by the King of [[Venad|Venadu (Quilon)]], Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, to the [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christians]] or [[Saint Thomas Christian denominations|Nasranies]] on the [[Malabar Coast]] in the 5th regnal year of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]].<ref>A Survey of Kerala History – A. Sreedhara Menon. {{ISBN|81-264-1578-9}}.</ref> The inscription describes the gift of a plot of land to the Syrian Church at [[Thevally]] near Quilon (now known as [[Kollam]]), along with several rights and privileges to the Syrian Christians led by [[Marvan Sapir Iso]].<ref>S.G. Pothan (1963) The Syrian Christians of Kerala, Bombay: Asia Publishing House.</ref>

The Tharisappalli copper plates are one of the important historical inscriptions of [[Kerala]], the date of which has been accurately determined.<ref>Cheriyan, Dr. C.V. ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. pp. 85, 126, 127, 444–447.</ref> The grant was made in the presence of important officers of the state and the representatives of trade corporations or merchant guilds. It also throws light on the system of taxation that prevailed in early Venadu, as several taxes such as a profession tax, sales tax and vehicle tax are mentioned. It also testifies to the enlightened policy of religious toleration followed by the rulers of ancient Kerala.

There are two sets of plates as part of this document, and both are incomplete. The first set documents the land while the second details the attached conditions. The signatories signed the document in the [[Hebrew]], [[Zoroastrian Middle Persian|Pahlavi]], and [[Kufic]] languages.<ref>M. K. Kuriakose, ''History of Christianity in India: Source Materials'', (Bangalore: United Theological College, 1982), pp. 10–12. Kuriakose gives a translation of the related but later copper plate grant to Iravi Kortan on pp. 14–15. For earlier translations, see S. G. Pothan, ''The Syrian Christians of Kerala'', (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1963), pp. 102–105.</ref>

==Kollam as a part of Venad==
{{main|Venad kingdom}}
[[File:Map of Kampili kingdom.png|thumb|300px|[[India]] in 1320 CE. The [[Kollam]]-[[Thiruvananthapuram]]-[[Kanyakumari]] area in the southernmost tip of [[Indian subcontinent]], which was the main seat of Ay dynasty and later Venad dynasty, was under the influence of [[Chera dynasty]]]]
The Kingdom of Quilon or ''[[Venad]]'' was one of the three prominent [[Medieval India|late medieval]] [[Hindu]] feudal kingdoms on the [[Malabar Coast]] in [[South India]]. Venad ruled Kollam from the 9th century CE to the early 18th century, when it was transformed into the [[Kingdom of Travancore]].

The rulers of [[Quilon]], the ''Venattadikal Kulasekhara''s, traces their relations back to the [[Chera dynasty|Later Cheras]]. [[Sulaiman al-Tajir]], a [[Persians|Persian]] merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]] (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and [[China]] at that time, based at the port of [[Kollam]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India Charitram|last=Menon|first=A. Shreedhara|publisher=DC Books|year=2016|isbn=9788126419395|location=Kottayam|pages=219}}</ref> The last Chera ruler, [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara]], was the first ruler of an independent state of [[Quilon]].

In the early 14th century, King Ravi Varma established a short-lived supremacy over South India. After his death, Quilon only included most of modern-day [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] districts of [[Kerala]] and [[Kanyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Marco Polo]] claimed to have visited his capital at [[Quilon]], a centre of commerce and trade with [[China]] and the [[Levant]]. Europeans were attracted to the region during the late fifteenth century, primarily in pursuit of the then rare commodity, [[black pepper]]. [[Quilon]] was the forerunner to [[Travancore]].<ref>Keralam anjum arum noottandukalili, Prof. Ilamkulam Kunjan Pillai</ref>

In the [[Sangam period|Sangam age]] most of the present-day Kerala state was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty]], [[Ezhimala Kingdom|Ezhimala rulers]] and the [[Ay Kingdom|Ay rulers]]. Venad, ruled by the dynasty of the same name, was in the Ay kingdom. By the 9th century, Venad became a part of the Later [[Chera dynasty|Chera Kingdom]]. It became a semi-autonomous state within the Later Chera Kingdom. In the 11th century the region fell under the [[Chola Empire]].<ref name="Travancore 2011">"Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 November 2011.</ref>

During the 12th century, the Venad dynasty merged the remnants of the old Ay dynasty to them forming the Chirava Mooppan (the ruling King) and the Thrippappur Mooppan (the Crown Prince). The provincial capital of the local patriarchal dynasty was at port [[Kollam]]. The port was visited by [[syriac Christians]], [[China|Chinese]] and [[Arab]]s. In same century, the capital of the war-torn Later Chera Kingdom was relocated to Kollam and the Kulasekhara dynasty merged with the Venad rulers. The last King of the Kulasekhara dynasty based on [[Mahodayapuram]], [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara]], was the first ruler of an independent Venad. The [[Hindu king]]s of [[Vijayanagar Empire]] ruled Venad briefly in the 16th century.<ref name="Travancore 2011"/>

===The Portuguese Wars (1502–1661)===
[[File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG|left|thumbnail|''[[Thambiran Vanakkam]]'' was printed at Kollam, the capital of [[Venad]]<nowiki/>u in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language ''[[Lingua Malabar Tamul]]'', which was spoken in Southern [[Kerala]] (Kollam-[[Thiruvananthapuram]] area) during the medieval period.]]
[[File:Quilon 1670 verbessert.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kollam]] in AD. 1670]]
{{See also|Portuguese India}}
The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from [[Europe]] to [[India]].<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> They were the first Europeans came to the city of [[Quilon]]. They came as traders and established a trading center at [[Tangasseri]] in [[Quilon]] during 1502. The then Queen of Quilon first invited the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] to the city in 1501 for discussing about spices trade. But they refused that due to [[Vasco da Gama]]'s close relations with the Raja of Cochin. Later the Queen negotiated with the Raja and he permitted to send two Portuguese ships to Quilon to buy fine quality pepper. In 1503, the Portuguese General [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] went to Quilon as per the Queen's request and collected required spices from there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296 |title=Kollam – Kerala Tourism |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> It is believed that the [[Colonial India|colonial era in India]] started with the establishment of the Portuguese trading center at Quilon in 1502.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsin.asia/the-ugly-and-good-side-of-conversions-in-south-asia/ |title=The ugly and good side of conversions in South Asia |publisher=NewsIn Asia |date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

====Portuguese Factory in Quilon====
[[File:Thangassery Fort.jpg|right|thumb|[[St Thomas Fort|Fort St Thomas, Tangasseri]]]]
[[File:Alfonso de Albuquerque II, governor of India.jpg|thumb|Afonso de Albuquerque as governor of India]]
The resumption of the pepper blockade seems to have put a crimp in Albuquerque's preparations of the return fleet, much of it having still lacked spice cargoes. Albuquerque dispatched two ships down to [[Quilon]] (''Coulão'', Kollam), with the factor António de Sá, to see if more could be procured there – Quilon having been better connected to [[Ceylon]] and points east, its spice supply was not as dependent on the Zamorin's sway and had often invited the Portuguese before. But soon after their departure, Albuquerque heard that the Zamorin of Calicut was preparing a Calicut fleet of some 30 ships for Quilon. Afonso de Albuquerque left Cochin and hurried down to Quilon himself.

Albuquerque arrived in Quilon, and instructed the Portuguese factor to hurry his business along, and sought out an audience with the queen of Quilon.<ref>Barros (p.99), Correia (p.405). Curiously, Empoli (p.225), who was with the Quilon ships and witnessed the encounter, identifies the ruler as a king, not a queen. Empoli refers to the king "Nambiadora", almost certainly a variation of 'Naubeadarim' or 'Naubea Daring', names that can be frequently found in Portuguese chronicles to refer to the royal heirs in other Malabari kingdoms (e.g. Calicut, Cochin) and thus almost certainly a title. i.e. it is possible the 'king' Empoli met was just a royal prince, the queen of Quilon's heir, conducting business on her behalf.</ref> They were still docked when the Calicut fleet arrived, carrying an embassy from the Zamorin with the mission to persuade (or intimidate) Quilon from abandoning the Portuguese. The queen of Quilon rejected the Zamorin's request, but also forbade Albuquerque from engaging in hostilities in the harbor. Albuquerque, realizing Quilon was the only spice supply he had access to, acceded to her request. Albuquerque resigned himself to negotiating a commercial treaty and establishing a permanent Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in Quilon (the third in India), placing it under factor António de Sá, with two assistants and twenty armed men to protect the factory.<ref>Barros, p.99</ref> That settled, Albuquerque returned to Cochin on 12 January 1504 to make final preparations for his departure. Albuquerque signed a treaty of friendship with the royal family of Quilon and established a factory there in 1503 itself. That voyage was the beginning of trade relations between Portugal and city of [[Quilon]], which became the center of their trade in pepper.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shipbuilding, Navigation and the Portuguese in Pre-modern India | year=2018 | publisher=[[Routledge]] | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1138094765}}</ref>

====End of Portuguese influence====
The trade relation between Quilon and Portuguese got set back due to an insurrection happened at the [[Port of Quilon]] between the [[Arabs]] and the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. The captain of one of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] fleets saw an Arab ship is loading pepper from the port and that burst fighting between them. Aftermath, the battle started between them. 13 [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] men were killed including António de Sá and the St. Thomas church was burned down. To prevent further devastation, the Queen of Quilon signed a treaty with the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and as a result, they got customs tax exemption and monopoly over the spice and pepper tread with Quilon. The royal family of Quilon agreed to rebuild the destroyed church.<ref>{{cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5 | year=1994 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=United Kingdom | isbn=9781884964053}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/malabar/quilon/quilon.html |title=From a Portuguese atlas, 1630 |publisher=columbia.edu |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

The Portuguese conquered Quilon until 1661. They fought with the Arab traders and captured a huge amount of gold after killing more than 2000 Arab traders. With the arrival of the Dutch and their peace treaty signing with Quilon, the Portuguese started losing their authority on Quilon and later, Quilon officially became a Dutch protectorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/goa-conquest-portuguese-indian-history-colonialism-christianity-hinduism/story/1/14633.html |title=How the Portuguese used Hindu-Muslim wars – and Christianity – for the bloody conquest of Goa |publisher=Dailyo.in |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>

===Dutch Protectorate (1661–1795)===
[[File:Quilon surrenders to Dutch.jpg|right|thumb|The rulers of Quilon submit to the Dutch]]
[[File:Dutch battle at Quilon.jpg|thumb|230px|The royal palace and temple of the [[Kollam|Quilon]] ruler conquered by the Dutch, Dec. 1661]]
{{See also|Dutch Malabar#Dutch capture of Quilon}}
The Dutch started expanding their empire to India in 1602 with the commencement of Dutch East India Company. They arrived Quilon in the year 1658 and signed a peace treaty in 1659. Thus Quilon became the official protectorate of the Dutch and their officer in-charge, [[Rijcklof van Goens]], placed a military troop in the city to protect it from probable invasions from Portuguese and the British. The West Quilon region including [[Tangasseri]] named as 'Dutch Quilon' then. But English East India Company began to follow the Dutch Method of "Triangular Trade" in early 1600s itself. The English signed a trade treaty with Portuguese and gained right to trade across the Portuguese holdings in Asia.

Here is [[Johan Nieuhof]]'s description of Kollam and Tangasseri at the time of the Dutch occupation:<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=K. P. Padmanabha |author-link=K. P. Padmanabha Menon |title=A History of Kerala: Written in the Form of Notes on Visscher's Letters from Malabar |volume=1 |year=1924 |publisher=Cochin Government Press |pages=288–289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stWCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA288}}</ref>

<blockquote>
The city is fortified with a stone wall of 18 to 20 feet high, and eight bastions; its suburbs, which are very large and stately, are by the Portuguese called Colang-China. For Koulang is separated into two bodies, one of which is called the upper or Malabar Koulang, the other the lower Koulang; in the first the king and queen kept their ordinary residences; the last was formerly in the possession of the Portuguese

The friars of St. Paul and the Franciscans had each a monastery, adorned with stately chapels and steeples. Besides which there were four other Portuguese churches here, dedicated to as many Romish Saints; they had no less than seven goodly churches, among which was the famous church built many years ago by the Christians of St. Thomas, which was left standing after we reduced the place into a narrow compass; in this church is the tomb of a certain great Portuguese captain, who was Governor of Koulang for 60 years. The houses of the inhabitants were stately and lofty, built of free stone.

The castle, the residence of the Portuguese Governor (Bishop's House) surmounted all the rest in magnificence; it lies very near the sea-side, at one end of the city, being covered on the top with coco leaves, as likewise two of its turrets, the third being tiled with pantiles.

Just upon the sea-shore is another four-square tower where I set up the Company's flag on top of a mast. In the midst of it, is a very loftily edifice, which the Portuguese used for a chapel, which I ordered to be...fitted for the use of the Company's officers...

This city as have been told before was drawn into a less compass by the Dutch which they fortified on the land-side with two half and one whole bastion. Most of the churches and other public edifices were pulled down, except the castle, St. Thomas Church and some monasteries, which remained standing in the said precinct.
</blockquote>

==Travancore Rule==
{{See also|Kingdom of Travancore}}
[[File:Map of the Indian Empire. Wellcome M0001254.jpg|thumbnail|Kollam (marked as Quilon) on the Old map of India.]]
In the early 18th century CE, the [[Travancore royal family]] adopted some members from the royal family of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]], and [[Parappanad]] based in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref> [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en|format=pdf}}</ref> During the mid-eighteenth century, [[Travancore]]'s Raja, [[Marthanda Varma]], decided to consolidate various independent kingdoms including Quilon, [[Kayamkulam]] and [[Elayadath|Elayadath Swaroopam (Kottarakkara)]] with [[Kingdom of Travancore]]. The plan was dismissive because of the presence of the Dutch, who fortified their base city of Quilon against such invasions. The Dutch and allies have conquered [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] and marched to [[Attingal]] and despatched another expedition to [[Kottarakkara]] as well. But ignoring the stiff resistance, the army of Marthanda Varma attacked and defeated the Dutch at [[Battle of Colachel|Colachel in 1741]] and marched to Quilon and attacked the city as part of the [[Travancore–Dutch War]]. After signing the [[Treaty of Mannar]], several territories under royal family around Quilon were added to the Travancore Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758|orig-year=1989|year=2007|publisher=Mittal Publications, New Delhi|isbn=978-81-709-9136-6|pages=61–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC|author=M. O. Koshy|access-date=9 January 2019|chapter=CHAPTER 4 - The Confrontation at Colachel}}</ref>

On October 17, 1795, Tangasseri was handed over to the British East India Company by the Dutch, following their defeat at Cochin. Major Petrie and Mr. Stevenson played key roles in the Dutch defeat. The Dutch territories were ultimately transferred to the British Government through the Paris Convention of 1841.

The takeover of Tangasseri at that time was relatively peaceful compared to its turbulent past. Its significance as a military outpost had diminished.

It remained under [[Travancore]] until 15 August 1947 when [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] came into force in the region by virtue of [[Instrument of Accession]] signed between [[Governor-General of India]] and [[Maharaja]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-17|title=Five states that refused to join India after Independence|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Travancore State- Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Rama Verma, Ruler of Travancore State and the Dominion of India|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/archives/travancore-state-instrument-accession-and-standstill-agreement-signed-between-rama-verma|access-date=2021-06-25|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>

=== British wars and Protectorate treaty===
Later in 1795, British gained influence in Quilon through a Protectorate treaty with the Kingdom of Travancore.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC&q=dutch+quilon&pg=PA712 |title=Page No.712, International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=9781884964046 |last1=Boda |first1=Sharon La |year=1994 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> In 1811 [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]] established the [[British Residency]] at [[Kollam]]. In 1856, with 8 [[taluks]] under it, [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central (Quilon) Division (Travancore)]] became one of the three administrative divisions of the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]].<ref name="AHoT 486">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n602 486]|language=en|format=pdf|access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> In 1904, [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line]] was constructed by the [[British Raj|British]] as the first railway line in [[Travancore]]. The railway line connected the princely state with [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=After 19 years, Chennai-Kollam regular train service to resume from Monday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/03/chennai-kollam-regular-train-to-resume-after-19-years-1945987.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 March 2019 }}</ref> In 1920's [[British Raj|British]] established an [[Air strip]] at Kollam named [[Quilon Aerodrome]] near the residency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-06-15|title=The Hindu : Kerala / Kollam News : Aviation school proposal evokes mixed response|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/08/stories/2009060853370300.htm|access-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615132530/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/08/stories/2009060853370300.htm|archive-date=15 June 2009}}</ref> It was the first aviation facility to be created in the region comprising [[Travancore]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and [[Malabar District]]. In 1936 a town hall called [[Sri Moolam Thirunal Palace]] was established at [[Quilon]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2013-04-17|title=Kollam to have heritage museum|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kollam-to-have-heritage-museum/article4625911.ece|access-date=2021-06-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Post Independence and annexation by India==
In the period between 15 August 1947 and 1 July 1949 Kollam remained in [[Travancore]] state of [[Dominion of India]]. On 1 July 1949, Quilon became one of the four districts in newly formed [[Travancore–Cochin]] state. On 1 November 1956 following the formation of [[Kerala|State of Kerala]] through [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Quilon district comprising parts of present-day [[Pathanamthitta district]] became a part of Kerala. On 1 November 1982 few taluks and villages of Kollam were added to newly formed [[Pathanamthitta district]].

==Names for Kollam==
Kollam has been referred to by various names by travellers throughout history. Some of the historic names for Kollam include:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! data-sort-type="number"|Number
! Name
! class="unsortable"|Description
|-
| 1
| Quilon
| This is the anglicized version of the name Kollam, which originated from the word ''koyillam'', which is a compound of ''[[kovilakam]]'' (meaning "Royal Palace") and ''[[illam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kollam, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=One%20theory%20has%20it%20that,and%20illam%20(brahmin%20house). |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/kollam-quilon/154 | title=Kollam, Quilon, Land of cashew, coir, backwaters, Kerala Tourism }}</ref> Quilon was the name used by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British during their colonial rule in the region.
|-
| 2
| Desinganadu
| Kollam was a part of the ancient kingdom of Desinganadu. Desinganadu was known for its trade connections with foreign countries, and Kollam served as an important port city during that time. After the king Jayasimha from whom the Venadu dynasty is supposed to have originated.<ref name="kollam.nic.in">{{cite web | url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/ | title=History | District Kollam, Government of Kerala | India }}</ref>
|-
| 3
| Venadu
| Kollam was also a prominent city in the kingdom of Venadu, which was one of the major feudal kingdoms in Kerala. The rulers of Venadu had their capital at Kollam for some time before it was shifted to the nearby city of Padmanabhapuram.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tapioca.co.in/history-of-kollam | title=History of Kollam }}</ref><ref name="kollam.nic.in"/>
|-
| 4
| Kurakkeni Kollam
| Seen in some inscriptions and plates<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Tharisappalli and ITS Initial Role in Mobilizing the Trade of Quilon |jstor=44147195 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147195 |last1=Liji |first1=K. |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2008 |volume=69 |pages=316–320 }}</ref>
|-
| 5
| Elancon
| Kollam has existed for many centuries and was called Elancon by early travellers<ref>{{cite web |title=Kollam |url=https://universalium.en-academic.com/275053/Kollam |website=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| Kaulam Mali
| Used by the Arabs<ref>{{cite web |title=Arab Accounts of Malabar History: The Early Episodes |url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.1/45.pdf}}</ref> Solyman (851) used as Kaulam Malay
|-
| 7
| Coilum
| by the 13th-century Venetian traveler Marco Polo (Polo, Marco)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marco Polo |title=The Travels of Marco Polo |pages=Book 3, Chapter 22}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| Male
| Cosmas Indicopleustes used this terminology<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon, A. Sreedhara |first1=Kerala District Gazetteers: Quilon |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Quilon |date=1964 |publisher=The Government Press, Trivandrum}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| Chulam
| Jewish traveller [[Benjamin of Tudela]] (1166) referred to kollam as Chulam<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/mhl/mhl20.htm#fn_82 | title=The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela: The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela }}</ref>
|-
| 10
| Kiulan
| Jean Pierre Guillaume Pauthier termed by this name while referring to some Chinese documents.<ref name="Kerala District Gazetteers: Quilon">{{cite web |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Quilon |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/kerala-district-gazetteers-quilon |website=indianculture.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 11
| Coilon/Coilun
| Mamluk-era geographer, historian [[Abulfeda]] (1273 C.E.)<ref>{{cite web |title=A Monthly of Dravidian Linguistics Association of India |url=http://www.ijdl.org/html/dla_december_2014.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| Kulam
| Italian merchant [[Marco Polo]] (1298 C.E.)<ref name="Kerala District Gazetteers: Quilon"/>
|-
| 13
| Polumbum
| [[Odoric of Pordenone]] (1322), Italian late-medieval Franciscan friar and missionary explorer.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Cathay and the Way Thither. Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315570990-18/fr-odoric-discourseth-manners-idolaters-polumbum-henri-cordier |website=Fr. Odoric discourseth of the manners of the idolaters of Polumbum.|doi=10.4324/9781315570990-18 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| 14
| Colonbio
| The Palatine MSS of Odoric (1322){{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| 15
| Columbum
| Jordanus (1328), [[John of Marignolli]] (1348)<ref>{{cite web |title=A Monthly of Dravidian Linguistics Association of India |url=http://www.ijdl.org/html/dla_december_2014.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| Colombo
| Letters of [[:en:Pope John XXII|Pope John XXII]] to the Christians of Quilon (1330)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The great-great-grandfather of Columbus originated in India: Latin documents |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/the-great-great-grandfather-of-columbus-originated-in-india-latin-documents/}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| Kaulam
| [[Ibn Battuta]] (1343), explorer who travelled extensively in the lands of Afro-Eurasia, largely in the Muslim world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1902 Encyclopedia > Ibn Battuta |url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BAT/ibn-battuta.html}}</ref>{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=818 Vol. 4}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Travels Of Ibn Battuta 1325– 1354 Volume I-IV |date=30 June 1354 |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta}}</ref>
|-
| 18
| Coloen
| [[Niccolò de' Conti]] (1430), Italian merchant, explorer, and writer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicolo Conti, A Fifteen Century Traveler In Malabar |date=28 March 2021 |url=https://www.notesonindianhistory.com/2021/03/nicolo-conti-fifteen-century-traveler.html}}</ref>
|-
| 19
| Colon
| [[Ludovico di Varthema]] (1510), Italian traveller, diarist and aristocrat.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151279442086675.pdf |title=The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| Coulam
| [[Duarte Barbosa]], Portuguese writer and officer from Portuguese India (between 1500 and 1516). (1516)<ref>{{Cite web |editor-first=Mansel |editor-last=Longworth Dames |title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants |doi=10.4324/9781315614069-96 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315614069-96/quilicare-mansel-longworth-dames?context=ubx&refId=a2f39188-2c9d-430a-a52f-3ea1911d81e8}}</ref>
|-
| 21
| Colour
| Sammario Ramusio<ref>{{Cite web |editor1-last=Menon |editor1-first=T. K. Krishna |title=History Of Kerala Vol. 1 |date=1924 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23817}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| Colam
| GD Empoli (1530)<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Monthly of Dravidian Linguistics Association of India |url=http://www.ijdl.org/html/dla_december_2014.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 23
| Polomee/Polumbum
| Used in the book [[Travels of Sir John Mandeville]] 1592.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indexed Glossary of Proper Names |url=https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/kohanski-and-benson-book-of-john-mandeville-glossary-proper-names |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=d.lib.rochester.edu}}</ref>
|-
| 24
| Mahali
| During the time of the Tang dynasty of China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Kollam |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/kollam/history.html}}</ref>
|-
| 25
|Tarsish
| Seen in some plates and inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tharisapalli Plates |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/tharissapalli-plates/348}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last=Ring | first=Trudy | title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5 | year=1994 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=United Kingdom | isbn=9781884964053}}
* {{cite book | last=Chan | first=Hok-lam | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=9780521243322 | chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435}}
* {{cite book | last=Lin | title=Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas | year=2007 | publisher=China Intercontinental Press | location=Fujian Province | isbn=9787508507071}}
*{{cite book | last=Yule | first=Henry, ed. and trans. | author-link=Henry Yule | year=1863 |title=Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East | publisher=Hakuyt Society | place=London | url=https://archive.org/stream/mirabiliadescrip00jord#page/n19/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book | last=Yule | first=Henry | year=1913 | chapter=Additional notes and corrections to the translation of the ''Mirabilia'' of Friar Jordanus | title=Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China (Volume 3) | publisher=Hakluyt Society | place=London | pages=39–44 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither03yule#page/39/mode/1up}}
* Henry Yule's ''Cathay'', giving a version of the Epistles, with a commentary, &c. (Hakluyt Society, 1866) pp. 184–185, 192–196, 225–230
*{{cite journal | last=Kurdian | first=H. | year=1937 | title=A correction to 'Mirabilia Descripta' (The Wonders of the East). By Friar Jordanus ''circa'' 1330 | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume=69 | issue=3 | pages=480–481 | doi=10.1017/S0035869X00086032 | s2cid=163202845 }}
*F. Kunstmann, ''Die Mission in Meliapor und Tana und die Mission in Columbo'' in the Historisch-politische Blätter of Phillips and Görres, xxxvii. 2538, 135-152 (Munich, 1856), &c.
*{{cite book | last=Beazley | first=C.R.| author-link=C. R. Beazley | year=1906 | title=The Dawn of Modern Geography (Volume 3) | publisher=Clarendon Press | place=Oxford | pages=215–235 | url=https://archive.org/stream/dawnofmoderngeog03beazuoft#page/215/mode/1up }}
* {{cite book | last=Ayyar | first=Ramanatha | title=Travancore Archaeological Series: Vol 1 to 7 | year=1924 | publisher=Government Press | location=Trivandrum | isbn=8186365737}}
* {{cite book | last=Menon | first=A. Sreedhara | title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=1967 |publisher=DC Books | location=Kottayam | isbn=8126415789}}
* {{cite book | last=Pothan | first=S G | title=The Syrian Christians of Kerala |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House | location=Mumbai}}
* {{cite book | last=Cherian | first=P J | title=Perspectives on Kerala History}}
* {{cite book | last=Thundy | first=Zacharias | title=The Kerala Story: Chera times of the Kulasekharas | publisher=Northern Michigan University}}
* {{cite book | last=Nair | first=Sivasankaran K | title=Venadinte Parinamam | year=2005 | publisher=D C Books | location=Kottayam}}
* {{cite book |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4) |year=1994 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H.A.R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-0-904180-37-4 |editor-last2=Beckingham |editor-first2=C.F. |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/ii/mode/2up }}

{{Portal bar|India}}
{{History of India by City}}
{{Histories of Kerala cities}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Kollam}}
[[Category:History of Kollam| ]]

Khokan Das

2026-03-27T11:16:46Z

উদাহরণ: updated details for clarity and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khokan Das
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Bardhaman Dakshin]]
| predecessor = Rabi Ranjan Chattopadhyay
| successor =
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| residence = [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
''' Khokan Das ''' is an Indian politician member of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khokan Das Election Affidavit|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/MTQ0ODM=/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM=|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185418/https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/MTQ0ODM=/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Candidate Khokan Das|work=[[NDTV]]|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/khokan-das-25260-5|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184315/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/khokan-das-25260-5|url-status=live}}</ref> He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]],<ref>{{Cite web |title= Khokan Das is a TMC candidate Bardhaman Dakshin |work= [[News18]] |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/rafikul-islam-mondal-basirhat-uttar-candidate-s25a125c002/ |access-date= 8 July 2021 |archive-date= 9 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185215/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/rafikul-islam-mondal-basirhat-uttar-candidate-s25a125c002/ |url-status= live }}</ref> elected from the [[Bardhaman Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Dakshin]] constituency in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly Election Result 2021|work=[[ABP Live]]|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-basirhat-uttar-constituency-125.html?noHeader=true|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184905/https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-basirhat-uttar-constituency-125.html?noHeader=true|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Bardhaman Dakshin, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021|work= [[India Today]]|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bardhaman-dakshin-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797340-2021-05-02|access-date= 8 July 2021|archive-date= 9 July 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210709193148/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bardhaman-dakshin-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797340-2021-05-02|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khokan Das - बर्धमान दक्षिण विधानसभा चुनाव 2021 परिणाम|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/west-bengal/candidates/khokan-das-aitc-2021-bardhaman-dakshin-280-west-bengal|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190727/https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/west-bengal/candidates/khokan-das-aitc-2021-bardhaman-dakshin-280-west-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
'''Support to Illegal Bangladeshis'''

He was involved in a major controversy when he openly asked party workers to ensure that only those Bangladeshi immigrants who support the ruling party in the state find a place in the voters’ list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-11-17 |title=BJP files complaint against TMC MLA Khokan Das over his "only Bangladeshis supporters" remark |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-files-complaint-against-tmc-mla-khokan-das-over-his-only-bangladeshis-supporters-remark/1222316/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421065817/https://theprint.in/india/bjp-files-complaint-against-tmc-mla-khokan-das-over-his-only-bangladeshis-supporters-remark/1222316/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-19 |title=TMC MLA's remarks on Bangladeshis, voters' list add fuel to Bengal politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tmc-mla-khokan-das-remarks-bangladeshis-voters-list-bengal-politics-8277908/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421064319/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tmc-mla-khokan-das-remarks-bangladeshis-voters-list-bengal-politics-8277908/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-11-16 |title=Ensure only those Bangladeshis who support TMC find place in voters' list: Bengal MLA to workers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ensure-only-those-bangladeshis-who-support-tmc-find-place-in-voters-list-bengal-mla-to-workers/article66146143.ece |access-date=2023-04-21 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421064319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ensure-only-those-bangladeshis-who-support-tmc-find-place-in-voters-list-bengal-mla-to-workers/article66146143.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

He said "Many new people are coming...they are from Bangladesh. Many of these people vote for BJP based on Hindu sentiments. Please ensure that only those who support our party get place in the voters' list."<ref name=":0" />

'''Allegation of Fraud Jobs by CPM'''

He alleged that the illegal recruitment scheme is something that the leftists have taught them. He said "Throughout the 34 years of the leftist government, there was no law and order in Bengal. By placing their spouses in illegal jobs everywhere, CPM leaders went to join the party."<ref>{{Cite web |title='No CPM Workers Will Work As Government Employees, IF...': TMC MLA Vehemently Attacks Left In Bengal |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/no-cpm-workers-will-work-as-government-employees-if-mamata-banerjee-tmc-mla-khokan-das-vehemently-attacks-left-in-bengal-2588305.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421064317/https://zeenews.india.com/india/no-cpm-workers-will-work-as-government-employees-if-mamata-banerjee-tmc-mla-khokan-das-vehemently-attacks-left-in-bengal-2588305.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Khokan}}
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Department of Industries (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:29:38Z

উদাহরণ: adding new stub from scratch

{{Short description|Government Department of Jharkhand}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Department of Industries
| native_name = उद्योग विभाग
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_size = 170
| logo =
| formed =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] - 834004
| minister1_name = [[Sanjay Prasad Yadav]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in charge
| chief1_name = Arava Rajkamal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| website = {{Official Website|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/industries}}
}}

The '''Department of Industries''' is a department of [[Government of Jharkhand]] responsible for promoting industrial development and facilitating investment in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Industries |url=https://jharkhand.gov.in/industries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402150512/https://jharkhand.gov.in/industries |archive-date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. (JIIDCO) {{!}} Ranchi |url=https://www.jiidco.co.in/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> It plays a key role in framing and implementing policies aimed at attracting industries, supporting entrepreneurship, and creating employment opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-18 |title=Jharkhand Launches Industrial Policy Lab to Shape Future with 15 Innovative Projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-launches-industrial-policy-lab-to-shape-future-with-15-innovative-projects/articleshow/123978327.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=फिनलैंड की कंपनी झारखंड की इस परियोजना में 24 हजार करोड़ करेगी निवेश, करीब दो लाख को मिलेगा रोजगार finland company invest Rs 24000 crore in Jharkhand Udyam Shakti yojana two lakh jobs |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/pakur/finland-company-invest-rs-24000-crore-in-jharkhand-udyam-shakti-yojana-two-lakh-jobs |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Team |first=Niir |date=2025-02-02 |title=Understanding Industrial Subsidy in Jharkhand and Its Impact - Niir Project Consultancy Services |url=https://www.niir.org/blog/understanding-industrial-subsidy-in-jharkhand-and-its-impact/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316073544/https://www.niir.org/blog/understanding-industrial-subsidy-in-jharkhand-and-its-impact/ |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=Niir Project Consultancy Services |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-07-17 |title=झारखंड में घरेलू निवेशकों को रिझाने में जुटा उद्योग विभाग, जानिए वो कौन से सात प्रोजेक्ट हैं जिन पर चल रहा है काम |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/jharkhand-government-appeal-to-domestic-investors-for-invest-to-promote-industries-jharkhand-news-jhs25071705837 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Jharkhand: Single Window Clearance System |url=https://advantage.jharkhand.gov.in/SingleWindow/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219185105/https://advantage.jharkhand.gov.in/SingleWindow/ |archive-date=2023-02-19 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=advantage.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> The department also coordinates with other state and central agencies to improve infrastructure and provide incentives for industrial growth in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Industrial Policy in the pipeline in Jharkhand with provisions of subsidy for investors - Jharkhand State News |url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/4269/new-industrial-policy-in-the-pipeline-in-jharkhand-with-provisions-of-subsidy-for-investors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303022836/https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/4269/new-industrial-policy-in-the-pipeline-in-jharkhand-with-provisions-of-subsidy-for-investors |archive-date=2024-03-03 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=jharkhandstatenews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IITF: उद्योग विभाग के सचिव ने कहा- झारखंड को आगे बढ़ाने में केंद्र से मिला पूरा सहयोग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/iitf-secretary-of-industries-department-said-received-full-support-from-center-taking-jharkhand-forward-2024-11-15 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=J’khand industry minister asks officials to prepare roadmap to attract investments |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/12/23/ces12-jh-industry.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-02-06 |title=Jharkhand receives Rs 26k crore investment proposals at Bengal Business Summit; set to create 15k jobs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Feb/06/jharkhand-receives-rs-26k-crore-investment-proposals-at-bengal-business-summit-set-to-create-15k-jobs |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Department is headed by the Jharkhand's Cabinet Minister of Industries. Civil servants such as the Principal Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions. Since December 2024, the minister for Department of Industries is [[Sanjay Prasad Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Hemant Soren distributes portfolios, keeps home; who got what in Jharkhand cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hemant-soren-distributes-portfolios-keeps-home-who-got-what-in-jharkhand-cabinet/articleshow/116044067.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Industries {{!}} Who's Who |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=420c0ede70cff1d160c862004a7bfee0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424221711/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=420c0ede70cff1d160c862004a7bfee0 |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Punjab region

2026-03-20T16:36:45Z

উদাহরণ: basic corrected lead based on references additionally and added references as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Punjab]]

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Guru

2026-03-20T16:14:05Z

উদাহরণ: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Spiritual teacher and guide}}
{{Other uses}}

[[File:Guru and DiscipleI.jpg|thumb|The guru-smiti relationship. Watercolour, Punjab Hills, India, 1740.]]
'''Guru''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|uː|r|uː}} {{langx|sa|गुरु}}; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''guru'') is a [[Sanskrit]] term for a "[[mentor]], [[guide]], [[expert]], or master" of certain knowledge or field.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pertz |first1=Stefan |year=2013 |title=The Guru in smiti – Critical Perspectives on Management |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3638749251 |pages=2–3}}</ref> In pan-[[Indian religions|Indian traditions]], a guru is more than a teacher: traditionally, the guru is a reverential figure to the disciple (or ''[[wikt:शिष्य|shisya]]'' in Sanskrit, literally ''seeker [of knowledge or truth'']) or student, with the guru serving as a "counsellor, who helps mould values, shares [[experiential knowledge]] as much as [[Knowledge#Hinduism|literal knowledge]], an [[Role model|exemplar in life]], an inspirational source and who helps in the spiritual evolution of a student".<ref name=joelmlecko/> Whatever language it is written in, [[Judith Simmer-Brown]] says that a [[tantra|tantric]] spiritual text is often codified in an obscure [[twilight language]] so that it cannot be understood by anyone without the verbal explanation of a qualified teacher, the guru.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Judith Simmer-Brown |last=Simmer-Brown |first=Judith |year=2002 |title=Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Shambhala Publications|page=169|isbn=978-1-57062-920-4}}</ref> A guru is also one's spiritual guide, who helps one to discover the same potentialities that the ''guru'' has already realized.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/guru-Hinduism |title=Guru |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2013}}</ref>

The oldest references to the concept of ''guru'' are found in the earliest [[Veda|Vedic]] [[Hindu texts|texts]] of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=joelmlecko/> The ''guru'', and ''[[gurukula]]'' – a school run by ''guru'', were an established tradition in India by the [[Vedic period|1st millennium BCE]], and these helped compose and transmit the various [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], texts of various schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], and post-Vedic [[Shastras]] ranging from spiritual knowledge to various arts so also specific science and technology.<ref name=joelmlecko/><ref name=tamara/><ref name=scharfetempleschools2/> By about mid 1st millennium CE, [[The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual|archaeological]] and [[Early Indian epigraphy|epigraphical evidence]] suggest numerous larger institutions of ''gurus'' existed in India, some near [[List of Hindu temples|Hindu temples]], where [[guru-shishya tradition]] helped preserve, create and transmit various fields of knowledge.<ref name=scharfetempleschools2/> These gurus led broad ranges of studies including [[Hindu scriptures]], [[Buddhist texts]], [[Sanskrit grammar|grammar]], [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]], [[Indian martial arts|martial arts]], [[Indian music|music]] and [[Indian painting|painting]].<ref name=scharfetempleschools2/><ref name=michelltempleschool/>

The tradition of the guru is also found in [[Jainism]], referring to a spiritual preceptor, a role typically served by a [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Jain monasticism|ascetic]].<ref name="Jeffery D Long 2009 pages 110, 196">Jeffery D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, IB Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1845116262}}, pages 110, 196</ref><ref name=patridge252/> In [[Sikhism]], the ''guru'' tradition has played a key role since its founding in the 15th century, its founder is referred to as [[Guru Nanak]], and its scripture as [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>William Owen Cole (1982), The Guru in Sikhism, Darton Longman & Todd, {{ISBN|9780232515091}}, pages 1–4</ref><ref name=singhakaur/> The guru concept has thrived in [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] Buddhism, where the tantric guru is considered a figure to worship and whose instructions should never be violated.<ref name=berkwitz130/><ref name=johnston371/>

== Definition and etymology ==

The word ''{{IAST|[[wikt:guru|guru]]}}'' (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|[[wikt:गुरु#Sanskrit|गुरु]]}}), a noun, connotes "teacher" in [[Sanskrit]], but in [[Historical Vedic religion|ancient Indian traditions]] it has contextual meanings with significance beyond what teacher means in English.<ref name="joelmlecko">{{cite journal | last=Mlecko | first=Joel D. | title=The Guru in Hindu Tradition | journal=Numen | publisher=Brill | volume=29 | issue=1 | year=1982 | issn=0029-5973 | doi=10.1163/156852782x00132 | pages=33–61 | jstor=3269931}}</ref> Beyond a teacher of specific knowledge, "guru" refers to someone who is also a "counselor, a sort of parent of mind (''[[Citta]]'') and Self (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]''), who helps [[Ethics in religion#Hindu ethics|mold values]] ([[Yamas]] and [[Niyamas]]) and experiential knowledge as much as [[Domain knowledge|specific knowledge]], an exemplar in life, an inspirational source and who reveals the [[Meaning of life#South Asian religions|meaning of life]]."<ref name=joelmlecko/> The word has the same meaning in other languages derived from or borrowing words from Sanskrit, such as [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. The Malayalam term Acharyan or [[Aasaan|Asan]] is derived from the Sanskrit word [[Acharya]].

As a noun the word means the imparter of knowledge (''[[jnana|jñāna]]''; also [[Pali]]: ''ñāna''). As an adjective, it means 'heavy,' or 'weighty,' in the sense of "heavy with knowledge,"{{refn|"Guru: a spiritual master; one who is heavy with knowledge of the Absolute and who removes nescience with the light of the divine."<ref name="tirha">Tirtha Goswami Maharaj, ''A Taste of Transcendence'', (2002) p. 161, Mandala Press. {{ISBN|1-886069-71-9}}.</ref>|group=Note}} heavy with spiritual wisdom,<ref name="lipner">[[Julius J. Lipner|Lipner, Julius J.]],''Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'' p.192, Routledge (UK), {{ISBN|0-415-05181-9}}</ref> "heavy with spiritual weight,"<ref name="cornille">Cornille, C. ''The Guru in Indian Catholicism'' (1991) p.207. Peeters Publishers {{ISBN|90-6831-309-6}}</ref> "heavy with the good qualities of scriptures and realization,"<ref name="hopkins">Hopkins, Jeffrey ''Reflections on Reality'' (2002) p. 72. University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-21120-0}}</ref> or "heavy with a wealth of knowledge."<ref name="varene">Varene, Jean. ''Yoga and the Hindu Tradition'' (1977). p.226. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-85116-8}}</ref> The word has its roots in the Sanskrit ''gri'' (to invoke, or to praise), and may have a connection to the word ''gur'', meaning 'to raise, lift up, or to make an effort'.<ref name=Lowitz>{{cite book|title=Sacred Sanskrit Words|first=Leza A.|last=Lowitz|page=85|publisher=Stone Bridge Press|year=2004|id=1-880-6568-76}}</ref>

Sanskrit ''guru'' is [[cognate]] with Latin ''gravis'' 'heavy; grave, weighty, serious'<ref>{{cite book |title=The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology|first=Robert K.|last=Barnhart|page=447|publisher=H.W. Wilson Co.|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8242-0745-8}}</ref> and Greek βαρύς ''barus'' 'heavy'. All three derive from the [[Proto-Indo-European root]] ''*gʷerə-'', specifically from the [[Indo-European ablaut#Zero grade|zero-grade]] form *''gʷr̥ə-''.<ref>{{cite book|title=''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|edition=4th|year=2000|isbn=978-0-395-82517-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/2031 2031]|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/2031}}</ref>

=== Darkness and light ===
{{poem quote|
{{lang|sa|'''गु'''शब्दस्त्वन्धकारः स्यात्‌ '''रु'''शब्दस्तन्निरोधकः ।
अन्धकारनिरोधित्वात्‌ '''गुरु'''रित्यभिधीयते ॥ १६॥}}
The syllable ''gu'' means darkness, the syllable ''ru'', he who dispels them,
Because of the power to dispel darkness, the guru is thus named.
|[[Advayataraka Upanishad]] (100 BCE–300 CE)| Verse 16.<ref>[http://www.gayathrimanthra.com/contents/documents/Vedic-related/Advayataraka_Upanishad.pdf Advayataraka Upanishad with Commentaries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020854/http://www.gayathrimanthra.com/contents/documents/Vedic-related/Advayataraka_Upanishad.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}, Verse 16, Sanskrit</ref><ref>G Feuerstein (1989), Yoga, Tarcher, {{ISBN|978-0874775259}}, pages 240–243</ref>}}

A popular etymological theory considers the term "guru" to be based on the syllables ''gu'' ({{lang|sa|गु}}) and ''ru'' ({{lang|sa|रु}}), which it claims stands for darkness and "light that dispels it", respectively.{{refn|"[...] the term is a combination of the two words ''gu''(darkness) and ''ru'' (light), so together they mean 'divine light that dispels all darkness.'" [...] "Guru is the light that disperses the darkness of ignorance."<ref name="murray">Murray, Thomas R. ''Moral Development Theories – Secular and Religious: A Comparative Study.'' (1997). p. 231. Greenwood Press.</ref>|group=Note}} The guru is seen as the one who "dispels the darkness of ignorance."{{refn|"The etymological derivation of the word guru is in this verse from [[Guru Gita]]: 'The root ''gu'' stands for darkness; ''ru'' for its removal. The removal of the darkness of ignorance in the heart is indicated by the word "guru'" (Note: Guru Gita is a spiritual text in the [[Markandeya Purana]], in the form of a dialog between Siva and Parvati on the nature of the guru and the guru/disciple relationship.) [...] the meanings of ''gu'' and ''ru'' can also be traced to the ''Panini-sutras gu samvarane'' and ''ru himsane'', indicating concealment and its annulment."<ref name="dict">Grimes, John. ''A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English.'' (1996) p.133. SUNY Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3067-7}}</ref>|group=Note}}{{refn|"Guru: remover of darkness, bestower of light'"<ref name="dict"/>|group=Note}}<ref name="krs">[[Jiddu Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti, J.]] ''The Awakening of Intelligence.'' (1987) p.139. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-06-064834-1}}</ref>

[[Reender Kranenborg]] disagrees, stating that darkness and light have nothing to do with the word ''guru''. He describes this as a [[folk etymology]].{{refn|Dutch original: "a. De goeroe als geestelijk raadsman Als we naar het verschijnsel goeroe in India kijken, kunnen we constateren dat er op zijn minst vier vormen van goeroeschap te onderscheiden zijn. De eerste vorm is die van de 'geestelijk raadsman'. Voordat we dit verder uitwerken eerst iets over de etymologie. Het woord goeroe komt uit het Sanskriet, wordt geschreven als 'guru' en betekent 'zwaar zijn', 'gewichtig zijn', vooral in figuurlijk opzicht. Zo krijgt het begrip 'guru' de betekenis van 'groot', 'geweldig' of 'belangrijk', en iets verdergaand krijgt het aspecten van 'eerbiedwaardig' en 'vererenswaardig'. Al vrij snel word dit toegepast op de 'geestelijk leraar'. In allerlei populaire literatuur, ook in India zelf, wordt het woord 'guru' uiteengelegd in 'gu' en 'ru', als omschrijvingen voor licht en duister; de goeroe is dan degene die zijn leerling uit het materiële duister overbrengt naar het geestelijk licht. Misschien doe een goeroe dat ook inderdaad, maar het heeft niets met de betekenis van het woord te maken, het is volksetymologie." English translation "a. The guru as spiritual adviser: If we look at the phenomenon of gurus in India then we can see that there are at least four forms of guruship that can be distinguished. The first form is that of the "spiritual adviser." Before we will elaborate on this, first something about the etymology. The word ''guru'' comes from Sanskrit, is written as 'guru' and connotes philosophically 'being heavy' or 'being weighty'. In that way, the concept of guru gets the meaning of 'big', 'great', or 'important' and somewhat further it also gets aspects of 'respectable' and 'honorable'. Soon it is applied to the 'spiritual adviser'. In various popular literature, in India herself too, the word 'guru' is explained in the parts 'gu' and 'ru', as descriptions for light and darkness: the guru is then the person who bring the student from the material darkness into the spiritual light. A guru may indeed do that, but it has nothing to do with the meaning of the word, it is folk etymology."<ref name="kraneborg2002">Kranenborg, Reender (Dutch language) ''Neohindoeïstische bewegingen in Nederland : een encyclopedisch overzicht'' page 50 (En: ''Neo-Hindu movements in the Netherlands'', published by Kampen Kok cop. (2002) {{ISBN|90-435-0493-9}} Kranenborg, Reender (Dutch language) Neohindoeïstische bewegingen in Nederland : een encyclopedisch overzicht (En: Neo-Hindu movements in the Netherlands, published by Kampen Kok cop. (2002) {{ISBN|90-435-0493-9}} page 50</ref>|group=Note}}

Joel Mlecko states, "''Gu'' means ignorance, and ''Ru'' means dispeller," with ''guru'' meaning the one who "dispels ignorance, all kinds of ignorance", ranging from spiritual to skills such as dancing, music, sports and others.<ref name="joelmlecko"/> Karen Pechilis states that, in the popular parlance, the "dispeller of darkness, one who points the way" definition for ''guru'' is common in the Indian tradition.<ref>Karen Pechilis (2004), ''The Graceful Guru'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195145373}}, pages 25–26</ref>

In ''Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion'', Pierre Riffard makes a distinction between "occult" and "scientific" etymologies, citing as an example of the former the etymology of 'guru' in which the derivation is presented as ''gu'' ("darkness") and ''ru'' ('to push away'); the latter he exemplifies by "guru" with the meaning of 'heavy.'<ref name="wesr">Riffard, Pierre A. in ''Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion'' Faivre A. & [[Wouter Hanegraaff|Hanegraaff W.]] (Eds.) Peeters Publishers( 1988), {{ISBN|90-429-0630-8}}</ref>

== In Hinduism ==
{{Further|list of Hindu gurus}}
{{Hinduism}}
The Guru is an ancient and central figure in the traditions of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=joelmlecko/> Ultimate liberation or ''[[moksha]]'' and inner perfection is considered achievable in Hinduism with the help of a ''guru''.<ref name=joelmlecko/> The Guru can also serve as a teacher of skills, a counselor, one who helps in the realization of one's Self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atma]]), who instills values and experiential knowledge, an exemplar, an inspiration and one who helps guide a student's (''[[shishya|śiṣya]]'') spiritual development.<ref name=joelmlecko/> At a social and religious level, the Guru helps continue the religion and Hindu way of life.<ref name=joelmlecko/> Guru thus has a historic, reverential and an important role in the Hindu culture.<ref name=joelmlecko/>

===Scriptures===
The word Guru is mentioned in the earliest layer of [[Vedas|Vedic]] texts. The hymn 4.5.6 of Rigveda describes the guru as, "the source and inspirer of the knowledge of the Self, the essence of reality," for one who seeks.<ref>Sanskrit original: {{lang|sa|इदं मे अग्ने कियते पावकामिनते '''गुरुं''' भारं न मन्म । बृहद्दधाथ धृषता गभीरं यह्वं पृष्ठं प्रयसा सप्तधातु ॥६॥}} – [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_४.५ Rigveda 4.5.6] Wikisource English Translation: Joel Mlecko (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269931 The Guru in Hindu Tradition] Numen, Volume 29, Fasc. 1, page 35</ref>

In chapter 4.4 within the [[Chandogya Upanishad]], a guru is described as one whom one attains knowledge that matters, the insights that lead to Self-knowledge.<ref name=mleckopage35/> Verse 1.2.8 of the [[Katha Upanisad]] declares the guru "as indispensable to the acquisition of knowledge."<ref name=mleckopage35>English Translation: Joel Mlecko (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269931 The Guru in Hindu Tradition] Numen, Volume 29, Fasc. 1, pages 35–36</ref> In chapter 3 of [[Taittiriya Upanishad]], human knowledge is described as that which connects the teacher and the student through the medium of exposition, just like a child is the connecting link between the father and the mother through the medium of procreation.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 222–223</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Taittiriya Upanishad] SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 65–67</ref> In the Taittiriya Upanishad, the ''guru'' then urges a student to "struggle, discover and experience the Truth, which is the source, stay and end of the universe."<ref name=mleckopage35/>

The ancient tradition of reverence for the ''guru'' in Hindu scriptures is apparent in 6.23 of the [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]], which equates the need of reverence and devotion for ''guru'' to be the same as for god,<ref>Robert Hume (1921), [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n431/mode/2up Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23], The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 411</ref><ref name=mlecko37>Joel Mlecko (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269931 The Guru in Hindu Tradition] Numen, Volume 29, Fasc. 1, page 37</ref>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
{{lang|sa|यस्य देवे परा भक्तिः यथा देवे तथा '''गुरौ'''}} <nowiki>।</nowiki>
{{lang|sa|तस्यैते कथिता ह्यर्थाः प्रकाशन्ते महात्मनः <nowiki>॥ २३ ॥</nowiki>}}<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद् Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23] Wikisource</ref>
He who has highest ''[[Bhakti]]'' (love, devotion)<ref name=paulcarus>Paul Carus, {{Google books|96sLAAAAIAAJ|The Monist|PA514}}, pages 514–515</ref> of ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]'' (god),
just like his ''Deva'', so for his '''Guru''',
To him who is high-minded,
these teachings will be illuminating.
</poem>
|Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 326</ref><ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/266/mode/2up Shvetashvatara Upanishad], The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267</ref>}}

The [[Bhagavad Gita]] also exemplifies the importance of a guru within [[Hinduism]]. [[Arjuna]] when faced with the realization of having to wage war with his kin is paralyzed with grief and remorse. Overwhelmed he lays down his weapons and refuses to fight. Despite his intellectual prowess and skill in warfare he finds himself lacking in [[Dharma|Dharmic]] (moral) clarity. At this moment he turns to Krishna for guidance and in essence seeks Krishna as his guru. This interaction exemplifies the importance within the Hindu tradition for a disciple to seek guidance from an experienced spiritual guru.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Bhagavad Gita |date=2007 |publisher=Nilgiri Press |isbn=978-1-58638-019-9 |editor-last=Eknath |editor-first=Easwaran |edition=2nd |series=The classics of Indian spirituality |location=Tomales, CA |pages=Chapter 2}}</ref> Additionally, other references to the role of a guru in the [[Bhagavad Gita]] include verse 4.34 – those who know their subject well are eager for good students, and the student can learn from such a ''guru'' through reverence, service, effort and the process of inquiry.<ref name="chapple">Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), ''The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, page 234</ref><ref>Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita, Sussex Academic Press, {{ISBN|978-1845193461}}, page 87</ref>

===Capabilities, role and methods for helping a student===
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[Adi Shankara]] with Disciples'', by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1904)]]

The 8th century Hindu text ''Upadesasahasri'' of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosopher [[Adi Shankara]] discusses the role of the guru in assessing and guiding students.<ref name="ŚaṅkarācāryaMayeda1979">{{cite book|author1=Śaṅkarācārya|author2=Sengaku Mayeda|title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcNM17mfaRgC&pg=PR15|access-date=28 June 2012|year=1979|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0944-2|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref name="Jacobsen2008">{{cite book|author=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C&pg=PA75|access-date=28 June 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3232-9|pages=75–76}}</ref> In Chapter 1, he states that teacher is the pilot as the student walks in the journey of knowledge, he is the raft as the student rows. The text describes the need, role and characteristics of a teacher,<ref name=mayeda92>{{cite book|author1=Śaṅkarācārya|author2=Sengaku Mayeda|title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-8120827714|page=92}}</ref> as follows,

{{Blockquote|
When the teacher finds from signs that knowledge has not been grasped or has been wrongly grasped by the student, he should remove the causes of non-comprehension in the student. This includes the student's past and present knowledge, want of previous knowledge of what constitutes subjects of discrimination and rules of reasoning, behavior such as unrestrained conduct and speech, courting popularity, vanity of his parentage, ethical flaws that are means contrary to those causes. The teacher must enjoin means in the student that are enjoined by the [[Śruti]] and [[Smriti|Smrti]], such as avoidance of anger, [[Yamas]] consisting of [[Ahimsa]] and others, also the rules of conduct that are not inconsistent with knowledge. He [teacher] should also thoroughly impress upon the student qualities like humility, which are the means to knowledge.
|Adi Shankara, Upadesha Sahasri 1.4–1.5<ref>'''Sanskrit''': {{lang|sa|शिष्यस्य ज्ञानग्रहणं च लिन्गैर्बुद्ध्वा तदग्रहणहेतूनधर्म लौकिकप्रमादनित्यानित्य(वस्तु) विवेकविषयासञ्जातदृढपूर्वश्रुतत्व-लोक-चिन्तावेक्षण-जात्याद्यभिमानादींस्तत्प्रतिपक्षैः श्रुतिस्मृतिविहितैरपनयेदक्रोधादिभिरहिंसादिभिश्च यमैर्ज्ञानाविरुद्धैश्च नियमैः ॥ ४॥ अमानित्वादिगुणं च ज्ञानोपायं सम्यग् ग्राहयेत् ॥ ५॥}} [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_shankara/US_itran_new.html?lang=sa Source]; '''English Translation 1''': S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), Upadeshasahasri, Vedanta Press, {{ISBN|978-8171200597}}, pages 3–4; {{oclc|218363449}} '''English Translation 2''': {{cite book|author1=Śaṅkarācārya|author2=Sengaku Mayeda|title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-8120827714}}</ref><ref>Karl Potter (2008), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Vol. III, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120803107}}, pages 218-219</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|
The teacher is one who is endowed with the power of furnishing arguments pro and con, of understanding questions [of the student], and remembers them. The teacher possesses tranquility, self-control, compassion and a desire to help others, who is versed in the Śruti texts ([[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]]), and unattached to pleasures here and hereafter, knows the subject and is established in that knowledge. He is never a transgressor of the rules of conduct, devoid of weaknesses such as ostentation, pride, deceit, cunning, jugglery, jealousy, falsehood, egotism and attachment. The teacher's sole aim is to help others and a desire to impart the knowledge.
|Adi Shankara, Upadesha Sahasri 1.6<ref>S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), Upadeshasahasri, Vedanta Press, {{ISBN|978-8171200597}}, page 5; {{oclc|218363449}} '''English Translation 2''': {{cite book|author1=Śaṅkarācārya|author2=Sengaku Mayeda|title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-8120827714}}</ref>}}

Adi Shankara presents a series of examples wherein he asserts that the best way to guide a student is not to give immediate answers, but posit dialogue-driven questions that enable the student to discover and understand the answer.<ref>Sanskrit: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_shankara/upadeshasaahasrii1.pdf Upadesha sahasri]; English Translation: S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), Upadeshasahasri, Vedanta Press, {{ISBN|978-8171200597}}, prose section, page 43; {{oclc|218363449}}</ref>

=== Reverence and ''Guru-Bhakti'' ===
Reverence for the guru is a fundamental principle in Hinduism, as illustrated in the [[Guru Gita]] by the following shloka <ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Mark |title=Shri Guru Gita |publisher=Hard Light Center of Awakening |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-975902-07-3 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=गुरु ब्रह्मा गुरु विष्णु गुरु देवो महेश्वरः।
गुरु साक्षात् परम ब्रह्म तस्मै श्री गुरुवे नमः।

Transliteration: Guru Brahma, Guru Vishnu, Guru Devo Maheshwara,
Guru Sakshat Parabrahma, Tasmai Shri Gurave Namah.

Meaning: This shloka praises the Guru, identifying them as the creator (Brahma), the preserver (Vishnu), and the destroyer (Shiva), ultimately recognizing the Guru as the supreme reality.|source=Guru Gita Shloka 22}}Other notable examples of devotion to the guru within Hinduism include the religious festival of [[Guru Purnima]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-20 |title=Guru Purnima: Know the date, origin, theme and significance; all you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/guru-purnima-know-the-date-origin-theme-and-significance-all-you-need-to-know-9448960/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Purnima 2024: Date, Auspicious Times, And Traditional Prasad Recipe |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/guru-purnima-2024-date-auspicious-times-and-traditional-prasad-recipe-6146806 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Gurukula and the guru-shishya tradition ===
[[File:Parmarth4.jpg|thumb|upright 1.2|Guru teaching students in a gurukul]]

{{Main|Brahmacharya|Guru-shishya tradition|Parampara|Gurukula}}

Traditionally, the ''Guru'' would live a simple married life, and accept ''shishya'' (student, Sanskrit: शिष्य) where he lived. A person would begin a life of study in the [[Gurukula]] (the household of the ''Guru''). The process of acceptance included proffering firewood and sometimes a gift to the guru, signifying that the student wants to live with, work and help the ''guru'' in maintaining the ''gurukul'', and as an expression of a desire for education in return over several years.<ref name=mlecko37/><ref>Ludo Rocher (2003), The Dharmaśāstas, in ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism'' (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell Publishing Oxford, {{ISBN|0-631-21535-2}}, page 102-104</ref> At the Gurukul, the working student would study the basic traditional [[Vedanga|vedic sciences]] and various practical skills-oriented shastras<ref name=stella>Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, ''The Journal of American Folklore'', Volume 71, Number 281, Traditional India: Structure and Change (Jul. – Sep., 1958), pages 224–230</ref> along with the religious texts contained within the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]].<ref name=tamara/><ref name=sameul>Samuel Parker (1987), Artistic practice and education in India: A historical overview, ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'', pages 123–141</ref><ref>Misra, R. N. (2011), Silpis in Ancient India: Beyond their Ascribed Locus in Ancient Society, ''Social Scientist'', Vol. 39, No. 7/8, pages 43–54</ref> The education stage of a youth with a ''guru'' was referred to as [[Brahmacharya]], and in some parts of India this followed the [[Upanayana]] or [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Vidyarambha]] rites of passage.<ref>Mary McGee (2007), Samskara, in ''The Hindu World'' (Editors: Mittal and Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415772273}}, pages 332–356; Kathy Jackson (2005), ''Rituals and Patterns in Children's Lives'', University of Wisconsin Press, {{ISBN|978-0299208301}}, page 46</ref><ref name=kaneupan>PV Kane, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n325/mode/2up Samskara, Chapter VII], ''History of Dharmasastras'', Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 268–287</ref><ref>V Narayanan (Editors: Harold Coward and Philip Cook, 1997), ''Religious Dimensions of Child and Family Life'', Wilfrid Laurier University Press, {{ISBN|978-1550581041}}, page 67</ref>

The gurukul would be a hut in a forest, or it was, in some cases, a monastery, called a ''matha'' or ''[[ashram]]'' or ''[[sampradaya]]'' in different parts of India.<ref name="michelltempleschool"/><ref>[[Gavin Flood]] (1996), ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521438780}}, pages 133–135</ref><ref name=scharfetempleschools>Hartmut Scharfe (2002), ''From Temple schools to Universities'', in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004125568}}, pages 173–174</ref> Each ashram had a lineage of gurus, who would study and focus on certain schools of Hindu philosophy or trade,<ref name=stella/><ref name=sameul/> also known as the [[Guru–shishya tradition|''guru-shishya'' ''parampara'']] (teacher-student tradition).<ref name=tamara>Tamara Sears (2014), ''Worldly Gurus and Spiritual Kings: Architecture and Asceticism in Medieval India'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0300198447}}, pages 12–23, 27–28, 73–75, 187–230</ref> This ''guru''-driven tradition included arts such as sculpture, poetry and music.<ref>Winand Callewaert and Mukunda Lāṭh (1989), ''The Hindi Songs of Namdev'', Peeters Publishers, {{ISBN|978-906831-107-5}}, pages 57–59</ref><ref name=stellacrafts>Stella Kramrisch (1994), ''Exploring India's Sacred Art'' (Editor: Barbara Miller), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812086}}, pages 59–66</ref>

Inscriptions from 4th century CE suggest the existence of ''gurukuls'' around [[Hindu temple]]s, called ''Ghatikas'' or ''Mathas'', where the [[Vedas]] were studied.<ref>Hartmut Scharfe (2002), "From Temple schools to Universities", in ''Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004125568}}, pages 169–171</ref> In south India, 9th century Vedic schools attached to Hindu temples were called ''Calai'' or ''Salai'', and these provided free boarding and lodging to students and scholars.<ref>Hartmut Scharfe (2002), "From Temple schools to Universities", in ''Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004125568}}, page 175</ref> Archaeological and epigraphical evidence suggests that ancient and medieval era gurukuls near Hindu temples offered wide range of studies, ranging from Hindu scriptures to Buddhist texts, grammar, philosophy, martial arts, music and painting.<ref name=scharfetempleschools2>Hartmut Scharfe (2002), "From Temple schools to Universities", in ''Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004125568}}, page 176-182</ref><ref name=michelltempleschool>George Michell (1988), ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226532301}}, pages 58–60</ref>

The ''guru-shishya parampara'', occurs where knowledge is passed down through succeeding generations. It is the traditional, residential form of education, where the Shishya remains and learns with his Guru as a family member.<ref>William Pinch (2012), ''Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1107406377}}, pages 37–38, 141–144, 110–117 William Pinch, ''Peasants and Monks in British India'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520200616}}, pages 57–78</ref><ref>Sunil Kothari and Avinash Pasricha (2001), Kuchipudi, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|978-8170173595}}, pages 155–170 and chapter on dance-arts related ''Guru parampara''</ref><ref>SS Kumar (2010), ''Bhakti – the Yoga of Love'', LIT Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3643501301}}, pages 50–51</ref>

====Gender and caste====
The Hindu texts offer a conflicting view of whether access to ''guru'' and education was limited to men and to certain ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' (castes).<ref name=murty>[[Kotha Satchidanda Murthy]] (1993), Vedic Hermeneutics, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120811058}}, pages 14–17</ref><ref name=asharma/> The Vedas and the Upanishads never mention any restrictions based either on gender or ''varna''.<ref name=murty/> The Yajurveda and Atharvaveda texts state that knowledge is for everyone, and offer examples of women and people from all segments of society who are ''guru'' and participated in vedic studies.<ref name=murty/><ref>D Chand, [https://archive.org/stream/yajurveda029670mbp#page/n279/mode/2up Yajurveda], Verses 26.2–26.3, Osmania University, page 270</ref> The Upanishads assert that one's birth does not determine one's eligibility for spiritual knowledge, only one's effort and sincerity matters.<ref name=asharma/>

The early Dharma-sutras and Dharma-sastras, such as Paraskara Grhyasutra, Gautama Smriti and Yajnavalkya smriti, state all four varnas are eligible to all fields of knowledge while verses of Manusmriti state that Vedic study is available only to men of three varnas, unavailable to Shudra and women.<ref name=murty/><ref name=asharma>[[Arvind Sharma]] (2000), ''Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195644418}}, pages 147–158</ref>{{refn|[[Patrick Olivelle]] notes the modern doubts about the reliability of Manusmriti manuscripts. He writes, "Manusmriti was the first Indian legal text introduced to the western world through the translation of Sir William Jones in 1794. (...) This was based on the Calcutta manuscript with the commentary of Kulluka. It was Kulluka's version that has been assumed to be the original [vulgate version] and translated repeatedly from Jone (1794) and [[Wendy Doniger|Doniger]] (1991). The belief in the authenticity of Kulluka's text was openly articulated by Burnell. This is far from the truth. Indeed, one of the great surprises of my editorial work has been to discover how few of the over 50 manuscripts that I collated actually follow the vulgate in key readings."<ref>Patrick Olivelle (2004), ''Manu's Code of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195171464}}, pages 353–354, 356–382</ref> Sinha writes, in case of Manusmriti, that "certain verses discouraged, but others allowed women to read Vedic scriptures."<ref>J Sinha (2014), Psycho-Social Analysis of the Indian Mindset, Springer Academic, {{ISBN|978-8132218036}}, page 5</ref>|group=Note}} Kramrisch, Scharfe, and Mookerji state that the guru tradition and availability of education extended to all segments of ancient and medieval society.<ref name=stellacrafts/><ref>Hartmut Scharfe (2007), ''Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004125568}}, pages 75–79, 102–103, 197–198, 263–276</ref><ref>Radha Mookerji (2011), ''Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120804234}}, pages 174–175, 270–271</ref> Lise McKean states the ''guru'' concept has been prevalent over the range of class and caste backgrounds, and the disciples a guru attracts come from both genders and a range of classes and castes.<ref>Lise McKean (1996), ''Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226560106}}, pages 14–22, 57–58</ref> During the [[bhakti movement]] of Hinduism, which started in about mid 1st millennium CE, the ''gurus'' included women and members of all ''varna''.<ref>John Stratton Hawley (2015), ''A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674187467}}, pages 304–310</ref><ref>Richard Kieckhefer and George Bond (1990), ''Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520071896}}, pages 116–122</ref><ref>Sheldon Pollock (2009), ''The Language of the Gods in the World of Men'', University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520260030}}, pages 423–431</ref>

=== Attributes ===
The [[Advayataraka Upanishad]] states that the true teacher is a master in the field of knowledge, is well-versed in the [[Veda]]s, is free from envy, knows [[yoga]], lives the simple life of a yogi, and has realized the knowledge of the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self).<ref name="feuerstein1990" /> Some scriptures and gurus have warned against false teachers, and have recommended that the spiritual seeker test the guru before accepting him. [[Swami Vivekananda]] said that there are many incompetent gurus, and that a true guru should understand the spirit of the scriptures, have a pure character and be free from sin, and should be selfless, without desire for money and fame.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |date=1982|title= Karma-Yoga and Bhakti-Yoga|location=Oxford |publisher=Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center |isbn=9780911206227|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJA4wQEACAAJ}}</ref>

According to the Indologist [[Georg Feuerstein]], in some traditions of Hinduism, when one reaches the state of Self-knowledge, one's own Self becomes the ''guru''.<ref name="feuerstein1990">[[Georg Feusterstein|Feuerstein, Georg]] Dr. ''Encyclopedic dictionary of yoga'' Published by Paragon House 1st edition (1990) {{ISBN|1-55778-244-X}}</ref> In Tantra, states Feuerstein, the guru is the "ferry who leads one across the ocean of existence."<ref name=georgtantra>Georg Feuerstein (1998), ''Tantra: The Path of Ecstasy'', Shambhala Publications, {{ISBN|978-1570623042}}, pages 85–87</ref> A true guru guides and counsels a student's spiritual development because, states ''Yoga-Bija'', endless logic and grammar leads to confusion, and not contentment.<ref name=georgtantra/> However, various Hindu texts caution prudence and diligence in finding the right guru, and avoiding the wrong ones.<ref name=georgtantra91>Georg Feuerstein (1998), ''Tantra: The Path of Ecstasy'', Shambhala Publications, {{ISBN|978-1570623042}}, pages 91–94</ref> For example, in ''Kula-Arnava'' text states the following guidance:

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Gurus are as numerous as lamps in every house. But, O-Goddess, difficult to find is a guru who lights up everything like a sun.
Gurus who are proficient in the Vedas, textbooks and so on are numerous. But, O Goddess, difficult to find is a guru who is proficient in the supreme Truth.
Gurus who rob their disciples of their wealth are numerous. But, O Goddess, difficult to find is a guru who removes the disciples' suffering.
Numerous here on earth are those who are intent on social class, stage of life and family. But he who is devoid of all concerns is a guru difficult to find.
An intelligent man should choose a guru by whom supreme Bliss is attained, and only such a guru and none other.
</poem>
|Kula-Arnava|13.104 – 13.110, Translated by Georg Feuerstein<ref name=georgtantra91/>}}

A true guru is, asserts ''Kula-Arnava'', one who lives the simple virtuous life he preaches, is stable and firm in his knowledge, master yogi with the knowledge of Self (''[[jnana|Atma Gyaan]]'') and [[Brahman]] (ultimate reality).<ref name=georgtantra91/> The guru is one who initiates, transmits, guides, illuminates, debates and corrects a student in the journey of knowledge and of self-realization.<ref name=georgyoga>Georg Feuerstein (2011), ''The Deeper Dimension of Yoga: Theory and Practice'', Shambhala Publications, {{ISBN|978-1570629358}}, pages 127–131</ref> The attribute of the successful guru is to help make the disciple into another guru, one who transcends him, and becomes a guru unto himself, driven by inner spirituality and principles.<ref name=georgyoga/>

=== In modern Hinduism ===
{{further|Contemporary Hindu movements|Modern yoga gurus}}

In modern neo-Hinduism, Kranenborg states ''guru'' may refer to entirely different concepts, such as a ''spiritual advisor'', or someone who performs traditional rituals outside a temple, or an ''enlightened master'' in the field of tantra or yoga or eastern arts who derives his authority from his experience, or a reference by a group of devotees of a sect to someone considered a god-like [[Avatar]] by the sect.<ref name="kraneborg2002" />

The tradition of reverence for ''guru'' continues in several denominations within modern Hinduism, but rather than being considered as a prophet, the guru is seen as a person who points the way to spirituality, oneness of being, and meaning in life.<ref>Ranade, Ramchandra Dattatraya ''Mysticism in India: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra'', pp.392, SUNY Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-87395-669-9}}</ref><ref>Mills, James H. and Sen, Satadru (Eds.), ''Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-Colonial India'', pp.23, Anthem Press (2004), {{ISBN|1-84331-032-5}}</ref>{{refn|"Gurus are not prophets who declare the will of God and appeal to propositions found in a Scripture. Rather, they are said to be greater than God because they lead to God. Gurus have shared the essence of the Absolute and experienced the oneness of being, which endows them with divine powers and the ability to master people and things in this world."<ref name="isbn0-8133-2508-0">{{cite book |last1=Poewe |first1=Karla O. |last2=Hexham |first2=Irving |title=New religions as global cultures: making the human sacred |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |year=1997 |page=106 |isbn=0-8133-2508-0 }}</ref>}}

== In Buddhism ==
{{Buddhism|terse=1}}
{{Further|Tibetan Buddhism}}

In some forms of [[Buddhism]], states Rita Gross, the concept of Guru is of supreme importance.<ref>Rita Gross (1993), Buddhism After Patriarchy, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791414033}}, page 253</ref> Guru is called as Garu in Pali. The Guru is the teacher, who teaches the spiritual and religious knowledge. Guru can be anyone who teach this knowledge and not generally need to be [[Acharya|Acariya]] or [[Upajjhaya]]. Guru can also be a personal teacher. Buddha is called as Lokagaru, meaning "the teacher of the world".

In [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism's [[Tantra|Tantric]] teachings, the rituals require the guidance of a guru.<ref name=berkwitz130/> The guru is considered essential and to the Buddhist devotee, the guru is the "enlightened teacher and ritual master", states Stephen Berkwitz.<ref name=berkwitz130>Stephen Berkwitz (2009), ''South Asian Buddhism: A Survey'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415452496}}, pages 130–133</ref> The guru is known as the ''[[vajra]] guru'' (literally "diamond guru").<ref name=vajra>{{cite book |author=Strong, John S. |title=The experience of Buddhism: sources and interpretations |publisher=Wadsworth Pub. Co |location=Belmont, CA |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/experienceofbudd00stro/page/76 76] |isbn=978-0-534-19164-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/experienceofbudd00stro/page/76 }}</ref> Initiations or ritual [[wang (Tibetan Buddhism)|empowerments]] are necessary before the student is permitted to practice a particular [[Tantras (Buddhism)|tantra]], in Vajrayana Buddhist sects found in Tibet and South Asia.<ref name=berkwitz130/> The tantras state that the guru is equivalent to Buddha, states Berkwitz, and is a figure to worship and whose instructions should never be violated.<ref name=berkwitz130/><ref name=johnston371>William Johnston (2013), ''Encyclopedia of Monasticism'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1579580902}}, page 371</ref><ref>Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche (2007), ''Losing the Clouds, Gaining the Sky: Buddhism and the Natural Mind'' (Editor: Doris Wolter), Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|978-0861713592}}, pages 72–76</ref>

{{Blockquote|
The guru is the [[Buddha]], the guru is the [[Dhamma]], and the guru is the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]. The guru is the glorious [[Vajradhara]], in this life only the guru is the means [to awakening]. Therefore, someone wishing to attain the state of Buddhahood should please the guru.
|Guhyasanaya Sadhanamala 28|12th-century<ref name=berkwitz130/>}}

There are Four Kinds of [[Lama]] (Guru) or spiritual teacher<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Lama |title=Lama |publisher=Rigpa Wiki |access-date=2012-12-26}}</ref> (Tib. lama nampa shyi) in [[Tibetan Buddhism]]:

# gangzak gyüpé lama — the individual teacher who is the holder of the [[Parampara|lineage]]
# gyalwa ka yi lama — the teacher which is the word of the buddhas
# nangwa da yi lama — the symbolic teacher of all appearances
# rigpa dön gyi lama — the absolute teacher, which is [[rigpa]], the true nature of mind

In various Buddhist traditions, there are equivalent words for ''guru'', which include ''Shastri'' (teacher), ''Kalyana Mitra'' (friendly guide, Pali: [[Kalyāṇa-mittatā]]), ''Acarya'' (master), and ''Vajra-Acarya'' (hierophant).<ref name=alexwayman>Alex Wayman (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120813212}}, pages 206, 205–219</ref> The ''guru'' is literally understood as "weighty", states Alex Wayman, and it refers to the Buddhist tendency to increase the weight of canons and scriptures with their spiritual studies.<ref name=alexwayman/> In Mahayana Buddhism, a term for Buddha is [[Bhaisajyaguru|Bhaisajya guru]], which refers to "medicine guru", or "a doctor who cures suffering with the medicine of his teachings".<ref>Alex Wayman (1997), ''Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120813212}}, pages 208–209</ref><ref>Paul Williams (1989), ''Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415025379}}, pages 247–249</ref>

== In Jainism ==
{{Jainism}}
''Guru'' is the spiritual [[preceptor]] in [[Jainism]], and typically a role served by [[Jain monasticism|Jain ascetics]].<ref name="Jeffery D Long 2009 pages 110, 196"/><ref name=patridge252>Christopher Partridge (2013), ''Introduction to World Religions'', Augsburg Fortress, {{ISBN|978-0800699703}}, page 252</ref> The ''guru'' is one of three fundamental ''tattva'' (categories), the other two being ''dharma'' (teachings) and ''deva'' ([[God in Jainism|divinity]]).<ref name=johncort/> The ''guru-tattva'' is what leads a lay person to the other two ''tattva''.<ref name="johncort">John Cort (2011), ''Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199796649}}, page 100</ref> In some communities of the [[Śvētāmbara]] sect of Jainism, a traditional system of ''guru-disciple'' lineage exists.<ref>Peter Fl Gel and Peter Flügel (2006), ''Studies in Jaina History and Culture'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1134235520}}, pages 249–250</ref>

The ''guru'' is revered in Jainism [[Jain rituals and festivals#Rituals|ritually]] with ''Guru-vandan'' or ''Guru-upashti'', where respect and offerings are made to the ''guru'', and the ''guru'' sprinkles a small amount of ''vaskep'' (a scented powder mixture of sandalwood, saffron, and camphor) on the devotee's head with a mantra or blessings.<ref>John Cort (2011), ''Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199796649}}, pages 111–115</ref>
== In Sikhism ==
{{Sikhi}}
{{Main|Sikh gurus|Sikhism}}

In Sikhism, seeking a ''Guru'' (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ''gurū'') is of the utmost importance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=iGurbani – Shabad |url=https://www.igurbani.com/shabad/w7i8?verse=cj9h |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.igurbani.com}}</ref> [[Guru Nanak]] writes in Ang (ਅੰਗ):751 (੫੧ of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]:<blockquote>ਗਾਫਲ ਗਿਆਨ ਵਿਹੂਣਿਆ ਗੁਰ ਬਿਨੁ ਗਿਆਨੁ ਨ ਭਾਲਿ ਜੀਉ ॥

O foolish mind, without seeking a Guru, loving devotion with the Almighty is not possible.</blockquote>[[Guru Amar Das]], the third [[Sikh Guru]], says knowledge will have no foundation without a Guru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iGurbani – Shabad |url=https://www.igurbani.com/shabad/domu?verse=zr2d |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.igurbani.com |page=650}}</ref>

The Guru is the source of all knowledge which is Almighty. In [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Chaupai Sahib]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] states about who is the Guru:<ref name="dasam384">Translation 1: [http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=2260&english=t&id=157684 Sri Dasam Granth Sahib] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105148/http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=2260&english=t&id=157684 |date=2015-09-24 }}, Verses 384–385, page 22; [http://searchgurbani.com/dasam_granth/page/1466/line/9 Translation 2]</ref>

{{verse translation|lang=pa|italicsoff=y
|ਜਵਨ ਕਾਲ ਜੋਗੀ ਸ਼ਿਵ ਕੀਯੋ ॥ ਬੇਦ ਰਾਜ ਬ੍ਰਹਮਾ ਜੂ ਥੀਯੋ ॥
ਜਵਨ ਕਾਲ ਸਭ ਲੋਕ ਸਵਾਰਾ ॥ ਨਮਸ਼ਕਾਰ ਹੈ ਤਾਹਿ ਹਮਾਰਾ ॥੩੮੪॥
ਜਵਨ ਕਾਲ ਸਭ ਜਗਤ ਬਨਾਯੋ॥ ਦੇਵ ਦੈਤ ਜੱਛਨ ਉਪਜਾਯੋ ॥
ਆਦਿ ਅੰਤਿ ਏਕੈ ਅਵਤਾਰਾ॥ ਸੋਈ ਗੁਰੂ ਸਮਝਿਯਹੁ ਹਮਾਰਾ ॥੩੮੫॥
|The [[God in Sikhism|Temporal Lord]], who created Shiva, the Yogi; who created Brahma, the Master of the Vedas;
The Temporal Lord who fashioned the entire world; I salute the same Lord.
The Temporal Lord, who created the whole world; who created angels, demons and yakshas;
He is the only one form the beginning to the end; '''I consider Him only my Guru'''.
|attr1=[[Dasam Granth]], 384–385|italicsoff2=y}}

The Sikh gurus were fundamental to the Sikh religion, however the concept in Sikhism differs from other usages. The [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] word [[Sikh]] derives from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[shishya]]'', or disciple and is all about the relationship between the teacher and a student.<ref>Geoffrey Parrinder (1971), ''World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present'', Hamlyn Publishing, page 254, {{ISBN|978-0-87196-129-7}}</ref> The concept of Guru in Sikhism stands on two pillars i.e. [[Miri Piri|Miri-Piri]] (ਮੀਰੀ-ਪੀਰੀ). 'Piri' means spiritual authority and 'Miri' means temporal authority.<ref>{{cite book | title=Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance | url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart | url-access=registration | publisher=University of Chicago Press |author1=E. Marty, Martin |author2=Appleby R. Scott | date=1996 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/278 278] | isbn=978-0226508849}}</ref> Traditionally, the concept of Guru is considered central in Sikhism, and its main scripture is prefixed as a ''Guru'', called [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the words therein called ''[[Gurbani]]''.<ref name=singhakaur>HS Singha & Satwant Kaur, ''Sikhism, A Complete Introduction'', Hemkunt Press, {{ISBN|81-7010-245-6}}, pages 21–29, 54–55</ref>

==In Western culture==
As an alternative to established religions in the West, some people in Europe and the US looked to spiritual guides and gurus from India and other countries. Gurus from many denominations traveled to Western Europe and the US and established followings.

In particular during the 1960s and 1970s many gurus acquired groups of young followers in Western Europe and the US. According to the American sociologist [[David G. Bromley]] this was partially due to the repeal of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] in 1965 which permitted Asian gurus entrance to the US.<ref name="bromley1989">[[David G. Bromley|Bromley, David G.]], Ph.D. & [[Anson Shupe]], Ph.D., ''Public Reaction against New Religious Movements'' article that appeared in ''Cults and new religious movements: a report of the Committee on Psychiatry and Religion of the American Psychiatric Association'', edited by Marc Galanter, M.D., (1989) {{ISBN|0-89042-212-5}}</ref> According to the Dutch Indologist Albertina Nugteren, the repeal was only one of several factors and a minor one compared with the two most important causes for the surge of all things 'Eastern': the post-war cross-cultural mobility and the general dissatisfaction with established Western values.<ref name="nugteren1997">[[Nugteren, Albertina (Tineke)]] Dr. (Associate professor in the phenomenology and history of Indian religions at the faculty of theology at the [[Universiteit van Tilburg|university of Tilburg]]) "Tantric Influences in Western Esotericism", article that appeared at a 1997 [[CESNUR]] conference and that was published in the book ''New Religions in a Postmodern World'' edited by [[Mikael Rothstein]] and Reender Kranenborg RENNER Studies in New religions [[Aarhus University]] press, (2003) {{ISBN|87-7288-748-6}}</ref>

In the [[Western world]], the term is sometimes used in a derogatory way to refer to individuals who have allegedly exploited their followers' naiveté, particularly in certain [[cults]] or groups in the fields of [[hippie]], [[new religious movement]]s, [[self-help]], and [[tantra]].<ref name="Forsthoefel and Humes">{{cite journal |last1=Gressett |first1=Michael J. |title=Gurus in America |editor1-last=Forsthoefel |editor1-first=Thomas A. |editor2-last=Humes |editor2-first=Cynthia Ann |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=November 2006 |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=842–844 |doi=10.1017/S0021911806001872}}</ref> It is also employed more generally for [[wellness guru]]s focused on alternative medicine.

According to the professor in [[sociology]] [[Stephen A. Kent]] at the [[University of Alberta]] and Kranenborg (1974), one of the reasons why in the 1970s young people including [[hippie]]s turned to gurus was because they found that drugs had opened for them the existence of the transcendental or because they wanted to get ''high'' without drugs.<ref name="kranenborg1974">Kranenborg, Reender (Dutch language) ''Zelfverwerkelijking: oosterse religies binnen een westerse subkultuur'' (En: [[Self-realization]]: eastern religions in a Western Sub-culture'', published by Kampen Kok (1974)''</ref><ref name="kent2001">[[Stephen A. Kent|Kent, Stephen A.]] Dr. ''From slogans to mantras: social protest and [[religious conversion]] in the late [[Vietnam War|Vietnam war]] era'' [[Syracuse University]] press {{ISBN|0-8156-2923-0}} (2001)</ref> According to Kent, another reason why this happened so often in the US then, was because some anti-[[Vietnam War]] [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|protesters]] and political activists became worn out or disillusioned of the possibilities to change society through political means, and as an alternative turned to religious means.<ref name="kent2001" /> One example of such group was the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] movement (ISKCON) founded by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] in 1966, many of whose followers voluntarily accepted the demanding lifestyle of [[bhakti yoga]] on a full-time basis, in stark contrast to much of the popular culture of the time.{{refn|"Devotees don't have such an easy time. They who choose to live in the temples – now a very small minority -chant the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna]] mantra 1,728 time a day. […] Those living in an ashram – far fewer than in the 1970s – have to get up at 4am for worship. All members have to give up meat, fish and eggs; alcohol, tobacco, drugs, tea and coffee; gambling, sports, games and novels; and sex except for procreation with marriage […] It's a demanding lifestyle. Outsiders may wonder why people join."<ref>Barrett, D. V. The New Believers – A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions 2001 UK, Cassell & Co. {{ISBN|0-304-35592-5}} entry [[ISKCON]] page 287,288</ref>|group=Note}}

Some gurus and the groups they lead attract opposition from the [[Anti-cult movement|Anti-Cult Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anti-Cult Movement {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/anti-cult-movement|access-date=2020-09-08|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> According to Kranenborg (1984), [[Jesus Christ]] fits the Hindu definition and characteristics of a guru.<ref name="kranenborg1984">Kranenborg, Reender (Dutch language) Een nieuw licht op de kerk? Bijdragen van nieuwe religieuze bewegingen voor de kerk van vandaag (En: A new perspective on the church? Contributions of new religious movements for today's church), the Hague Boekencentrum (1984) {{ISBN|90-239-0809-0}} pp 93–99</ref>

Environmental activists are sometimes called "gurus" or "prophets" for embodying a moral or spiritual authority and gathering followers. Examples of environmental gurus are [[John Muir]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Aldo Leopold]], [[George Perkins Marsh]], and [[David Attenborough]]. Abidin et al. wrote that environmental gurus "merge the boundaries" between spiritual and scientific authority.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abidin|first1=Crystal|last2=Brockington|first2=Dan|last3=Goodman|first3=Michael K.|last4=Mostafanezhad|first4=Mary|last5=Richey|first5=Lisa Ann|date=2020-10-17|title=The Tropes of Celebrity Environmentalism|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=387–410|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-081703|doi-access=free|issn=1543-5938|url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/poncom/2020/3139ef098559/The_Tropes_of_Celebrity.pdf}}</ref>

=== Viewpoints ===
Gurus and the [[Guru-shishya tradition]] have been criticized and assessed by secular scholars, [[theology|theologians]], [[anti-cult movement|anti-cultists]], [[Scientific skepticism|skeptics]], and religious philosophers.

[[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], groomed to be a world spiritual teacher by the leadership of the [[Theosophical Society]] in the early part of the 20th century, publicly renounced this role in 1929 while also denouncing the concept of gurus, spiritual leaders, and teachers, advocating instead the unmediated and direct investigation of [[reality]].<ref>Jiddu, Krishnamurti (September 1929). [http://www.jkrishnamurti.org/about-krishnamurti/dissolution-speech.php "The Dissolution of the Order of the Star: A Statement by J. Krishnamurti"]. ''International Star Bulletin'' '''2''' [Volumes not numbered in original] (2) [Issues renumbered starting August 1929]: 28–34. ([[Eerde (Ommen)|Eerde]]: Star Publishing Trust). {{OCLC|34693176}}. J.Krishnamurti Online. Retrieved 2010-08-24.</ref>

[[U. G. Krishnamurti]], [no relation to Jiddu], sometimes characterized as a spiritual [[anarchist]], denied both the value of gurus and the existence of any related worthwhile teaching.<ref>Uppaluri Gopala (U. G.) Krishnamurti (2002) (Revised ed.) [Originally published 1982. [[Goa, India]]: Dinesh Vaghela Cemetile]. ''[[s:The Mystique of Enlightenment/Part One|The Mystique of Enlightenment: The Radical Ideas of U.G. Krishnamurti]]''. Arms, Rodney ed. Sentient Publications. [[Paperback]]. p. 2. {{ISBN|0-9710786-1-0}}. Wikisource. Retrieved 2010-08-28.</ref>

Dr. [[David C. Lane]] proposes a checklist consisting of seven points to assess gurus in his book, ''Exposing Cults: When the Skeptical Mind Confronts the Mystical''. One of his points is that spiritual teachers should have high standards of moral conduct and that followers of gurus should interpret the behavior of a spiritual teacher by following [[Ockham's razor]] and by using [[common sense]], and, should not naively use mystical explanations unnecessarily to explain immoral behavior. Another point Lane makes is that the bigger the claim a guru makes, such as the claim to be God, the bigger the chance is that the guru is unreliable. Dr. Lane's fifth point is that self-proclaimed gurus are likely to be more unreliable than gurus with a legitimate lineage.<ref name="lane1984">{{cite book |author-link=David C. Lane |last=Lane |first=David C. |chapter-url=http://geocities.com/eckcult/cultexpose/crucible.html |chapter=Chapter 12: The Spiritual Crucible |title=Exposing Cults: When the Skeptical Mind Confronts the Mystical |year=1994 |publisher=Garland Pub. |isbn=978-0815312758|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027111139/http://geocities.com/eckcult/cultexpose/crucible.html |archive-date=2009-10-27 }}</ref>

Highlighting what he sees as the difficulty in understanding the guru from [[Eastern philosophy|Eastern tradition]] in Western society, [[Indologist]] [[Georg Feuerstein]] writes in the chapter ''Understanding the Guru'' in his book ''The Deeper Dimension of Yoga: Theory and practice'': "The traditional role of the guru, or spiritual teacher, is not widely understood in the West, even by those professing to practice Yoga or some other Eastern tradition entailing discipleship. [...] Spiritual teachers, by their very nature, swim against the stream of conventional values and pursuits. They are not interested in acquiring and accumulating material wealth or in competing in the marketplace, or in pleasing egos. They are not even about morality. Typically, their message is of a radical nature, asking that we live consciously, inspect our motives, transcend our egoic passions, overcome our intellectual blindness, live peacefully with our fellow humans, and, finally, realize the deepest core of human nature, the Spirit. For those wishing to devote their time and energy to the pursuit of conventional life, this kind of message is revolutionary, subversive, and profoundly disturbing".<ref name="feuerstein2003">[[Georg Feusterstein|Feuerstein, Georg]] Dr. ''The Deeper Dimension of Yoga: Theory and Practice'', Shambhala Publications, released on (2003) {{ISBN|1-57062-928-5}}</ref> In his ''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Yoga'' (1990), Dr. Feuerstein writes that the importation of ''yoga'' to the West has raised questions as to the appropriateness of spiritual discipleship and the legitimacy of spiritual authority.<ref name="feuerstein1990" />

A British professor of psychiatry, [[Anthony Storr]], states in his book, ''Feet of Clay: A Study of Gurus'', that he confines the word guru (translated by him as "revered teacher") to persons who have "special knowledge" who tell, referring to their special knowledge, how other people should lead their lives. He argues that gurus share common character traits (e.g. being loners) and that some suffer from a mild form of [[schizophrenia]]. He argues that gurus who are authoritarian, [[Paranoia|paranoid]], [[wikt:eloquent|eloquent]], or who interfere in the private lives of their followers are the ones who are more likely to be unreliable and dangerous. Storr also refers to [[Eileen Barker|Eileen Barker's checklist]] to recognize false gurus. He contends that some so-called gurus claim special spiritual insights based on personal revelation, offering new ways of spiritual development and paths to salvation. Storr's criticism of gurus includes the possible risk that a guru may exploit his or her followers due to the authority that he or she may have over them, though Storr does acknowledge the existence of morally superior teachers who refrain from doing so. He holds the view that the idiosyncratic belief systems that some gurus promote were developed during a period of [[psychosis]] to make sense of their own minds and perceptions, and that these belief systems persist after the psychosis has gone. Storr notes that gurus generalize their experience to all people. Some of them believe that all humanity should accept their vision, while others teach that when the end of the world comes, only their followers will be saved, and the rest of the people will remain unredeemed. According to him, this ″apparently arrogant assumption″ is closely related and other characteristics of various gurus. Storr applies the term "guru" to figures as diverse as [[Jesus]], [[Muhammad]], [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Gurdjieff]], [[Rudolf Steiner]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Jim Jones]] and [[David Koresh]].<ref name="storr1996">{{Cite book |last=Storr |first=Anthony |title=Feet of Clay; Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus |publisher=Free Press |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-684-82818-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/feetofclaysaints00stor }}</ref>

[[Rob Preece]], a [[psychotherapist]] and a practicing Buddhist, writes in ''The Noble Imperfection'' that while the teacher/disciple relationship can be an invaluable and fruitful experience, the process of relating to spiritual teachers also has its hazards. He writes that these potential hazards are the result of ''naiveté'' amongst Westerners as to the nature of the guru/devotee relationship, as well as a consequence of a lack of understanding on the part of Eastern teachers as to the nature of Western psychology. Preece introduces the notion of [[transference]] to explain the manner in which the guru/disciple relationship develops from a more Western psychological perspective. He writes: "In its simplest sense transference occurs when unconsciously a person endows another with an attribute that actually is projected from within themselves." In developing this concept, Preece writes that, when we transfer an inner quality onto another person, we may be giving that person a power over us as a consequence of the projection, carrying the potential for great insight and inspiration, but also the potential for great danger: "In giving this power over to someone else they have a certain hold and influence over us it is hard to resist, while we become enthralled or spellbound by the power of the archetype".<ref name="ref_preece">Preece, Rob, "The teacher-student relationship" in ''The Noble Imperfection: The challenge of individuation in Buddhist life'', Mudras Publications</ref>

The psychiatrist [[Alexander Deutsch]] performed a long-term observation of a small [[cult]], called ''The Family'' (not to be confused with [[Family International]]), founded by an American guru called ''Baba'' or ''Jeff'' in [[New York (state)|New York]] in 1972, who showed increasingly [[schizophrenic]] behavior. Deutsch observed that this man's mostly [[Jew]]ish followers interpreted the guru's pathological mood swings as expressions of different Hindu deities and interpreted his behavior as ''holy madness'', and his cruel deeds as punishments that they had earned. After the guru dissolved the cult in 1976, his mental condition was confirmed by Jeff's retrospective accounts to an author.<ref name="deutsch1975">Deutsch, Alexander [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] ''Observations on a sidewalk ashram'' Archive Gen. Psychiatry 32 (1975) 2, 166–175</ref><ref name="deutsch1980">Deutsch, Alexander M.D. ''Tenacity of Attachment to a cult leader: a psychiatric perspective'' American Journal of Psychiatry 137 (1980) 12, 1569–1573.</ref>

[[Jan van der Lans]] (1933–2002), a professor of the [[psychology of religion]] at the [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Catholic University of Nijmegen]], wrote, in a book commissioned by the Netherlands-based [[KSGV|Catholic Study Center for Mental Health]], about followers of gurus and the potential dangers that exist when personal contact between the guru and the disciple is absent, such as an increased chance of idealization of the guru by the student (myth making and deification), and an increase of the chance of false [[mysticism]]. He further argues that the deification of a guru is a traditional element of Eastern spirituality but, when detached from the Eastern cultural element and copied by Westerners, the distinction between the person who is the guru and that which he symbolizes is often lost, resulting in the relationship between the guru and disciple degenerating into a boundless, uncritical [[personality cult]].{{refn|"Wat [[Jan van der Lans|Van der Lans]] hier signaleert, is het gevaar dat de goeroe een instantie van absolute overgave en totale overdracht wordt. De leerling krijgt de gelegenheid om zijn grootheidsfantasieën op de goeroe te projecteren, zonder dat de goeroe daartegen als kritische instantie kan optreden. Het lijkt er zelfs vaak eerder op dat de goeroe in woord, beeld en geschrift juist geneigd is deze onkritische houding te stimuleren. Dit geldt zeker ook voor goeroe Maharaji, maar het heeft zich -gewild en ongewild ook voorgedaan bij Anandamurti en Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. [..] De vergoddelijking van de goeroe is 'een traditioneel element in de Oosterse spiritualiteit, maar, losgemaakt, uit dit cultuurmilieu en overgenomen door Westerse mensen, gaat het onderscheid vaak verloren tussen de persoon van de goeroe en dat wat hij symboliseert en verwordt tot een kritiekloze persoonlijkheidsverheerlijking' (Van der Lans 1981b, 108)"<ref name="lans1981">[http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/obits/vanderlans.html Lans, Jan van der Dr.] (Dutch language) [http://www.ksgv.nl/2-18.html ''Volgelingen van de goeroe: Hedendaagse religieuze bewegingen in Nederland''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114094319/http://www.ksgv.nl/2-18.html |date=2005-01-14 }}, written upon request for the [http://www.ksgv.nl/KSGV_English.html KSGV] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208164006/http://www.ksgv.nl/KSGV_English.html |date=2005-02-08 }} published by Ambo, Baarn, 1981 {{ISBN|90-263-0521-4}}</ref><ref>[[Paul Schnabel|Schnabel, Paul]] Dr. (Dutch language) Between stigma and charisma: new religious movements and mental health Erasmus university Rotterdam, Faculty of Medicine, Ph.D. thesis, {{ISBN|90-6001-746-3}} (Deventer, Van Loghum Slaterus, 1982) Chapter V, page 142</ref>|group=Note}}

In their 1993 book, ''[[The Guru Papers]]'', authors Diana Alstad and Joel Kramer reject the [[Guru-shishya tradition|guru-disciple tradition]] because of what they see as its structural defects. These defects include the authoritarian control of the guru over the disciple, which is in their view increased by the guru's encouragement of [[surrender (religion)|surrender]] to him. Alstad and Kramer assert that gurus are likely to be [[Hypocrisy|hypocrites]] because, in order to attract and maintain followers, gurus must present themselves as purer than and superior to ordinary people and other gurus.<ref name="kramer1993">Kramer, Joel, and Diana Alstad ''The guru papers: masks of authoritarian power'' (1993) {{ISBN|1-883319-00-5}}</ref>

According to the journalist Sacha Kester, in a 2003 article in the Dutch newspaper ''[[De Volkskrant]]'', finding a guru is a precarious matter, pointing to the many holy men in India and the case of [[Sathya Sai Baba]] whom Kester considers a swindler. In this article he also quotes the book ''Karma Cola'' describing that in this book a German economist tells author [[Gita Mehta]], "It is my opinion that quality control has to be introduced for gurus. Many of my friends have become crazy in India". She describes a comment by Suranya Chakraverti who said that some Westerners do not believe in spirituality and ridicule a true guru. Other westerners, Chakraverti said, on the other hand believe in spirituality but tend to put faith in a guru who is a swindler.<ref>Kester, Sacha "Ticket naar Nirvana"/"Ticket to Nirvana", article in the Dutch Newspaper [[De Volkskrant]] 7 January 2003</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal | religion | Hinduism | }}
{{div col |colwidth=12em}}
* Lineage
** [[Guru–shishya tradition]]
** [[Parampara]]
** [[Sampradaya]]
** [[Lineage (Buddhism)]]
** [[List of Hindu gurus]]
* Lifestyle
** [[Akhara]]
** [[Apprenticeship]]
** [[Chillum (pipe)|Chillum]]
** [[Darśana|Darshan]]
** [[Gurukula]]
** [[Kaupinam]]
** [[Kacchera]]
** [[Langota]]
* Others
** [[Aghori]]
** [[Charismatic authority]]
** [[Godman (India)|Godman]]
** [[Guru Gita]]
** [[Gurunath]]
** [[Hindu reform movements]]
** [[Lama]]
** [[Lifestyle guru]]
** [[Nath]]
** [[Religious conversion]]
** [[Sage (philosophy)]]
** [[Satguru]] (Sadguru)
** [[Shramana]]
** [[Sikh gurus]]
** [[Shifu]]
** [[Sensei]]
** [[Eight Garudhammas]]
** [[Vishwa Guru]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

* [[Amanda Lucia]] (2022), [https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12427 ''The contemporary guru field'']. ''Religion Compass''.

== Further reading ==

{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Barth |first=F. |date=1990 |title=The Guru and the Conjurer: Transactions in Knowledge and the Shaping of Culture in Southeast Asia and Melanesia |journal=Man |volume=25 |number=4 |pages=640–653 |doi=10.2307/2803658 |jstor=2803658 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Mick |last=Brown |title=The Spiritual Tourist |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=1-58234-034-X |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first1=Jacob |last1=Copeman |first2=Aya |last2=Ikegame |year=2012 |title=The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-51019-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Forsthoefel |editor1-first=Thomas |editor1-link=Thomas Forsthoefel |editor2-last=Humes |editor2-first=Cynthia Ann |editor2-link=Cynthia Ann Humes |title=Gurus in America |place=Albany, New York |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6573-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Hara |first=M. |year=1979 |chapter=Hindu Concepts of Teacher Sanskrit Guru and Ācārya |editor1-last=Nagatomi |editor1-first=M. |display-editors=etal |title=Sanskrit and Indian Studies |series=Studies of Classical India |volume=2 |pages=93–118 |publisher=Springer |place=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-8941-2_6 |isbn=978-94-009-8943-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=André |last=Padoux |year=2013 |chapter=The Tantric Guru |title=Tantra in Practice |editor-first=David Gordon |editor-last=White |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1778-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=Karen |last=Pechelis |year=2004 |title=The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514537-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |first=André |last=van der Braak |year=2003 |title=Enlightenment Blues: My Years with an American Guru |publisher=Monkfish Book Publishing |isbn=0-9726357-1-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |first=Alex |last=Wayman |year=1987 |title=The Guru in Buddhism |journal=Studia Missionalia |volume=36 |publisher=Universita Gregoriana Roma |pages=195–214 |ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|lang=en|गुरु}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Gurus}}


*[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11407-003-0002-7?LI=true Guru choice and spiritual seeking in contemporary India], M Warrier (2003), ''International Journal of Hindu Studies'', Volume 7, Issue 1–3, pages 31–54
*[http://pds.sagepub.com/content/14/1/167.abstract Guru-shishya relationship in Indian culture: The possibility of a creative resilient framework], MK Raina (2002), Journal: ''[[Psychology & Developing Societies]]''
*[https://archive.today/20160204052538/http://mls.sagepub.com/content/31/2/137.short Mentors in Indian mythology – Guru and Gurukul system], P. Nachimuthu (2006), Management and Labor Studies
*[http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3932/1/3932.pdf Scandals in emerging Western Buddhism – Gurus], Sandra Bell (2002), Durham University
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002234098604000407 The Guru as Pastoral Counselor], Raymond Williams (1986), ''Journal of Pastoral Care Counseling''
*[http://manushi-india.org/test/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2031/2.%20The%20tradition%20of%20female%20gurus.pdf The Tradition of Female Gurus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407094912/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2031/2.%20The%20tradition%20of%20female%20gurus.pdf |date=2016-04-07 }}, Catherine Clémentin-Ojha (1985)
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269931 The Guru in Hindu Tradition], J Mlecko (1982), [[Numen (journal)|''Numen'']] journal

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Spirituality-related topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Sikh gurus]]
[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]
[[Category:Gurus| ]]

Mattewara

2026-03-15T03:38:43Z

উদাহরণ: created post - done

{{Short description|Forest in Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox forest
| image = Images from Mattewara Morcha 10 July 2022 - 15.jpg
| image_caption = Protesters of the ''Mattewara Morcha'' in the forest on 10 July 2022
| location = [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|59|24|N|75|58|48|E|type:forest|display=inline,title}}
| status = Protected forest-range
| country = India
| area = Over {{cvt|2300|acres|ha}}
}}

'''Mattewara''' is an [[Old-growth forest|ancient forest]] located in [[Punjab, India]] near [[Ludhiana]] and the [[Sutlej|Sutlej river]].<ref name="downtoearth">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Gurinder |date=6 July 2022 |title=Mattewara: Why Punjab needs this ancient forest near its largest city and river |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/forests/mattewara-why-punjab-needs-this-ancient-forest-near-its-largest-city-and-river-83573 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Down To Earth }}</ref> The forest protects Ludhiana from floods, absorbs air-borne pollution emitted by industries in the area, and cleans the local air.<ref name="downtoearth"/><ref name="mongabay">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Vivek |date=15 September 2020 |title=Punjab's Mattewara forest and Sutlej river under threat from upcoming industrial park |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/09/punjabs-mattewara-forest-and-sutlej-river-under-threat-from-upcoming-industrial-park/ |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Mongabay }}</ref> It is currently designated as a protected forest-range.<ref name="mongabay"/>

== Description ==
Mattewara forest is spread over an area of over 2,300 acres.<ref name="mongabay"/> Many animal species can be found inhabiting it, such as birds, [[monkey]]s, [[deer]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[antelope]]s, [[wild boar]], [[nilgai]], and [[Peafowl|peacocks]].<ref name="mongabay"/> The Botanical and Butterfly Garden, maintained by the Forest Division of Ludhiana, is located within it.<ref name="mongabay"/> As per senior wildlife officer Khushwinder Singh Gill, the forest acts as a wildlife corridor for big cats, such as [[leopard]]s travelling through the jungles of the [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] and [[Rupnagar|Ropar]] areas.<ref name="mongabay"/>

== Protection status ==
The forest is currently designated under the protected forest category.<ref name="mongabay"/> However, it is not designated as a reserved forest or wildlife sanctuary category, which would confer more protection to it.<ref name="mongabay"/>

== History ==
[[File:Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NE Jullundur (1921).jpg|thumb|Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NE Jullundur (1921). Mattewara is marked in the very top-right corner.]]
The forest has reverence amongst the Sikhs, as they believe that Guru Nanak drew attention to its importance in protecting Ludhiana from floods.<ref name="downtoearth"/> Furthermore, the Mattewara forest is connected by some to the historical [[Machhiwara (jungle)|Machhiwara jungle]] that [[Guru Gobind Singh]] escaped to in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] in the early 1700s.<ref name="downtoearth"/><ref name="etvbharat">{{Cite news |date=8 July 2022 |title=AAP leader Balbir Singh to urge Punjab CM not to 'destroy Mattewara forests' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/aap-leader-balbir-singh-to-urge-punjab-cm-not-to-destroy-mattewara-forests/na20220708150835648648334 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=ETV Bharat }}</ref>

In 2019, 55 acres of land at Mand-Uddowal village near Mattewara-Rahon Sutlej bridge in the Mattewara jungle were cleared from encroachment in-order to plant saplings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2019 |title=Forest Dept frees 55 acres from encroachers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/forest-dept-frees-55-acres-from-encroachers-787589/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

=== Proposed industrial park ===
In 2020 the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-ruled [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab government]] authorized the construction of a 955.67 acre-sized [[industrial park]] in the Koom Kalan area near the Mattewara forest and Sutlej river.<ref name="downtoearth"/><ref name="mongabay"/><ref name="etvbharat"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=Punjab Cabinet Gives Nod to 2 New Industrial Parks to Boost Economy & Employment Potential |url=https://diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/punjab-cabinet-gives-nod-2-new-industrial-parks-boost-economy-employment-potential |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104015743/https://diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/punjab-cabinet-gives-nod-2-new-industrial-parks-boost-economy-employment-potential |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Punjab, India }}</ref> The Punjab government claims the project will boost the local area's economy and environment.<ref name="mongabay"/> The proposed industrial park was one of thirteen similar projects across India set-up under the PM Mitra Scheme for mega textile parks.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news |date=7 May 2022 |title=Industrial park at Mattewara Forest: PAC members raise concerns over sustainability of proposed site |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/industrial-park-at-mattewara-forest-pac-members-raise-concerns-over-sustainability-of-proposed-site-101651865064134.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=Hindustan Times }}</ref>

==== Mattewara Morcha ====
[[File:Images from Mattewara Morcha 10 July 2022 - 09.jpg|thumb|Photograph of protesters during the Mattewara Morcha, taken by Satdeep Gill, 10 July 2022]]
An environmentalist movement, mainly composed of Sikh groups and local inhabitants, opposed the proposed industrial park.<ref name="Rejuvenating">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |title=Rejuvenating Punjab: New Economic World Order |date=7 September 2023 |publisher=Virsa Publications |isbn=9788195904952 |pages=159–160 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahluwalia |first=Harpreet Kaur |date=2021 |title=Mattewara forests face destruction, asking Are we in tandem with Nature? |url=https://www.theworldsikhnews.com/mattewara-forests-face-destruction-asking-are-we-in-tandem-with-nature/ |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The World Sikh News }}</ref> Environmentalists and social activists protested the decision of developing the area into an industrial park at the Greater Ludhiana Area Development Authority office.<ref name="downtoearth"/> In response, the Punjab Government clarified that the industrial park would not be set up in the designated area of the forest but on land acquired in Sekhowal, Mattewar, Salempur, Garhiyan, Cell Kalan, and Kalewal villages, in addition to the land of the animal husbandry and rehabilitation departments.<ref name="downtoearth"/> However, this did not calm concerns as there were worries that the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emitted from the industrial units would cause air-borne dry and wet acidic substances, damaging the forest's vegetation and polluting the local area.<ref name="downtoearth"/> Furthermore, the proposed industrial park would further pollute the already dirtied Sutlej river, similar to the fate of the [[Buddha Nullah]].<ref name="downtoearth"/> The government's efforts to clean the Sutlej thus far have failed.<ref name="mongabay"/> Many [[Fish kill|mass-dying incidents]] involving fish have been recorded in recent times in the area.<ref name="mongabay"/> Punjab state already has one of the lowest amounts of land under forest cover in India.<ref name="downtoearth"/> Every day, around 147 trees are cut down in Punjab and 530,000 trees have been cut down over a period of a decade.<ref name="downtoearth"/> The Mattewara forest is located in the Ludhiana district, where the forest cover is only 1.65%.<ref name="downtoearth"/>

The [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] of Sekhowal village later protested the move to develop its land, refusing to hand it over (around 416 acres) to the government.<ref name="mongabay"/> Ranjodh Singh, a nature enthusiast from nearby Ludhiana, criticized the government claiming the industrial park would boost the local environment, as the industrial park would be located on the other side of the road where the boundary of the Mattewara forest begins.<ref name="mongabay"/> On the other side of the proposed industrial park is another protected forest, Haidar Nagar.<ref name="mongabay"/> Sikh environmentalist [[Balbir Singh Seechewal]] raised concerns over noise pollution, air pollution, and heavy human activity disturbing the flora and fauna of the forest.<ref name="mongabay"/>

On 18 July, [[Amarinder Singh]], then [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|chief minister of Punjab]], clarified that the proposed industrial park will have proper common effluent treatment plant (CETPs) to handle any industrial waste.<ref name="mongabay"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2020 |title=We're Not Taking an Inch of Forest Land for Mattewara Industrial Park, Says Punjab CM |url=https://diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/we%E2%80%99re-not-taking-inch-forest-land-mattewara-industrial-park-says-punjab-cm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720140350/https://diprpunjab.gov.in/?q=content/we%E2%80%99re-not-taking-inch-forest-land-mattewara-industrial-park-says-punjab-cm |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Punjab, India }}</ref>

On 20 July, a group of seventy nature-lovers and NGOs (including [[EcoSikh]]) sent a legal notice to the state government requesting them to cancel the project in-order to safeguard the environment.<ref name="mongabay"/> Jaskirat Singh of EcoSikh opined that economic concerns overpower environmental concerns within the state and that reassurances made by the local government was "eyewash".<ref name="mongabay"/>

On 22 July 2020, a resolution was passed by the gram sabha of Sekhowal village led by the sarpanch Amrik Kaur against the project.<ref name="mongabay"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jagga |first=Raakhi |date=22 July 2020 |title=Punjab: Sekhowal panchayat does a U-turn, says won't give land for industrial park |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-sekhowal-panchayat-does-a-u-turn-says-wont-give-land-for-industrial-park-6518821/ |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Indian Express }}</ref>

The director of the Department of Industries and Commerce of Punjab, Sibin C., reassured the public that the government would adhere to proper environmental clearance for any work associated with the project.<ref name="mongabay"/> Also, the proposed project would shift industries currently located within the city of Ludhiana outside of the city limits.<ref name="mongabay"/> Gurmeet Singh Kular said that the government should first focus on industrial projects it announced before in the past yet did not complete, such as the Dhanansu Industrial Focal Point that it proposed in 2013 on Chandigarh-Ludhiana road, before trying to initiate new industrial parks.<ref name="mongabay"/>

A public action committee, called the Public Action Committee (PAC) for Sutlej and Mattewara, composed of twelve members led by Kuldeep Singh Khaira, was formed to oppose the project.<ref name="mongabay"/><ref name="hindustantimes"/> Khaira was concerned that if the industrial park was given the go-ahead, a large amount of red-category industries would establish themselves in Mattewara, causing the destruction of the forest.<ref name="mongabay"/> He also criticized the government failing to designate an eco-sensitive zone around [[Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name="mongabay"/>

The [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]-ruled Punjab government under [[Bhagwant Mann]] has since cancelled the project in July 2022 for the proposed industrial park at Mattewara due to the opposition it faced.<ref name="Rejuvenating"/><ref name="tribuneindia">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Harshraj |date=11 July 2022 |title=Environment activists elated over scrapping of Mattewara project; claim it a win of Punjab people |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/environment-activists-elated-over-scrapping-of-mattewara-project-claim-it-a-win-of-punjab-people-411464 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Tribune }}</ref> The Public Action Committee (PAC) had fought between July 2020 to July 2022 to prevent the project from becoming reality due to the potential risks it posed to the forest, Sutlej, and the flood-plain.<ref name="tribuneindia"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]

Penguin Books

2026-03-11T21:12:44Z

উদাহরণ: small fix

{{Short description|British publishing house}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Penguin Books Limited
| image = Penguin logo.svg
| image_size = 150
| caption = Logo used since 2003
| parent = [[Penguin Random House]] (as of 1 July 2013)<ref name="Press Release">{{cite news|title=CEO Markus Dohle Announces Penguin Random House Global Leadership Team|url=http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/news/|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=Penguin Random House|date=1 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704054221/http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/news/|archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>
| status = Active
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1935}}
| founder = {{ubl|[[Allen Lane]]|Richard Lane|John Lane}}
| successor =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| headquarters = [[City of Westminster]], London, England
| distribution = [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], [[India]], [[South Africa]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]], [[Hispanosphere|Spanish-speaking world]]
| keypeople = {{ubl|[[Markus Dohle]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Thomas Rabe ([[chairman]])|Madeline McIntosh (CEO, PRH US)|Tom Weldon ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]], PRH UK)|Allison Dobson (president, Penguin Publishing Group U.S.)|Jen Loja (president, Penguin Young Readers U.S.)}}
| publications = [[Book]]s
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| imprints = [[Penguin Classics]], [[Viking Press]]
| revenue = €3.4 billion <ref name="beta uk">{{Cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00734421/filing-history|title=PENGUIN RANDOM HOUSE LIMITED - Filing history (free information from Companies House)|website=Find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>
| owner = [[Bertelsmann]]
| numemployees =10,000<ref name="beta uk"/>
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| url = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Penguin Books Limited''' is an English [[publishing|publishing house]]. It was co-founded in 1935 by [[Allen Lane]] with his brothers Richard and John,<ref>Allen's brothers Richard and John were co-founders and shareholders, though Allen was the dominant figure in the company. John died in service in 1942, Richard sold his share to Allen before the company went public in 1961. ''The Penguin Companion'', pp. 80–81, Penguin Collectors' Society, 2006.</ref> as a line of the publishers [[The Bodley Head]], only becoming a separate company the following year.<ref name="Company history">[http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/history.html "About Penguin – company history"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105152710/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/history.html |date=5 November 2013 }}, Penguin Books.</ref> Penguin revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive [[paperback]]s, sold through Woolworths and other stores for [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpence]], bringing high-quality fiction and non-fiction to the mass market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Penguin's pioneering publisher – who never read books|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7966424/Penguins-pioneering-publisher-who-never-read-books.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7966424/Penguins-pioneering-publisher-who-never-read-books.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=17 February 2014|author-first1=Florence |author-last1=Waters|date=26 August 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>The original size was the 'A' format of 111 x 181 mm, {{Cite web |url=https://www.penguincollectorssociety.org/faqs.php?faqID=4 |website=penguincollectorssociety.org |access-date=12 September 2024 |title=Why do the PCS Publications vary in size and format? |publisher=The Penguin Collectors Society, 2000-2024 |date=2024}}</ref> Its success showed that large audiences existed for serious books. It also significantly affected modern [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British popular culture]] through its books concerning politics, the arts, and science.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160118160348/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/4/1/25 Joicey, Nicholas (1993), "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951", ''Twentieth Century British History'', Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25–56]; and Ross McKibbin ''Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951'', Oxford, 1998, {{ISBN|0-19-820672-0}}.</ref>

Penguin Books is now an [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]] of the worldwide [[Penguin Random House]], a conglomerate formed in 2013 by its merger with American publisher [[Random House]], a subsidiary of German media conglomerate [[Bertelsmann]].<ref>Mark Sweney [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/oct/29/penguin-random-house-book-publisher "Penguin and Random House merger to create biggest book publisher ever seen"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 October 2012.</ref> [[Penguin Group]] was previously wholly owned by [[Pearson plc]], the British global media company which also owned the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>Penguin's many divisions are listed here [http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/aboutpenguin_publishingstructure.html "About Penguin: Publishing structure"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014405/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/aboutpenguin_publishingstructure.html |date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> When Penguin Random House was formed, Pearson had a 47% stake in the new company, which was reduced to 25% in July 2017. Since April 2020, Penguin Random House has been a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann. It is part of the [[Big Five (publishers)|Big Five]], a group of the largest English-language publishers, along with [[Holtzbrinck]]/[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]], [[HarperCollins]] and [[Simon & Schuster]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Who Are "The Big Six"?|url=http://www.fictionmatters.com/2010/03/05/who-are-%E2%80%9Cthe-big-six%E2%80%9D/|access-date=6 June 2012|newspaper=Fiction Matters|date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101140836/http://www.fictionmatters.com/2010/03/05/who-are-%E2%80%9Cthe-big-six%E2%80%9D/ |archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref>

Penguin Books has its registered office in the City of Westminster, London, England.<ref>"[http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/index.html#question1 26. What is Penguin Books Limited's company registration number?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711051613/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/index.html |date=11 July 2009 }}." Penguin Books. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.</ref><ref name="Map">[http://www.westminster.gov.uk/maps/ "Maps"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905100803/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/maps/ |date=5 September 2011 }}. City of Westminster. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.</ref>

==Origins==
[[File:Allen Lane Penguin plaque 8 Vigo Street.jpg|thumbnail|Plaque marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Penguin Books by Allen Lane at 8 [[Vigo Street]]]]
[[File:Penguin Crime I.JPG|thumb|Penguin Crime editions]]

The first Penguin [[paperback]]s were published in 1935,<ref>First 30 books published, from Byrne, Donn (1936), Hangman's House. London: Penguin Books; (list of books 1–30 on back cover): ''Ariel: a Shelley Romance'' by [[André Maurois]], ''[[A Farewell to Arms]]'' by [[Ernest Hemingway]], ''[[Poet's Pub (novel)|Poet's Pub]]'' by [[Eric Linklater]], ''Madame Claire'' by [[Susan Ertz]], ''[[The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club]]'' by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]], ''[[Gone to Earth (novel)|Gone to Earth]]'' by [[Mary Webb]], ''[[Carnival (Mackenzie novel)|Carnival]]'' by [[Compton Mackenzie]].</ref> but at first only as an [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]] of [[The Bodley Head]]<ref name="Company history" /> (of [[Vigo Street]], London) with the books originally distributed from the crypt of Holy Trinity Church Marylebone.

Anecdotally, Lane recounted how it was his experience with the poor quality of reading material on offer at Exeter St Davids station that inspired him to create cheap, well designed quality books for the mass market.<ref>{{cite web |title=Penguin installs book vending machine in Exeter |url=https://news.exeter.gov.uk/penguin-installs-book-vending-machine-in-exeter/ |website=[[Exeter City Council]] |access-date=26 September 2024 |date=27 March 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>Morpurgo, 1979, p. 80.</ref> The question of how publishers could reach a larger public had been the subject of a conference at Rippon Hall, Oxford, in 1934 which Lane had attended. Though the publication of literature in paperback was then associated mainly with poor quality lurid fiction, the Penguin brand owed something to the short-lived [[Albatross Books|Albatross]] imprint of British and American reprints that briefly traded in 1932.<ref>Baines, ''Penguin by Design'', p. 13. Albatross itself owed some credit to the English-language books published by [[Tauchnitz]] of Leipzig since the early 1840s. See also Wood, ''Dignified Flippancy'', pp. 1–6. for a history of the paperback before Penguin.</ref> When Lane expressed a desire for a "dignified but flippant" mascot; his secretary, Joan Coles, suggested the [[penguin]]. The Lane brothers (Allen, Dick and John) then agreed to name the publisher Penguin Books.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Story Behind Penguin Books' Beloved Bird | work=Bloomberg | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-04/the-story-behind-penguin-books-beloved-bird }}</ref>

Inexpensive paperbacks did not initially appear viable to Bodley Head, since the deliberately low price of 6[[£sd|d]]. made profitability seem unlikely. This helped Lane purchase [[publication right]]s for some works more cheaply than he otherwise might have, since publishers were convinced of the business's short-term prospects. In the face of resistance from the traditional book trade,<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 5, para. 30.</ref> it was the purchase of 63,000 books by [[Woolworths (United Kingdom)|Woolworths]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.woolworthsmuseum.co.uk/stat-penguin.html|title=The launch of Penguin Books and the role of F. W. Woolworth|work=woolworthsmuseum.co.uk}}</ref> that paid for the project outright, confirmed its worth, and allowed Lane to establish Penguin as a separate business in 1936. By March 1936, ten months after the company's launch on 30 July 1935, one million Penguin books had been printed.

Only paperback editions were published until the King Penguin series debuted in 1939,<ref>Baines, ''Penguin by Design'', 2005, p. 76; edited by Pevsner they were "designed to appeal to the general liking for keepsakes" (Susie Harries, ''Nikolaus Pevsner: The Life'', p. 321), and modelled after the Insel-Verlag art books.</ref> and latterly the ''Pelican History of Art'' was undertaken; these works, considered unsuitable as paperbacks because of their lengths and copious illustrations on art paper, were cloth-bound.

Penguin Books Inc was incorporated in 1939 to satisfy US copyright law; and, despite being a late entrant into an already well established paperback market, enjoyed further success under vice president [[Kurt Enoch]] with such titles as ''What Plane Is That'' and ''The New Soldier Handbook''.

The company's expansion saw the hiring of [[Eunice Frost]]—first as a secretary, then as an editor, and ultimately as a director, who was to have a pivotal influence in shaping the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Eunice Frost|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=18 August 1998|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-eunice-frost-1172443.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-eunice-frost-1172443.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> In 1945 she was entrusted with the reconstruction of Penguin Inc after the departure of its first managing director, [[Ian Ballantine]].<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 11, para. 12.</ref>

From the outset, design was essential to Penguin's success. Avoiding the illustrated gaudiness of other paperback publishers, Penguin opted for the simple appearance of three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which were colour-coded according to the series to which the title belonged; this is sometimes referred to as the horizontal grid. In the central white panel, the author and title were printed in [[Gill Sans]], and in the upper band was a [[cartouche (design)|cartouche]] with the legend "Penguin Books". The initial design was created by then 21-year-old office junior [[Edward Preston Young|Edward Young]], who also drew the first version of the Penguin logo. Series such as Penguin Specials and The Penguin Shakespeare had individual designs (by 1937, only S1 and B1-B18 had been published).

The colour schemes included: orange and white for general fiction, green and white for crime fiction, [[Cerise (color)|cerise]] and white for travel and adventure, dark blue and white for biographies, yellow and white for miscellaneous, red and white for drama; and the rarer purple and white for [[essays]] and [[belles lettres]] and grey and white for world affairs. Lane actively resisted the introduction of cover images for several years. Some recent publications of literature from that time have duplicated the original look.

In 1937, Penguin's headquarters were established at [[Harmondsworth]], [[Middlesex]] (now part of Greater London).

==War years==
[[File:Image of the cover of 'The Tanker "Derbent"', English edition.jpg|thumb|Penguin's English edition of [[Yuri Krimov]]'s novel ''The Tanker "Derbent"'']]

The [[Second World War]] saw Penguin emerge as a national institution. Though it had no formal role in the war effort, it was integral to it thanks to the publication of such bestselling manuals as ''Keeping Poultry and Rabbits on Scraps'' and ''Aircraft Recognition,'' and supplying books for the services and British [[POW]]s. In the war's six years, it printed some 600 titles and started 19 new series.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch.8, para 1.</ref> At a time of enormous increase in the demand for books,<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 8, para. 8, quotes Orwell writing: "One phenomenon of the war has been the enormous sale of Penguin books, Pelican books, and other cheap titles, most of which would have been regarded as impossibly highbrow a few years back."</ref> Penguin enjoyed a privileged place among its peers.

Paper rationing was the besetting problem of publishers in wartime, with the [[fall of France]] cutting off supply of [[esparto]] grass, one of the constituents of the [[pulp (paper)|pulp]] Penguin used. When rationing was introduced in March 1940, the [[Ministry of Supply]] allocated a quota to each publisher as a percentage of the amount that firm used between August 1938 and August 1939.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 8, para. 5.</ref> This was particularly advantageous to Penguin, who, as a volume printer, was very successful that year. Further, in a deal with the [[Canadian Government]], Penguin agreed to exclusively publish editions for their armed forces, for which they were paid in tons of paper.<ref>Wood, ''A Sort of Dignified Flippancy'', 1983, p. 23.</ref>

By January 1942 the Book Production War Economy Agreement regulations came into force which determined rules on paper quality, type size and margins. Consequently, Penguin eliminated dust jackets, trimmed margins and replaced sewn bindings with metal staples. Aside from the noticeable deterioration in paperbacks' appearance, it became a practical impossibility to publish books of more than 256 pages, resulting in some titles falling out of print for want of material.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 8, para. 7</ref> In addition to their paper allocation, in 1941 Penguin secured a deal with the [[War Office]], through Bill William's connections with [[Army Bureau of Current Affairs|ABCA]] and [[Arts Council of Great Britain|CEMA]], to supply the troops with books through what was known as the Forces Book Club. Penguin received 60 tons a month from Paper Supply in return for 10 titles a month in runs of 75,000 at 5d.<ref name="Wood, Dignified Flippancy 1983, p.23">Wood, ''Dignified Flippancy'', 1983, p. 23.</ref>

Originally, every paperback carried the message, "FOR THE FORCES – Leave this book at a Post Office when you have read it, so that men and women in the Services may enjoy it too" at the bottom of the back cover, inviting the reader to take advantage of the [[Royal Mail]]'s free transmission of books to the forces. However, demand exceeded supply on the home front, leading Lane to seek a monopoly on [[army]] books made specifically for overseas distribution. Their established paper supply put Penguin in an especially strong position after the war as rationing continued. For this reason, and for the popular prestige the company enjoyed, many of Penguin's competitors had no choice but to concede paperback reprint rights to it.<ref name="Wood, Dignified Flippancy 1983, p.23" />

==Post-war history==
In 1945, Penguin began what would become one of its most important branches, the [[Penguin Classics]], with a translation of [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' by [[E. V. Rieu]]. Between 1947 and 1949, the German typographer [[Jan Tschichold]] redesigned 500 Penguin books, and left Penguin with a set of influential rules of design principles brought together as the ''[[Penguin Composition Rules]]'', a four-page booklet of [[Typography|typographic]] instructions for editors and compositors. Tschichold's work included the woodcut illustrated covers of the classics series (also known as the medallion series), and with [[Hans Schmoller]], his eventual successor at Penguin, the vertical grid covers that became the standard for Penguin fiction throughout the 1950s. By this time the paperback industry in the UK had begun to grow, and Penguin found itself in competition with then fledgeling [[Pan Books]]. Many other series were published such as the ''[[Buildings of England]]'', the ''Pelican History of Art'' and ''Penguin Education''.

In 1949, Harry F. Paroissien (who had been Sir Allen Lane's deputy) was sent by him to the United States to set up Penguin Books in Baltimore, Maryland.

By 1960, a number of forces were to shape the direction of the company, the publication list and its graphic design. On 20 April 1961, Penguin became a publicly listed company on the London Stock Exchange; consequently, Allen Lane had a diminished role at the firm though he was to continue as managing director. New techniques such as [[phototypesetting]] and [[Offset printing|offset-litho printing]] were to replace [[Hot metal typesetting|hot metal]] and [[letterpress printing]], dramatically reducing cost and permitting the printing of images and text on the same paper stock, thus paving the way for the introduction of photography and novel approaches to graphic design on paperback covers. In May 1960, [[Tony Godwin]] was appointed as editorial adviser, rapidly rising to Chief Editor from which position he sought to broaden the range of Penguin's list and keep up with new developments in graphic design. To this end, he hired [[Germano Facetti]] in January 1961, who was to decisively alter the appearance of the Penguin brand. Beginning with the crime series, Facetti canvassed the opinion of a number of designers including [[Romek Marber]] for a new look to the Penguin cover. It was Marber's suggestion of what came to be called the Marber grid along with the retention of traditional Penguin colour-coding that was to replace the previous three horizontal bars design and set the pattern for the design of the company's paperbacks for the next twenty years. Facetti rolled out the new treatment across the Penguin line starting with crime, the orange fiction series, then Pelicans, Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin Specials, and Penguin Classics, giving an overall visual unity to the company's list. A somewhat different approach was taken to the Peregrine, Penguin Poets, Penguin Modern Poets, and Penguin Plays series. There were over a hundred different series published in total.

Just as Lane well judged the public's appetite for paperbacks in the 1930s, his decision to publish ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]'' by [[D. H. Lawrence]] in 1960 boosted Penguin's notoriety. The novel was at the time unpublished in the United Kingdom and the predicted [[obscenity]] trial, ''[[R v Penguin Books Ltd]]'', not only marked Penguin as a fearless publisher, it also helped drive the sale of at least 3.5 million copies. Penguin's victory in the case heralded the end to the [[censorship]] of books in the UK, although censorship of the written word was only finally defeated after the ''Inside Linda Lovelace'' trial of 1978.

===Pearson takeover===
{{main|Pearson PLC|Michael Joseph (publisher)|Hamish Hamilton|New American Library|E. P. Dutton}}
By the end of the 1960s Penguin was in financial trouble, and several proposals were made for a new operating structure. These included ownership by a consortium of universities, or joint ownership by the [[Cambridge University Press]] and [[Oxford University Press]], but none of them came to anything.<ref>Lewis, ''Penguin Special'', 2005, Ch. 21. para. 42.</ref> Sir Allen Lane died on 7 July 1970, and six weeks later, Penguin was acquired by [[Pearson PLC]] on 21 August 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pearson Timeline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020151110/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Pearson.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-20|url=http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm|work=The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition|first=Mary H.|last=Munroe|year=2004|via= Northern Illinois University}}</ref> A new emphasis on profitability emerged and, with the departure of Facetti in 1972, the defining era of Penguin book design came to an end.

Penguin merged with long-established U.S. publisher [[Viking Press]] in 1975.

The first Penguin Bookshop opened in Covent Garden in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/john-hitchin-dies-88-1276813|title=John Hitchin dies at 88|website=The Bookseller}}</ref>

In 1985, Penguin purchased British hardback publisher [[Michael Joseph (publisher)|Michael Joseph]]<ref name=OU>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/michael-joseph-publishers|title=Michael Joseph Publishers|work=[[Open University]]|location=[[United Kingdom]]|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timeline.pearson.com/|title=The Pearson Timeline|work=Pearson PLC|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726043056/http://timeline.pearson.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 1986, [[Hamish Hamilton]]. After these acquisitions, Penguin moved its offices to central London (27 Wrights Lane, W8 5TZ). Thus 'Harmondsworth' disappeared as the place of publication after half a century. (The warehouse at Harmondsworth remained in operation until 2004.)

Also in 1986, Penguin purchased American publisher [[New American Library]] (NAL) and its hard-cover affiliate [[E. P. Dutton]].<ref name="Mcdowell">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/01/garden/penguin-agrees-to-buy-new-american-library.html|title=Penguin Agrees to Buy New American Library|last=Mcdowell|first=Edwin|date=1 October 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> New American Library had originally been Penguin U.S.A. and had been spun off in 1948 because of the high complexity of import and export regulations. Penguin repurchased it in order to extend its reach into the US market, and NAL saw the move as a way to gain a hold in international markets.<ref name="Mcdowell"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/issue.html|title=The New York Times: Sunday 1 February 1948|website=timesmachine.nytimes.com|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

Penguin published [[Deborah Lipstadt]]'s book ''Denying the Holocaust'', which accused [[David Irving]] of [[Holocaust denial]]. Irving sued Lipstadt and Penguin for libel in 1998 but lost in a much publicised [[Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt|court case]]. Other titles published by Penguin which gained media attention, and controversy, include ''Massacre'' by [[Siné]], ''[[Spycatcher]]'', which was suppressed in the UK by the government for a time, and ''[[The Satanic Verses (novel)|The Satanic Verses]]'', leading to its author [[Salman Rushdie]] having to go into hiding for some years after [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] of Iran issued a ''[[Fatwā]]'', an edict amounting to a sentence of death against him.

In 2006, Penguin attempted to involve the public in collaboratively writing a novel on a [[wiki]] platform. They named this project [[A Million Penguins]]. On 7 March 2007, the Penguin Books UK blog announced that the project had come to an end.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepenguinblog.typepad.com/the_penguin_blog/2007/03/a_million_pengu.html |title=A Million Penguins Go To Sleep |work=Thepenguinblog.typepad.com |date=7 March 2007 |access-date=4 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310202317/http://thepenguinblog.typepad.com/the_penguin_blog/2007/03/a_million_pengu.html |archive-date=10 March 2007}}</ref>

In 2014, the Penguin Hotline was created by Madeline McIntosh.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Penguin Hotline – Penguin Books USA|url = http://www.penguin.com/penguinhotline|website =Penguin.com|access-date = 13 December 2015}}</ref> An orange commemorative plaque was unveiled at Exeter railway station in May 2017 to mark Lane's significant contribution to the publishing industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/sir-allen-lane-honoured-penguin-orange-plaque-exeter-st-davids-railway-549666|title=Sir Allen Lane honoured with orange plaque at Exeter railway station |website=Thebookseller.com|language=en|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

==Imprints and series==
===Penguin Classics===
{{Main|Penguin Classics}}
[[File:Penguin Little Black Classics.jpg|thumb|320px|The 80 Little Black Classics published in 2015, marking the 80th anniversary of Penguin Books]]

Consonant with Penguin's corporate mission to bring canonical literature to the mass market, the company first ventured into publishing the classics in May 1938 with the issue of ''Penguin Illustrated Classics''.<ref>''Penguin by Design'', p. 24.</ref> The savings from the author's payments on these royalty-free titles were instead invested in commissioning [[wood-engraving]]s from [[Robert Gibbings]] and his circle emanating from the [[Central School of Arts and Crafts]]. The books were distinct from the rest of the Penguin marque in their use of a vertical grid (anticipating Tschichold's innovation of 1951) and [[albertus]] typeface. The series was not a financial success and the list ceased after just ten volumes the same year it began. Penguin returned to classics with the printing of [[E. V. Rieu]]'s translation of Homer's ''Odyssey'' in 1946, which went on to sell three million copies.<ref>Bristol Penguin Archive, April 2009 Book of the Month [http://www.bristol.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/botmarchive/ University of Bristol.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527105002/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/botmarchive/ |date=27 May 2012 }}</ref>

Penguin's commercial motivation was, as ever, populist; rendering the classics in an approachable modern English was therefore a difficult task whose execution did not always satisfy the critics.<ref>See Carne-Ross, Kenner and Gould in ''Arion'' 7, 3, 1968, quoted in ''Penguin in Print'', p. 63 ff.</ref> Rieu said of his work that "I have done my best to make Homer easy reading for those who are unfamiliar with the Greek world."<ref>''Penguin in Print'', p. 63.</ref> He was joined in 1959 by [[Betty Radice]] who was first his assistant then, after his retirement in 1964, she assumed the role of joint editor with [[Robert Baldick]]. As the publisher's focus changed from the needs of the marketplace to those of the classroom the criticism became more acute, Thomas Gould wrote of the series "most of the philosophical volumes in the Penguin series are bad – some very bad indeed. Since Plato and Aristotle are the most read philosophers in the world today, and since some of these Penguin translations are favourites among professional philosophers in several countries, this amounts to a minor crisis in the history of philosophy."<ref>''Penguin in Print'', p. 64.</ref>

The imprint publishes hundreds of classics from the Greeks and Romans to Victorian Literature to modern classics. For nearly twenty years, variously coloured borders to the front and back covers indicated the original language. The second period of design meant largely black covers with a colour illustration on the front. In 2002, Penguin announced it was redesigning its entire catalogue, merging the original Classics list (known in the trade as "Black Classics") with what had been the old Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics list, though the silver covers for the latter have so far been retained for most of the titles. Previously this line had been called 'Penguin Modern Classics' with a pale green livery.

The redesign – featuring a colourful painting on the cover, with black background and orange lettering – was well received. However, the quality of the paperbacks themselves seemed to decrease: the spines were more likely to fold and bend. The paperbacks are also printed on non-acid-free pulp paper, which, by some accounts, tends to yellow and brown within a couple of years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell |first=Christopher |url=https://www.slate.com/id/2079769 |title=Why English books are crummy. – Slate Magazine |work=Slate.com |date=7 March 2003 |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref>

The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template, allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting, but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text's structure or historical context (for example, in the choice of text [[typeface]]). Prior to 2002, the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in-house designers; this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production costs. The in-house text design department still exists, albeit much smaller than formerly. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series, designed by Claire Mason.

===Pelican Books===
{{Main|Pelican Books}}


Lane expanded the business in 1937 with the publication of [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism]]'' under the '''[[Pelican Books]]''' imprint, an imprint designed to educate the reading public rather than entertain. Recognising his own limitations Lane appointed [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] as the first commissioning editor of the series,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/penguin-books|title=Penguin Books {{!}} Making Britain|website=Open.ac.uk|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-date=26 February 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140226134752/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/penguin-books|url-status=dead}}</ref> supported by an advisory panel consisting of [[Peter Chalmers Mitchell]], H. L. Bales and [[William Emrys Williams|W. E. Williams]]. Several thousand Pelicans were published over the next half-century and brought high quality accounts of the current state of knowledge in many fields, often written by authors of specialised academic books.<ref>Two random examples: (a) [[Norman Nicholson|Nicholson, Norman]], ed. (1942), ''An Anthology of Religious Verse; designed for the times'' (Pelican Books; A96), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; (b) Parkes, Colin Murray (1975), ''Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life'', Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. The work had been published by [[Tavistock Institute of Human Relations|Tavistock Publications]] in 1975; in 1986 a second edition appeared: {{ISBN|0-14-022645-1}}.</ref> (The Pelican series, in decline for several years, was finally discontinued in 1984.)

''Aircraft Recognition'' (S82) by R. A. Saville-Sneath, was a bestseller. In 1940, the children's imprint '''[[Puffin Books]]''' began with a series of non-fiction picture books; the first work of children's fiction published under the imprint was [[Barbara Euphan Todd]]'s ''[[Worzel Gummidge]]'' the following year. Another series that began in wartime was the ''Penguin Poets'': the first volume was a selection of [[Tennyson]]'s poems (D1) in 1941. Later examples are ''The Penguin Book of Modern American Verse'' (D22), 1954, and ''The Penguin Book of Restoration Verse'' (D108), 1968. J. M. Cohen's ''Comic and Curious Verse'' appeared in three volumes over a number of years.

Pelican Books was relaunched as a digital{{Vague|date=July 2018}} imprint in 2014, with four books published simultaneously on 1 May: ''Economics: A User's Guide'' by Ha-Joon Chang, ''The Domesticated Brain'' by the psychologist Bruce Hood, ''Revolutionary Russia'' by Orlando Figes and ''Human Evolution'' by the anthropologist Robin Dunbar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/25/pelican-books-take-flight-relaunch|title=Pelican books take flight again|author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Laity|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

===Penguin Education===
{{Main|Penguin Education}}
[[File:PenguinEducation Bharatpedia-Covers.jpg|thumb|right|Covers of two Penguin Education titles]]
In 1965 Penguin entered the field of educational publishing, Allen Lane's aim being to carry the radical and populist spirit of Pelicans into the schoolbook market. His final major initiative, the division was established as a separate publishing operation from Harmondsworth, and based in West Drayton in Middlesex. During its nine-year life it had a major impact on school books, breaking new ground in their concept and design and strongly influencing other publishers' lists.

Among the most successful and influential series were Voices and Junior Voices, Connexions, and the Penguin English Project. Alongside these and other series, the imprint continued another Penguin tradition by producing Education Specials, titles which focussed on often controversial topics within education and beyond. They included highly topical books such as ''The Hornsey Affair'' and ''Warwick University Ltd'', reflecting the student unrest of the late 1960s and contributing to the intense national debate about the purpose of higher education. Other titles featured the radical and influential ideas about schooling propounded by writers and teachers from America and elsewhere.

Penguin Education also published an extensive range of Readers and introductory texts for students in higher education, notably in subjects such as psychology, economics, management, sociology and science, while for teachers it provided a series of key texts such as ''Language, the Learner and the School'' and ''The Language of Primary School Children''. Following Allen Lane's death in 1970 and the takeover the same year by Pearson Longman, the division discontinued publishing school books and was closed in March 1974. More than 80 teachers, educational journalists and academics signed a letter to the Times Educational Supplement regretting the closure of the influential imprint.<ref>Times Education Supplement 1 March 1974</ref>

===Penguin Specials===
In November 1937, Penguin inaugurated a new series of short, polemical books under the rubric of ''Penguin Specials'' with the publication of [[Edgar Mowrer]]'s ''Germany Puts the Clock Back''. Their purpose was to offer in-depth analysis of current affairs that would counter the perceived bias of the newspapers in addition to being the company's response to the popularity of [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]]'s [[Left Book Club]]. Whereas the Left Book Club was avowedly pro-Soviet, Penguin and Lane expressed no political preference as their editorial policy, though the widespread belief was that the series was left-leaning since the editor was the communist [[John Lehmann]] and its authors were, with a few exceptions,<ref>Joad, ''Ourselves and Germany''.</ref> men of the left. Speed of publication and delivery (a turnaround of weeks rather than months) were essential to the topicality and therefore success of the Specials, [[Genevieve Tabouis]]'s anti-appeasement tract ''Blackmail or War'' sold over 200,000 copies for example. However even this immediacy did not prevent them being overtaken by events: [[Shiela Grant Duff]]'s ''Europe and the Czechs'' only made it onto the bookstands on the day of the [[Munich agreement]], but nevertheless went on to be a bestseller. Thirty-five Penguin Specials were published before the outbreak of war, including two novels [[Jaroslav Hašek|Hašek]]'s ''Good Soldier Schweik'' and Bottome's ''The Mortal Storm''; they collectively made a significant contribution to the public debate of the time, with many of the more controversial titles being the subject of leading articles in the press.

After a hiatus between 1945 and 1949, the ''Penguin Specials'' continued after the war under the editorship of first Tom Maschler, then after 1961 Tony Godwin. The first title in the revived series was [[Willie Gallacher (politician)|William Gallacher]]'s ''The Case for Communism''.<ref>{{cite web|work=Booksandwriters.co.uk|url=http://booksandwriters.co.uk/writer/P/penguin-specials.asp|title=List of Penguin Specials|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062832/http://booksandwriters.co.uk/writer/P/penguin-specials.asp|archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> Godwin initiated the "What's Wrong with Britain" series of Specials in the run up to the 1964 election, which constituted a platform for the New Left's brand of cultural analysis that characterised the leftist political radicalism of the 1960s. Indeed, Penguin Books contributed to the funds that set up [[Richard Hoggart]] and [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]]'s [[Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies]] at Birmingham University in 1964.<ref>B. J. Moore-Gilbert, John Seed, ''Cultural Revolution?: The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s'', p. 65.</ref> This brief period of revival for Penguin Specials in contributing to the national dialogue was not sustained after the departure of Godwin in 1967, and with the rise in television journalism the Specials series declined in significance through the 1970s and 1980s. The last Special was published in 1988 with Keith Thompson's ''Under Siege: Racism and Violence in Britain Today''.

In December 2011, Penguin launched nine titles as 'Penguin Shorts'<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/12/penguin-short-ebooks|title=Penguin joins push for short ebooks|author-first1=Alison |author-last1=Flood|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> which featured the iconic tri-band covers. These books were novellas and short length works of fiction and/or memoirs. In 2012 they became known as Penguin Specials following an agreement with The Economist made in March of that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/feb/29/the-economist-penguin|title=Penguin and The Economist form partnership|author-first1=Roy |author-last1=Greenslade|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> These works focused on the kind of topical journalism that was a feature of the original Penguin Specials. Subsequent Penguin Specials released in 2012 and 2013 continued to include both fiction, including the publication of the works shortlisted for the Monash Undergraduate Prize 2012, and topical journalism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/18/ebooks-round-up-shorts-singles|title=Ebooks round-up|author-first1=Anna |author-last1=Baddeley|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Collected columns of cultural critics were also featured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/dec/01/short-ebooks-winter-roundup-hornby|title=Short but sweet e-reads for winter|author-first1=Anna |author-last1=Baddeley|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

===Puffin===
{{main|Puffin Books}}
[[Noel Carrington]], an editor at ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' magazine, first approached Lane with the idea of publishing low-cost, illustrated non-fiction children's books in 1938. Inspired by the Editions Père Castor books drawn by [[Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky|Rojan]] and the technique of autolithography used in the poster art of the time, Carrington's suggestion for what was to become the ''Puffin Picture Book'' series was adopted by Penguin in 1940 when, as Lane saw it, evacuated city children would need books on farming and natural history to help adjust to the country.<ref>Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2005, p. 13.</ref> The first four titles appeared in December 1940; ''War on Land'', ''War at Sea'', ''War in the Air'' and ''On the Farm'', and a further nine the following year. Despite Lane's intention to publish twelve a year paper and staff shortages meant only thirteen were issued in the first two years of the series. The Picture Books' 120 titles resulted in 260 variants altogether, the last number 116 Paxton Chadwick's ''Life Histories'', was issued ''hors série'' in 1996 by the Penguin Collector's Society.

Inexpensive paperback children's fiction did not exist at the time Penguin sought to expand their list into this new market. To this end [[Eleanor Graham]] was appointed in 1941 as the first editor of the ''Puffin Story Books'' series,<ref>Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2005, p. 64.</ref> a venture made particularly difficult due to the resistance of publishers and librarians in releasing the rights of their children's books. The first five titles (''[[Worzel Gummidge]]'', ''Cornish Adventure'', ''[[Mary Louisa Molesworth|The Cuckoo Clock]]'', ''Garram the Hunter'' and ''[[Smoky the Cowhorse|Smokey]])'' were published in the three horizontal stripes company livery of the rest of the Penguin output, a practice abandoned after the ninth volume when [[Bleed (printing)|full-bleed]] colour illustrated covers were introduced, a fact that heralded the much greater design freedom of the Puffin series over the rest of Penguin's books.

Graham retired in 1961 and was replaced by [[Kaye Webb]] who presided over the department for 18 years in a period that saw greatly increased competition in the children's market as well as a greater sophistication in production and marketing. One innovation of Webb's was the creation of the Puffin Club in 1967 and its quarterly magazine ''Puffin Post'', which at its height had 200,000 members. The Puffin authors' list added [[Arthur Ransome]], [[Roald Dahl]] and [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] during Webb's editorship and saw the creation of the Peacock series of teenage fiction.

Tony Lacey took over Webb's editorial chair in 1979 at the invitation of Penguin managing director [[Peter Mayer]]<ref>Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2010, p. 146.</ref> when Puffin was one of the few profitable divisions of the beleaguered company. In line with Mayer's policy of more aggressive commercialisation of the Penguin brand Lacey reduced the number of Puffin imprints, consolidated popular titles under the Puffin Classics rubric and inaugurated the successful interactive [[gamebook]] series [[Fighting Fantasy]].<ref name="Baines 2010, p.147">Baines, ''Puffin by Design'', 2010, p. 147.</ref> Complementary to the Puffin Club the Puffin School Book Club, addressed specifically to schools and organisations, grew significantly in this period helping to confirm Puffin market position such that by 1983 one in three Penguin books sold was a Puffin.<ref name="Baines 2010, p.147"/>

===The Buildings of England===
{{main|Pevsner Architectural Guides}}
[[Nikolaus Pevsner]] first proposed a series of volumes amounting to a county by county survey of the monuments of England in ten or more books to both the [[Cambridge University Press]] and [[Routledge]] before the war, however for various reason his plan came to nothing.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 238.</ref> It was only through his involvement with Penguin that he was in a position to make a similar suggestion to Allen Lane and be accepted. Pevsner described the project of the Buildings of England as an attempt to fill the gap in English publishing for those multi-volume survey of national art familiar on the continent. In particular [[Georg Dehio]]'s ''Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmaler'', a topographical inventory of Germany's important historic buildings that was published in five volumes between 1905 and 1912.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 382.</ref> Though Pevsner's ambition for the series was to educate and inform the general public on the subtleties of English architectural history, the immediate commercial imperative was competition with the [[Shell Guides]] edited by [[John Betjeman]] of which 13 had been published by 1939.<ref>Penguin published their own, unsuccessful, county motoring guides, edited by L. Russell Muirhead.</ref> With Lane's agreement in 1945 Pevsner began work personally touring the county that was to be the subject of observation aided by notes drawn up by researchers. The first volume, ''Cornwall'', appeared in 1951, and went on to produce 46 architectural guidebooks between then and 1974 of which he wrote 32 alone and ten with assistance. As early as 1954 the series was in commercial difficulty and required sponsorship to continue, a grant from the [[Leverhulme Trust]] amongst other sources<ref>Baines, ''Penguin by Design'', p. 73.</ref> secured its completion. The series continued after Pevsner's death in 1983, financed in part by the Pevsner Books Trust and published by [[Yale University Press]].

Pevsner's approach was of ''Kunstgeschichte'' quite distinct from the antiquarian interest of local and family history typical of English county histories. Consequently, there is little mention of monumental brasses, bells, tracery, the relationship of the building to the landscape.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 392.</ref> Nor is there much discussion on building techniques, nor industrial architecture, nor on Art Deco buildings, omissions that his critics hold have led to those subjects undervaluation and neglect.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 393.</ref> Nevertheless, Pevsner's synoptic study brought rigorous architectural history to an appreciative mass audience, and in particular he enlarged the perception of the Victorian achievement in architecture.

===Magazine publishing===
Wartime paper rationing, which had resulted in a generous allocation to Penguin, also forced the reduction in space for book reviews and advertising in the newspapers and was partly the cause of the folding of several [[literary journal]]s, consequently left a gap in the magazine market that Lane hoped to fill. In January 1941 the first issue of ''[[New Writing|Penguin New Writing]]'' appeared and instantly dominated the market with 80,000 copies sold compared to its closest rival, [[Cyril Connolly]]'s ''[[Horizon (British magazine)|Horizon]]'', which mustered 3,500 sales in its first edition. ''Penguin New Writing'''s editor [[John Lehmann]] was instrumental in introducing the British public to such new writers as [[Lawrence Durrell]], [[Saul Bellow]] and James Michie. Yet despite popular and critical success further rationing and, after 1945 declining sales, led monthly publication to become quarterly until the journal finally closed in autumn 1950 after 40 issues.

Though ''New Writing'' was the most durable of Penguin's periodicals it wasn't the publisher's only foray into journalism with ''Russian Review'', ''Penguin Hansard'' and ''Transatlantic'' begun during the war, and ''Penguin Film Review'', ''Penguin Music Magazine'', ''New Biology'' (1945–1960), ''Penguin Parade'', ''Penguin Science Survey'' and ''Penguin Science News'' having brief runs after 1945.

As of the 2020s, the publication ''The Happy Reader''<ref>[https://www.thebookseller.com/news?12m-library-plan-westminster-gets-go-ahead_html=&page=1774 News | Page 1775 | The Bookseller]. Retrieved 3 August 2021</ref> retails in Europe.<ref>[[Kåre Bulie]]. [https://klassekampen.no/utgave/2021-08-03/jakten-pa-glade-lesere Bokhøsten er i gang. Men like sofistikert som britiske Penguins The Happy Reader er norske forlags markedsføring ennå ikke blitt] [The Fall season for books, has started. But as sophisticated as The Happy Reader— from Britain—has not yet occurred in the marketing of Norwegian publishers]. [[Klassekampen]]. Retrieved 3 August 2021</ref>

===Penguin Press===
Penguin Press, founded by [[Ann Godoff]], began publishing in 2003. Their focus is quality nonfiction and literary fiction. Their titles have won four National Book Critics Circle awards, one [[National Book Award]], and five [[Pulitzer Prizes]], most recently in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.penguin.com/penguin-press-overview/ | title=Penguin Press | date=June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="godoffobit">{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Arushi |date=February 26, 2026 |title=Ann Godoff, Penguin Press Founder and Editor, Dies at 76 |url=https://variety.com/2026/biz/news/ann-godoff-dead-penguin-press-1236673154/ |access-date=February 26, 2026 |journal=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Popular Penguins===
Penguin's Australian subsidiary released the '''Popular Penguins''' series late in 2008. The series has its own website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularpenguins.com.au/ |title=Popular Penguins |publisher=Popular Penguins |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> It was intended to include 50 titles, many of which duplicate those on the [[Penguin Celebrations]] list but this was reduced to 49 titles as one of the 50, ''[[Hegemony or Survival]]'' by [[Noam Chomsky]],<ref>{{cite web |author=booktagger |url=http://blog.booktagger.com/2008/11/have-you-seen-penguin-classics-around-i.html |title=Booktagger.com |work=Blog.booktagger.com |date=18 November 2008 |access-date=4 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914211817/http://blog.booktagger.com/2008/11/have-you-seen-penguin-classics-around-i.html |archive-date=14 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> had to be withdrawn after its initial release as Penguin discovered they no longer held the rights to it.

Popular Penguins are presented as a return to Lane's original ethos {{endash}} good books at affordable prices. They have been published with a cover price of A$9.95, less than half of the average price of a paperback novel in Australia at the time of release.

Popular Penguins are presented in a more "authentic" interpretation of the Penguin Grid than that of the Celebrations series. They are correct size, when compared to an original 'grid-era' Penguin, and they use [[Eric Gill]]'s typefaces in a more or less exact match for [[Jan Tschichold]]'s "tidying" of [[Edward Young]]'s original three panel cover design. The covers are also printed on a card stock that mirrors the look and feel of 1940s and 50s Penguin covers. On the other hand, all of the Popular Penguins series are in Penguin Orange, and not colour-coded in the manner of the original designs and the "Celebrations" titles.

In July 2009, another 50 Popular Penguins were released onto the Australian and New Zealand markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin.co.nz/ |title=Penguin Books New Zealand |work=Penguin.co.nz |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> A further 10 titles written by New Zealand authors were released in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penguin.co.nz/webfiles/PenguinGroupNZ/files/Popular_Penguins_NZ_series_pub_sheet_for_LO.pdf |title=New Zealand Popular Penguins |access-date=4 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095757/http://www.penguin.co.nz/webfiles/PenguinGroupNZ/files/Popular_Penguins_NZ_series_pub_sheet_for_LO.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> Another 75 titles were released in Australia in July 2010 to mark Penguin's 75th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularpenguins.com.au/booklist75-printable.cfm |title=List of 75 Popular Penguin titles for July 2010 release |publisher=Popularpenguins.com.au |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref>

===King Penguin Books===
King Penguin Books was a series of pocket-sized [[monographs]] published by Penguin Books between 1939 and 1959. They were in imitation of the Insel-Bücherei series published in Germany by [[Insel Verlag]] from 1912 onwards,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Russell |last2=Hall |first2=David J |year=1988 |title=So Much Admired – Die Insel-Bucherei and the King Penguin Series |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Salvia Books |page=not cited}}</ref> and were pioneer volumes for Penguins in that they were their first volumes with hard covers and their first with colour printing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spingal.plus.com/penguins/pelicans_specials.html |last=McGonigal |first=Jim |title=King Penguins – Nov 1939 |work=The Design |publisher=Jim McGonigal |access-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219100231/http://www.spingal.plus.com/penguins/pelicans_specials.html |archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref>
The books originally combined a classic series of colour plates with an authoritative text. The first two volumes featured sixteen plates from [[John Gould]]'s ''The Birds of Great Britain'' (1873) with historical introduction and commentary on each plate by [[Phyllis Barclay-Smith]], and sixteen plates from [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté]]'s ''Roses'' (1817–24) with historical introduction and commentary by [[John Ramsbottom (mycologist)|John Ramsbottom]]. The third volume began the alternative practice of colour plates from a variety of sources.

Some of the volumes, such as [[Nikolaus Pevsner]]'s ''Leaves of Southwell'' (1945) or [[Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt|Wilfrid Blunt]]'s ''Tulipomania'' (1950) were pioneering works of scholarship. Others such as ''The Bayeux Tapestry'' by [[Eric Maclagan]] (1943), ''Ur : The First Phases'' by [[Leonard Woolley]] (1946) or ''Russian Icons'' (1947) by [[David Talbot Rice]] were distillations by experts of their own pioneering works. Some volumes by experts went into revised editions, such as ''A Book of English Clocks'' (1947 and 1950) by R. W. Symonds.

Elizabeth Senior edited the series until 1941, after which Nikolaus Pevsner took over and remained editor until the end of the series. The series ran to 76 volumes.<ref>For more detailed information compare the German Bharatpedia-site [[:de:King Penguin Books|King Penguin Books]].</ref>

The King Penguin imprint was briefly revived in 1981 for a series of contemporary works, chiefly fiction.<ref>''Fifty Penguin Years'' (1985), Exhibition catalogue {{ISBN|9780140085891}}, p. 132</ref>

===Pelican History of Art===
[[Allen Lane]] approached [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] in 1945 for a series of illustrated books that would match the success of the King Penguins. Pevsner recalled his response: "Allen said, 'You have done the King Penguins now and we are going on with them, but if you had your way, what else would you do?' I had my answer ready—and the answer was very formidable, because I outlined both ''The Pelican History of Art'' and ''The Buildings of England'' on the spot, each about 40 to 50 volumes. Allen said, 'Yes, we can do both,' and that was the end of the meeting."<ref>[[Peter Draper (art historian)|Peter Draper]], ''Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner'', 2004, p. 73.</ref> Pevsner's industry quickly bore fruit with the first contracts signed by 1946 for [[John Summerson]]'s ''Architecture in Britain'', [[Anthony Blunt]]'s ''Art and Architecture in France'', and [[Rudolf Wittkower]]'s ''Italian art and architecture'', the first title ''Painting in Britain, 1530–1790'' by [[Ellis Waterhouse]] was issued in 1953. By 1955, Pevsner produced a prospectus for the series announcing the publication of four new volumes and a plan for the rest of the series totalling 47 titles. The ambition of the series exceeded previously published multi-volume histories of art such as André Michel's ''Histoire de l'art'' (17 vols., 1905–28), the ''Propyläen Kunstgeschichte'' (25 vols., 1923–35). Forty-one volumes were published by the time Pevsner retired from editing in 1977. His work was continued by Judy Nairn (his editorial assistant on the ''Buildings of England'') and the medievalist [[Peter Lasko]]. [[Yale University Press]] acquired the series in 1992 when 45 titles had been completed; by 2004 they had published 21 volumes, mostly revisions of existing editions.<ref>Draper, ''Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner'', p. 75.</ref> New volumes continue to be produced in the 2010s, and new editions of older ones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/disciplines/pelican-history-art?sortby=published_desc|title=Art and Architecture » Pelican History of Art | Yale University Press|website=Yalebooks.yale.edu|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027175519/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/disciplines/pelican-history-art?sortby=published_desc|url-status=dead}}</ref>

For Penguin the series was a departure from their commercial mainstay of paperbacks as the histories of art were the first large format, illustrated hardback books they had produced.<ref>Though paperback issues were begun in 1966, designed by Gerald Cinamon [https://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/past-display-penguin-70-years/ "Penguin paperback cover designs".]</ref> Despite their relatively high price they were a financial success, yet for Pevsner they were intended primarily as graduate level texts in what was, for the English speaking world, the newly emerging academic discipline of art history.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 562.</ref> Nevertheless, the series was criticised from within the academy for its evident biases. Many of its authors were German émigrés, consequently there was a methodological preference for the ''kunstwissenschaft'' practiced in Vienna and Berlin between the wars; a [[formalism (art)|formalism]] that ignored the social context of art.<ref>The point of view maintained at the Courtauld, for example: "After the war many older art historians took the view that the primary tasks of art history had already been accomplished, and that the time had come for summaries. This was the platform from which Pevsner launched his Pelican History of Art project, but it was not how the situation was perceived at the Institute." [http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/about/history.shtml "A History of the Courtauld".]</ref> Moreover, the weight given to some subjects seemed disproportionate to some critics, with seven of its 47 volumes dedicated to [[English art]], a "tributary of the main European current" as the ''[[Burlington Magazine]]'' observed.<ref>Harries, ''Pevsner'', p. 566; ''Burlington Magazine'', October 1953.</ref> Though the 1955 plan was never fully executed—the volumes on [[Ancient Greek art|Greek painting]] and [[Greek sculpture|sculpture]], [[quattrocento]] painting and [[cinquecento]] sculpture were not written—the Pelican History remains one of the most comprehensive surveys of world art published.<ref>[[John Shearman]] was commissioned early on for quattrocento painting, but though he did a large amount of work, he found he could not keep up with the torrent of new research, and never delivered his manuscript.</ref>

===Penguin on Wheels===
Penguin on Wheels is a mobile bookstore launched by Penguin Books India in collaboration with Satabdi Mishra and Akshaya Rautaray.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/10469741|title=Beauty of life in books |website=The Tribune Epaper |access-date=22 May 2016 |date=May 22, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617002815/http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/10469741 |archive-date= Jun 17, 2016 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|Books}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Everyman's Library]]
*[[List of early Puffin Story Books]]
*[[List of Penguin Classics]]
*[[New Penguin Shakespeare]]
*[[Penguin 60s Classics]]
*[[Penguin Books Ltd. v. India Book Distributors and Others|''Penguin Books Ltd. v India Book Distributors and Others'']]
*[[Penguin Collectors Society]]
*[[Penguin Essentials]]
*[[Penguin Modern Poets]]
*[[Penguin poetry anthologies]]
*[[Penguin Red Classics]]
*[[Tauchnitz publishers]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|}}
* Aynsley, J., Lloyd Jones, L. (1985), ''Fifty Penguin Years''. {{ISBN|0-14-008589-0}}.
* Baines, Phil (2007): ''Penguin by Design: a Cover Story 1935–2005''. London: Allen Lane {{ISBN|0-7139-9839-3}} (published to accompany the exhibition "Penguin by design" held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 8 June – 13 November 2005).
*Baines, Phil (2010): ''Puffin by Design: 70 years of imagination 1940–2010''. London: Allen Lane.
* ''Penguin by Illustrators''.
* Cherry, B. (1983): ''The Buildings of England: A short History and Bibliography'', Penguin Collectors Society, London.
* Cinamon, Gerald (1987): "Hans Schmoller, Typographer", ''The Monotype Recorder'' (New Series), 6 April 1987.
*{{cite book |last=Graham|first=Tim|date=2023|title=A.S.B. Glover: The Unacknowledged Genius of Penguin.|location=United Kingdom |publisher= Penguin Collectors Society|oclc=1414645236}}
* Graham, Tim (2003): ''Penguin in Print – a Bibliography''. [[Penguin Collectors Society]].
* Hall, David J., "King Penguins", in ''The Private Library'' Winter 1977, published by the [[Private Libraries Association]].
* Hare, Steve (1995): ''Penguin Portrait: Allen Lane and the Penguin Editors, 1935–1970''. London: Penguin Books.
* Joicey, Nicholas (1993): "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951", ''Twentieth Century British History'', Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25–56.
* Kells, Stuart (2015): "Penguin and the Lane Brothers: The Untold Story of a Publishing Revolution", Black Inc., Melbourne, Australia.
* {{Cite magazine |url=https://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking|title=How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking|first=Sairam|last=Krishnan|website=Scroll.in|date=21 November 2015 |access-date=22 October 2020}}
* Lewis, Jeremy (2005): ''Penguin Special: Life and Times of Allen Lane'' {{ISBN|0-670-91485-1}}.
* Morpurgo, J. E. (1979): ''Allen Lane: King Penguin''. London: Hutchinson.
* Edwards, R. (1997): ''A Penguin Collector's Companion'', Penguin Collector's Society, London.
* Holland, S. (1993): ''Mushroom Jungle: A History of Postwar Paperback Publishing'', Westbury.
* Pearson, J. (1996): ''Penguins March On: Books for the Forces During World War II'', Penguin Collector's Society, London.
* Lane, A., Fowler, D. et al. (1960): Penguins Progress, 1935–1960, Harmondsworth.
*Rylance Rick. "Reading with a Mission: The Public Sphere of Penguin Books." ''The Critical Quarterly'' 47, no. 4 (2005): 48–66.
* ''Ten Years of Penguins: 1935–1945'', Harmondsworth.
* Williams, W. E. (1956): ''The Penguin Story'', Harmondsworth.
* Wood, S. (1985): ''A Sort of Dignified Flippancy'', Edinburgh University Library.
{{refend}}

*Williams, Richard THE FIRST THOUSAND PENGUINS SEE https://archive.org/details/bpc-11-penguin-1000

==External links==
{{commons category|Penguin Books}}
'''Official websites'''
* [https://www.penguin.com/ Penguin Books USA]
* [https://www.penguin.co.uk/ Penguin Books UK]
* [https://www.penguinlivros.pt/ Penguin Books Portugal]

'''Other'''
* [https://www.bristol.ac.uk/library/special-collections/strengths/penguin/ Penguin Archive] University of Bristol Library Special Collections
* [https://www.bris.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/ Penguin Archive Project] University of Bristol
* [https://www.booksandwriters.co.uk/K/king-penguins.html King Penguin Book Series] King Penguin Book Series
* [http://www.penguinsciencefiction.org The Art of Penguin Science Fiction] The history and cover art of science fiction published by Penguin Books from 1935 to the present day
* [https://www.penguinfirsteditions.com Penguin First Editions] Guide to the early (1935–1955) first editions published by Penguin Books
* [https://www.coverbrowser.com/covers/penguin-books/15 Penguin book covers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180313163310/http://penguincerisetravel.com/ Penguin Cerise Travel] Celebrating Penguin Books' early 'Travel and Adventure' series
* [https://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt096n97b6 Foley Collection—articles and extensive lists]
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/4691018/History-of-Penguin-archive.html History of the Penguin Archive] by Toby Clements, ''The Telegraph'', 19 February 2009.
* Archival Material at {{wikidata|qualifier|property|P485|Q24568958|P856|format=\[%q %p\]}}
* {{Open Library publisher|Penguin Books|Penguin|Penguin Books Ltd}}

{{Penguin Random House}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Penguin Books}}
[[Category:Penguin Books| ]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Book publishing company imprints]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1935]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1935]]

Penguin Books

2026-03-11T21:12:44Z

উদাহরণ: small fix

Channo Kamli Yaar Di

2026-03-08T02:54:09Z

উদাহরণ: updated details additionally

{{Short description|2016 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Channo Kamli Yaar Di
|image =Channo_Kamli_Yaar_Di.jpg
|alt =
|caption =Theatrical release poster
|director = [[Pankaj Batra]]
|producer = Neeru Bajwa Entertainment
|writer = Naresh Kathooria
|starring = [[Neeru Bajwa]] [[Binnu Dhillon]] [[Karamjit Anmol]] [[Rana Ranbir]]
|music = [[Jatinder Shah]]
|cinematography = Vineet Malhotra
|editing = Manish More
|studio = [[Neeru Bajwa]] Entertainment Mystery Man Productions
|released = {{Film date|2016|02|19|df=y}}
|country = India, Canada
|language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}
'''''Channo Kamli Yaar Di''''' (2016) is a [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi film]] directed by [[Pankaj Batra]] and starring [[Neeru Bajwa]] and [[Binnu Dhillon]] with a release date of 19 February 2016.<ref name="Offensive 2015">{{cite web | last=Offensive | first=Marking Them | title=First look: Neeru Bajwa's 'Channo – Kamli Yaar Di' | website=The Times of India | date=4 December 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/First-look-Neeru-Bajwas-Channo-Kamli-Yaar-Di/articleshow/50324340.cms | access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Service 2016">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=An interesting act | website=tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/a-fresh-take/178870.html | date=6 January 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/a-fresh-take/178870.html | access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Channo ([[Neeru Bajwa]]) is an emotional journey of a pregnant Punjabi girl who goes to Canada to find her missing husband, Jeet. Taji ([[Binnu Dhillon]]) goes along with her.

== Plot ==
Channo ([[Neeru Bajwa]]) is an emotional journey of a pregnant Punjabi girl who goes to Canada to find her missing husband, Jeet. Taji ([[Binnu Dhillon]]) goes along with her. However, Taji is in love with Channo since they met but was not able to express his feelings. They go through some obstacles in Canada. However, towards the end of the film, Taji finally expresses his feelings toward Channo. Channo tells him that she loves him as a "friend". At the end, they do successfully find Jeet after going through a lot of difficulties. Even though Taji helps Channo, he does not marry her as she is still in love with Jeet. They, However still remain good friends.

== Cast ==
*[[Neeru Bajwa]] as Chanpreet Kaur – Channo
*[[Binnu Dhillon]] as Taaji
*[[Karamjit Anmol]] as Jailly
*[[Rana Ranbir]] as Taaji's friend
* Anita Devgan as Taaji's mother
* Baninderjit Singh
* [[Jassi Gill]] as Jeet Sandhu (Special Appearance)

==Track listing==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 00:15:19
| title1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ixBiiM_lCU/ Tere Begair]
| extra1 = [[Amrinder Gill]]
| length1 = 3:30
| music1 = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| lyrics1 = Kumaar
| title2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1CfpvjnDp8/ Aaja Ni Aaja]
| extra2 = [[Gurdas Maan]]
| length2 = 2:24
| music2 = Jatinder Shah
| lyrics2 = Gurdas Maan
| title3 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNbRp8cFrtE/ Wakho Wakh]
| extra3 = Prabh Gill
| length3 = 2:39
| music3 = Jatinder Shah
| lyrics3 = Binder
| title4 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gbw64XQ5wDo/ Yaar Di Gali]
| length4 = 3:39
| extra4 = [[Nooran Sisters]]
| music4 = Jatinder Shah
| lyrics4 = Kumaar
| title5 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-hAzMeZMew/ Marjawaan]
| length5 = 3:47
| extra5 = [[Jassi Gill]]
| music5 = Jatinder Shah
| lyrics5 = Kumar
|}}

==Reception==
Jasmine Singh from The Tribune claimed that it was a good story with generous seasoning of mystery, with crisp direction and fabulous acting by Binnu and Neeru Bajwa it now bags three and a half stars!<ref>{{cite web|title=Channo delivered successfully|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/movie-review-channo-kamli-yaar-di/198465.html|work=The Tribune|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> Another site punjabvision.com praised CHANNO, declaring it "milestone in punjabi cinema".

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|ChannoKamliYaarDi}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pankaj Batra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Bengal tigers

2026-03-06T04:50:44Z

উদাহরণ: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bengal tiger]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from plural}}
}}

Anadhai Anandhan

2026-03-04T04:54:23Z

উদাহরণ: improve citations for consistency

{{short description|1970 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Anadhai Anandhan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| writer = [[V. C. Guhanathan]]
| producer = P. K. V. Sankaran Aarumugam [[A.V. Meiyappan]]
| starring = [[A. V. M. Rajan]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| editing = O. Narasimhan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Muthuvel Movies
| distributor = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1970|9|4|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Anadhai Anandhan''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|n|ɑː|ð|aɪ|_|ɑː|n|ə|n|ð|ən}} {{Translation|Orphaned Anandhan}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]] and jointly produced by Muthuvel Movies alongwith [[AVM Productions]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 September 1970 |title=அனாதை ஆனந்தன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-08-22/page/n23/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230531104645/https://archive.org/details/kalki1970-09-06/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=31 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It stars [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]], [[R. S. Manohar]] and [[Anjali Devi]]. The bond between the lead heroine [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] with the orphaned child played by [[Master Sekhar]] was the highlight of the film. The film was simultaneously made in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Chanda Aur Bijli]]'', which was released earlier in 1969. It was a successful film on its release. This film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Akka Thamudu'' in 1972.<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2020 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள்: மூன்று மொழிகளில் வெற்றி பெற்ற 'அனாதை ஆனந்தன் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/85482/cinema/Kollywood/Anadhai-Anandhan-in-50th-year.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305110159/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/85482/cinema/Kollywood/Anadhai-Anandhan-in-50th-year.htm |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=September 2020}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[A. V. M. Rajan]]
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
* [[Nagesh]]
* [[Master Sekhar]]
* [[R. S. Manohar]]
* [[R. Muthuraman]]
* [[Anjali Devi]]
* [[Jayakumari]]
*[[T. K. Bhagavathi|T. K. Bagavathi]]
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]]
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]]
* [[Master Prabhakar]]
* Vijaya Chandrika
* Renuka}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anathai Ananthan |url=http://tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203121123/http://tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/269 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=Songs4all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Alaithavar Kuralukku" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || 04:05
|-
| "Ulagam Pollatha" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:54
|-
| "Nanainthal Nanaiyatume" || P. Susheela || 04:04
|-
| "Summa Irungale Konjam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 01:55
|-
| "Jammunnu Vanthigo" || P. Susheela || 04:16
|-
| "Ingu Paarpathai" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:10
|-
| "Kannadi Munnadi Thalladi" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 04:06
|}

== Release ==
''Anadhai Anandhan'' was released on 4 September 1970,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies from AVM Productions |url=http://www.avm.in/movies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316025635/http://avm.in/movies.html |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=23 February 2018 |website=[[AVM Productions]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 1970 |title=Anadhai Anandan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700904&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and emerged a commercial success.<ref name="dinamalar" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0233211}}

{{Krishnan–Panju}}
{{AVM Productions}}
[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Isha Upanishad

2026-03-04T04:17:17Z

উদাহরণ: rework citations for accuracy and fixed typos

{{short description|One of the ancient Sanskrit scriptures of Hinduism}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Isha Upanishad Verses 1 to 3, Shukla Yajurveda, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg
| caption = ''Isha Upanishad'', verses 1 to 3 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
| name = Isha
| Devanagari = ईश
| Sanskrit_transliteration = īśā
| composition_date = 1st millennium BC
| type = [[Mukhya|Mukhya Upanishad]]
| Veda = [[Shukla Yajurveda]]
| verses = 17 or 18
| commentary = [[Adi Shankara]], [[Madhvacharya]]<ref>Sharma, B.N.K: ''Philosophy of Sri Madhvacharya'', page 363. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1962.</ref>
}}
{{italic title}}
{{Upanishads}}

The '''''Isha Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa|ईशोपनिषद्}}, {{IAST3|Īśopaniṣad}}), also known as '''''Shri Ishopanishad''''', '''''Ishavasya Upanishad''''', or '''''Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad''''', is one of the shortest [[Upanishads]], embedded as the final chapter (''adhyāya'') of the [[Shukla Yajurveda]]. It is a ''Mukhya'' (primary, principal) Upanishad, and is known in two recensions, called Kanva (VSK) and Madhyandina (VSM). The Upanishad is a brief poem, consisting of 17 or 18 verses, depending on the [[recension]].

It is a key scripture of the [[Vedanta]] sub-schools, and an influential [[Śruti]] to diverse schools of [[Hinduism]]. It is the 40th chapter of [[Yajurveda]]. The name of the text derives from its incipit, ''{{IAST|īśā vāsyam}}'', "enveloped by the [[Ishvara|Lord]]",<ref name=ralphgriffith>[[Ralph T. H. Griffith]], [https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n326/mode/2up ''The Texts of the White Yajurveda''], pages 304-308</ref> or "hidden in the Lord (Self)".<ref name=maxmuller>[[Max Muller]], ''The Upanishads, The [[Sacred Books of the East]]'', Part 1, Oxford University Press, Reprinted by Routledge in 2013, {{ISBN|978-0700706006}}, Vol. 1, pages 311-319</ref> The text discusses the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self) theory of Hinduism, and is referenced by both [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita (dualism)]] and [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita (non-dualism)]] sub-schools of Vedanta.<ref>AK Bhattacharyya, ''Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology'', {{ISBN|978-0595384556}}, pages 25-46</ref><ref>Madhava Acharya, ''The Commentary of Sri Madhva on Isha and Kena Upanishad'', {{oclc|24455623}}; also ''Isavasyopanisad bhasya sangraha'', {{ISBN|978-8187177210}}, {{oclc|81882275}}</ref>

It is classified as a "poetic Upanishad" along with [[Kena Upanishad|Kena]], [[Katha Upanishad|Katha]], [[Svetasvatara|Shvetashvatara]] and [[Mundaka Upanishad|Mundaka]] by [[Paul Deussen]] (1908).<ref>Deussen, Paul (1908), The philosophy of the Upanishads</ref>

==Etymology==
Isha (ईशा, ''Īśā'') is the instrumental singular form of the noun ''Īt'' (ईट्), which is derived from the Sanskrit root ''Īś'' (ईश्), meaning "to command", "to rule, reign".<ref>{{Cite web |title=MW Cologne Scan |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=171 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251119093832/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=171 |archive-date=2025-11-19 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> The root is traditionally listed in Sanskrit grammatical texts as ''Īśa aiśvarye'' (ईशँ ऐश्वर्ये), indicating that its fundamental sense pertains to lordship, mastery, or the power to command.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dhatu-rupa-kaumudi-rajeshvar-shastri-musalagaonkar |title=Dhatu Rupa Kaumudi - Rajeshwara Shastri Musalagaonkar}}</ref> The term ''vāsyam'' (वास्यम्), in Ānandagiri’s Isha Upanishad commentary, is explicitly glossed as ''vyāptam'' (व्याप्तम्), meaning "pervaded by".<ref>{{Cite web |title=अद्वैतशारदा {{!}} दक्षिणाम्नाय श्रीशारदापीठम्, शृङ्गेरी |url=https://advaitasharada.sringeri.net/display/vyakhya/anandagiri-Isha?id=AIS_IS_I02_VD00063 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=advaitasharada.sringeri.net}}</ref> When compounding these two words, this Upanishad is also known as Ishavasya Upanishad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Swami Mukundananda - Spiritual Teacher {{!}} Yogi {{!}} Author |url=https://swamimukundananda.org/en/books/Ishavasya-Upanishad/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=swamimukundananda.org}}</ref> Thus, this Upanishad can be translated as "pervaded by the God".<ref name=":0" />

The Isha Upanishad is found in the last (40th) chapter of the Shukla Yajurveda, the Vajasaneyi Samhita. Thus, the Isha Upanishad is also referred to as the Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=M. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551 |title=A History Of Indian Literature, vol. 1 |date=1927}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Buddhist suttas |date=2001 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-0-7007-0600-6 |editor-last=Davids |editor-first=Thomas W. Rhys |series=Sacred books of the East |location=Richmond}}</ref>

==Chronology==
The chronology of Isha Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear and contested by scholars.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1</ref> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/><ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195124354}}, Introduction Chapter</ref>

Scholars of Buddhism such as Richard King date Isha Upanishad's composition roughly to the second half of the first millennium BCE, chronologically placing it after the first Buddhist Pali canons.<ref>Richard King (1995), Ācārya, Gauḍapāda - Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: the Mahāyāna context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2513-8}}, pages 51–54</ref>

Scholars of Hinduism such as Stephen Phillips<ref name="stephenphillips"/> note the disagreement between modern scholars. Phillips suggests that Isha Upanishad was likely one of the earliest Upanishads, composed in the 1st half of 1st millennium BCE, after Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya, but before Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Kena, Katha, Manduka, Prasna, Shvetashvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.<ref name=stephenphillips/>

Earlier 19th- and 20th-century scholars have similarly expressed a spectrum of views. Isha Upanishad has been chronologically listed by them as being among early Upanishads to being one among the middle Upanishads. [[Paul Deussen|Deussen]]<ref>Paul Deussen, [https://archive.org/stream/philosophyoftheupa00deusuoft#page/n39/mode/2up The Philosophy of the Upanishads], pages 22-26</ref> suggested, for example, that Isha was composed after ancient prose Upanishads – Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena; during a period when metrical poem-like Upanishads were being composed. Further, he suggests that ''Isha'' was composed before other prose Upanishads such as Prasna, Maitri, Mandukya and all post-Vedic era Upanishads.

Winternitz,<ref>M Winternitz (2010), History of Indian Literature, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802643}}</ref> suggests that Isha Upanishad was probably a pre-Buddha composition along with Katha, Shvetashvatara, Mundaka and Prasna Upanishad, but after the first phase of ancient Upanishads that were composed in prose such as Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena. Winternitz states that Isha was likely composed before post-Buddhist Upanishads such as Maitri and Mandukya.

Ranade<ref>RD Ranade, [https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy], Chapter 1, pages 13-18</ref> posits that Isha was composed in the second group of Upanishads along with Kena Upanishad, right after the first group of Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya, but chronologically before Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Katha, Mundaka, Shvetashvatara, Prasna, Mandukya and Maitrayani.

==Structure==
[[File:MS Indic 37, Isa upanisad. Wellcome L0027330.jpg|thumb|360px|A manuscript page from the Isha Upanisad.]]
Isha Upanishad is the only Upanishad that is attached to a [[Samhita]], the most ancient layer of Vedic text known for their mantras and benedictions. Other Upanishads are attached to a later layer of Vedic texts such as [[Brahmanas]] and [[Aranyaka]]s. Max Muller notes that this does not necessarily mean that Isha Upanishad is among the oldest,<ref name=mmullercci>Max Muller (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n107/mode/2up Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad], Oxford University Press, Introduction section pages c-ci</ref> because [[Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]] is acknowledged to be of a later origin than textual layers of other Vedas such as the [[Rigveda|Rig Veda.]]

The 8th-century Indian scholar [[Adi Shankara]], in his ''Bhasya'' (review and commentary) noted that the mantras and hymns of Isha Upanishad are not used in rituals, because their purpose is to enlighten the reader as to "what is the nature of Self (Atman)?"; the Upanishad, thus, despite Yajurveda Samhita's liturgical focus, has not historically served as a liturgical text.<ref name=mmullercci/><ref name=adishankaraisha>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/n7/mode/2up The Isa, Kena and Mundaka Upanishads and Sri Sankara's Commentary] Adi Shankara, SS Sastri (Translator), pages 1-29</ref> Isha Upanishad is a philosophical text.<ref name=charlesjohnstoncomments>Charles Johnston (1920), {{Google books|8ZUBBQAAQBAJ|The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom}}, Reprinted by Ksetra Books, pages 49-83</ref>

===Difference between recensions===
The Isha Upanishad manuscript differs in the two [[shakha]]s of the [[Yajurveda#Shukla Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]]. These are called the Kanva (VSK) and Madhyandina (VSM) recensions. The order of verses 1–8 is the same in both, however, Kanva verses 9–14 correspond to Madhyandina verses 12, 13, 14, 9, 10, 11. Madhyandina verse 17 is a variation of Kanva 15, Verse 16 of the Kanva recension is absent in the Madhyandina, while verses 17 - 18 of the Kanva correspond to verses 15-16 of the Madhyandina.

In both recensions, the Isha Upanishad is the 40th chapter of Shukla Yajur Veda. Versions with 18 verses refer to Kanva, while those with 17 verses are referring to the Madhyandina.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
| Kanva 40 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15 || 16 || 17 || 18
|-
| Madhyandina 40 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 9 || 10 || 11 || (17) || – || 15 || 16
|-
|}

==Content==
===Monism versus theism===
The Isha Upanishad is significant for its singular mention of the term "[[Ishvara|Isha]]" in the first hymn, a term it never repeats in other hymns. The concept "Isha" exhibits [[monism]] in one interpretation, or a form of [[monotheism in Hinduism|monotheism]] in an alternative interpretation, referred to as "Self" or "Deity Lord" respectively.

{{Blockquote|
Enveloped by the Lord must be This All — each thing that moves on earth.
With that renounced, enjoy thyself. Covet no wealth of any man.
|Isha Upanishad, Hymn 1<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n326/mode/2up Book the Fortieth] White Yajurveda, Ralph Griffith (Translator), page 304-308</ref>}}

Ralph Griffith interprets the word "Isha" contextually, translates it as "the Lord", and clarifies that this "the Lord" means "the Self of All, and thy inmost Self – the only Absolute Reality".<ref name=ralphgriffith1>[https://archive.org/stream/textswhiteyajur00grifgoog#page/n326/mode/2up Book the Fortieth] White Yajurveda, Ralph Griffith (Translator), page 304 with footnote 1</ref> The term "This All" is the empirical reality, while the term "renounced" is referring the Indian concept of [[sannyasa]], and "enjoy thyself" is referring to the "blissful delight of Self-realization".<ref name=ralphgriffith1/><ref name=maxmullercomments>Max Müller (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/314/mode/2up Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad], Oxford University Press, pages 314-320</ref>

The [[Advaita Vedanta]] scholar Shankara interprets the above hymn 1 as equating "the Lord" as the "Atman" (Self).<ref name=adishankaraisha/> In contrast, [[Madhvacharya]], the [[Dvaita Vedanta]] scholar interprets the hymn as equating "the Lord" as [[Vishnu]], or a monotheistic God in a [[henotheism|henotheistic]] sense.<ref name=madhavabhasya>[https://archive.org/stream/isopanishadmadhva/isopanishad_madhva#page/n0/mode/2up Isopanishad with commentary by Sri Madhavacharya] Extracted pages 1-5 (in Sanskrit)</ref> Other interpretations have also been suggested. For example, the more recent scholar [[Mahīdhara]] suggested that hymn 1 may be referring to Buddha, an interpretation that Max Muller stated was inadmissible because of the fundamental difference between Hinduism and Buddhism, with Hinduism relying on the premise "Self, Self exists" and Buddhism relying on the premise "Soul, Self does not exist".<ref name=maxmullercomments/><ref>John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120801585}}, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</ref>

===Pursuit of Karma versus pursuit of Self===
The Isha Upanishad, in hymns 2–6, acknowledges the contrasting tension within Hinduism, between the empirical life of householder and action ([[karma]]) and the spiritual life of renunciation and knowledge ([[jnana]]).<ref name=ralphgriffith/>
{{Blockquote|
Should one wish to live a hundred years on this earth, he should live doing Karma. While thus, as man, you live, there is no way other than this by which Karma will not cling to you. Those who partake the nature of the ''Asuras'' [evil], are enveloped in blind darkness, and that is where they reside who ignore their Atman [Self]. For liberation, know your Atman, which is motionless yet faster than mind, it is distant, it is near, it is within all, it is without all this. It is all pervading. And he who beholds all beings in the Self, and the Self in all beings, he never turns away from it [the Self].
|Isha Upanishad, Hymns 2-6<ref name=adishankaraisha/><ref name=maxmullertrans>Max Muller (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/310/mode/2up Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad], Oxford University Press, pages 311-314</ref>}}

Adi Shankara suggests that "he" in hymn 6 (last sentence in above quote) is the "seeker of emancipation, on a journey to realize Self and Oneness in innermost self and everyone, and includes those in [[sannyasa]]";<ref name=adishankaraisha/> while Madhvacharya suggests "he" is "the individual Self in loving devotion of God, seeking to get infinitely close to the God Self".<ref name=madhavabhasya/>

Max Muller, in his review of commentaries by many ancient and medieval Indian scholars,<ref name=maxmullercomments/> states that these verses of Isha Upanishad are proclaiming the "uselessness of all rituals, whether related to sacrifices or precepts of [[dharma]]", but simultaneously acknowledging the "harmlessness and necessity of social activity, that may be seen as potentially intermediate preparation to the path of Knowledge". The Isha Upanishad, is reminding the reader that neither routine life and rituals are right nor are they wrong, states Max Muller.<ref name=maxmullercomments/> They may be necessary to many, nevertheless, to prepare a person for emancipation, to show the path where cravings feel meaningless, and to produce a serene mind that longs for meaning and one that can discern highest knowledge.<ref name=maxmullercomments/> Ralph Griffith suggests the verses 2–6 of Isha Upanishad are condemning those who perform ''Karma'' in order to "get future advantages in life or to gain a place in heaven", because that is ignorance. The avoidance of "Self knowledge and its eternal, all-pervasive nature" is akin to "killing one's Self" and living a dead life states Isha Upanishad, states Griffith.<ref name=ralphgriffith/> The pursuit of Self is the seeking of the eternal, the whole, the all-transcending, the self-depending, the Oneness and law of all nature and existence.<ref>Astrid Fitzgerald (2002), Being Consciousness Bliss: A Seeker's Guide, Steiner, {{ISBN|978-0970109781}}, page 52</ref>

===Vidya versus Avidya===
The Isha Upanishad suggests that one root of sorrow and suffering is considering one's Self as distinct and conflicted with the Self of others, assuming that the nature of existence is a conflicted duality where one's happiness and suffering is viewed as different from another living being's happiness and suffering. Such sorrow and suffering cannot exist, suggests the Upanishad, if an individual realizes that the Self is in all things, understands the Oneness in all of existence, focuses beyond individual egos and in the pursuit of Universal values, the Self and Real Knowledge.<ref name=charlesjohnstoncomments/>
{{Blockquote|
When to a man who understands, 
the Self has become all things, 
what sorrow, what trouble can there be, 
to him who beholds that unity.
|Isha Upanishad, Hymn 7<ref name=maxmullertrans/>}}

The Isha Upanishad, in hymn 8 through 11, praises the study of ''Vidya'' (Real Knowledge, eternal truths) and ''Avidya'' (not Real Knowledge, empirical truths).<ref name=maxmullercomments/><ref>Richard H. Jones (1981), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399068 Vidyā and Avidyā in the Isha Upanishad], Philosophy East and West, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1981), pages 79-87</ref> It asserts that to he who knows both ''Vidya'' and ''Avidya'', the ''Avidya'' empowers him to overcome death (makes one alive), while ''Vidya'' empowers him with immortality. The Real Knowledge delivers one to freedom, liberation from all sorrows and fears, to a blissful state of life.<ref name=adishankaraisha/><ref name=maxmullercomments/> Mukherjee states that Isha Upanishad in verse 11 is recommending that one must pursue material knowledge and spiritual wisdom simultaneously, and that a fulfilling life results from the harmonious, balanced alignment of the individual and the social interests, the personal and the organizational goals, the material and the spiritual pursuits of life.<ref>S Mukherjee (2011), Indian Management Philosophy, in The Palgrave Handbook of Spirituality and Business (Editors: Luk Bouckaert and Laszlo Zsolnai), Palgrave Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0230238312}}, page 82</ref>

The hymns 12 through 14 of Isha Upanishad, caution against the pursuit of only manifested cause or only spiritual cause of anything, stating that one sided pursuits lead to darkness. To be enlightened, seek both (उभयं सह, ''ubhayam saha''), suggests the Upanishad.<ref>Sanskrit original: '''विद्यां चाविद्यां''' च यस्तद्वे'''दोभयँ सह''' । अविद्यया मृत्युं तीर्त्वा विद्ययाऽमृतमश्नुते ॥११॥ (...) सम्भूतिं च विनाशं च यस्तद्वे'''दोभयँ सह''' । विनाशेन मृत्युं तीर्त्वा सम्भूत्याऽमृतमश्नुते ॥१४॥ (Source: [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ईशावास्%E2%80%8Dयोपनिषद् Wikisource]); '''English Review and Translation''': Max Muller (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/316/mode/2up Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 317</ref> It asserts that he who knows both the Real and the Perishable, both the manifested not-True cause and the hidden True cause, is the one who is liberated unto immortality.<ref name=adishankaraisha/><ref name=maxmullercomments/>

===Virtue versus vice===
In final hymns 15 through 18, the Upanishad asserts a longing for Knowledge, asserting that it is hidden behind the golden disc of light, but a light that one seeks. It reminds one's own mind to remember one's deeds, and accept its consequences.<ref name=adishankaraisha/> The Madhyandina recension and Kanva recension vary in relative sequencing of the hymns, but both assert the introspective precept, "O ''Agni'' (fire) and mind, lead me towards a life of virtues, guide me away from a life of vices", and thus unto the good path and the enjoyment of wealth (of both karma's honey and Self-realization).<ref name=charlesjohnstoncomments/><ref name=maxmullercomments/> The final hymns of Isha Upanishad also declare the foundational premise, "I am He", equating one Self's oneness with cosmic Self.<ref name=adishankaraisha/><ref>E Röer, Bibliotheca Indica: A Collection of Oriental Works, Isha Upanishad, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 15, pages 69-74</ref>

{{Blockquote|
पुरुषः सोऽहमस्मि 
I am He, the [[Purusha]] within thee.
|Isha Upanishad, Hymn 16 Abridged<ref name=maxmullertrans/>}}

==Reception==
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] thought so highly of it that he remarked, "If all the [[Upanishads]] and all the other scriptures happened all of a sudden to be reduced to ashes, and if only the first verse in the Ishopanishad were left in the memory of the Hindus, Hinduism would live for ever."<ref>Easwaran, Eknath: ''The Upanishads, Translated for the Modern Reader'', page 205. Nilgiri Press, 1987.</ref>

[[Paul Deussen]] states that the first verses are notable for including ethics of one who knows the Ātman.<ref>Paul Deussen (Translator), Sixty Upanisads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, page 547</ref>

[[Swami Chinmayananda]] in his commentary{{year needed|date=October 2013}} states "The very first stanza of this matchless Upanishad is in itself a miniature philosophical textbook. Besides being comprehensive in its enunciation of Truth, it provides a vivid exposition of the technique of realising the Truth in a language unparalleled in philosophical beauty and literary perfection. Its [[mantras]] are the briefest exposition on philosophy and each one is an exercise in contemplation."<ref>Chinmayananda, Swami: "Isavasya Upanishad", preface.</ref> Swami Chinmayananda notes in his commentary that the 18 verses (VSK recension) proceed over 7 "waves of thought" with the first 3 representing 3 distinct paths of life, 4–8 pointing out the Vision of Truth, 9–14 revealing the path of worship leading to purification, 15–17 revealing the call of the Rishis for man to awaken to his own Immortal state, and verse 18 the prayer to the Lord to bless all seekers with strength to live up to the teachings of the Upanishad.<ref>Chinmayananda, "Isavasya Upanishad", pp.58-9</ref>

==See also==
*[[Brahma Sutras]]
*[[Bhagavad Gita]]
*[[Mahabharata]]
*[[Bhagavata Purana]]
*[[Kena Upanishad]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

*[[Albrecht Weber]], ''The History of Indian Literature'' (1878).
* N. Srinivasagopalan, ''Isa Upanisad Revisited'', Oupanisada Publications, 16, Vayupuri, Secunderabad 500 094. 2004 {{ISBN|978-81-7525-831-0}} The Subtitle is 'The Recipe for an Enlightened and Joyful Life of High Effectiveness and All-round success'

;editions and translations
* [[Sri Aurobindo]], {{cite Q|Q108771474}}, [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. 1972.
* [[S. Radhakrishnan]]. ''[[The Principal Upanishads (book)|The Principal Upanishads]]''. George Allen and Unwin Ltd. New York. 1969.
* Swami Gambhirananda, ''Eight Upanishads'', Vol.1. with the commentary of [[Adi Sankara|Shankaracharya]]. Tr. [[Advaita Ashrama]], Calcutta, 2nd edn. 1989.
* Bhānu Swāmī (transl.), ''Īśopaniṣad'', with the commentary of Madhvācārya, Vedānta Deśika, Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa, Bhaktivinoda Thākura. Sri Vaikuntha Enterprises, Chennai, 2006.
* [[Mario Petrucci]] (transl.), ''Isha Upanishad'', Guillemot Press, UK. October 2019.

==External links==
{{wikisource|1|sa:ईशावास्‍य उपनिषद्|Isha Upanishad}}
{{wikiquote}}
'''Original text'''
*[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/iisha.pdf Isha Upanishad] in Sanskrit, Archived by SanskritDocuments.Org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122174210/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/1_veda/4_upa/isup___u.htm Isha Upanishad], Manuscript in GRETIL etext, Archived by University of Göttingen

'''Commentary and translation'''
*[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/ishavasya-upanishad-shankara-bhashya/index.html The Ishavasya Upanishad with Shankara’s Commentary] Translated by M. Hiriyanna, online ebook
*[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/isopanisad-madhva-commentary The Isopanisad with Madhva’s Commentary] Translated by Srisa Chandra Vasu
*[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/310/mode/2up Vagasaneyi Samhita Upanishad or Isa Upanishad] translation by [[Max Müller]] – Kanva recension (18 hymns)
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/wyv/wyvbk40.htm Isha Upanishad] as Shukla Yajurveda Adhyaya 40 (White Yajurveda Chapter 40) A translation by Ralph T.H. Griffith, 1899 – Madhyandina recension (17 hymns)
*[http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/isavasya-upanishad/ Isha Upanishad]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} Translations by Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Johnston, Nikhilānanda
*[http://www.dvaita.org/biblio/index.html#upanishad Published commentaries on Isha Upanishad by Madhvacharya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071601/http://www.dvaita.org/biblio/index.html#upanishad |date=2016-03-04 }}, Dvaita.org

'''Recitation'''
* [https://sfvedanta.org/class-audio/isa-upanishad/ Downloadable Audio of 9 Classes on Isha Upanishad] by Swami Tattwamayananda
* [http://gaana.com/album/ish-upanishad Isha Upanishad recited by Pt. Ganesh Vidyalankar (with instrumental music)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222403/http://gaana.com/album/ish-upanishad |date=2016-03-07 }}
*[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/upanishads/ishavasyopanishad/ Isha Upanishad recited by Pt. Parashurama Ghanapathi and Prof. K. Ramasubramanian]

'''Resources'''
* [http://vedantahub.org/isha-upanishad/ Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Isha Upanishad at Vedanta Hub]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Meera Jasmine

2026-03-01T13:29:09Z

উদাহরণ: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meera Jasmine
| image = Meera Jasmine 2011 Ma.jpg
| caption = Meera in 2011
| birth_name = Jasmine Mary Joseph
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|2|15}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Film actress
| years_active = 2001–present
| spouse = {{marriage|John Titus|2014}}
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]]
| honours = [[Kalaimamani]] (2009)
}}

'''Jasmine Mary Joseph''',<ref name="rediff.com">[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2004/aug/17meera.htm Meera Jasmine: Destiny's child] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064025/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2004/aug/17meera.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}, rediff.com; 1 August 2004.</ref> known professionally as '''Meera Jasmine''', is an Indian actress who appears primarily in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. Jasmine made her debut in 2001 with the [[A. K. Lohithadas|Lohithadas]] film [[Soothradharan]]. She went on to star in various commercial and critically successful films in South Indian languages, making her one of the successful actresses of the 2000s.

She won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] in 2004 for her role in ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'', and has twice been the recipient of the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] as well as a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} She also received the [[Kalaimamani]] award from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/70-artists-get-kalaimamani-awards/article362528.ece|title = 70 artists get Kalaimamani awards|newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |date = 25 February 2009 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130053820/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/70-artists-get-Kalaimamani-awards/article16341115.ece |archive-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Meera Jasmine was born at Kuttapuzha village of [[Thiruvalla]] in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]] to Joseph and Aleyamma.<ref name="rediff.com"/><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/29/stories/2004112901620100.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Scent of the Jasmine |date=29 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406075749/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/29/stories/2004112901620100.htm |archive-date=6 April 2005 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.desiscreen.com/Actors-list/MeeraJasmine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618180130/http://www.desiscreen.com/Actors-list/MeeraJasmine|url-status=dead|title=Error 404 - Not found|archivedate=18 June 2011|website=www.desiscreen.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Happy Birthday Meera Jasmine: कभी डॉक्टर बनना चाहती थीं एक्ट्रेस, अब 40 साल की उम्र में पर्दे पर वापसी करने के लिए तैयार |url=https://hindi.newsroompost.com/entertainments/meera-jasmine-wanted-to-become-a-doctor/678123.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=News Room Post |language=en-US}}</ref> She was fourth among their five children.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600110500.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Mature portrayal |date=26 September 2004 |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727081018/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600110500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has two sisters, Jiby Sara Joseph and Jeny Susan Joseph,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/19/stories/2004101906380400.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Meera Jasmine's sisters seek anticipatory bail |date=19 October 2004 |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006204119/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/19/stories/2004101906380400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> who has also acted in films,<ref>[http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Epitomising-the-sibling-bond/2013/11/23/article1905586.ece Epitomising the sibling bond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033727/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Epitomising-the-sibling-bond/2013/11/23/article1905586.ece |date=3 December 2013 }}, newindianexpress.com, 23 November 2013.</ref> and two brothers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=sam |first1=serin |title=Georgy Joseph following Sister's Steps {{!}} Georgy Joseph following Sister's Steps |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141005/entertainment-mollywood/article/georgy-joseph-following-sister%E2%80%99s-steps |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=6 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Meera studied at Bala Vihar and then at [[Marthoma Residential School]] in Thiruvalla. Later, she enrolled for a [[B.Sc.]] in Zoology at the [[Assumption College (Worcester)|Assumption College]], [[Changanassery]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Birthday Special: A Look Into South Actress Meera Jasmine's Two-Decade-Long Career |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-meera-jasmine-a-look-at-the-south-divas-journey-in-the-film-industry-7092187.html |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam Movie Review Queen Elizabeth - Cast and Crew |url=https://nettv4u.com/movie-review/malayalam/queen-elizabeth/all-cast-and-crew |work=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> and completed nearly three months when she was spotted by director [[Blessy]] (who was then an assistant director to director [[Lohithadas]]) and offered a role in ''[[Soothradharan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meera Jasmine reflects on a career shaped by mentorship, recognition, and natural performances |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/12/24/actress-meera-jasmine-mollywood-movies-queen-elizabeth0.html |work=Meera Jasmine reflects on a career shaped by mentorship, recognition, and natural performances |language=en}}</ref>

Meera had initially wanted to study and become a doctor and had never thought of becoming a film star.<ref name="rediff.com"/> She stated, "I was just an ordinary girl. Never in my wildest dreams did I imagine being in films. I had not acted even in school plays. I never was the artistic type, I never thought I could dance, and I had not even thought of myself as being beautiful".<ref>[http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep052004/enter4.asp Shining star] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233017/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep052004/enter4.asp |date=2 December 2013 }}, DeccanHerald.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</ref> She also said that Lohithadas "is like a father figure and my guru. He initiated me into films with ''Soothradharan'', and I owe it all to him".<ref name="hindu.com"/>

==Career==
===Malayalam===
Meera Jasmine made her debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Soothradharan]]''.<ref name="first movies">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/04/stories/2002110400240400.htm |title=Meera Jasmin |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 November 2002 |access-date=7 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108234142/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/04/stories/2002110400240400.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her second film was ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramophone]]'', directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]], in which she appeared alongside [[Navya Nair]] and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]].<ref name="first movies"/> Her role as a [[Judaism|Jewish]] girl was appreciated by Malayalam critics. Her third film was ''[[Swapnakkoodu]]'', a romantic comedy alongside [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Jayasurya]], and [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] under director Kamal. Her performance was appreciated and the film was a high commercial success.<ref name="rediff.com" /> Among the five main characters, the one who scored the most was again Meera.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/15/stories/2003091500520200.htm |title=Youth Stuff |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 September 2003 |access-date=7 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629045031/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/15/stories/2003091500520200.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She rose to fame in Malayalam cinema with the film ''[[Kasthooriman]]'' directed by her mentor [[Lohithadas]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/looking-back-malayalam-writer-director-ak-lohithadas-and-his-women-characters-127472 |title=Looking back at Malayalam writer-director AK Lohithadas and his women characters |date=27 June 2020 |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref> where she played a happy go lucky yet emotionally complex character. She received her first Filmfare award for her performance in ''Kasthooriman''. The film was a success at the box office, running for 100 days.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The same year, she acted in [[T. V. Chandran]]'s acclaimed ''[[Padam Onnu Oru Vilapam]]''. She played a 15-year-old Muslim girl who was forced to marry an older man, for which she was awarded a State Award and the National Award in addition with several other awards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/15/stories/2004081509620100.htm |title='Shwaas' adjudged the best film |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=7 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713104548/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/15/stories/2004081509620100.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was followed by her performance as Raziya in ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' alongside [[Kavya Madhavan]].

In the film ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' (2005), she enacted the young, adorable character Achu.<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-127858 മനസുകൊണ്ട് ഞാനിപ്പോഴേ ഒരു കുടുംബിനി – articles, infocus_interview], mathrubhumi.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210041644/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-127858|date=10 December 2011}}</ref> She then paired with [[Mohanlal]] in ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' (2006). She played as a girl pretending to be a boy due to the pressure of circumstances in the first half of the film . The film went on to become a commercial success. Her next film with Dileep – ''[[Vinodayathra]]'', which again was directed by [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]. She was next featured opposite [[Mammootty]] in the critically acclaimed film ''[[Ore Kadal]]''. The film was showcased in film festivals and won awards. Her performance as an innocent middle-class woman won praise from audiences. Media quoted her as, "Matching step with the megastar in this histrionic race is Meera Jasmine, who amazes you with a stunning delineation of her difficult role" .{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Her next film was ''[[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]]'' with Dileep. [[Blessy]], who introduced her to film field, was the director of ''Calcutta News''. More than a year later, she played the role of a playback singer in [[Rajeev Anchal]]'s ''[[Paattinte Palazhy]]''.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/striking-the-right-chord/article789344.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Striking the right chord |date=5 March 2010 |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235249/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/striking-the-right-chord/article789344.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

After a brief hiatus, she began committing films by late 2012. She was keen in choosing more women-centric roles and in [[Babu Janardhanan]]'s ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'', a sequel to the 2006 film ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]'', her role was that of a serial rape victim. She acted opposite [[Mohanlal]] in [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s comedy film ''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]''. Her latest project is Shajiyem's ''[[Ms. Lekha Tharoor Kanunnathu]]'', a fantasy film.<ref>{{cite news |author=Parvathy Nambidi |date=14 May 2013 |title=Following Ms Tharoor |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Following-Ms-Tharoor/2013/05/14/article1588628.ece |access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722165431/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Following-Ms-Tharoor/2013/05/14/article1588628.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, she starred opposite [[Jayaram]] in [[Sugeeth|Sugeeth's]] family film, ''[[Onnum Mindathe]]'', but the film failed at the box office. She signed up for ''Ithinumappuram'', a period film based in the 1970s, in which she plays a highly orthodox and rich Nair woman who falls in love with someone from a lower caste and gets married against her parents' will.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Meera-Jasmine-in-women-centric-film/articleshow/26026527.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Meera Jasmine in women centric film |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-date=20 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120021118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Meera-Jasmine-in-women-centric-film/articleshow/26026527.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

After that, she acted in the movie ''Mazhaneerthullikal'' directed by [[V. K. Prakash]] but the movie was not released. In 2016, she co-starred with [[Anoop Menon]], [[Joju George]] and [[Kaniha]] in the [[Crime-thriller|crime thriller]] ''[[10 Kalpanakal]]'' directed by [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]], but the film was not a theatrical success. However, the film received rave reviews from critics and was praised for its script, direction and cast.

In 2018, Meera made a comeback after a gap of two years with a guest appearance in [[Kalidas Jayaram]] starrer ''[[Poomaram]]'' directed by [[Abrid Shine]]. After a long hiatus, in 2022 Meera joined hands with [[Sathyan Anthikad]] for a family entertainer 'Makal' alongside [[Jayaram]]. The film received decent reviews and Meera was praised for her subtle act.

===Tamil, Telugu and Kannada===
Meera Jasmine's [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut was ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'', directed by Lingusamy, which became a high success in Tamil Nadu and made her a sought-after actress.<ref name="rediff.com"/> The success of ''Run'' and gave her the chance to work with the established actors of the Tamil film industry.Though her successive films did not fare as well,<ref name="rediff.com"/> she was noticed by director [[Mani Ratnam]] who gave her a role in ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]''.<ref name="rediff.com"/> She later appeared in [[N. Lingusamy]]'s ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' and SS Stanley's ''[[Mercury Pookkal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sandakozhi-review--pclvOzjeejaji.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113064442/http://www.sify.com/movies/sandakozhi-review--pclvOzjeejaji.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2019 |title=Review: Sandakozhi (2005) |work=Sify}}</ref> Her latest Tamil film, ''[[Mambattiyan]]'' got released in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2011/12/mambattiyaan-online-movie-review.html |title=Mambattiyan Movie Online Review |date=16 December 2011 |publisher=KollyInsider.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.getcinemas.com/mambattiyan-review |title=Mambattiyan Movie Review |publisher=GetCinemas.com}}</ref>

Meera Jasmine became noted in the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu film industry]] with ''Run'', the dubbed version of the same-titled Tamil film. She was seen in the Telugu films in 2004 with ''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]'' and ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'', also entered [[Kannada]] cinema by co-starring with [[Puneet Rajkumar]] in ''Maurya''. Her [[Kannada]] film ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' again with [[Puneet Rajkumar]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] was a hit. Her other Kannada films include ''Devaru Kotta Thangi'' and ''[[Ijjodu]]''. ''Ijjodu'', in which she played Chenni, a Basavi woman, who ends up becoming a sex worker, was screened at four prestigious domestic film festivals and garnered critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Sathyus-back-with-Ijjodu/articleshow/5824991.cms |title=Sathyu's back with Ijjodu |date=18 April 2010 |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104190938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-18/news-interviews/28128819_1_ananda-popular-kannada-actor-film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

Meera Jasmine's biggest commercial success in Telugu remains ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' with [[Ravi Teja]] in the male lead. Her other Telugu films are ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]], [[Maharadhi]], [[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]], [[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]]'' and ''[[Maa Ayana Chanti Pilladu]]'', in which she is paired for a second time with Sivaji.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Personal life==
In 2008, she said in an interview that she will be marrying [[U. Rajesh|Mandolin Rajesh]], "but not for the next two or three years".<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-will-be-marrying-Mandolin-Rajesh-Meera/articleshow/2991194.cms |title=I will be marrying Mandolin Rajesh: Meera |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062523/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-29/news-interviews/27767998_1_meera-jasmine-telugu-film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Meera married to Anil John Titus on 9 February 2014 who works as an engineer in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meera-jasmine-gets-married-to-anil-john-titus-amid-police-protection-13007/|title=Meera Jasmine gets married to Anil John Titus amid police protection {{pipe}} India.com|website=www.india.com}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2006, she offered prayers at [[Rajarajeshwara Temple]] at [[Taliparamba]] in [[Kerala]] where the entry of non-Hindus is prohibited. This led to a controversy and sparked off a protest by [[Hindu]] devotees. Later, she paid {{INRConvert|10000}} as penalty to the temple authorities to conduct the purification rituals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jasmine-sparks-row-by-entering-temple/articleshow/1696170.cms |title=Jasmine sparks row by entering temple |access-date=1 July 2006 |date=1 July 2006 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-01/india/27822329_1_temple-authorities-mohanlal-film-vadakkumnathan-raja-rajeshwara-temple |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1039126 |title=Tryst with god costs Meera dear |work=DNA |access-date=2 July 2006}}</ref>

In 2008, she faced an unofficial ban in the Malayalam film industry issued by the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA), after she refused to shoot for ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'', a film distributed by actor [[Dileep]] for AMMA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Meera-banned-inMalayalam-films/articleshow/2972701.cms |title=Meera banned in Malayalam films? |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news-interviews/27742420_1_meera-jasmine-amma-ore-kadal |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meera-jasmine-carves-a-niche-for-herself-1188278 |title=Meera Jasmine carves a niche for herself & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=7 September 2008 |website=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323033548/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meera-jasmine-carves-a-niche-for-herself-1188278 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meera however said that she was not aware of a ban and that she was continuing shooting for [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref name="The Times of India"/>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Meera Jasmine film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Soothradharan]]'' || Shivani || [[Malayalam]]|| Debut
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2002 || ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || Priya || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Debut in [[Tamil cinema]]
|-
| ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' || Aarthi ||
|-
|rowspan="8"| 2003 || ''[[Kasthoorimann]]'' || Priyamvada || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' || Sushi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramophone]]'' || Jennifer/ Jenny || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Swapnakkoodu]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Divya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' || Shahina || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Joot]]'' || Meera || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Chakram (2003 film)|Chakram]]'' || Indrani ||Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2004 ||''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]'' || Janani, Satya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]
|-
| ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' || Sasi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maurya (film)|Maurya]]'' || Alamelu || [[Kannada]]|| Debut in [[Kannada cinema]]
|-
| ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' || Gowri || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || Raziya || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2005 ||''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' || Ashwathy/ Achu||
|-
| ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' || Anu || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' || Uma || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' || Hema ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Mercury Pookkal]]'' || Anbu Chelvi ||
|-
| ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Kanmani/ Velayuthankutty ||Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]'' || Jyothi || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2007 || ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' ||Aishu|| Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Maharadhi]]'' ||Kalyani ||Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumagan]]'' || Ayyakka || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' || Anupama/ Anu||Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]''|| Shweta || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]'' || Aishwarya || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' || Deepti || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2008 ||''[[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]]''|| Krishnapriya ||
|-
| ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| ''[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]'' || Charulatha/ Charu|| rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Rathri Mazha]]'' || Meera ||
|-
| ''[[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]]'' || Lakshmi || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Ayana Chanti Pilladu]]'' || Rajeswari ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2009 || ''[[Mariyadhai]]''|| Chandra || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Babu (2009 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'' || Meera|| rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]]'' || Kalyani Chandram ||
|-
| ''[[Devaru Kotta Thangi (2009 film)|Devaru Kotta Thangi]]'' || Lakshmi || Kannada ||
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2010 || ''[[Aakasa Ramanna]]'' || Tara || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Sivappu Mazhai]]'' || Samyuktha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ijjodu]]'' || Chenni || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Pen Singam]]'' || Meghala || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Hoo (2010 film)|Hoo]]'' || Jasmine || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Paattinte Palazhy]]'' || Veena || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' ||Gowri ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''[[Ilaignan]]'' ||Meera || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbat (2011 film)|Mohabbat]]'' || Sajna || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Mambattiyan]]'' || Kannaathal || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Aathi Narayana]]'' ||Laila ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2013 || ''[[Lisammayude Veedu]]'' || Lisamma || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]'' || Aswathy/Achu ||
|-
| ''[[Moksha (2013 film)|Moksha]]'' || Moksha || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Ms Lekha Tharoor Kaanunnathu]]'' || Lekha|| Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]'' || Rajeshwari || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vingyani]]'' || Kaveri ||
|-
| ''[[Onnum Mindathe]]'' ||Syama || rowspan="5" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2015 || ''[[Ithinumappuram]]'' || Rukmini ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pathu Kalpanakal]]'' || Shazia Akbar ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Poomaram]]'' || Herself || Cameo
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Makal]]'' || Juliet ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Vimanam (2023 film)|Vimanam]]'' || Shwetha || Telugu || Cameo<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=Meera Jasmine is making a comeback in Tamil and Telugu with Vimanam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meera-jasmine-is-making-a-comeback-in-tamil-and-telugu-with-vimanam-8446522/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Elizabeth Angel Simon|| rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2023 |title=Meera Jasmine to team up with Narain for 'Queen Elizabeth'; see pics |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meera-jasmine-to-team-up-with-narain-for-queen-elizabeth-see-pics/articleshow/99232523.cms |access-date=23 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooting of Meera Jasmine's Queen Elizabeth wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/30/shooting-of-meera-jasmines-queen-elizabeth-wrapped-up-42868.html |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=CinemaExpress|date=30 April 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Paalum Pazhavum]]'' || Sumi||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-15 |title=Meera Jasmine's 'Paalum Pazhavum' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meera-jasmines-paalum-pazhavum-gets-a-release-date/article68406205.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Swag (film)|''Swag'']]
|Uthphalaa Devi / Revathi
|Telugu
|Dual role<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2024-06-02 |title=Meera Jasmine is all set to make her come back in Telugu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/meera-jasmine-is-all-set-to-make-her-come-back-in-telugu-896941 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| ''[[Test (2025 film)|Test]]'' || Padma Arjun || Tamil
|| Netflix Original<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=Meera Jasmine to join hands with Madhavan after two decades for Test |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meera-jasmine-to-join-hands-with-madhavan-after-two-decades-for-test-8601559/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2023 |title='Test': Meera Jasmine joins Madhavan, Nayanthara for S Shashikanth's sports drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/test-meera-jasmine-joins-madhavan-nayanthara-for-s-shashikanths-sports-drama/article66830535.ece |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hridayapoorvam]]''
| Anonymous woman
| Malayalam
| Cameo<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/basil-joseph-and-meera-jasmine-playing-guest-roles-in-mohanlals-hridayapoorvam-articleshow-yz2tkt9 |title=ഹൃദയപൂര്‍വ്വ'ത്തിലെ ഒളിപ്പിച്ചുവച്ച സര്‍പ്രൈസ്; മോഹന്‍ലാലിനൊപ്പം ഹിറ്റുകളുടെ ആ താരവും? | date=21 August 2025 | access-date=22 August 2025 | work=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026||{{Pending film|Yours Sincerely Ram }}
|{{TBA}}
|Kannada
|Filming<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-02-03 |title=Vikhyath to bring Meera Jasmine back to Kannada with Your's Sincerely Raam ? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Feb/03/vikhyath-to-bring-meera-jasmine-back-to-kannada-with-yours-sincerely-raam |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|L366}}
| Naicy
|Malayalam
|Filming<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-15 |title=L366: Meera Jasmine's character poster from Mohanlal-Tharun Moorthy's film is out|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l366-meera-jasmines-character-poster-from-mohanlal-tharun-moorthys-film-is-out/4c29e55e1713 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Meera Jasmine awards and honours
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Award Category
! scope="col" | Awarded Work
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2004
|[[National Film Awards]] ||[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]|| ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' ||
|-
| 2004
| rowspan="2" | [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]|| ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]], [[Kasthuri Maan]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]|| ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' ||
|-
|2005
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] || ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' ||
|-
| 2009
| [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government Honour]] ||[[Kalaimamani]] || ''Art - Various movies in Tamil Cinema Industry'' ||
|-
| 2005
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] || Best Actress ||''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2006
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Malayalam)|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] || ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Malayalam)|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] || ''[[Kasthoorimann]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2008 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Malayalam)|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] || ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/55th-annual-Tiger-Balm-South-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/3228046.cms |title=55th annual Tiger Balm South Filmfare Awards-Chennai-Cities |date=13 July 2008 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601155418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-13/chennai/27931109_1_malayalam-film-actor-award-lifetime-achievement-award |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| rowspan="4" | [[Asianet Film Awards]] || [[Asianet Fim Award for Best Actor - Female|Best Actress Award]]|| ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2004 || [[Asianet Fim Award for Best Actor - Female|Best Actress Award]]|| ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2005 || [[Asianet Fim Award for Best Actor - Female|Best Actress Award]]|| ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Asianet Fim Award for Best Actor - Female|Best Actress Award]]|| ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' ||
|-
|2004
| rowspan="2" |[[Vanitha Film Awards]]|| [[Vanitha|Vanitha-Chandrika Film Award For Best Actress]]|| ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Vanitha|Vanitha-Nipon Paint Film Award for Best Actress]]|| ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' ||
|-
| 2004
| rowspan="2" |[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Film Awards]] ||[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi – Medimix Award for Best Actress]] || ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
|2007||[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi – Medimix Award for Best Actress]] || ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2007
|[[V. Shantaram|V. Shantaram Awards]] || [[V. Shantaram|V Shantaram Award for Best Actress]]|| ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' ||
|-
| 2001
|Bharathan Award || Best Female Debut Actor ||''[[Soothradharan]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.my-kerala.com/n/a/2002/11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202100318/http://www.my-kerala.com/n/a/2002/11|url-status=dead|title=News|archivedate=2 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
|Dinakaran Award|| Best Female Debut ||''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/2003/july/16-07-03.htm |title='Dinakaran' Cinema Awards For The Year - 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526100748/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/2003/july/16-07-03.htm |archive-date=26 May 2008 |date=26 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
|Thikkurissi Award || Best Actress || ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2007
|[[Srividya|Srividya Puraskaaram]] || Best Actress ||''Ore Kadal'' || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200810161640.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Meera Jasmine bags Sreevidya best actress award |date=16 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017192856/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200810161640.htm |archive-date=17 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
|Amrita TV Film Awards || Best Actress || ''Ore Kadal'' || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/21/stories/2008032161750400.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Amrita film awards announced |date=21 March 2008 |access-date=1 June 2008 |archive-date=25 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525125148/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/21/stories/2008032161750400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1307939|name=Meera Jasmine}}

{{National Film Award Best Actress}}
{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jasmine, Meera}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Barrackpore

2026-03-01T11:18:07Z

উদাহরণ:

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{distinguish|Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| other_name = Barrackpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Barrackpore Railway Station Area - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9671.JPG
| photo2b = Barrackpore Trunk Road - Panihati - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9471.JPG
| photo2c =Barrackpore Racecourse Railway Station Platform - Barrackpore Cantonment - North 24 Parganas 2012-10-21 1055.JPG
| photo3a = Mangal Pandey Park, Barrackpore.jpg
| photo3b = Barrackpore city sign.jpg
| size = 280
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 3
| position = center
| color_border = skyblue
| foot_montage = From the top : [[Barrackpore railway station]] [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] Race course Track Ground Mangal Pandey Park City sign
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.76|N|88.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Barrackpore Municipality
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Uttam Das ([[Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<ref>{{cite web |title=- Best Municipality in West Bengal |url=http://bkpmuty.in/asen_about_cic.php |website=bkpmuty.in |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref><ref>
[http://north24parganas.nic.in/municipality.html Official District Administration site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115061456/http://north24parganas.nic.in/municipality.html |date=15 January 2007 }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Partha Bhowmick]] ([[Trinamool Congress |TMC]])
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Raj Chakraborty]] ([[Trinamool Congress|TMC]])
| leader_title3 = [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|Police Commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = Alok Rajoria, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title4 = [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]]
| leader_name4 = Srihari Pandey, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 10.61
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total = 152,784
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 August 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700120, 700121, 700122, 700123
| area_code = +91 33
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB-23/WB-24
| population_demonym = Barrakpurians
| blank1_name_sec2 = Police Jurisdiction
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| website = {{URL|https://bkpmuty.in/}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| official_name = Barrackpore
}}

'''Barrackpore''', also spelled as '''Barrackpur''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Barrackpore {{!}} Kolkata, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Barrackpore |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> is a city and a municipality in [[Kolkata]] of [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Barrackpore subdivision]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrackpore.gov.in/|title=Barrackpore Sub-Division|publisher=|access-date=19 Jan 2026}}</ref> The city is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=19 Jan 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=19 Jan 2026}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Barrackpore may have originated from the English word [[barracks]], as it was the site of the first cantonment of the [[British East India Company]]. Alternatively, the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' suggests that the name comes from "Barbakpur".<ref>{{cite web |title=Places of Interest {{!}} NORTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT |url=http://north24parganas.gov.in/places_of_interest |website=north24parganas.gov.in |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228011614/http://north24parganas.gov.in/places_of_interest |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Manasa Vijay'', written by [[Bipradas Pipilai]], refers to Talpukur (a place in Barrackpore) as "Charnak".

== History ==
[[File:Ganges_ghat_at_barrackpore_west_bengal.jpg|thumb|Ganga Ghat, Barrackpore]]

The earliest references to the Barrackpore region are found in the writings of the Greek navigators, geographers, chronicles and historians of the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD. These authors generally referred to the country of a people variously called the [[Gangaridai]] (also Gangaridae or Gandaritai). By the 15th and 16th centuries, Chanak and the other towns in the region had become populous river towns.<ref>De, Barun. ''W.B. District Gazetteer, 24 Parganas ed.'' 1994.</ref> The Statistical Account of Bengal by [[William Wilson Hunter|W.W.Hunter]] mentions the towns and villages of this subdivision on the banks of the Hooghly river as chief trading and marketing centres: "On The Hugli- Calcutta, the chief seat of commerce in India. Baranagar, Dakhineswar, Agarpara, Panihati, Sukchar- Khardah, Barrackpur, Nawabganj, Ichapore, Shyam Nagar, Naihati and Halisahar contain large bazaars for sale of miscellaneous goods."<ref>Hunter W.W. ''A Statistical Account of Bengal'', London, Trübner & Co.1875-1879</ref>

Under the [[Mughal Empire]], Bengal was divided into [[Circar]]s, or administrative subunits, each of which was ruled over by a Mahal. The name ''"Barbuckpur"'', another name for Barrackpore, is associated with a Mahal in the ''[[Ain-e-Akbari]]''. From the 17th century, the area was ruled over by a line of [[Zamindars]] based in Nona Chandanpukur, Barrackpore.

The first [[British Empire|British]] barrack or cantonment in India was built in the town in 1772. After the British crown assumed direct control of India, the sprawling Government House and the Government Estate were built in Barrackpore to provide the [[viceroy]] with a suburban residence {{convert|20|km|mile}} outside of Calcutta.[[File:Hindoo_Pagodas_below_Barrackpore_on_the_Ganges,_in_December_1807.jpg|thumb|Hindoo Pagodas near Barrackpore on the Ganges (December, 1807)]]

Two rebellions against British authority took place in Barrackpore in the 19th century. The first of these was [[Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824]], led by Sepoy Bindee Tiwary.<ref>Jaideep Mazumder, The First Martyr, OUTLOOK, 25 August 2008, P.20</ref> In this rebellion, 47th [[Bengal Native Infantry]] refused to board boats to cross the sea for various reasons including social taboo "[[Kala pani (taboo)|kala pani]]" to [[Myanmar|Burma]] in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]. The mutiny was suppressed by loyal Indian sepoys under the command of their British officers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=A New History of India|year=2009|publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|edition=8th|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|page=224}}</ref> In 1857, Barrackpore was the scene of an incident that some credit with starting the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]: an Indian soldier, [[Mangal Pandey]], attacked his British commander, and was subsequently [[court-martial]]ed. His regiment was disbanded, an action which offended a number of [[sepoy]]s and is considered to have contributed to the anger that fuelled the rebellion. In order to commemorate his actions, a park named 'Sahid Mangal Pandey Udyan' was opened in the serenity of river Hoogly. The Army cantonment of Barrackpore also houses another significant historical [[landscape]] called the RCTC area, now populated by the defence quarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rctconline.com/booktext/book7.html |title= During the early 1920's RCTC was looking for a suitable land to set up its own race course, should anything go wrong over the|website=rctconline.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705083411/http://www.rctconline.com/booktext/book7.html |archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Muhgul_Pandey_-_Mungul_Pandey_fired_at_Lieutenant_Baugh.jpg|thumb|Mangal Pandey ignites the sepoy mutiny (1857)]]
[[File:Mangal_Pandey_Cenotaph_Entrance_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01281.jpg|thumb|Mangal Pandey cenotaph]]
[[File:Mangal_Pandey_Cenotaph_Signage_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01275.jpg|thumb|Mangal Pandey cenotaph]][[File:Statue_of_Mangal_Pandey_in_Shaheedi_Park.jpg|thumb|Statue of Mangal Pandey]]

===Zoo===
Asia's first [[zoo]] was established at Barrackpore. The zoo was built by [[Lord Wellesley]] in the 19th century. There is an aviary built in magnificent [[Gothic architecture]].The zoo had animals such as the [[African donkey]], [[Bengal tiger|tiger]], [[bear]], [[Indian bison|bison]], [[Indian leopard|leopard]], [[mouse]] [[deer]], kangaroos, monkeys and various species of birds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karkun |first=Amitabh |title=Asia's first zoo |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/asia-s-first-zoological-garden-was-in-barrackpore-1.936043 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia's first zoo at Barrackpore was even older to London Zoo! Surprised? |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/asias-first-zoo-at-barrackpore-was-even-older-to-london-zoo-surprised |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

[[Lord Wellesley]] felt the need of making a detailed description of the animals in [[Asia]]. This was primarily because the [[Europeans]] were mostly ignorant when it came to the category of Indian animals. He started working on the first Natural Research Center in Asia, the 'National Heritage of India'. Various animals were required to be collected. Barrackpore Zoo was built to store these animals and birds. Until 1804, ₹2,791 was invested in the cost of maintenance of these animals and birds.

Until 1802 and 1803, then only three zoos were open to the general public around the world. The first in [[Schönbrunn Zoo|Vienna (1765)]], the second in [[Zoo Aquarium de Madrid|Madrid (1775)]], the third in [[Paris Zoological Park|Paris (1795)]]. Even the '[[Zoological Society of London]]' was not yet formed (to be formed in 1826). London Zoo was still a long way off, having started in 1828, and was still 43 years late for the general public. Subjects do not have access to the royal zoo. It is surprising to think that at such a time sixteen miles north of Calcutta, Barrackpore, the first zoo in India, the first in Asia and probably the fourth in the world, opened to the general public. This revolutionary work in the history of naturalism in the world was done by an enterprising man of the [[East India Company]], the Governor General of India, Lord Richard Wellesley, the first Marquess Wellesley.[[File:Barrackpore-park_giraff_fiebie1851.webp|thumb|Barrackpore Zoo (1851)]]

Later due to decrease in funds by [[East India Company]] to run the zoo, the birds, animal (like elephant and tigers) were distributed into kings of [[Princely state]]s.

===Barrackpore park===
Between 1798–1805, [[Lord Wellesley]] was the Governor of Kolkata and he created a picturesque garden on the banks of the Ganges in Barrackpore spreading across 1006 bighas of land. This garden is today, called Laat Bagan or Mangal Pandey Park.Right next to this garden, he built a gigantic house which resembled no less than a castle. Later, this house was named Barrackpore Government House. It was called Country House by British. It also had hospital at that time. For transport he made road from Barrackpore to [[Shyambazar]], now known as [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T.Road]].
[[File:Entrance_to_the_grounds_of_Barrackpore,_1848.jpg|thumb|Barrackpore Park (1848)]][[File:A_cheetah_chasing_a_deer_with_huntsmen_on_horseback_and_elephant_in_Barrackpore_Park,_1802.jpg|thumb|Barrackpore Park (1802)]]
[[File:10_Riverside_Road_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01260.jpg|thumb|Abandoned British Bungalow]]
[[File:Government-house-barrackpore-from-the-south_bourne-1865.jpg|thumb|Government House, Barrackpore (1865)]]
[[File:Barrackpore_House_1875.jpg|thumb|Barrackpore House (1875)]]

==Geography==
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|mark-coord21={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Barrackpore|labela21=Cantonment| numbered21=0| mark-title21=[[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]|shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|34|N|88|23|29|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Barrackpore | numbered22=M | mark-title22=Barrackpore (M)|shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|46|25|N|88|24|10|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Jafarpur | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Jafarpur]] (CT)|shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|47|5|N|88|23|17|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Babanpur | numbered24=CT | mark-title24=[[Babanpur]] (CT)|shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|47|5|N|88|23|58|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Telenipara | numbered25=CT | mark-title25=[[Telenipara]] (CT)||shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|45|58|N|88|24|5|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Mohanpur | numbered26=CT | mark-title26=[[Mohanpur, North 24 Parganas|Mohanpur]] (CT)||shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|47|30|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=North Barrackpur | numbered27=M| mark-title27=[[North Barrackpur]] (M)|
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|50|11|N|88|23|44|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Shyamnagar | numbered28=N| mark-title28=[[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.7629|88.3376|}}| label29=Hooghly| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=44| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|22.7442|88.3558|}}| label30=River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=71| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}
'''Barrackpore''' is bounded by North Barrackpur and Jaffarpur to the north, Mohanpur, Chak Kanthalia, Ruiya and Patulia to the east, Titagarh to the south, and the Hooghly and Barrackpur Cantonment to the west.{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=330| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|41|47|N|88|24|32|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipality/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood/ administrative location Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
| minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg
| mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158
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|mark-coord1={{coord|22|44|14|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Titagarh| numbered1=M | mark-title1=[[Titagarh]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barrackpore |labela2=Cantonment| mark-title2=[[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]| numbered2=0| shape-color2=#AA6666|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Chak Kanthalia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Chak Kanthalia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|44|52|N|88|24|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Ruiya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Ruiya (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Patulia| numbered5=CT | mark-title5= [[Patulia]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|43|48|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bandipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7= {{coord|22|46|24|N|88|21|49|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Barrackpore| numbered7=M | mark-title7= Barrackpore (M)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|10|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Khardaha| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Khardaha]] (M)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|41|31|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Panihati| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Panihati]] (M)|
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|57|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Ghola| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] (N)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|28|N|88|24|41|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Bilkanda| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Bilkanda]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Muragachha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Muragachha]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|42|41|N|88|26|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Talbandha| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Talbandha]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|3|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Chandpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|24|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Teghari| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Teghari]] (CT)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|42|7|N|88|23|22|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sodepur| numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Sodepur]] (N)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|48|N|88|22|48|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Agarpara| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Agarpara]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|42|15|N|88|26|25|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=New Barrackpore| numbered18=M| mark-title18= [[New Barrackpore]] (M)|
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|22|13|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Kamarhati| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Kamarhati]] (M)|
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|40|2|N|88|22|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Belgharia| numbered20=N| mark-title20= [[Belgharia]] (N)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|38|10|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Baranagar| numbered21=M| mark-title21= [[Baranagar]] (M)|
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|38|40|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Dum Dum| numbered22=M| mark-title22= [[Dum Dum]] (M)|
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|39|10|N|88|25|6|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= North Dumdum| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[North Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|37|48|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= South Dumdum| numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[South Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|39|40|N|88|24|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Nimta| numbered25=N| mark-title25= [[Nimta]] (N)|shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|24|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Karna Madhabpur| numbered26=N| mark-title26= [[Karna Madhabpur]] (N)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|25|28|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Nilganj| numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Nilganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22.6292|88.3578}}| label28=Hooghly| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=76| label-pos28=top| label-size28=9| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.6112|88.3578}}| label29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=114| label-pos29=top| label-size29=9| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Background===
Historically, the town was a military and administrative center under British rule and was the scene of several acts of rebellion against Britain during the 19th century. The oldest cantonment in India and the Police Training Academy in West Bengal are both located in Barrackpore. Barrackpore is also the seat for the Sub-Divisional Court of North 24 Parganas District in West Bengal. It was also one of the earliest known places in India, where the sport of [[cricket]] was introduced and played during the Colonial era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

===Location===
96% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (presented in the maps alongside) live in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2. The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire Municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.

All places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map.

Barrackpore is bounded by [[North Barrackpur]] and [[Jafarpur]] on the north, [[Mohanpur, North 24 Parganas|Mohanpur]], [[Chak Kanthalia]], [[Ruiya]] and [[Patulia]] on the east, [[Titagarh]] on the south, and the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] and [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpore I CD Block on Page 365 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 27 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpore II CD Block on Page 379 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 27 June 2018}}</ref>

===Police station===
Titagarh police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Barrackpore Municipal area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 11 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work = List of Police Stations with telephone numbers | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 11 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143852/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Post Offices===
Barrackpore Head Post Office is one of the two Head Post Offices of Barrackpore Division (formerly known as North Presidency Division) of North 24 Parganas district . It is a delivery post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700120. Other post offices with the same PIN are Monirampur, Nayapally, Orderly Bazar, Vivekananda Math, Barrackpore Bazar, Barrackpore Government Housing and Ghoshpara Road.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/barrackpore | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180711195903/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/barrackpore | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 11 July 2018 | title = Barrackpore PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref>

[[Telenipara|Sewli Telenipara]] is a delivery branch post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700121 in the Barrackpore Division of North 24 Parganas district. Other post offices with the same PIN are [[Nilganj]] Bazaar Sub Post Office, Beraberia BO and Suryapur BO.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/sewli-telenipara | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190809183059/https://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/sewli-telenipara | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 9 August 2019 | title = Sewli Telenipara PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref>

Anandapuri is a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700122 in the Barrackpore Division of North 24 Parganas district. Other post offices having the same PIN are Nonachandanpukur (delivery office) and [[Jafarpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/anandapuri | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180711202936/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/anandapuri | url-status =usurped | archive-date =11 July 2018 | title = Anandapuri PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref>

Barrackpore RS is a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700123 in the Barrackpore Division of North 24 Parganas district. Other post offices having the same PIN are Panpara and Talpukur (delivery office).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/barrackpore-rs | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180711204225/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/barrackpore-rs | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 11 July 2018 | title = Barrackpore RS PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Barrackpore has been ranked 30th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work=Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref>
| 1901 | 19307
| 1911 | 27605
| 1921 | 22460
| 1931 | 14413
| 1941 | 21773
| 1951 | 42639
| 1961 | 63778
| 1971 | 96889
| 1981 | 115516
| 1991 | 142557
| 2001 | 144391
| 2011 | 152783
|2021|198000|Source=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801702-barrackpore-west-bengal.html |title=Barrackpore Town Population Census 2011 - 2023 }}</ref>}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Barrackpore had a total population of 152,783, of which 78,349 (51%) were males and 74,434 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 11,786. The total number of literates in Barrackpore was 125,144 (88.76% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 June 2018 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001|alt=As of the 2001 India Census}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Barrackpore had a population of 144,331. Men constitute 53% of the population and women 47%. Barrackpore has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The majority of the population is [[Bengali people|Bengali]] and [[Hindu]].
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Barrackpore City (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 15.60
|color2 = orange
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 = 76.24
|color1 = red
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value3 = 5.08
|color3 = green
|label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|value4 = 0.94
|color4 =blue
|label5 = [[Odia language| Odia]]
|value5=0.75
|color5 = yellow
|label6 = Others
|value6=0.86
|color6 = white

}}
===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), [[Naihati]] (M), [[Bhatpara]] (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] (CB), '''Barrackpore''' (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) [[New Barrackpore]] (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), [[North Dumdum]] (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), [[Nanna, North 24 Parganas|Nanna]] (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and [[Panpur]] (OG).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Barrackpore Municipal city covered an area of {{cvt|10.61|km2}}. Amongst the civic amenities it had 172.63 km of roads and open drains. Amongst the medical facilities It had 40 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities It had 62 primary schools, 12 middle schools, 1 secondary school, 11 senior secondary schools and 3 non-formal education centres. Amongst the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 old age home, 6 auditorium/ community halls, 2 public libraries and 6 reading rooms. Amongst the commodities manufactured were cottage industry and confectionery items. It had 11 bank branches.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 791-794; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 795-796; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref>

See also [[Barrackpore subdivision#Municipal towns/ cities|Cities and towns in Barrackpore subdivision]]

==Transport==
===Road===
[[File:Surendranath Banerjee Road - Chiria Crossing - Barrackpore - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9515.JPG|thumb|Barrackpore Chiria More is the junction of [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] and Surendranath Banerjee Road]]
[[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] (B.T. Road) (part of both [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|SH 1]] and [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]]) connects Barrackpore Chiria More with [[Shyambazar]]. Ghoshpara Road connects [[Barrackpore railway station]] area with [[Kanchrapara]] and goes on to link with the adjacent district of Nadia. Surendranath Banerjee Road connects Manirampore with [[Barrackpore railway station]] area via Barrackpore Chiria More. Barrackpore-Barasat Road (part of [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]]) starts at Lalkuthi and goes up to [[Barasat]] via [[Nilganj]]. Many buses ply along these roads. Barrackpore Rail Overbridge was opened in 2013 at Lalkuthi to make transport-communication easier and smoother.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barrackpore Bridge|url=https://english.kolkata24x7.com/barrackpore-flyover-getting-new-look.html/|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140857/https://english.kolkata24x7.com/barrackpore-flyover-getting-new-look.html/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Barrackpore bridge 04.jpg|thumb|Tala Bridge, '''Barrackpore Trunk Road''' ( ''BT Road'') is a four-laned road in [[Kolkata]], India. It connects [[Shyambazar]] 5-point Crossing with Barrackpore Chiria More.]]

===WBTC Bus routes===

* E32 [[Nilganj|Nilgunj]] Depot - [[Howrah Station]]
* ACT-32 Barrackpore - [[Howrah Station]]
* AC54B Barrackpore - [[Howrah Station]]
* ACT-38 Barrackpore - [[Salt Lake, Kolkata|Karunamoyee]]
* S11 [[Nilganj|Nilgunj]] Depot - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* S32 Barrackpore - [[Howrah Station]]
* S58 Barrackpore - [[Salt Lake, Kolkata|Karunamoyee]]
* AC20 Barrackpore - [[Santragachi]]
* C29 [[Barasat]] - Barrackpore Mistry Ghat
* DS-34 Barrackpore - Barasat

===Private Bus routes===
* 78 [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] — Barrackpore
* 81 [[Barasat]] — Fishery Gate
* 81/1 [[Barasat]] — Rajchandrapur
* 85 [[Kanchrapara]] — Barrackpore Court
* MM5 [[Habra]] — Barrackpore Court

===Bus Routes without numbers===
* Barrackpore - [[Howrah Station]]
* [[Barasat]] - Kamalpur
* [[Naihati]] - [[Egra]]
* Barrackpore - [[Salap]]
* Dhulagarh- Barrackpore

===SBSTC Routes===
* [[Haldia]] - Barrackpore
* [[Naihati]] - [[Digha]]
* [[Kanchrapara]] - [[Digha]]
* Barrackpore - [[Durgapur]]
* [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] - [[Digha]]
* Barrackpore - [[Digha]]

===Railways===
[[File:Kolmetro.png|thumb|Kolkata new proposed Metro [[Pink Line (Kolkata Metro)|Pink Line]] ([[Baranagar]] - Barrackpore)]]
Barrackpore has been serviced by rail since 1862. It takes about 35–40 minutes by suburban train to reach [[Barrackpore railway station]] from [[Sealdah Station]]. The [[Sealdah-Ranaghat Line]] runs through this city and connects to [[Howrah]], [[Kolkata]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Ranaghat]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Shantipur]], [[Gede, Nadia|Gede]], [[Bandel]], [[Burdwan]], and [[Katwa]]. It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. Former Rail Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] announced the extension of Metro Rail project to Barrackpore ([[Pink Line (Kolkata Metro)|Pink Line]]) which was later shelved infinitely. The [[Barrackpore Racecourse railway station]] was constructed in 1927 for race special train. This railway station is now abandoned and used by the [[Indian Army|Indian army]] only.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Ferry===
There are three Ferry ghats in Barrackpore. Barrackpore Ferry Ghat links to Jugal Adhya Ferry Ghat across the [[Hooghly River]] in [[Serampore]]. Babaji Ghat at Monirampore links to [[Chatra, Serampore|Chatra]] Char Poisar Ghat at [[Serampore]] and Dui Poisar Ghat links to [[Sheoraphuli]] Ghat.<ref>Google maps</ref> [[File:Dhobi_Ghat_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01221.jpg|thumb|Dhobi Ghat, Barrackpore cantonment]]

===Air===
[[Barrackpore Air Force Station]] is an [[Indian Air Force]] base located at Barrackpore. It is one of the oldest stations in the IAF, operating transport units. One of the [[Mi-17]] squadrons is based here. [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Dum Dum|Dum Dum, Kolkata]] is the nearest airport.

== Education ==
[[File:Nivedita_Vidyapith_Entrance_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-10-21_1049.JPG|thumb|Nivedita Vidyapith, Barrackpore cantonment]]
[[File:Central_Model_School_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01254.jpg|thumb|Central Model School, Barrackpore cantonment]]
[[File:Barrackpore_Government_High_School_-_Barrackpore_Trunk_Road_-_Talpukur_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-04-11_9507.JPG|thumb|Barrackpore Government High School, BT road]]

[[File:Barrackpore_Wesley_Hindustani_High_School_-_Chiria_Crossing_-_Barrackpore_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-04-11_9519.JPG|thumb|Barrackpore Wesley Hindustani High School]][[File:Bholananda_National_Vidyalaya_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01283.jpg|thumb|Bholananda National Vidyalaya]][[File:Kendriya_Vidyalaya_Barrackpore_04.jpg|thumb|Kendriya vidyalaya, Barrackpore]]

Notable schools include in Barrackpore include, [[St. Claret School, Kolkata|St. Claret School]], [[St. Augustine's Day School (Kolkata)|St. Augustine's Day School]] Douglas Memorial Higher Secondary School, Modern English Academy School, [[Barrackpore Government High School]], JDS Public School, Panpur, Adamas International School and [[Indian Army Public Schools|Army Public School]].

[[File:Barrackpore_Rastraguru_Surendranath_College_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-10-21_1045.JPG|thumb|Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College]]
[[File:Swami_Vivekananda_University_campus_in_Barrackpore_06.jpg|thumb|Swami Vivekananda University campus]]

Among the colleges located in Barrackpore are [[Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College]] and [[Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya]]. The area also has two engineering colleges, [[St. Mary's Technical Campus Kolkata]] being affiliated to [[AICTE]].[[Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers]], Its only research institute on jute & allied fibres crops in India.

==Healthcare==
[[File:Doctor Bholanath Bose Sub-divisional Hospital - Barrackpore Trunk Road - Barrackpore - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9681.JPG|thumb|B.N. Bose Subdivisional Hospital, [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]]]]
Medical facilities available in Barrackpore are B.N. Bose Subdivisional Hospital (with 200 beds), Barrackpore Cantonment Hospital (with 48 beds), Barrackpore Police Case Hospital (with 6 beds) and Police Brigade Hospital (with 120 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 July 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Amongst the private medical facilities are Barrackpore Multispeciality Hospital, Sarada Seva Sadan, Panacea Nursing Home, Nehru Memorial Techno Global Hospital, Barrackpore City Hospital, Barrackpore Medical Research Center, Disha Eye Hospital and Disha Cataract and Refractive Surgi Centre, Prova Eye Foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.credihealth.com/hospitals/kolkata | title = Hospitals in Kolkata | publisher = Credihealth |access-date = 19 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Disha Eye Hospitals - Ghosh Para Road - Barrackpore - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9542.JPG|thumb|Disha Eye Hospitals, Ghosh Para Road]]

==Notable people==
* [[Mangal Pandey]]
* [[Surendranath Banerjee]]
* [[M. J. Akbar]]
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
* [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Prabhat Roy]]

==See also==
* [[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]
* [[North Barrackpore]]
* [[Barrackpore I]] [[Community development block in India|CD Block]]
* [[Barrackpore II]] [[Community development block in India|CD Block]]
* [[Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824]]
* [[Mangal Pandey#Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[North 24 Parganas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Barrackpur}}
{{Commons category-inline|Barrackpore}}
* {{Official website|http://bkpmuty.in/}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Barrackpore}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Barrackpore| ]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

1977 Indian general election

2026-02-28T16:10:13Z

উদাহরণ: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1971 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1971
| next_election = 1980 Indian general election
| next_year = 1980
| election_date = 16–20 March 1977<ref name=IPU>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1977_E.PDF India] Inter-Parliamentary Union</ref>
| seats_for_election = 542 of the 544 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|Anglo-Indians]] and filled by presidential nomination}}
| majority_seats = 272
| registered = 321,174,327
| turnout = 60.49% ({{increase}} 5.22[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Morarji Desai During his visit to the United States of America (cropped).jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=130|oLeft=15|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[Morarji Desai]]
| party1 = [[Janata Party|JP]]{{efn|The Janata Party was a broad electoral alliance whose constituent parties maintained their organization. Desai was a member, and the leader of, the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC(O)]]}}
| last_election1 = 20.33%, 51 seats
| seats1 = '''298'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 212
| popular_vote1 = '''81,386,148'''
| percentage1 = '''43.04%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 20.99[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the US enhanced.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=130|oLeft=15|oTop=3}}
| leader2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress (R)
| last_election2 = 43.68%, 352 seats
| seats2 = 154
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 198
| popular_vote2 = 65,211,589
| percentage2 = 34.52%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 9.16[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sundaraiah-Puchalapalli.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=130|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| leader3 = [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election3 = 5.12%, 25 seats
| seats3 = 22
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 3
| popular_vote3 = 8,113,659
| percentage3 = 4.29%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 0.83[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 1977.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress (R)
| after_election = [[Morarji Desai]]
| after_party = Janata Party
| alliance1 = [[Janata Party|JP]]+[[List of communist parties in India|LF]]
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC (R)+]]
| alliance3 = [[Janata Party|JP]]+[[List of communist parties in India|LF]]
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the [[6th Lok Sabha|sixth]] [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/india_1977_e.pdf|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> The elections took place during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency period]], which expired on 21 March 1977, shortly before the final results were announced.<ref name=IPU/>

The elections resulted in a heavy defeat for the [[Indian National Congress (R)]], with the incumbent [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and INC(R) party leader [[Indira Gandhi]] losing her seat in [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]], while her son [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay]] lost his seat in [[Amethi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-03-28 |title=How Amethi became a Gandhi bastion |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-amethi-became-a-gandhi-bastion/articleshow/586957.cms |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An attempt at an auto-coup failed and [[Morarji Desai]] of the [[Janata Party]] took office as the first non-Congress Prime Minister on 24 March. The call for restoration of democracy by revoking the Emergency is considered to be a major reason for the sweeping victory for the opposition [[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]],<ref>M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution," ''Asian Affairs'' (1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.</ref> At 81, Desai became the oldest man to be elected Prime Minister of India.

==Background==
A total of 542 members were elected from single-member constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Election of India 1977, 6th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> These 542 constituencies remained same until [[2004 Indian general elections]] for the [[14th Lok Sabha]].

The Emergency declared by the Indira Gandhi led Congress(R) government was the core issue in the 1977 elections. Civil liberties were suspended during the national emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi assumed vast powers.

Gandhi had become unpopular for her decision and paid for it during the elections. On 18 January, Gandhi called for fresh elections and released some [[political prisoner]]s. Many remained in prison until she was ousted from office and a new prime minister took over.<ref>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/webspecial/from-fpj-archives-emergency-impact-indira-gandhi-loses-elections-india-gets-first-non-gandhi-pm From FPJ Archives: Emergency impact - Indira Gandhi loses elections, India gets first non-Gandhi PM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903165839/https://www.freepressjournal.in/webspecial/from-fpj-archives-emergency-impact-indira-gandhi-loses-elections-india-gets-first-non-gandhi-pm |date=3 September 2019 }} The Free Press Journal, 25 June 2019</ref> On 20 January, four opposition parties, the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]], the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] and the [[Praja Socialist Party]], decided to fight the elections under a single banner called the Janata alliance.<ref name=IPU/> The alliance used the symbol allocated to Bhartiya Lok Dal as their symbol on the ballot papers.

The Janata Alliance reminded voters of the excesses and human rights violations during the Emergency, like compulsory [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilisation]] and imprisonment of political leaders. The Janata campaign said the elections would decide whether India would have "democracy or dictatorship."<ref>{{Cite web|title=INKredible India: The story of 1977 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1977-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2187368.html|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227102542/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1977-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2187368.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress(R) looked jittery. Agriculture and Irrigation Minister Babu [[Jagjivan Ram]] quit the party in the first week of February; other notable Congress(R) stalwarts who crossed the floor with Jagjivan Ram before the election were [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]] and [[Nandini Satpathy]].

==Results==
The elections in India's largest state [[Uttar Pradesh]], historically a Congress(R) stronghold, turned against Gandhi. Dhanagare says the structural reasons included the emergence of a strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness within the Congress(R), an effective opposition and the failure of Gandhi in controlling the mass media, which was under censorship during the Emergency. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned was the 'Nasbandi' (vasectomy) campaign in rural areas. The middle class also emphasised on the curbing of freedom of speech throughout the country.<ref>D.N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony," ''Political Science Review'' (1979) 18#1 pp 28–51</ref>

Meanwhile, Congress(R) hit an all-time low in [[West Bengal]], according to the Gangulys, because of the state-sponsored [[Anti-communist mass killings|anti-Communist violence]] against the cadres of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] & [[Naxalism|Naxalites]] by the government of [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]], [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|whose legitimacy was questionable]], poor discipline and factionalism among Congress(R) activists as well as numerous defections that weakened the party. Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption within the Congress(R) and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.<ref>Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene," ''Political Science Review'' (1979) 18#3 pp 28–53
</ref> The Congress(R), however, did well in southern states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The results were mixed in the western states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], although the Janata alliance won all the seats in [[Mumbai]].

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1977.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Janata Party]]|votes1=78062828|seats1=295|sc1=+209
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|votes2=65211589|seats2=154|sc2=–198
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=8113659|seats3=22|sc3=–3
|party4=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes4=5480378|seats4=18|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=5322088|seats5=7|sc5=–16
|party6=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes6=3323320|seats6=2|sc6=–21
|party7=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes7=3252217|seats7=3|sc7=–13
|party8=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes8=2373331|seats8=9|sc8=+8
|party9=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes9=1030232|seats9=5|sc9=+5
|party10=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes10=956072|seats10=2|sc10=+2
|party11=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes11=851164|seats11=4|sc11=+1
|party12=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes12=633644|seats12=3|sc12=+1
|party13=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes13=565007|seats13=2|sc13=0
|party14=Kerala Congress (Pillai Group)|votes14=526937|seats14=0|sc14=New
|party15=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes15=491674|seats15=2|sc15=–1
|party16=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes16=483192|seats16=2|sc16=New
|party17=[[Muslim League (Opposition)]]|votes17=318979|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes18=280995|seats18=0|sc18=0
|party19=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes19=192867|seats19=0|sc19=–1
|party20=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes20=155972|seats20=0|sc20=–1
|party21=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes21=126288|seats21=1|sc21=0
|party22=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]]|votes22=124627|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party23=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes23=118748|seats23=1|sc23=+1
|party24=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes24=116961|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes25=109130|seats25=0|sc25=0
|party26=Shoshit Samaj Dal (Akhil Baharatiya)|votes26=96753|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]|votes27=45047|seats27=0|sc27=0
|party28=[[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]|votes28=35916|seats28=0|sc28=New
|party29=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes29=35419|seats29=0|sc29=0
|party30=[[Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand]]|votes30=27116|seats30=0|sc30=0
|party31=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes31=26169|seats31=0|sc31=0
|party32=All India Labour Party|votes32=17191|seats32=0|sc32=New
|party33=[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]]|votes33=12509|seats33=0|sc33=0
|party34=All India Shiromani Baba Jivan Singh Mazabhi Dal|votes34=5868|seats34=0|sc34=New
|party35=Independents|votes35=10393617|seats35=9|sc35=–5
|row55=Appointed [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats55=2|sc55=0
|invalid=5346411
|electorate=321174327
|total_sc=+23
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9749&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}

===Results by state===
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
!rowspan="2"|[[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]]
!rowspan="2"|Seats
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|
|-
![[Janata Party|JNP]]
![[Indian National Congress (R)|INC]]
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LFT]]
!OTH
|-
![[1977 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
!42
|1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|41
|0
|0
|-
![[Arunachal Pradesh]]
!2
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
![[Assam]]
!14
|3
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|10
|0
|1
|-
![[1977 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
!54
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|52
|0
|0
|2
|-
![[Goa]] [[Daman & Diu]]
!2
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
![[1977 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
!26
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|16
|10
|0
|0
|-
![[Haryana]]
!10
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|10
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Himachal Pradesh]]
!4
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|4
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[1977 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu & Kashmir]]
!6
|0
|3
|0
|3
|-
![[Karnataka]]
!28
|2
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|26
|0
|0
|-
![[1977 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
!20
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|11
|5
|4
|-
![[Madhya Pradesh]]
!40
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|37
|1
|0
|2
|-
![[Maharashtra]]
!48
|19
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|20
|3
|6
|-
![[Manipur]]
!2
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|2
|0
|0
|-
![[Meghalaya]]
!2
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
![[Mizoram]]
!1
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
![[Nagaland]]
!1
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
![[Orissa]]
!21
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|15
|4
|1
|1
|-
![[Punjab]]
!13
|3
|0
|1
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|9
|-
![[Rajasthan]]
!25
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|24
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Sikkim]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[1977 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
!39
|0
|14
|3
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|22
|-
![[Tripura]]
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Uttar Pradesh]]
!85
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|85
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[West Bengal]]
!42
|15
|3
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front}}; color:white;"|23
|1
|-
![[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Chandigarh]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Dadra & Nagar Haveli]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|7
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Lakshadweep]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Pondicherry]]
!1
|0
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1
|-
!Total
!542
|style="background:{{Party color|Janata Party}}; color:white;"|'''295'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}; color:black;"|'''154'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front}}; color:white;"|'''36'''
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:black;"|'''57'''
|}

'''Notes:'''
* The results for presented above are '''party-wise''', not '''alliance-wise'''.
* '''Party abbreviations:'''
** '''JNP''' – [[Janata Party]]
** '''INC(R)''' – [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
** '''LFT''' – [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] (comprising [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]], and [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]])
** '''OTH''' – Others (includes parties and [[Independent politician|independents]] not belonging to any of the above groups)

====Andhra Pradesh====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:97.62%;" | '''41'''
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:2.38%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''JNP'''
|}

====Arunachal Pradesh====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:50%;" | '''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:50%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''IND'''
|}

====Assam====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:71.43%;" | '''10'''
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:21.43%;" | '''3'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:7.14%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''JNP'''
| '''IND'''
|}

====Bihar====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:96.30%;" | '''52'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:1.85%;" | '''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Party}}; width:1.85%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''JNP'''
| '''IND'''
| '''JKP'''
|}

====Goa, Daman & Diu====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:50%;" | '''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}; width:50%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''MAG'''
|}

====Gujarat====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:61.54%;" | '''16'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:38.46%;" | '''10'''
|-
| '''JP'''
| '''INC'''
|}

====Haryana====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:100%;" | '''10'''
|-
| '''JP'''
|}

====Himachal Pradesh====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:100%;" | '''4'''
|-
| '''JP'''
|}

====Jammu & Kashmir====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:50%;" | '''3'''
| style="background:{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}; width:33.33%;" | '''2'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:16.67%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''JKNC'''
| '''IND'''
|}

====Karnataka====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:92.86%;" | '''26'''
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:7.14%;" | '''2'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''JP'''
|}

====Kerala====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:55%;" | '''11'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; width:20%;" | '''4'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; width:10%;" | '''2'''
| style="background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}}; width:10%;" | '''2'''
| style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}; width:5%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''CPI'''
| '''IUML'''
| '''KEC'''
| '''RSP'''
|}

====Maharasthra====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:41.67%;" | '''20'''
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:39.58%;" | '''19'''
| style="background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}; width:10.42%;" | '''5'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:6.25%;" | '''3'''
| style="background:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}; width:2.08%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''JP'''
| '''PWPI'''
| '''CPI(M)'''
| '''RPK'''
|}

====Manipur====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:100.00%;" | '''2'''
|-
| '''INC'''
|}

====Meghalaya====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:50%;" | '''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:50%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''IND'''
|}

====Mizoram====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:100%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''IND'''
|}

====Nagaland====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; width:100%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''UDF'''
|}

====Orissa====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:71.43%;" | '''15'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:19.05%;" | '''4'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:4.76%;" | '''1'''
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:4.76%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''JP'''
| '''INC'''
| '''CPI(M)'''
| '''IND'''
|}

====Punjab====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}; width:69.23%;" | '''9'''
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:23.08%;" | '''3'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:7.69%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''SAD'''
| '''JP'''
| '''CPI(M)'''
|}

====Rajasthan====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}; width:96%;" | '''24'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:4%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''JP'''
| '''INC'''
|}

====Sikkim====
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:100.00%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
|}

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!Year
!Constituency
!State/UT
! colspan="3" |Previous MP
!Reason
!colspan=3|Elected MP
|-
!1
|rowspan="8"|1978
|[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Resigned
| [[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!2
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
| S. B. Giri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Death
| G. M. Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!3
|[[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
|[[Bihar]]
| [[Karpoori Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Resigned
| [[Ajit Kumar Mehta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
!4
|[[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
|[[Haryana]]
| [[B. D. Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Resigned
| M. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
!5
|[[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur]]
|[[Karnataka]]
| [[D. B. Chandregowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!6
|[[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
|[[Manipur]]
| [[Yangmaso Shaiza]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned
| Kaiho
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
!7
|[[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Declared Void
| [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!8
|[[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]
|[[Bashir Ahmed (Member of Parliament)|Bashir Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Death
| [[Liaquat Husain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
!9
|rowspan="4"|1979
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| M. M. Hashim
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned
| [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!10
|[[Siddipet Lok Sabha constituency|Siddipet]]
| [[Gaddam Venkatswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned
| [[Nandi Yellaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!11
|[[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Surya Narayan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Death
| R. N. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
!12
|[[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
| Parmanand Govindjiwala
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Death
| [[Kushabhau Thakre]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Aftermath==
It was not clear if Indira would accept the election results. Although she publicly claimed she would "abide" by the results, behind the scenes, she fired Military Intelligence Head Mani Mishra in favour of loyalist Kashmiri Hardayal Kaul. The INC(R) and senior military officers held several meetings in New Delhi, raising suspicions.<ref name=CJ>{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=India's First Dictatorship|year=2020|page=430}}</ref> [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[T.N. Raina]] (who had only been appointed because Indira had superseded senior officers to appoint him) was invited for a discussion by Indira and Sanjay Gandhi. Sanjay reportedly told Raina "There are about 300 districts in the country. One infantry platoon is sufficient to control each district... Thus we can control India by deploying 300 platoons or about 25 infantry battalions; a mere three or four divisions. The party [the Congress], supported by paramilitary forces and the police, can deal with other administrative details." Although Indira agreed with Sanjay's plan, Raina refused to follow the plan, despite noting Sanjay's assumptions were "mathematically correct".<ref name=CJ/>

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha]]
*{{c|1977 Indian general election by state or union territory}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Guha, Ramachandra. ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'' (2008) pp 491–518
*Klieman, Aaron S. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government," ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150338 in JSTOR]
*Roy, Ramashray; Sheth, D. L. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," ''Political Science Review'' (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp 51–63

{{Indian elections}}
{{Indian Emergency}}

[[Category:1977 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:March 1977 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1977 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Sasmit Patra

2026-02-26T14:26:43Z

উদাহরণ:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sasmit Patra
| native_name = ସସ୍ମିତ ପାତ୍ର
| native_name_lang = or
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sasmit Patra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|03|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
| term_start = 28 June 2019
| office1 = [https://sansad.in/rs/about/panel-of-vice-chairmen Member of Panel of Vice Chairpersons (Rajya Sabha)]
| alongside1 = [[Dinesh Sharma (politician)]], [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]], [[S. Phangnon Konyak]], [[Rajani Ashokrao Patil]], [[Tiruchi Siva]], [[M. Thambidurai]], [[Sasmit Patra]]
| term_start1 = from
| term_end =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| residence = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| profession = Politician, Lawyer, Academician
| education = [[Ph.D.]], [[MBA]], [[LLB]]
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]], BJB Autonomous College
| spouse = Sweta Millicent Paul
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
| father = Swarupananda Patra
| mother = Rashmi Mohapatra
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sasmit Patra''' ({{langx|or|'''ସସ୍ମିତ ପାତ୍ର'''}}) is an [[Indian politician]], [[academician]], and lawyer, currently serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx|title=Statewise Retirement|website=164.100.47.5|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> representing [[Odisha]]. Known for his articulate speeches and active participation in parliamentary debates.

He is currently national [[Spokesperson]] of [[Biju Janata Dal]] and also holds the position of the Chief Whip of the party in the [[Rajya Sabha|upper house]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bjdodisha.org.in/news-details/974/2103|title=Shri Naveen Patnaik president Naveen Patnaik appointed Rajya Sabha MP Sasmit Patra as the chief whip of the party.}}</ref> He was renominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by [[Biju Janata Dal]] for a second term in May 2022.

==Early life and education==
Sasmit Patra was born to ''Dr. Swarupananda Patra'' and ''Rashmi Mohapatra''. His father was the president of the Odisha Minority Forum (OMF).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sambadenglish.com/sasmit-patra-new-head-odisha-minority-forum/|title=Sasmit Patra New Head Of Odisha Minority Forum|work=The Sambad}}</ref> Patra belongs to a [[Christian]] family.

Dr. Patra pursued his education at [[Utkal University]], [[Bhubaneswar]], and Allahabad Agricultural Institute (Deemed University), [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

His academic qualifications include:

* [[Ph.D]]. (Business Management)
* [[MBA]] (specialization in HR)
* [[LLB]] (Law Graduate)
* [[B.A.]] (Education Hons.)

Dr. Patra married '''Sweta Millicent Paul''', an academician by profession, on 6 February 2004. The couple resides in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].

==Professional career==
Before entering politics, Dr. Patra had a diverse professional career spanning academia, public policy, governance, and law:
* Worked on a [[UNDP]]-[[Government of Odisha]] development project.
* Held teaching roles in [[organizational behavior]] and [[human resource management]].
* Practiced law on a [[pro bono]] basis.
* Contributed to [[public policy]] development through his work with the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]].
* Distinguished professor, Management Development Institute, Gurgaon

He has an extensive academic background and has served as the Dean of '''Xavier-Emlyon Business School''', a joint collaboration between [[XIM University|Xavier University]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Emlyon Business School]], [[France]].

==Political career==
Dr. Patra has wide-ranging experience of working across all four pillars of democracy – legislature, executive, judiciary and media.

His key roles include:
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] ([[Rajya Sabha]])
* Member of Vice-Chairmen Panel of Rajya Sabha<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vice-President reconstitutes Vice-Chairmen Panel, BJD MP Sasmit Patra reappointed |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/vice-president-reconstitutes-vice-chairmen-panel-bjd-mp-sasmit-patra-reappointed/ |work=Kalinga TV}}</ref>
* Member, Parliamentary Departmental Standing Committee on Human Resource Development which covers the [[Ministry of HRD (India)|Ministry of HRD]], [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]], [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]], and [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Sports and Youth Affairs]]
* Member, Parliamentary Joint Committee on Office of Profit, Privileges, General Purposes, and Ethics
* National Spokesperson and Media Coordinator, [[Biju Janata Dal]]
* Secretary and Member of State Council of [[Biju Janata Dal]] as well as Member of the BJD’s IT Wing Core Committee.

As of January 2024, according to the official records of the Rajya Sabha, Dr. Patra has asked 436 questions, introduced 16 Private Members' Bills, and participated in 1,388 debates in the Rajya Sabha, with an overall attendance of 92%, including 100% attendance in 10 out of 14 sessions since July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Dr Sasmit Patra |url=https://bitslawschool.edu.in/faculty/prof-dr-sasmit-patra |website=BITS Law School}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In April 2025, Dr. Patra faced criticism within his party for creating confusion over voting on the [[The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024|Waqf (Amendment) Bill]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJD in turmoil over Waqf Bill vote: Naveen Patnaik urged to act against MP Sasmit Patra for voting in favour of legislation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjd-in-turmoil-over-waqf-bill-vote-naveen-patnaik-urged-to-act-against-mp-sasmit-patra-for-voting-in-favour-of-legislation/articleshow/120015216.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Despite the BJD's decision to oppose the bill, Patra publicly stated that MPs could vote according to their conscience, leading to internal discord among party members.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Internal 'discontent' surfaces in BJD over shift on Waqf Amendment Bill stand |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/internal-discontent-surfaces-in-bjd-over-shift-on-waqf-amendment-bill-stand-latest-updates-2025-04-06-984229 |work=India TV News}}</ref>

Several senior leaders demanded disciplinary action against him for allegedly contradicting party directives and causing damage to its image among minority communities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Double standards won't be tolerated: BJD MP Munna Khan criticizes Sasmit Patra over Waqf Bill vote |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/double-standards-won-t-be-tolerated-munna-khan-criticizes-sasmit-patra-259742 |work=O TV}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Biju Janata Dal]]
* [[Naveen Patnaik|Naveen Pattnaik]]
* [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Politics of Odisha]]
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

About

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patra, Sasmit}}
[[Category:Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Alison Doody

2026-02-25T08:19:13Z

উদাহরণ: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Irish actress and model (born 1966)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alison Doody
| image = Alison Doody 2.jpg
| caption = Doody in 2009
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|03|09}}<ref name=alison>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bp7fwdHHmHo/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bp7fwdHHmHo |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=Thank you for your kind thought but my birthday is actually March 9th 😘|last=Doody|first=Alison|website=Instagram.com|access-date=2020-06-05}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress, model
| yearsactive = 1984–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gavin O'Reilly]]|25 June 1994|2006|end=div.}}
| domesticpartner = Douglas De Jager (2011–2012; his death) Tadhg Geary ({{abbr|e.|Engaged}} 2014; {{abbr|sep.|Separated}} 2015)
| children = 2
}}

'''Alison Doody''' (born 9 March 1966)<ref name=alison/> is an Irish actress and model. After making her feature film debut as [[Bond girl]] Jenny Flex in ''[[A View to a Kill]]'' (1985), she went on to play [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Elsa Schneider|Elsa Schneider]] in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989). Other roles include Siobhan Donavan in ''[[A Prayer for the Dying]]'' (1987), Charlotte in ''[[Taffin]]'' (1988), Rebecca Flannery in ''[[Major League II]]'' (1994) and Catherine Buxton in [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']] (2022). She also played Pam in ''[[Beaver Falls (TV series)|Beaver Falls]]'' (2011–2012).

==Early life==
The youngest of three children, Doody was born in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]. Her mother, Joan, was a beauty therapist, and her father, Patrick, worked in the property business and farmed.<ref>[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-145080956 COOL DOODY. | Article from The Evening Standard (London, England)]{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> Doody attended [[Mount Anville Secondary School]].

==Career==
Approached by a photographer, Doody took up modeling, which turned into a commercial career. Doody avoided glamour and nude work, a point which she extended to her acting career.

Having come to the attention of the casting director of a new ''[[James Bond]]'' film, she accepted a small part as Jenny Flex in 1985's ''[[A View to a Kill]].'' Doody was listed as one of 12 Promising New Actors of 1986 in John Willis' Screen World, Vol. 38. Still only 18 when she appeared in the role, Doody was – and remains – the youngest [[Bond girl]] to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/007-irish-connections-3045740.html|title=007 Irish Connections|date=10 March 2012|newspaper=Irish Independent|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802202041/http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/007-irish-connections-3045740.html|archive-date=2 August 2012}}</ref> Another early appearance was as IRA member Siobhan Donovan in ''[[A Prayer for the Dying]]'' (1987), which starred [[Mickey Rourke]].

Doody had a non-speaking role in the 1987 television adaptation of ''[[The Secret Garden (1987 film)|The Secret Garden]]'' appearing as Archibald Craven's wife, Lilias, in his dream. Her first lead role was in a 1988 episode of [[Jim Henson]] fantasy series ''[[The Storyteller (TV series)|The Storyteller]]'' as Sapsorrow, opposite [[John Hurt]], [[Dawn French]] and [[Jennifer Saunders]].

She played opposite [[Pierce Brosnan]] in the film ''[[Taffin]]'' (1988) before taking probably her most high-profile part to date, as Austrian [[Nazism|Nazi]]-sympathiser and [[archaeology|archaeologist]] [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Elsa Schneider|Elsa Schneider]] in 1989's ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' playing opposite [[Harrison Ford]]. The film also starred [[Sean Connery]] as Indy's father; Doody has acted alongside three actors (Moore, Connery, and Brosnan) who have portrayed James Bond.

In 1991, Doody co-starred opposite [[Jonathan Pryce]] in mini-series ''[[Selling Hitler]]'', inspired by the publishing fraud known as the [[Hitler Diaries]]. She subsequently relocated to Hollywood.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Chosen to replace [[Cybill Shepherd]] as spokeswoman for [[L'Oréal]], she went on to play opposite [[Charlie Sheen]] in 1994's ''[[Major League II]]'' as Flannery, his girlfriend and agent.

After almost a decade away from the screen, Doody returned to acting with a small role in 2003 film ''[[The Actors]]'' with [[Michael Caine]], playing herself in an award ceremony scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.showbizireland.com/news/may02/14-doody01.shtml|title=Alison Doody Making a Comeback...|publisher=showbizireland.com|date=14 May 2002|access-date=18 May 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080618212423/http://www.showbizireland.com/news/may02/14-doody01.shtml| archive-date= 18 June 2008 | url-status = live}}</ref> She played alongside [[Patrick Swayze]] in the 2004 television film ''[[King Solomon's Mines (2004 film)|King Solomon's Mines]]'' and also starred in a short called ''Benjamin's Struggle'' (2005),{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} a pamphlet about [[the Holocaust]], and in the TV series ''[[Waking the Dead (TV series)|Waking the Dead]]'' (in a two-part episode called "The Fall"). In 2010, Doody shot a part in [[Danny Dyer]]'s film ''The Rapture'' (2010). She later guest starred in [[RTÉ]]'s medical drama ''[[The Clinic (TV series)|The Clinic]]'',{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} and was set to star in a 2011 remake of horror classic ''[[The Asphyx]]'', but the project later stalled.

In 2011, she began the first of two series on E4 comedy-drama ''[[Beaver Falls (TV series)|Beaver Falls]]'', playing Pam Jefferson. In 2014 she appeared in ''[[We Still Kill the Old Way (2014 film)|We Still Kill the Old Way]]''.

On 21 November 2018, she received the "Almería, tierra de cine" award,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.europapress.es/andalucia/sabores-almeria-01014/noticia-alison-doody-recogera-almeria-tierra-cine-estrella-paseo-fama-miercoles-20181119193617.html |title=Alison Doody recogerá su 'Almería, tierra de cine' y una estrella en el Paseo de la Fama este miércoles |date=19 November 2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |newspaper=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |language=es |location=Almería}}</ref> and she received a star on [[Almeria Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ideal.es/almeria/alison-doody-forma-parte-paseo-fama-almeria-20181121131723-ga.html |title=Alison Doody ya forma parte del paseo de la fama de Almería |date=21 November 2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |newspaper=[[Ideal (newspaper)|Ideal]] |language=es |publisher=[[Vocento]]}}</ref>

On 20 November 2019 she made her debut in the Indian film industry with the film ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''.<ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Welcome to Indian cinema, #AlisonDoody! Had a wonderful time shooting for your first schedule... We are glad to have you play lead antagonist #LADYSCOTT in #RRRMovie! #RRR|number=1197107394058211328|user=RRRMovie|date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Doody married [[Gavin O'Reilly]], CEO of the [[Independent News & Media]], on 25 June 1994, at the O'Reilly family residence [[Castlemartin House and Estate|Castlemartin]]. The couple made their home at Bartra House,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2003/03/02/story521590034.asp|title=Rich chase streets of dreams|author=Hughes, Emer|publisher=ThePost.ie|date=2 March 2003|access-date=18 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407055253/http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2003/03/02/story521590034.asp|archive-date=7 April 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> a {{convert|10000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} home overlooking the sea in [[Dalkey]]; at the time of purchase, it was the most expensive house in [[Ireland]].<ref>Leslie, Neil. ''HOUSE THAT FOR pounds 1.9M'', [[Daily Mirror]], 12 October 1996</ref> The marriage produced two daughters. She separated from O'Reilly in 2004, and divorced him in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/jan/27/independentnewsmedia|title=O'Reilly junior proves passion for print is in the genes|author=Robinson, James|work=The Guardian|date=27 January 2008|access-date=18 May 2008|location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080416133311/http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jan/27/independentnewsmedia| archive-date= 16 April 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/life/the-edge-the-beautiful-alison-doody-is-solo-again-31350568.html|title=The Edge: The beautiful Alison Doody is solo again|website=Irish Independent|date=6 July 2015|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2018|reason=The cited source verifies that Doody and O'Reilly separated, but does not establish when the separation began and it makes no mention of a divorce.}}{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

During the 2011 filming of the comedy-drama ''[[Beaver Falls (TV series)|Beaver Falls]]'' in South Africa, Doody met Douglas De Jager, a packaging tycoon from Cape Town. The couple had been keeping their relationship low-key, before De Jager died of a heart attack in July 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=Alison Doody heartbroken as her partner dies suddenly while on holidays in Capri |url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/independent-woman/celebrity-news-gossip/alison-doody-heartbroken-as-her-partner-dies-suddenly-while-on-holidays-in-capri-3205015.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821124951/http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/independent-woman/celebrity-news-gossip/alison-doody-heartbroken-as-her-partner-dies-suddenly-while-on-holidays-in-capri-3205015.html |archive-date=August 21, 2012 |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref>

She was engaged to businessman Tadhg Geary from 2014 to 2015.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.ie/life/the-edge-the-beautiful-alison-doody-is-solo-again-31350568.html | newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] | title=The beautiful Alison Doody is solo again | date=3 July 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1985 ||''[[A View to a Kill]]'' || [[Bond girl|Jenny Flex]] || Film Debut ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/view-kill-1985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712185503/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/view-kill-1985|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2014|title=A VIEW TO A KILL (1985)|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|1987 ||''[[A Prayer for the Dying]]'' || Siobhan Donovan || ||
|-
| ''[[The Secret Garden (1987 film)|The Secret Garden]]'' || Mrs. Lilias Craven (dream; cameos) || ||
|-
| 1988 ||''[[Taffin]]'' || Charlotte || ||
|-
|1989 ||''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' || [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Elsa Schneider|Elsa Schneider]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/indiana-jones-last-crusade-cast-now-harrison-ford-more-1167704|title=The Stars of 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade': Where Are They Now?|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=24 May 2019|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1991 ||''[[Duel of Hearts]]'' || Lady Caroline Faye || ||
|-
| 1992 ||''[[The Three Musketeers in film#Films featuring "descendants" of the Musketeers|Ring of the Musketeers]]'' || [[Athos (character)|Ann-Marie Athos]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994 || ''[[Major League II]]'' || Rebecca Flannery || ||
|-
| ''Temptation'' || Lee Reddick || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[The Actors]]'' || Herself || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Benjamin's Struggle'' || Katrina Stockhausen || Short film ||
|-
| 2010 || ''The Rapture'' || Professor Alison Hayes || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Billy & Chuck'' || Mother || Short film ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[We Still Kill the Old Way (2014 film)|We Still Kill the Old Way]]'' || Susan Taylor || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/movie-news/former-bond-girl-alison-doody-is-back-in-new-action-role-30418237.html|title=Former Bond girl Alison Doody is back in new action role|website=Independent.ie|date=2014-07-09|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref>
|-
|2016 || ''Brother'' || Grace || || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/comedy-thriller-starring-alison-doody-at-cork-film-festival-1.2864608|title=Comedy thriller starring Alison Doody at Cork Film Festival|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=11 November 2016|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Division 19]]'' || Neilsen || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harltonempire.com/2019/04/16/review-division-19-starring-alison-doody/|title="Division 19" Starring Alison Doody|website=The Harlton Empire|date=2019-04-16|access-date=2019-11-21|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507192831/https://harltonempire.com/2019/04/16/review-division-19-starring-alison-doody/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[The Rising Hawk]]'' || Rada || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B3FaL6uHUgp/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B3FaL6uHUgp |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=ADR yesterday on the movie "The Rising Hawk" COMING SOON TO A SCREEN NEAR YOU|website=Instagram|date=2019-10-01|access-date=2019-11-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Muse (2019 film)|Muse]]'' || Grace || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/film/muse|title=Muse|website=[[Cambridge Film Festival]]|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 ||''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''|| Lady Catherine Buxton || [[Indian film]]|| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Press Trust of India |title=SS Rajamouli ropes in Olivia Morris Ray Stevenson and Alison Doody for RRR |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-ropes-in-olivia-morris-ray-stevenson-and-alison-doody-for-rrr-1620961-2019-11-20 |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=India Today|date=20 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1985 || ''Deceptions'' || Waitress || Unknown episodes ||
|-
| 1986–1987 || ''[[Howards' Way]]'' || Girl || Unknown episodes ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Queenie (miniseries)|Queenie]]'' || Bully || Episode: #1.1 ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Harry's Kingdom'' || Debbie || TV film ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Campaign'' || Alessandra Castorina || All 6 episodes ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Echoes'' || Caroline Nolan || 3 episodes ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[The StoryTeller (TV series)|The StoryTeller]]'' || rowspan=2|Sapsorrow || Episode: "Sapsorrow" ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[The Jim Henson Hour]]'' || Episode: "Garbage" ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Women in Tropical Places'' || Celia || TV film ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Selling Hitler]]'' || Gina Heidemann || All 5 episodes ||
|-
|2004
|''[[King Solomon's Mines (2004 film)|King Solomon's Mines]]''
|Elizabeth Maitland
|All 2 episodes
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Waking the Dead (TV series)|Waking the Dead]]''
|Katherine Keane
|”The Fall" Episodes 6.5 & 6.6
|
|-
|2009 || ''[[The Clinic (TV series)|The Clinic]]'' || Lucille || 4 episodes ||
|-
|2011–2012 || ''[[Beaver Falls (TV series)|Beaver Falls]]'' || Pamela Jefferson || All 12 episodes ||
|}

===Non-acting television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Wogan]]''
| rowspan="2"|Herself
| Series 9
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003
| ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[1st Irish Film & Television Awards]]''
| rowspan="3"|Presenter
|TV special
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[2nd Irish Film & Television Awards]]''
|TV special
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Hollywood Greats]]''
| Series 7 with [[Harrison Ford]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
| ''[[American Film Institute|Indy's Women: The American Film Institute Tribute]]''
| Herself
|
|
|-
| ''[[Xposé]]''
|Herself
|Season 3 Episode 16
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Late Late Show (Irish talk show)|The Late Late Show]]''
| Herself
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[7th Irish Film & Television Awards]]''
| Presenter
|TV special
|
|-
|}

===Documentaries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Indiana Jones|Indiana Jones: Making the Trilogy]]''
| rowspan="2"|Herself
|
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Happy Birthday Oscar Wilde]]''
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0233145}}
* {{Instagram|alison_doody}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doody, Alison}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Irish film actresses]]
[[Category:Irish television actresses]]
[[Category:Irish female models]]
[[Category:Actresses from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Models from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:People from Dalkey]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish people]]
[[Category:People educated at Mount Anville Secondary School]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

Sri Venkateswara Bala Kuteer

2026-02-21T12:25:02Z

উদাহরণ: put up new details...

{{Short description|Private school in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sri Venkateswara Bala Kuteer
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo = Logo Sri Venkateswara Bala Kuteer.png
| caption =
| motto = ''Child is Father of the Man'' [[William Wordsworth]]
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| region =
| city = [[Guntur]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
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| country = India
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| fundingtype = [[Private school|Private]]
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| established = {{start date and age|1965}}
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| district = [[Guntur]]
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| principal_label = D. Sudha Madhavi
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| houses = Benjamin, Hahnemann, Ramanujan, Thompson
| colors = Blue & White {{color box|#005293}} {{color box|white}}
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'''Sri Venkateswara Bala Kuteer''' (SVBK) is a [[private school]] located in [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It was established in 1965 by Dr. Nannapaneni Manga Devi and Ms. Garige Prabhavathi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.svbk.in/founders.html|title=Welcome to sri venkateswara Bala Kutter|website=www.svbk.in|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> The school has grades from pre-primary to the 10th (ages 3 to 15). The school has three branches—Brodipet branch (affiliated to [[Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education]]), Syamala Nagar branch (affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]) and Ushodaya English Medium School in Chowdavaram (affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]).

== History ==
The first branch in Brodipet, [[Guntur]] was established in 1965 by Dr. Nannapaneni Manga Devi and Ms. Garige Prabhavathi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Jamnalal Bajaj |date=2016-12-06 |title=Meet Dr. Manga Devi, a Visionary, Teacher, and 'Mother' to Hundreds of Loving Children |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/77322/nannapaneni-manga-devi-stalwart-lady-joy-children/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, two more branches were opened in Syamala Nagar and Chowdavaram in 1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to sri venkateswara Bala Kutter |url=https://svbk.in/about.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=svbk.in}}</ref> and 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://ushodayachetana.com/about-us |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=ushodayachetana.com}}</ref> respectively. Dr. Nannapaneni Manga Devi is the Founder-Secretary of Sri Venkateswara Bala Kuteer and Chetana Charitable Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chetanacharity.org/the-organisation|title=The Organisation|website=www.chetanacharity.org|language=en|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Occupation
!References
|-
|[[P. V. Sindhu]]
|[[Badminton]] player ([[Olympic medal|Olympic silver medal]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ankit |date=2016-08-17 |title=PV Sindhu wiki wikipedia, bio, age, boyfriend, badminton star |url=https://guidinghawk.com/pv-sindhu-wiki-wikipediabioageboyfriendbadminton-star/ |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=GuidingHawk |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harika Dronavalli]]
|[[Chess grandmaster]] ([[Padma Shri]] and [[Arjuna Award]] recipient)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vangapalli |first=Sashi |date=2017-07-21 |title=Harika Dronavalli- A Woman Of Power, Stature, Intellect & Pure Passion |url=https://medium.com/@sashivangapalli01/harika-dronavalli-a-woman-of-power-stature-intellect-pure-passion-6d9984f6a3af |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Karthik Mikkilineni
|Professor in Vascular Surgery, [[Stanford University]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2017-08-21 |title=Guntur medico selected as faculty in Stanford University |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-08-21/Guntur-medico-selected-as-faculty-in-Stanford-University/320415 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1965 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Private schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]

Aarey Milk Colony

2026-02-21T00:04:03Z

উদাহরণ: Starting new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aarey Colony
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Aarey Colony
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| nickname =
| image_skyline = File:Aarey Milk Colony, Mumbai.jpg
| image_caption = Buffaloes grazing in a dairy farm at Aarey Colony
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Aarey Colony in Mumbai
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|9|27|N|72|52|28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Locality (settlement)|Locality]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Goregaon]] (East)
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1949
| founder = [[Govt. Of India]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 16
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400 065<ref name="pcode">{{cite web |url=https://pincode.org.in/maharashtra/mumbai/a/aareymilk-colony |title=Postal Index Number (Pincode): Aarey Milk Colony, Mumbai |access-date=27 August 2017 |work=[[India Post|Department of Posts, India]]}}</ref>
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|dairy.maharashtra.gov.in/en/content/aarey-dairy|Aarey Dairy}}
}}
[[File:Aarey Colony Grassland.jpg|alt=Skyscrapers at the edge of Aarey Colony|thumb|Open grassland in Aarey Colony]]
'''Aarey Milk Colony''' is within [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] (SGNP).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/aarey-milk-colony-declared-eco-sensitive-zone-540740-2016-01-21 |title=Aarey Milk Colony declared eco-sensitive zone |date=January 21, 2016 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2019-10-07 |title=Indian court halts tree felling in Mumbai green space |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/07/indian-court-halts-tree-felling-in-mumbai-green-space |access-date=2020-10-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Of which 25.6% (812 acres) are classified as mixed moist deciduous type forest.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shinde |first=Rajendra |date=2017-12-03 |title=Aarey Milk Colony, Mumbai as Forest Territory-A Status Report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323394369 |journal=Xplore—The Xavier's Research Journal |volume=8 |number=3 |pages=80–95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-10 |title=Aarey forest: The fight to save Mumbai's last 'green lung' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/812-acres-of-aarey-land-handed-over-to-forest-department-7348719/#:~:text=department%20on%20Monday.-,In%20September%20last%20year%2C%20Chief%20Minister%20Uddhav%20Thackeray%20had%20said,from%20the%20state%20forest%20department.&text=The%20acquisition%20was%20by%20the,forest%20settlement%20officer%20(FSO).&text=68%20murdered%20in%20Maliana%2C%20all,So%20who%20killed%20our%20families? |access-date=2020-10-21 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-GB}}</ref> It acts as a buffer between SGNP and the city, being one of the few green spaces (spread over 2000 acres) left in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boomlive.in/mumbas-aarey-home-rare-species-flora-fauna/ |title=Mumbai's Aarey Home To Rare Species Of Flora And Fauna |date=2015-05-12 |website=boomlive.in |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> On 3 September 2020, the Maharashtra government declared one fifth of the Aarey Colony, an area of approximately 600 acres, as a reserved forest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-s-aarey-colony-gets-one-fifth-of-its-area-marked-as-reserve-forest/story-Q7lNtdRsQa0co4BvPrtKUJ.html |title=Mumbai's Aarey Colony gets one-fifth of its area marked as reserve forest |website=Hindustan Times |date=3 September 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref>

The Colony is a neighbourhood situated in [[Goregaon]] (East), a suburb of the city of [[Mumbai]], India. It was established in 1949 to revolutionize the processing and marketing of dairy products in the city.

The name comes up as ‘Areyn’ in Bombay Government records of 1836, according to which Ardesar Dadaji, a Parsee businessman, had been granted the villages of Malhar, Dysar, Magatney, Tulsi, Areyn, Eksar, Kanari and part of Pahadi in lieu of land in the Fort.

== Flora and fauna ==
Aarey Colony has an array of wild life and several species of insects, butterflies and birds. It has at least 86 species of trees<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIM/2019/09/07&entity=Ar00613&sk=620F279F&mode=text# |title=Aarey has 86 tree types, axing will harm ecology, say activists |date=September 7, 2019 |website=epaper.timesgroup.com |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> and 22 species of birds. A recent report submitted to the state highlights the rich biodiversity inside Aarey.<ref name="mid-day.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ngo-evidence-of-290-wild-species-inside-aarey-milk-colony/21715169 |title=NGO: Evidence of 290 wild species inside Aarey Milk Colony |date=2019-09-12 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> There are about 290 species of wild life in Aarey Colony including 5 such species of animals which feature in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). These vulnerable animals include leopards, Rusty spotted cat, Sambar deer, Alexandrine Parakeet and Red-wattled Lapwing.<ref name="mid-day.com"/>

=== Leopards of Aarey ===
Aarey is known to have potential to show human-leopard co-existence in an urban setting. There are 4 adult females named Adarsh Nagar (after the locality she used to frequent), Bindu, Chandani ( 3 legged leopard) and Luna. The leopards are monitored by camera traps, first set up in 2015. The Forest Department has joined hands with citizen groups to observe and learn about leopard behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2018/11/the-leopards-of-aarey/ |title=The Leopards of Aarey |date=2018-11-16 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US |access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> An RTI has revealed that from 2016 to 2018, seven leopards have been rescued.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/metro-bodys-no-wildlife-in-aarey-theory-falls-flat/articleshow/71040738.cms |title=Metro body's 'no wildlife in Aarey' theory falls flat - Mumbai City News |last1=Marpakwar |first1=Chaitanya |date=September 9, 2019 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref> While Aarey has been infamous for leopard attacks, research by Centre for Wildlife Studies revealed that leopards are actually afraid of humans and highlighted that poor garbage disposal and newly released leopards in a new environment have caused attacks. Vidya Athreya, an ecologist, pointed out that leopards being around was never a big issue among residents of these areas, it is only a recent demand. She also pointed out that this is an urban dwellers' issue as people in rural areas experience less attacks and no death has occurred in Ahemadnagar, for instance, despite having a higher leopard count.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sgnp-leopards-are-not-blood-thirsty-afraid-of-humans-research-1858489 |title=SGNP leopards are not blood thirsty, afraid of humans: Research |last=Mathur |first=Priyam |date=2013-07-08 |website=DNA India |language=en |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> A leopard was allegedly carrying away a 4-year-old boy in Aarey Colony, The boy was rescued after alert locals intervened in the nick of time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4-yr-old boy, being carried off by leopard in Aarey Colony, rescued by alert locals |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/article/4-year-old-boy-rescued-leopard-aarey-colony-mumbai/816987 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=27 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Species of Aarey ===
Aarey contributes about 90 species of butterflies (including plain tiger, striped tiger, common crow, chocolate pansy, common Mormon), 8 species of reptiles, 12 amphibian species, 77 different avifauna (birdlife) species, and 6 species of venomous snakes. Caecilian, a rare snake-like amphibian, was also discovered in the interiors of Aarey.

=== Discovery of new species ===
'''2019''': a spider was discovered, ''Jerzego sunillimay''. This is the first ever species of the genus Jerzego whose taxonomic details, mating behaviour, and egg development have been documented. It is the fourth species under this genus in the world and second from India.

'''2017''': two species of jumping spiders, ''Langelurillus onyx'' and ''Langelurillus lacteus'', were discovered. Published in a journal Zootaxa, claims significance in terms of biogeography as a first for any African genus spider species discovered in Asia

'''2016''': the first ground-dwelling gecko, ''Cyrtodactylus varadgirii'', discovered from Aarey in the last 130 years from India

'''2014''': a species of tarantula, ''Heterophrictus aareyensus'', discovered spotted near the government guesthouse having similarity to tarantula species from the African continent

'''2012''': a trapdoor spider, ''Idiops rubrolimbatus'', discovered and published in the Journal of Arachnology

'''2011''': a species of scorpion, ''Lychas aareyensis'', discovered and published in the Journal of Threatened Taxa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-19 |title='6 new species found in Aarey in 10 years' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/6-new-species-found-in-aarey-in-10-years/story-j4zlDfXNR13Oo1LE1UfSQK.html |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

<nowiki>**</nowiki> In all there are 90 different types of spiders, including five species of tarantulas and six species of scorpions<ref name=":0" />

== Tribes of Aarey Forest ==
There are around 27 tribal hamlets (known as ''padas'' in Marathi) and other smaller hamlets in Aarey. Some of tribes that the original inhabitants belong to are Katkaris, Mahadev Kolis, [[Malhar Koli]] and Warlis<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-tribal-residents-of-mumbais-aarey-milk-colony-built-a-cuisine-around-what-the-forest-provides-6076133/ |title=How tribal residents of Mumbai's Aarey Milk Colony built a cuisine around what the forest provides |date=2019-10-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> The tribal in the area farm and cultivate various fruits and vegetables<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-in-aarey-colony-she-turns-a-farmer-every-monsoon-4770503/ |title=In Aarey Colony, she turns a farmer every monsoon |date=2017-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> among other which are then sold in markets for a livelihood. They have suffered on account of basic amenities not provided by the government and also the rapid degradation of the forest and drive to displace tribes has impacted their sustainable lifestyle and means of livelihood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-planting-trees-saving-heritage-2333990 |title=Planting trees, saving heritage |last=Bhula |first=Pooja |date=2017-02-25 |website=DNA India |language=en |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Tribal Padas in Aarey<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/building-mumbai/tribals-navigate-forest-homes-and-city-jobs-in-mumbais-aarey-colony/ |title=Deep inside Aarey, these mud huts are still a world removed from the concrete jungle |date=2018-03-18 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
!No.
!Name of Padas
|-
|1
|Keltipada
|-
|2
|Damupada
|-
|3
|Chafyachapada
|-
|4
|Naushachapada
|-
|5
|Futkyachapada
|-
|6
|Nimbarpada
|-
|7
|Prajapurpada
|-
|8
|Vaanichapada
|-
|9
|Bhurikhanpada
|-
|10
|Khambachapada
|-
|11
|Khadakpada
|-
|12
|Gaondevipada
|-
|13
|Habalpada
|-
|14
|Devipada
|-
|15
|Saibangodapada
|-
|16
|Maroshipada
|-
|17
|Charandevpada
|-
|18
|Jivachapada
|-
|19
|Morachapada
|-
|20
|Ultanpada
|-
|21
|Navapada
|-
|22
|Nangarmundipada
|-
|23
|Navapada 2
|-
|24
|Dongripada
|-
|25
|Prajapurpada - Modern Bakery
|-
|26
|Jitonichapada
|-
|27
|Kambatpada
|}

== Aarey as an archaeological site ==
The Mumbai-Salsette exploration project, BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) and CEMS (Centre for Extra-Mural Studies) found relics and artefacts dating back to the [[Shilahara dynasty]] / Sheelar Yadav period (765 - 1029 AD) in Aarey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-30 |title=Relics.|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/561203/relics-caves-put-mumbai-different.html |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> These findings threw new light on Aarey as an archaeological site with significant historical and cultural importance. The team of 6 experts and 40 archeology students<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |title=In Mumbai's nooks and crannies, reseachers [sic] uncovered 1,000-year-old fragments of history |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/847711/in-mumbais-nooks-and-crannies-reseachers-are-uncovering-1000-year-old-fragments-of-history |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=Scroll.in |date=21 August 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> found remains of old settlements and a Kuldevi temple site of the Malhar Koli community at Ultan Pada. They also found five Gaodevi statues, a waghoba (lion) statue, a kichka (pillar bracket) worshiped as a Ganesha statue and a further statue yet to be identified. Remains of a Diggar temple were also found from the same period. Only 7 padas were covered in this exploration. Aarey is undoubtedly important in constructing the history of Mumbai. The examined padas include Kelti pada, Marol police quarters, Chhota Kashmir, Marol Toll Naka and Maroshi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-17 |title=Mumbai: Historic findings have given a boost to the Save Aarey campaign |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-historical-findings-give-boost-to-save-aarey-campaign-2235171 |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandit |first=Sadaguru |date=2016-07-17 |title=Ancient artefacts unearthed at Aarey Colony |url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/ancient-artefacts-unearthed-aarey-colony-632 |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> In 2017 construction workers found an artefact in the Metro III proposed car shed area. This pillar like structure dates back to 12th - 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-17 |title=Mumbai: 12th Century artifact found at Metro car shed site hushed up? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-12th-century-artifact-found-at-metro-car-shed-site-hushed-up/21739195 |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Many of the relics found were being used as statues of local deities. These new archaeological findings became another reason to protect the forest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-17 |title=Aarey metro carshed: Project will lead to loss of historical remains, artefact, say archaeologists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/aarey-metro-carshed-project-will-lead-to-loss-of-historical-remains-artefact-say-archaeologists-2918663/ |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Archaeologists have also found that Aarey and Prajapur used to be important towns as early as 200 BC being part of an important trade route of that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Marol, July 1997 issue |url=http://pgeorge.tripod.com/history.htm |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=pgeorge.tripod.com}}</ref>

== Aarey Milk Colony ==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru planting a tree, Aarey Milk Colony, Bombay, 4 March 1951.jpg|thumb|left|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, former PM of India, planting a sapling. Photograph taken during the inauguration of Aarey Colony on 4 March 1951.]]
Aarey Milk Colony at [[Goregaon]] (East) was established in 1949 and in 1951 the dairy at Aarey was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister, [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The colony was the vision of Mr [[Dara Khurody]], a pioneer of dairy sector who shared the '1963 Ramon Magsaysay Award' with Dr [[Verghese Kurien]] for revolutionizing the processing and marketing of milk in Mumbai.<ref>
{{Cite news |date=27 July 2010 |title=Move to expand Aarey dairy production capacity |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |location=Mumbai |publication-date=28 July 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/move-to-expand-aarey-dairy-production-capacity/article999646.ece |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref>[[File:P1040060 (424000092).jpg|thumb|right|Lake at Chhota Kashmir]]
Aarey Forest includes 12 villages: Sai, Gundgav, [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], Royal Palms, Dindoshi (Eksar Pahad), Aarey, Pahadi Goregaon, Vyraval, Kondivita, Maroshi (Marol), Parjapur, and Paspoli. In 1977, around {{cvt|200|ha|acre}} of land was carved out from Aarey village to establish [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].<ref>
{{Cite news |last=Shaikh |first=Ateeq |date=6 March 2017 |title=Aarey car depot may become Parjapur depot |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-aarey-car-depot-may-become-parjapur-depot-2343558 |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref> The colony is spread over {{cvt|16|km2|mi2|0}} and is located off the [[Western Express Highway]] (WEH). Among the popular attractions in Aarey are Chhota Kashmir with a lake and a picnic spot.<ref name="hotspots">
{{Cite news |last=Nunes |first=Averil |date=2 August 2013 |title=How many of these 20 Picnic Hotspots have you visited? |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-how-many-of-these-20-picnic-hotspots-have-you-visited-1869033 |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref>
[[File:High-rises visible from Aarey Milk Colony in November 2013.jpg|thumb|Aarey, a [[green belt]] zone (foreground) in contrast with the high-rises of Goregaon suburb (background)|alt=]]
The colony also has gardens, a nursery, lakes, an observation pavilion, picnic facilities, and milk plants. 16,000 cattle are reared on {{cvt|1287|ha|acre}} of land, and 32 cattle farms.<ref name="Home">{{Cite web |title=Home page |url=http://saveaarey.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622030407/http://saveaarey.org/ |archive-date=22 June 2017 |access-date=27 August 2017 |work=Save Aarey Organization}}</ref> The management of all these is outsourced to a private firm every two years.<ref name="acbtrap">
{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Manish K |date=4 February 2011 |title=ACB traps officer of Aarey Milk Colony in Mumbai |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-acb-traps-officer-of-aarey-milk-colony-in-mumbai-1502756 |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref> Film City is frequently used for movie shoots.

There is a road within the colony built by the Maharashtra Public Works Department that connects the WEH to [[Powai]]. The Aarey Colony administration earlier collected [[toll road|toll]] from the users of the road.<ref name="toll">
{{Cite news |last=Waghmode |first=Vishwas |date=23 November 2011 |title=PWD wakes up to Mumbai Aarey Road's pitfalls |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-pwd-wakes-up-to-mumbai-aarey-road-s-pitfalls-1616216 |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref> In 2014, the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]] took over the road and ended the collection of the toll.<ref name="notoll">
{{Cite news |date=19 August 2014 |title=Civic body to end toll collection, begin repair work on Aarey Colony road |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |publisher=Jagran Prakashan Limited |agency=Mid-Day Infomedia |location=Mumbai |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/civic-body-to-end-toll-collection-begin-repair-work-on-aarey-colony-road/15540165 |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref> It is also the location of the proposed [[engine shed|carshed and depot]] for [[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 3]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]].

A plan was mooted in 2010 to extend the existing [[Byculla Zoo]] in South Mumbai by building a zoo with no enclosures on land that would be acquired from both the colony as well as the adjacent [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]].<ref name="newzoo">
{{Cite news |last=Ashar |first=Sandeep |date=31 March 2011 |title=Plan for zoo at Aarey Colony gets a fillip |edition=[[Times Internet|online]] |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Plan-for-zoo-at-Aarey-Colony-gets-a-fillip/articleshow/7830039.cms |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref>

== Ownership pattern ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Aarey Colony.jpg|thumb|right|Grasses grown for use as animal feed]]
The Aarey Milk Colony occupies a total area of {{convert|3,166|acres|ha}} of land, out of which the area available for cultivation of quality fodder and grasses is {{convert|400|acres|ha}} only. Land is also leased out to various organizations and institutions of the Maharashtra State Government and Central Government of India. Allocation of land is as follows:

# Total land given to the Central Government of India Institutions (Central Poultry Farm, Modern Bakery, NDDB, RBI)—229.92
# Total land given to the Maharashtra State Government Institutions (Mumbai Veterinary College, SRP, MHADA, MCGB, Film City, Fishery)—729.12
# Area under road and buildings—460.00
# Area uncultivated and waste land under ''[[nullah]]s'', lake, farm bunds, farm roads, river channels—1,020.20
# Area under lawns and gardens, para grass, and orchards— 537.00
# Land and the social forestry land, etc.—183.00
# Total—3,160.00

The main objective to erect such colony:
# Shifting of cattle/buffalo from the city limits,
# Supply of better quality milk to the citizens of Mumbai at comparatively cheaper cost, and
# Maintenance of these animals on scientific and modern animal husbandry practices.

In the colony, 30 stables are constructed having a capacity for housing 500–550 animals in each stables. Each stable has been provided with an ancillary building such as hay gawdown, chaff-cutting sheds, calving lines, and residential accommodation for the cattle owner and their staff. The private cattle owner who are maintaining their herds in the Mumbai city prior to 1949 were shifted and allotted licences to maintain their buffaloes in the colony stables. Presently, Aarey Milk Colony has got the capacity of accommodating 16,079 cattle in 30 units. The licence holders are required to pay the necessary license fee, occupation charges, water and electricity charges and other ancillary services rendered to them.

In addition to the activities of maintaining the large herds of milch animals in Aarey Colony, certain activities like running a primary school for the benefit of children of residents of the Aarey Colony and running a twenty-four bed hospital are also undertaken by Aarey authorities.

;Animal Husbandry Scheme, Cow Unit Scheme

Under this scheme, nearly 1,700 indigenous and cross-breed cows are maintained at four Dairy Farms Units. The indigenous herd is utilized for producing large numbers of cross-breed heifers which are supplied to the farmers of dairy co-operatives in Maharashtra state to augment the milk production and the generation of cross-breed herd will be utilized to study the effect of cross-breeding up to a 7.5% and 6.5% exotic blood level. This study will be useful to advise the farmers in the Maharashtra state regarding the breeding policies that can be practiced by them for breeding their cross-bred progeny at the village level. Maintenance of cross-breed herds will be economic while the indigenous herds will be showing some amount of losses, but it will be a good study for future planning.

In order to increase the revenue and decrease the losses incurred, the following activities were initiated from 2001 to 2002.
#The toll tax collection for the vehicles using the Aarey Forestmain road from [[Powai]], Malad-Borivali, Dindoshi, [[Goregaon]], Andheri, Marol-Maroshi by calling for public tenders.
#The Aarey tank measuring 3–4 acres is utilized for boating purposes on a fixed rent basis.
#The unutilized godowns which were earlier used for storing the fodder and concentrated animal feed are rented to various parties by calling for public tenders.
#Various stalls open spoken were allotted for vendors' stalls, restaurants, general stores on a rental basis.
#The agricultural produce from the various trees. E.g. Coconuts, mangoes, cashews, and [[palmyra fruit]], etc. were given on a contractual basis.
#The various resources and by-products. E.g. Water, fodder plot, and cattle are being sold on a contractual basis.

The various activities are carried out by the staff of around 640 personnel under the administrative control of chief executive officer Aarey Colony.

== Issues ==
[[File:Road inside Aarey Colony.jpg|thumb|left|The roads within Aarey are lonely]]
The roads within Aarey are lonely and late night travel must be avoided between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m.<ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://m.mid-day.com/amp/articles/mumbai-meet-the-fake-policewoman-who-has-terrorised-aarey/16092193 |title=Mumbai: Meet the fake policewoman who has terrorised Aarey |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |location=Mumbai |date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Jagran Prakashan Limited |agency=Mid-Day Infomedia |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref> The thick vegetation hides wild animals like leopards, who usually prey upon stray dogs and feral pigs.<ref>
{{Cite news |last=Bhagat |first=Simit |title=Aarey of problems |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Aarey-of-problems/articleshow/6235380.cms |edition=[[Times Internet|online]] |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 July 2010 |location=Mumbai |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |access-date=24 November 2017}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Badri |title=In pics: Rare birds, animals, insects, Mumbai's Aarey Milk Colony is real-life jungle book |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/in-pics-rare-birds-animals-insects-mumbai-s-aarey-milk-colony-is-real-life-jungle-book/story-reE3q9bLuJXGvVn6FT5epL_amp.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |date=31 May 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017}}
</ref> In recent years, increased human encroachment into leopard territory and shortage of prey density in the neighbouring [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park|SGNP]] have turned some leopards into [[Man-eating animal#Leopards|man-eater]]s.<ref>
{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Badri |title=Sudden rise in leopard attacks in Mumbai's Aarey Colony in 2017: What's the reason? |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/how-some-mumbai-hamlets-live-dangerously-close-to-leopards/story-Q2C4REMAF4fk4MXq93YrAI.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |date=23 October 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-mumbai-s-aarey-colony-in-fear-leopard-attacks-highest-since-2002/photo-P4CO8SdP1Mxd23KeMtIq9O.html |title=Photos: Mumbai's Aarey Colony in fear, leopard attacks highest since 2002 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |date=26 October 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017}}
</ref> On 22 December 2016, the [[decapitation|headless body]] of a 22-year-old man, Brandon Gonsalves, was found near Unit 2 of Aarey Colony.<ref>
{{Cite news |last=Navalkar |first=Priya |title=Aarey cops makes little progress in beheaded body case |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/310517/aarey-cops-makes-little-progress-in-beheaded-body-case.html |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |date=31 March 2017 |location=Mumbai |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref> The [[Mumbai Police]] suspected that it was a case of human sacrifice performed by some ''[[Tantra|tantrik]]'' babas.<ref>
{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Manish K |title=Aarey murder: Blind spot leads Mumbai police to dead end |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/aarey-murder-blind-spot-leads-mumbai-police-to-dead-end/story-qqwyyk68uXMQkYpA6Fm4iN_amp.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref> Apart from criminal activities like murders, road robberies, and occult practices, there are apocryphal tales of ghosts trying to hitch rides.<ref>
{{Cite news |last=Awatramani |first=Tarini |title=Ghosts galore: Mumbai's most haunted locations |url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/none/urban-legends-893417/ |newspaper=[[CNN|Cable News Network]] |series=CNN Travel |location=Mumbai |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=27 August 2017}}
</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Aarey milk colony.jpg|thumb|The picturesque beauty of Aarey has made it popular with filmmakers]]
A large portion of [[Bimal Roy]]'s ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958) was shot in the area, to match the earlier footage shot in [[Nainital]].<ref name=mid>{{Cite web |title=It's 50 years since Madhumati captured the hearts and minds of a nation. Sunday MiD DAY recounts the making of a classic. |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/jan/917678.htm |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |agency=Mid-Day Infomedia |publisher=Jagran Prakashan Limited |location=Mumbai |date=19 January 2008 |access-date=27 August 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180130121729/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/jan/917678.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Construction projects in the forest===

Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation, a Joint Venture Special Purpose Agency between the Government of India and the Government of Maharashtra for constructing Mumbai Metro Line 3 has proposed some projects which could have potentially caused several trees to be cut. Among which was the Metro Bhavan, a housing project for workers of the metro line within what was allegedly an eco sensitive part of the forest. The 32 story project 32-story residential project intended to house 8,000 people and also included a heliport and parking for 365 cars. This project has since been shifted to Dahisar.<ref name="HinduTimes411">{{cite news |last=Arora-Desai |first=Prayag |date=April 11, 2021 |title=Mumbai: No green assessment for Metro Bhavan; experts seek scrutiny |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbaino-green-assessment-for-metro-bhavan-experts-seek-scrutiny-101618169792952.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Manthank |date=2022-10-22 |title=Metro operations & control facility to move to Dahisar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-operations-control-facility-to-move-to-dahisar/articleshow/95022821.cms |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Proponents say the land is needed for projects that are important to local residents, and that the need outweighs environmental concerns raised by people who want to protect the forest. From 2014 onwards a coalition of urban and Indigenous communities has campaigned against any clearing of the area.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gosai |first=Hardik Giri |title=Major Environmental Activism in India: Past and Present |date=2024 |work=Environmental Activism and Global Media: Perspective from the Past, Present and Future |pages=205–226 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pardeep |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-55408-7_10 |access-date=2024-09-16 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-55408-7_10 |isbn=978-3-031-55408-7 |last2=Sharma |first2=Asha |last3=Mankodi |first3=Pradeep |editor2-last=Ao |editor2-first=Bendangwapang |editor3-last=Medhavi |editor3-first=Dr|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The car shed project was tried to be moved to Kanjurmarg.<ref name=HTKanjurmarg>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Aarey Metro car shed to be moved to Kanjurmarg |first=Swapnil |last=Rawal |date=October 11, 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-aarey-metro-car-shed-to-be-moved-to-kanjurmarg/story-4BieWQqbliAqDzZEy0EHBL.html}}</ref><ref name=NDTVOct20>{{cite news |title=800 Acres Of Mumbai's Aarey Declared Forest, Metro Car Shed To Be Shifted |first=Purva |last=Chitnis |date=October 11, 2020 |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/controversial-metro-carshed-to-be-shifted-from-mumbai-aarey-2308421}}</ref> But later in July 2022 the project was shifted back to its original place and the construction resumed when the stay order was removed on 21 July. However, the work did not restart until March 2023 as hearing on several different petitions filed against the construction of metro depot in Aarey were still being heard in the Bombay High Court and the Indian Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2022 |first=Pankaj |last=Upadhyay |title=Maharashtra government lifts stay order on metro car shed project at Aarey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aarey-metro-car-shed-project-maharashtra-govt-lifts-stay-order-uddhav-shinde-1978251-2022-07-21 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Padmakshi |date=2022-11-29 |title=Supreme Court Refuses To Stay Maharashtra Govt Decision To Allow Metro Car Shed At Aarey; Allows MMRCL To Seek Felling Of Trees |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-refuses-to-stay-maharashtra-govt-decision-to-allow-metro-car-shed-at-aarey-allows-mmrcl-to-seek-felling-of-trees-215327 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> The last of which only concluded in early 2023. It has been said that the carshed issue resulted in delaying the opening of the [[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Metro Line 3]] by at least five years and also lead to cost overruns in thousands of crores in rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2021 |first=Nauzer |last=Bharucha |title=Cost of Mumbai Metro 3 soars by Rs 10,000 crore in 5 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cost-of-mumbai-metro-3-soars-by-rs-10000cr-in-5-yrs/articleshow/83269265.cms |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Those who want to protect Aarey Forest say the loss to the forest of thousands of trees will lead to poorer air quality and will disrupt wildlife habitat, including that of a small population of endangered leopards. They say the housing project, which has a large concrete footprint, will lead to flooding in an urban area already prone to seasonal floods.<ref name=HinduTimes411 />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dairy.maharashtra.gov.in Dairy Development Board of Maharashtra] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914130801/http://www.dairy.maharashtra.gov.in/ |date=14 September 2018 }}

{{Commons category}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

The Red Beret

2026-02-20T02:08:38Z

উদাহরণ: refine content as per guidelines

{{Short description|1954 film by Terence Young}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Red Beret
| image = The Red Beret.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Film poster|Australian release poster]]
| based_on = {{based on|''The Red Beret''|[[Hilary Saint George Saunders]]}}
| director = [[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Irving Allen]]
* [[Albert R. Broccoli]]
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* [[Richard Maibaum]]
* [[Sy Bartlett]]
* [[Frank Nugent]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Alan Ladd]]
* [[Leo Genn]]
* [[Susan Stephen]]
* [[Harry Andrews]]
* [[Donald Houston]]
* [[Anthony Bushell]]
* [[Patric Doonan]]
* [[Stanley Baker]]
* [[Lana Morris]]
* [[Tim Turner]]
}}
| music = [[John Addison]]
| cinematography = [[John Wilcox (cinematographer)|John Wilcox]]
| editing = Gordon Pilkington
| color_process = [[Technicolor]]
| studio = [[Warwick Films]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1953|08|14|London/Suez Canal Zone|1953|12|30|New York City}}
| runtime = 88 minutes
| country = United Kingdom United States
| language = English
| budget = US$700,000<ref name="Chapman">Chapman 2001, p. 55.</ref>
| gross = US$8 million<ref name="Chapman"/>
}}

'''''The Red Beret''''' (aka '''''The Red Devils''''', '''''The Big Jump''''' and retitled '''''Paratrooper''''' for the US release) is a 1953 British-American [[war film]] directed by [[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]] and starring [[Alan Ladd]], [[Leo Genn]] and [[Susan Stephen]].

''The Red Beret'' is the fictional story about Steve MacKendrick, an American who enlists in the British [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]] in 1940, claiming to be a Canadian. It was the first film made by [[Irving Allen]] and [[Albert R. Broccoli]]'s [[Warwick Films]], with many of the crew later working on various films for Warwick Films and Broccoli's [[Eon Productions]].<ref>Mackenzie 2007, p. 131.</ref><ref name="warwick">{{cite magazine|date=8 December 2025|access-date=8 December 2025|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-film-moguls-cubby-broccoli-and-irving-allen/|title=Forgotten British Film Moguls: Cubby Broccoli and Irving Allen}}</ref> It is partly based on the 1950 non-fiction book with the same title written by [[Hilary St George Saunders]], about the Parachute Regiment and its second operation, [[Operation Biting]], in February 1942.
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==Plot==
Steve MacKendrick, nicknamed "Canada" because he claims he is from the country, volunteers in 1940 for the [[No. 1 Parachute Training School RAF|British military's parachute training facility]]. He has much more experience and leadership skills than he admits. Canada tries to become better acquainted with a pretty [[parachute rigger]] named Penny Gardner. She is initially put off by his attitude, but they eventually start dating. Both Penny and his new commander, Lieutenant Colonel John Snow, see potential (and a mystery that does not add up) in him, despite his strong efforts to avoid assuming any responsibility. Canada turns down Snow's offer to send him to officer school.

After completing parachute school, Canada's unit goes on a [[Operation Biting|raid on the German radar station]] at [[Saint-Jouin-Bruneval|Bruneval]]. An RAF radar expert, Flight Sergeant Box, accompanies the raiders to retrieve a key component to take back to Britain. The mission is a success, but Corporal Dawes, one of the men in Canada's outfit, hurts both his legs in the drop.

Back in Britain, after visiting Dawes, Canada is recognised by an American airman. He tells Penny that he resigned his commission from the [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] after ordering his best friend and co-pilot to parachute out of their bomber when an experimental rocket got stuck. His friend was killed when his parachute did not open properly. Canada blamed himself and refuses any responsibility that might endanger anyone's life. When Snow confronts Canada with what he has learned (from a security investigation that he has ordered), Canada wrongly assumes that Penny told what she learned, and he breaks up with her. However just before he boards his plane on his next mission, they exchange a smile suggesting they have made up.

The unit's next operation involves attacking and destroying an airfield at [[Annaba|Bône]] during the [[Operation Torch|invasion of North Africa]]. With Snow wounded and the men trapped in a minefield, Canada must risk others to extricate the unit. One of his friends, Poleski, who is Polish, finds a [[bazooka]], so he decides to use it to blow a path though the minefield. Canada, Poleski and Taffy Evans use it to extricate their unit, while Snow and the rest of the men cover them. Although Snow and most of the men get out, the [[regimental sergeant major]] Cameron dies from the wounds he received when he entered the minefield. Afterward, Canada promises to think about the commission Snow offered him.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Alan Ladd]] as Steve "Canada" McKendrick
* [[Leo Genn]] as Lt. Col. John Snow
* [[Susan Stephen]] as Penny Gardner
* [[Harry Andrews]] as R.S.M. Cameron
* [[Donald Houston]] as Taffy Evans
* [[Anthony Bushell]] as Major General Whiting
* [[Patric Doonan]] as Flash Gordon
* [[Stanley Baker]] as Sergeant Breton
* [[Lana Morris]] as "Pinky"
* [[Tim Turner]] as Rupert
* Michael Kelly as Corporal Dawes
* [[Anton Diffring]] as Poleski
* [[Thomas Heathcote]] as Alf
* [[Carl Duering]] as Rossi Stubbins
* [[John Boxer (British actor)|John Boxer]] as Flight Sergeant Box
* [[Harry Locke]] as Medical Orderly
* [[Michael Balfour (actor)|Michael Balfour]] as American Sergeant
* [[Guido Lorraine]] as German Officer
* [[Walter Gotell]] as German Sentry (uncredited)
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development===
''The Red Beret'' was based on a non-fiction book by [[Hilary St George Saunders]] published in 1950.<ref>Henriques, R. [https://www.proquest.com/docview/475155177 "Review: 'Pegasus'."] ''The Observer'', 15 October 1950.</ref> Film rights were bought by [[Irving Allen]], who had a company with [[Albert R. Broccoli]], [[Warwick Films]]. He was told he could get finance if they could get a star to play the lead role.<ref name="allen">{{cite news|newspaper=Evening Standard|date=25 March 1959|page=8|title='I can't afford to be a mouse in the rat race'|first=Thomas|last=Wiseman}}</ref> In 1951, Allen originally announced [[Trevor Howard]] and [[Leo Genn]] for the leading roles.<ref>{{cite news|author=Schallert, E.|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/166245524|title=Boyer to portray Hindu; sally forrest dramatic; Monroe deal simmering|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 8, 1951|id={{ProQuest|166245524}} }}.</ref> Saunders, who wrote the book, was to work on the screenplay, but he died during pre-production. [[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]] was signed to direct and write a script. The [[working title]] was ''The Red Devils''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Schallert, E.|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/166273676|title=Devils' on hot schedule; Coleen Gray in 'Models'; Laughton may do Pirate.|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 1, 1952|id={{ProQuest|166273676}} }}</ref> ''The Red Beret'' was originally intended to be a co-production between Warwick and [[RKO Pictures]], but the two companies were unable to come to terms, so Warwick made a deal with [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] instead.<ref>"Special to The New York Times: Studios planning 2 Alan Ladd films; Warwick and Columbia to join in offering 'The Red Beret' and 'The White South'." ''The New York Times'', 15 July 1952, p. 17.</ref>

Terence Young's original choice for the lead role of Steve "Canada" MacKendrick was former [[World War II|Second World War]] [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Para]] [[Richard Todd]] who turned the part down, saying "I did not like this script, probably because I was still rather serious-minded about anything to do with the [[British airborne operations in North Africa|Airborne Forces]] and thought it an over-fictionalised treatment."<ref name="Todd">Todd 1986 p. 187.</ref> [[Ray Milland]] was also originally announced as landing the leading role.<ref>[https://www.proquest.com/docview/166354056 "Movieland briefs."] ''Los Angeles Times '', 1 April 1952{{ProQuest|1663540561}}</ref> Former agent Broccoli knew that [[Alan Ladd]] was unhappy with [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], where he had worked for most of his career.<ref>Broccoli and Zec 1999, p. 178.</ref> Broccoli met Ladd and his wife and agent [[Sue Carol]] who agreed to a two-picture contract with Warwick. (This eventually covered three pictures.)<ref>[https://www.proquest.com/docview/112262054 "Studios planning 2 Alan Ladd films."] ''The New York Times'', 15 July 1952. {{ProQuest|112262054}}</ref> Ladd was paid US$200,000, [[first class travel]] and accommodations for himself, his wife, their four children and their nurse, and 10 per cent of the gross receipts over US$2,000,000 for his 11 weeks work filming ''The Red Beret''.<ref>[http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/309/309.F2d.51.17759_1.html "309 F.2d 51: Alan W. Ladd and Sue Carol Ladd, Appellants, v. Robert A. Riddel, District Director of Internal Revenue, Los Angeles, California,"] ''United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit'', 22 October 1962.</ref>

Ladd wanted work done on the script and recommended [[Richard Maibaum]], with whom he had worked several times while at Paramount. Warwick hired him and this began a long professional relationship between Broccoli and Maibaum which later included the [[James Bond]] films.<ref>Maibaum 1986, p. 283.</ref> In addition to director Young and screenwriter Maibaum, camera operator [[Ted Moore]] and stuntman [[Bob Simmons (stunt man)|Bob Simmons]] worked extensively on future Warwick and [[Eon Productions]] films, as did actor [[Walter Gotell]], who appeared as a German sentry. [[Johanna Harwood]], who worked on the continuity, co-wrote the screenplays for the first two Bond films ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' and ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]''.<ref name="warwick"/>

Although there was some public criticism of an American playing the lead in a British war film, British cinema owners responded that Hollywood stars filled their cinema seats, unlike most local actors. Ladd himself explained that his character had enlisted in the Parachute Regiment to learn from them. The Parachute Regiment provided extras, facilities and locations at the [[RAF Abingdon]] Parachute School, [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], [[Oxfordshire]] and at [[Trawsfynydd]], [[North Wales]].<ref>[http://www.reelstreets.com/index.php/component/films/?task=view&id=1545&film_ref=paratrooper "Films: Red Beret, The."] ''reelstreets.com''. Retrieved: 20 November 2015.</ref> Studio work took place at [[Shepperton Studios|Shepperton]].<ref>Grenville, Harvey. [http://www.paradata.org.uk/content/red-beret-1953 "Index: 'The Red Beret'(1953)".] ''paradata.org''. Retrieved: 21 November 2015.</ref>

The female lead role of Penny Gardner was originally meant to be played by [[Dianne Foster]] but she was unable to make it due to a scheduling conflict. She was replaced by [[Susan Stephen]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pryor |first=Thomas M. |title=Lubin will do film of St. Johns story; Director buys screen rights to 'Wisdom of the Serpent', Irene Dunne to star. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 October 1952 |page=16}}</ref>

Actor [[Leo Genn]] served in the [[British Army]] in World War II, reaching the rank of Lt. Colonel. Alan Ladd was initially attached to the [[United States Air Force|American Air Force]] Film Unit but was discharged due to stomach disorders. Subsequently, he was classified as A1 but thanks to pressure from film studios, his draft was postponed and finally in 1945 was removed from the draft along with all men over 30.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Stanley Baker played an antagonist for Ladd. His performance was so well received he was reteamed with Ladd on ''Hell Below Zero''.<ref name="bake">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-moguls-stanley-baker/|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|date=28 December 2025|access-date=28 December 2025|magazine=Filmink|title=Forgotten British Moguls: Stanley Baker}}</ref>
===Production===
Filming started in September 1952.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=The Red Beret makes a flying start|magazine=Kinematograph Weekly|url=https://archive.org/details/KineWeekly2358/page/24/mode/1up?|date=4 September 1952|page=24}}</ref>

The final budget was £209,980 plus $315,000 to cover the fees of Ladd, Allen and Broccoli, Maibaum and American publicity.<ref name="money">Chapman, J. (2022). The Money Behind the Screen: A History of British Film Finance, 1945–1985. Edinburgh University Press p 358</ref>

==Release==
The film had a simultaneous premiere at the [[Empire Leicester Square]] in [[London]] and at Moascar in the [[Suez Canal]] Zone staged by the [[Army Kinematograph Service|Army Kinema Corporation]] on 14 August 1953.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Ladd Pic, 'Beret', Preems in West End and Suez|magazine=Variety|date=19 August 1953|page=13|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-08/page/n142/mode/1up?view=theater|access-date=17 March 2024|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical===
''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "keenly interesting and suspensive... it should be a winner in any country that is not sated with war pix."<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Variety|title=The Red Beret|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1953-08-19_191_11/page/6/mode/1up?|page=6|date=19 August 1953}}</ref>

===Box office===
''The Red Beret'' was a hit at the British box office. According to producer Allen, it recouped its cost from the British market alone.<ref>Pryor, Thomas M. "Hollywood cheer: Eric Johnston predicts good year for industry; Producer's point of view." ''The New York Times'', 10 January 1954, p. X5.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Warwick schedules more features|url=https://archive.org/details/variety194-1954-06/page/n195/mode/1up?|magazine=Variety|date=23 June 1954|page=4}}</ref> ''Filmink'' argued, "while local journalists clutched pearls at the idea of an American appearing in such a British story, the public seemed flattered. Warwick was off and running."<ref name="warwick"/>

The film cost an estimated US$700,000 to make and grossed US$8 million worldwide.<ref name="Chapman"/> It earned 80,000,000 francs (US$225,000) in France.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/variety204-1956-11/page/n157/mode/1up?|first=Harold|last=Meyers|magazine=Variety|title=Row Looms on Granting Licences for Brit Pix Made by US Outfits|date=21 November 1956|page=14}}</ref> ''Variety'' reported it made $1,750,000 in rentals in the US and Canada by the end of 1954.<ref name="box">{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/variety197-1955-01-05/page/n58/mode/1up|title=1954 Box Office Champs|magazine=Variety|date=5 January 1955|page=59}} – figures are rentals in the US and Canada</ref> In February 1956, Broccoli claimed it had earned £570,000 in the US.<ref>{{cite news|title="Red Beret" lesson|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=24 February 1956|page=24}}</ref>
===Legacy===
''Filmmink'' argued the movie "established the Warwick formula – a foreign (i.e. non-American) setting, imported American male star and British male-co star, a prominent female love interest, an action-adventure story based on some pre-existing IP (a novel, or historical event, or combination of both), a solid pro director, an American screenwriter, and American investment (normally Columbia Studios)."<ref name="warwick"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Broccoli, Albert R.; and Donald Zec. ''When the Snow Melts: The Autobiography of Cubby Broccoli''. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Trans-Atlantic Publications, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-7522-1162-6}}.
* Chapman, James. ''Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-8451-1515-9}}.
* Mackenzie, S.P. ''British War Films, 1939–1945: The Cinema and the Services''. London: Hambledon, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-8528-5586-4}}.
* Maibaum, Richard, ''Backstory: Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood's Golden Age''. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1988, first edition 1986. {{ISBN|978-0-5200-5689-3}}.
* Todd, Richard. ''Caught in the Act: The Story of My Life''. London: Hutchinson, 1986. {{ISBN|978-0-0916-3800-9}}.
{{Refend}}
The use of the names 'Box' and 'Snow' for the Bruneval raid section of the film, is a deliberate tribute to Sgt 'Cox' and Col 'Frost' who took part- hence the play on names. The 'Czech' played by Jewish Refugee actor Anton Differing is a tribute to the actual German Jewish Para Pte P. Newman, real Name Peter Nagel, who went on the raid to question and bring back German prisoners. He later went on the St Nazaire raid as Pte Walker and was POW but survived the war;he was the only British Commando to take part in both raids. For his full story see chapter in book 'Fighting Back' by Martin Sugarman (Valentine Mitchell 2017)

==External links==
* {{IMDb title| 0046161 }}
* {{TCMDb title| 86231 }}
* {{AFI film|id=51296|title=Paratrooper}}

{{Terence Young}}
{{Irving Allen}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Beret, The}}
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 war films]]
[[Category:British aviation films]]
[[Category:British war films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Terence Young]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Addison]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]
[[Category:Films about the North African campaign]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Richard Maibaum]]
[[Category:British World War II films]]
[[Category:1953 English-language films]]
[[Category:1953 British films]]
[[Category:English-language war films]]

Maninderjeet Singh Bitta

2026-02-08T12:07:36Z

উদাহরণ: refined details additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maninderjeet Bitta
| image = Maninderjeet Singh Bitta (cropped).jpg
| caption = M.S Bitta
| birth_name = Maninderjeet Singh Bitta
| occupation = Chairman of the All-India Anti-Terrorist Front (AIATF)
}}

'''Maninderjeet Singh Bitta''' (also '''M.S. Bitta''') is the chairman of the '''All-India Anti-Terrorist Front''' (AIATF), and former President of [[Indian Youth Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980718/19951304.html |title=Bitta for front against terrorism . |publisher=Expressindia.com |date=1998-07-18 |accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/12/stories/2005061217880300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304062508/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/12/stories/2005061217880300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-03-04 |title=New Delhi News : Bitta flays clemency plea |date=2005-06-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref> He was made President of Indian Youth Congress by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. Maninderjeet Singh Bitta was a Minister in [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]] in the govt of [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]].

==Attacks on his life==
*9 May 1992 : Bitta along with his friend Charanjit Singh Bedi was severely injured in a car bombing that killed 13 people in [[Amritsar, Punjab|Amritsar]] on May 9, 1992.<ref name="nytimes1993">{{cite web|author=Published: 12 September 1993 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/12/world/a-car-bomb-in-new-delhi-kills-8-and-wounds-36.html |title=A Car Bomb in New Delhi Kills 8 and Wounds 36 - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1993-09-12 |accessdate=2012-07-31}}</ref>
*11 September 1993 : Bitta survived a deadly attack on him at Indian Youth Congress premises on Raisina Road, [[New Delhi]]. The blast occurred at mid-day as Maninderjeet Singh Bitta, then president of the then governing Congress Party's youth wing, left his office in a car. His two bodyguards were among the dead. He escaped with shrapnel wounds to the chest, but 9 people were killed and 36 wounded.<ref name="nytimes1993"/> [[Burning tires]] and pieces of metal and glass were strewn across a 100-yard area near Parliament and many Government buildings. Rescuers pulled mangled bodies from damaged cars as smoke billowed into the sky. Passengers in a passing public bus were wounded. The death toll would probably have been much higher if it had not been raining heavily. After investigation, authorities named [[Devinder Pal Singh Bhullar]], an affiliate of the Khalistan Liberation Force, as one of the persons responsible for the 1993 Raisina Road car bomb and is sentenced to death by hanging. Bhullar's appeal against the conviction was dismissed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 27 December 2006. His plea for clemency was rejected by the President of India in May 2011. He again asked for commutation of hanging sentence, which was rejected by the Supreme court of India on 12 April 2013. Finally Death penalty of Devinderpal Singh Bhullar commuted to life imprisonment by the Supreme Court on 31 March 2014 on the ground of inordinate delay on part of President to decide their mercy pleas.

==Protection==
He was earlier provided with [[Security categories in India|Z+ security]]<ref name="zplus_withdrawn">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-30-years-later-z-plus-security-to-buta-singh-withdrawn-1505709 | title=30 YEARS LATER, Z PLUS SECURITY TO BUTA SINGH WITHDRAWN | work=DNA | date=February 10, 2011 | agency=dnaindia.com | accessdate=May 30, 2016 | author=Anand, Anil | location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bitta, Maninderjeet Singh}}
[[Category:Indian Youth Congress presidents]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]

{{PunjabIN-INC-politician-stub}}

M. Padmakumar

2026-02-08T11:59:10Z

উদাহরণ: created new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2010}}
{{COI|date=July 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Padmakumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 1988 – present
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''M. Padmakumar''' is an Indian [[film director]] working in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He began his career working as an [[assistant director]] to a number of leading directors and later became an independent director through ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' in 2003. His best known works include ''[[Vaasthavam]]'' (2006), ''[[Shikkar]]'' (2010), ''[[Jalam (film)|Jalam]]'' (2015), ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' (2018) and ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' (2019).

==Filmography==
;Films

===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Production !!Notes
|-
|2003 ||''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' ||Raghunath ||
|-
|2006 ||''[[Vargam]]'' ||Hanees ||
|-
|2006 ||''[[Vaasthavam]]'' ||Sreechakra Films Pvt. Ltd. ||
|-
|2008 ||''[[Parunthu]]'' ||Houli Pottoor ||
|-
|2009 ||''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' ||[[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] ||Anthology film, Segment: "Nostalgia"
|-
|2010 ||''[[Shikkar]]'' ||K. K. Rajagopal ||
|-
|2012||''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]''||Alexander John ||
|-
|2013 ||''[[Ithu Pathiramanal]]'' ||Dhanush Productions ||
|-
|2013 ||''[[Orissa (film)|Orissa]]'' ||Heera Films ||
|-
|2013 || ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]''||D Cuts Films Company|| Anthology film, Segment: "Oru Bolivian Diary 1995"
|-
|2014 ||''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]''||Kala Nair ||
|-
|2015 ||''[[Kanal (2015 film)|Kanal]]''|| Abaam Movies ||
|-
|2015 ||''[[Jalam (film)|Jalam]]''|| Aries Group ||
|-
|2017||''[[Aakashamittayee]]''|| Varnachitra Big Screen Studios India || Co-directed with [[Samuthirakani]]
|-
|2018 || ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]''|| Appu Pathu Pappu Production House ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' || Kavya Films || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/encouraging-response-to-mamangam-director-padmakumar/article30314647.ece | title=Encouraging response to 'Mamangam': Director Padmakumar | newspaper=The Hindu | date=15 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2022 ||''[[Visithiran]]'' || B Studios Shark Pictures||Tamil film; Tamil remake of ''Joseph''
|-
|2022||''[[Pathaam Valavu]]'' || United Global Media Productions ||
|-
|2023||''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Blue Mount Production ||
|}
;Television
{| class="wikitable"
! Original broadcast !! Series name !! Network !!Notes
|-
|12 December 2016 - 16 June 2017||''[[Kayamkulam Kochunniyude Makan (TV Series)|Kayamkulam Kochunniyude Makan]] ''||[[Surya TV]]||TV Serial
|-
|}

===Assistant director===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] || Credited as "co-director"
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]]'' || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Black (2004 film)|Black]]'' || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Mizhi Randilum]]'' || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]'' || [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Valliettan]]'' || [[Shaji Kailas]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Narasimham (film)]]'' || [[Shaji Kailas]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Aayiram Meni]]'' ||[[I. V. Sasi]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' || [[Joshiy]] ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Aaraam Thampuran]]'' || [[Shaji Kailas]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[The Prince (1996 film)|The Prince]]'' ||[[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]] ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Devasuram]]'' ||[[I. V. Sasi]] ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Poochakkaru Mani Kettum]]''||[[Thulasidas]] ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Kallanum Polisum''||[[I V Sasi]] ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]] ||
|-
| 1991 ||''[[Inspector Balram]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]] ||
|-
| 1991 ||''[[Apoorvam Chilar]]''|| Kala Adoor ||
|-
| 1989 ||''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''|| [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || 4th Assistant Director
|-
| 1988 ||''[[Aranyakam]]''|| [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] || 4th Assistant Director
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1500124}}
{{M. Padmakumar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmakumar, M.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

2018 Meghalaya mining accident

2026-02-08T04:35:37Z

উদাহরণ: Starting new pg

{{Short description|Mining disaster}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}{{Infobox event|date={{start and end dates|2018|12|13|2019|3|2}}|location=[[Meghalaya]], India
|outcome= 5 escaped, 2 confirmed deaths, 13 missing|title=|coordinates={{coord|25.5602913|92.1936813|type:event|display=inline,title}}|image=IN-ML.svg}}

The '''Meghalaya mining accident''' happened on 13 December 2018, when 15 miners were trapped in a mine in ''Ksan,'' in the [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]]. While five miners managed to escape, rescue efforts for the remaining 10 continued till 2 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/13-feared-dead-in-meghalaya-coal-mine/article25736100.ece|title=13 feared dead in Meghalaya coal mine|last=Karmakar|first=Rahul|date=13 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-mine-collapse-have-sought-powerful-pumps-they-will-arrive-soon-says-coal-india-5512614/|title=Meghalaya mine collapse: Have sought powerful pumps, they will arrive soon, says Coal India|date=28 December 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2018-12-27-trapped-meghalaya-miners-rescue|title=Rescue Ops On, but No Update on Trapped Miners in Flooded Meghalaya Mine|date=27 December 2018|website=The Weather Channel|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> After manually digging using a banned process known as [[rat-hole mining]], the miners were trapped inside the coal mine at a depth of around {{convert|370|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in [[Jaintia Hills district]]. The tunnel the miners were in flooded with water after they cut into an adjacent mine which was full of water from the nearby Lytein river.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/no-lessons-learnt/article25836724.ece|title=No lessons learnt: on Meghalaya mining disaster|last=Editorial|date=27 December 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/12/19/tests-confirm-lytein-river-water-entered-coal-mine/|title=Tests confirm Lytein river water entered coal mine|date=19 December 2018|website=The Shillong Times|access-date=2018-12-28|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228175049/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2018/12/19/tests-confirm-lytein-river-water-entered-coal-mine/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/families-of-miners-trapped-in-meghalaya-seek-miracle/articleshow/67257765.cms|title=Families of miners trapped in Meghalaya seek miracle|date=26 December 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

Service personnel from the [[National Disaster Response Force|National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)]] and the State Disaster Response Force began operations shortly after the miners were trapped. After a request for assistance from the district administration, teams from [[Coal India]], [[Kirloskar Brothers]], the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]] joined the operation to rescue the miners.

== Background ==
In 2014, Meghalaya's yearly coal production was around 6 million tonnes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-coal-mining-ban-moving-allowed-in-between-the-tragedy-5512662/|title=Meghalaya: Mining ban, moving allowed, in between the tragedy|last=Saha|first=Abhishek|date=28 December 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> In 2014, the [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), a government body that handles [[environmental issues in India]], issued an order banning mining in Meghalaya, specifically banning mining through the [[Rat-Hole Mining|'rat-hole' technique]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

But despite the ban, in subsequent orders following petitions by coal mine owners, the National Green Tribunal and the [[Supreme Court of India]] continued to allow transportation of coal dug prior to the enactment of the order on 17 April 2014. On 4 December 2018 the Supreme Court again issued an order that the transportation of coal mined prior to the ban was extended to 31 January 2019.<ref name=":4" /> However NGT as well as anti-mining activists have pointed out that [[illegal mining]] of fresh coal still continues.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/rat-hole-mining-rampant-in-meghalaya-despite-ngt-ban|title=Rat-Hole Mining Rampant in Meghalaya Despite NGT Ban|last=Mukhim|first=D Banjop|date=26 December 2018|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> In November 2018, two activists were attacked for gathering evidence of illegal [[coal mining]] in the area.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46670140|title=Race to save trapped 'rat-hole' miners|last=Siangshai|first=Sannio|date=24 December 2018|work=BBC|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

== Rescue attempts ==
Rescue operations started on 13 December. Over 100 service personnel from the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and State Disaster Response Force were deployed to rescue the miners.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sonar-system-fails-to-detect-trapped-coal-miners-in-meghalaya-118121500679_1.html|title=Sonar system fails to detect trapped coal miners in Meghalaya|agency=IANS|date=15 December 2018|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> 1,200,000 litres were pumped out of the mine, but this did not help as rain during the rescue operations and water from the river continued to flood the mine.<ref name=":1" /> Divers were also sent into the mine, but they could only reach a depth of 40 feet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/not-giving-up-but-huge-logistical-challenge-to-rescue-trapped-miners-meghalaya-cm-1418336-2018-12-27|title=Not giving up but huge logistical challenge to rescue trapped miners: Meghalaya CM|last=Shali|first=Pooja|date=27 December 2018|website=India Today|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> Sonar systems as well as cameras failed to detect the miners.<ref name=":2" />

The local administration made a request for pumps and other assistance from state owned Coal India on 20 December 2018. The communication was received by Coal India only on 26 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-day-15-odisha-team-to-begin-rescue-op-for-15-trapped-in-meghalaya-mine/story-OBFPVsW0UgyzDE8fjxRKNJ.html|title=IAF plane with 20 pumps lands, 200-km drive next to reach trapped miners|last=Parashar|first=Utpal|last2=Mohanty|first2=Debabrata|date=28 December 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> On 28 December the Indian Air Force joined in the operations on 28 December 2018, airlifting pumps to the site. Teams from Coal India and Kirloskar Brothers also provided expertise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meghalaya-coal-miners-rescue-operation-live-updates-iaf-coal-india-teams-to-reach-today-1969106|title=Meghalaya Rescue Operation Live Updates: Air Force, Coal India Teams To Reach Today|last=Nair|first=Arun|date=28 December 2018|website=NDTV|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/Au85yYzWnKdtfEWG45YOFO/Meghalaya-mining-mishap-Kirloskar-Brothers-offer-high-power.html|title=Meghalaya mining mishap: Kirloskar Brothers offer high power pumps to drain water from mine|agency=PTI|date=27 December 2018|website=Livemint|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> On 29 December, a 15-member diving team from the Indian Navy also joined in the operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meghalaya-coal-miners-rescue-operation-live-updates-navy-divers-high-pressure-pumps-to-reach-site-to-1969637|title=Meghalaya Rescue Operation Updates: Navy Divers, High-Pressure Pumps To Reach Site Today|last=Ghosh|first=Aditi|date=29 December 2018|website=NDTV|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-divers-to-join-rescue-operation-for-trapped-meghalaya-miners/articleshow/67289948.cms|title=Navy divers to join rescue operation for trapped Meghalaya miners|date=28 December 2018|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref>

Media reports appeared on 27 December that the miners may be dead on the basis of a statement by a diver of the NDRF, which mentioned the presence of a "foul smell" coming from the mine. The NDRF shortly after clarified that this did not mean the miners were dead, and the foul smell could be coming due to other reasons, such as "stagnated water".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-mining-accident-foul-smell-in-mine-as-water-stagnates-pumps-will-take-4-more-days-to-arrive/story-vTtrQtXPdMqrY7qkv9T9hI.html|title=Meghalaya mining accident: Foul smell in mine as water stagnates, pumps will take ‘4 more days to arrive’|last=Naqvi|first=Sadiq|date=27 December 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

After a petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India, the [[Solicitor General of India|solicitor general]], [[Tushar Mehta]], informed the court that the rescue efforts were facing additional difficulty because there were no blueprints for the 355-feet mine where the miners were trapped. Water flowing into the mine from the nearby river was also making the operation more difficult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meghalaya-mine-rescue-with-no-blueprints-of-illegal-mine-rescue-operation-difficult-centre-to-suprem-1972615|title=With No Blueprints, Meghalaya Mine Rescue Difficult: Centre To Top Court|date=4 January 2019|website=NDTV|agency=PTI|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/absence-of-blueprint-posing-hurdles-in-rescue-of-trapped-meghalaya-miners-centre-tells-supreme-court/story-w3sg3yKZX8E373lPuA1MUK.html|title=Absence of blueprint posing hurdles in rescue of trapped Meghalaya miners: Centre tells Supreme Court|date=4 January 2019|website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

The Indian Army and Navy decided to cease operations on 2 March 2019. The operation, one of the longest efforts to rescue miners in India, only found two decomposed bodies, which were handed over to family members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navy-army-decide-to-end-operation-in-meghalayas-mine-tragedy-2001493|title=Navy, Army Decide To End Operation In Meghalaya's Mine Tragedy|date=2 March 2019|website=NDTV|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The [[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]], [[Conrad Sangma]], has called for regulation of mining in the state, admitting that illegal mining happens in the state.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meghalaya-admits-to-illegal-coal-extraction-after-13-get-trapped-in-mine-1962895|title=Meghalaya Admits To Illegal Coal Extraction After 13 Get Trapped In Mine|last=Choudhury|first=Ratnadip|date=15 December 2018|website=NDTV|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref> [[Meghalaya Police]] arrested the owner of the coal mine on 15 December 2018.<ref name=":2" /> Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] criticised the [[Narendra Modi]] government over the issue.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/please-save-the-miners-rahul-gandhi-asks-pm-modi-after-meghalaya-rescue-ops-halted/story-t2dY1swCuk7s37kP9LYagP.html|title=‘15 trapped miners gasp for air...’: Rahul Gandhi takes a shot at PM Modi|date=26 December 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>

After a petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India related to the rescue effort. The Supreme Court said on 3 January 2019:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dead-or-alive-they-should-be-taken-out-supreme-court-says-not-satisfied-with-efforts-to-rescue-15-mi-1971894|title="Every Second Counts": Top Court On Rescue Of Trapped Meghalaya Miners|date=3 January 2019|website=NDTV|editor=Shylaja Varma |access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/we-pray-to-god-all-alive-says-supreme-court-on-trapped-meghalaya-miners-asks-why-army-wasn-t-called/story-KwqQ9oITkb7G2WSqjwtkdN.html|title=‘Not satisfied’ with rescue ops, Supreme Court seeks Centre response|date=3 January 2019|website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref>

{{Cquote
| quote = "We're not satisfied with rescue operations. No matter whether they are all dead, some alive, few dead or all alive, they should be taken out. We pray to God they are alive."
| author = [[Supreme Court of India]], 3 Jan 2019
}}

== See also ==

* [[Chasnala mining disaster]]
* [[Mining accident]]
* [[Rajpura Dariba Mine VRM disaster]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mining disasters in India]]
[[Category:Coal mining disasters in India]]
[[Category:2018 mining disasters]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]

Hindu Makkal Katchi

2026-02-04T21:00:26Z

উদাহরণ: quick adjust article for consistency and corrected details

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| name = Hindu Makkal Katchi
| native_name = Indu Makkal Katchi (IMK)
| abbreviation = HMK or IMK
| logo =
| foundation = 1993
| founder =S. V. Sridhar
| president = Arjun Sampath
| split = [[Hindu Munnani]]
| colorcode = orange
| ideology = [[Hindutva]]
| Political position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]<ref name="RW"/>
| youth =
| headquarters = [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India
|eci=}}

'''Hindu Makkal Katchi''' ('''HMK''' or '''IMK'''; also referred to as '''Indu Makkal Katchi'''; {{Literal translation|Hindu People's Party}}) is a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] political party in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="RW">{{Cite news |date=28 May 2019 |title=Hindu outfit chief visits Sri Lanka, pays homage to Easter attack victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hindu-outfit-chief-visits-sri-lanka-pays-homage-to-easter-attack-victims/article27276458.ece |access-date=2022-08-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Hindu Makkal Katchi founder-leader Arjun Sampath visited Sri Lanka and paid homage to the victims of the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|Easter Sunday serial blasts]] and those killed in the [[Eelam War IV|2009 civil war]], the Tamil Nadu based right wing outfit said Tuesday. |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Ban Valentine's day celebrations: Tamil Nadu fringe Hindu outfit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/valentines-day-ban-celebrations-tamil-nadu-fringe-hindu-outfit-5062620/ |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=A Tamil Nadu based fringe Hindu outfit on Tuesday wanted the district administration to ban Valentine’s Day celebrations on Wednesday. Such celebrations are against the culture and tradition of India, Hindu Makkal Katchi president Arjun Sampath told reporters here. |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

Founded in 1993, it was formed by members of the [[Hindu Munnani]], a [[Militia|militant]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |date=12 May 2001 |title=The 'Vinayaka Chaturthi' Festival and Hindutva in Tamil Nadu |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=36 |issue=19 |pages=1607–1616}}</ref> Hindutva organisation, under the guidance of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva [[paramilitary]] organisation. It acts as a front for its political activities in Tamil Nadu. Since its inception, the party has functioned in alignment with the objectives of the RSS and its affiliated organisations, collectively referred to as the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref name="Parvathy AA" />

==Formation==
[[Hindu Munnani]], the parent organisation of the HMK, was established in 1980 by Rama Gopalan, a member of the RSS, as a political wing of the RSS in Tamil Nadu. Since its formation, the Hindu Munnani has functioned as a platform for the RSS the Sangh Parivar.<ref name="Parvathy AA">{{cite book |last1=Parvathy |first1=A. A. |title=Hindutva, Ideology, and Politics |date=2003 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|page=211 |isbn=978-81-7629-450-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpaEt8npT0sC&dq=Hindu+Makkal+Katchi+rss&pg=PA211 |access-date=20 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The Hindu Munnani employed a Hindu communal identity as a means of political mobilisation. During the early 1990s, the state government, led by [[J. Jayalalithaa]] under the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), exhibited inclinations towards [[Hindutva]], in part, as a reaction to the perceived vote-bank politics of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). in organizing [[Vinayaka Chathurthi]] processions in major cities of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The endorsement and encouragement of such activities strengthened the relationship between the state government and Gopalan, resulting in his political alignment with Jayalalithaa. This proximity to the ruling dispensation contributed to internal dissent within the Hindu Munnani, leading to a schism in 1993. A faction, led by S. V. Sridhar, seceded to establish a separate organisation named the Hindu Makkal Katchi. Both the Hindu Munnani and Hindu Makkal Katchi have frequently employed inflammatory and abusive language directed at the Muslim community. Their provocative discourse, which often included denunciations of Islam and the Prophet Muhammad, significantly heightened communal tensions in the region. These developments played a key role in catalysing the formation of the Muslim organisation [[Al Ummah]], as a counter-response to the rise in [[Islamophobia]].<ref name="Parvathy AA" />

The activities of the RSS, the Hindu Munnani and the HMK continued uninterrupted under Jayalalithaa. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party's]] (BJP) alliance with AIADMK led to further rise in Hindutva in the region. These parties have, at times, used religious festivals to consolidate their support bases, which has sometimes resulted in [[Religious violence|religious riots]].<ref name="Parvathy AA" />

== Structure==
Arjun Sampath is the president of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayudha Puja with swords, guns' goes controversial |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/121016/ayudha-puja-with-swords-guns-goes-controversial.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=12 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Arjun Sampath's son Omkar Balaji is the party's youth wing leader.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hindu Makkal Katchi youth wing leader Omkar Balaji arrested in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hindu-makkal-katchi-youth-wing-leader-omkar-balaji-arrested-in-chennai/article68864854.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
Owing to a series of extremist activities, the party frequently found itself in conflict with the law. In 1997, its leader, Arjun Sampath, was arrested on charges of [[attempted murder]] of MLA [[C. T. Dhandapani]] and was jailed at the [[Vellore Central Prison]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 1998 |title=A time of troubles |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30160955.ece |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, five party activists were arrested for damaging a statue of [[Periyar]], an [[Caste system in India|anti-caste]] and [[Feminism|feminist]] activist, who organised the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and who is considered the architect of [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian politics]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2006 |title=Periyar statue damaged at Srirangam, tension in town |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/periyar-statue-damaged-at-srirangam-tension-in-town/article3030928.ece |access-date=2016-03-30 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2008 and 2009, several party members were detained by the police, in an effort to prevent them from staging Hindu nationalist demonstrations on the island of [[Kachchatheevu]], which belongs to [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819202844/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/16/stories/2008081659650800.htm ''Hindu Makkal Katchi members arrested'']. The Hindu, 16 August 2008</ref><ref>[http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=74e203e6-be7e-4a2c-b29e-a848426f7779&CATEGORYNAME=CHN ''Hindu Makkal Katchi TN secretary held''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060742/http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=74e203e6-be7e-4a2c-b29e-a848426f7779&CATEGORYNAME=CHN |date=4 March 2016 }} at Chennai-Online, 23 August 2009</ref>

In 2009, some Tamil fishermen were arrested by the Sri Lankan Navy. In response, HMK members and supporters started pressuring the Indian government to rescue them from Sri Lanka. When [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]] visited Tamil Nadu, HMK supporters showed black flag as a form of protest. 19 supporters were thus arrested and removed from park area by the police.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=3 October 2009 |title=Hindu Makkal Katchi activists arrested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Hindu-Makkal-Katchi-activists-arrested/article16487893.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218051048/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Hindu-Makkal-Katchi-activists-arrested/article16487893.ece |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date= |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The party has also repeatedly filed charges against famous women. It pressed charges against the [[movie star]]s [[Khushbu Sundar]], [[Shriya Saran]], and [[Mallika Sherawat]], for "indecent dressing" and for supposedly "offending Hindu values."<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/02/hmk-sees-red-with-mallika-sherawats-dressing-1209712011.html ''HMK alleges Mallika Sherawat of misconduct''] at news.oneindia.in on 2 May 2008 (retrieved 24 September 2009)</ref><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080503/nation.htm#2 ''Moral police targets Mallika Sherawat'']. The Tribune (Online Edition), 2 May 2008</ref> Party members have also harassed women visiting pubs and young couples out on [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>Jeremy Page: [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5729126.ece ''Young Hindutuva members square up to nationalists over Valentine's Day'']{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. [[The Times]], 14 February 2009</ref>

In November 2019, Hindu Makkal Katchi leader Arjun Sampath was detained after he draped a saffron shawl on a statue of [[Thiruvalluvar]], in [[Pillaiyarpatti, Thanjavur district|Pillayarpatti, Thanjavur]], in a symbolic Hindu nationalist move.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesan |first=S. |date=6 November 2019 |title=Hindu Makkal Katchi founder detained after draping saffron shawl on Thiruvalluvar statue |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hindu-makkal-katchi-founder-drapes-saffron-shawl-on-thiruvalluvar-statue/article29896414.ece |access-date=2020-08-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In January 2018, a group threw [[molotov cocktail]]s at the house of the HMK south zone organising president, named Balamurugan, before fleeing the scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-12 |title=Petrol bomb attack on Hindu Makkal Katchi leader's house |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/petrol-bomb-attack-on-hmk-leaders-house-5021816/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In September 2018, five individuals were arrested by the police, for supposedly plotting to murder HMK leader Sampath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu: Five held in Coimbatore for plotting to murder Hindu Makkal Katchi leader Arjun Sampath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/sep/03/tamil-nadu-five-held-in-coimbatore-for-plotting-to-murder-hindu-makkal-katchi-leader-arjun-sampath-1866775.html |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 September 2018 }}</ref>

In February 2023, Manikandan, the south district deputy head of the HMK was killed by a gang in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Police said that the accused escaped after committing the crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu: Hindu Makkal Katchi leader hacked to death in Madurai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/crime/story/tamil-nadu-hindu-makkal-katchi-leader-hacked-death-madurai-2328947-2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=India Today |date=February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On May 2023, violence broke out between the members of the Hindu Makkal katchi and BJP members following a heated argument over the 100th episode of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi's]] [[Mann Ki Baat]].<ref name="fight">{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu BJP members come to blows, RSS-linked party leaders get injured {{!}} Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-bjp-members-come-to-blows-rss-linked-party-leaders-injured-video-2366902-2023-05-01 |website=India Today |date=May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Members of the HMK and BJP attacked each other with iron rods and tore each other's clothes.<ref name="fight" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=கந்தசாமி |first=ம பா இளையபதி,ரமேஷ் |title=பாஜக Vs இந்து மக்கள் கட்சி... அடிதடி, சட்டைக்கிழிப்பு! - தாராபுரம் தகராறு... என்ன நடந்தது? |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/clash-between-bjp-hindu-makkal-katchi-party-district-leaders-in-dharapuram |website=vikatan.com |date=May 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=தாராபுரம்: அரைகுறை ஆடையுடன் நடுரோட்டில் பாஜக - இந்து மக்கள் கட்சியினர் அடிதடி |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-bjp-hindu-makkal-katchi-workers-clash-dharapuram-442123 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |date=May 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> Police confiscated weapons, wooden logs, and iron rods involved in the incident, arrested three individuals, and sent several others to the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |title=பாஜக - இந்து மக்கள் கட்சி நிர்வாகிகள் இடையே மோதல்.. தாராபுரத்தில் நடந்தது என்ன? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/state/coimbatore/a-video-of-hindu-makkal-katchi-and-bjp-executives-clash-at-dharapuram-bus-stand-tirupur/tamil-nadu20230501110618570570200 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=May 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Clash in Dharapuram: BJP, Hindu Makkal Katchi Members Arrested |url=https://simplicity.in/index.php/v1/coimbatore/english/news/111197/Political%20Clash%20in%20Dharapuram%20BJP%20Hindu%20Makkal%20Katchi%20Members%20Arrested}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu political parties]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1993]]

Silchar–New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express

2026-01-25T05:06:29Z

উদাহরণ: put up new info

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Silchar - New Delhi ''Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express''
| image = 14037 Delhi - Pathankot Express at Jalandhar.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Sampark Kranti Express]]
| locale = [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|02|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Silchar}} (SCL)
| stops = 13
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi }} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|2280|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 41hrs 50mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = 1st Class AC, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC 3 tier economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14037 / 14038
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Poorvottar Samparkkranti Express (NDLS - SCL) Route map.png|250px|Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express (NDLS–SCL) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 14037 / 14038 '''Silchar-New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express''' is an [[Sampark Kranti Express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Silchar}} and {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14037/14038 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/new-lhb-coaches-of-sampark-kranti-express-travel-to-delhi-now-smoother-safer/ New LHB coach of Sampark Kranti Express; Travel to Delhi Now Smoother, Safer]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Railways-divert-cancel-several-trains-due-to-derailment/articleshow/56227303.cms Railways divert, cancel several trains due to derailment]</ref><ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-69-years-of-independence-southern-assam-gets-direct-train-to-new-delhi-2180209 After 69 years of independence, Southern Assam gets direct train to New Delhi]</ref>

The train is named as Poorvottar Express since it connects New Delhi with the [[Northeast India|north east region]] of the country, known as Poorvottar in [[Hindi]]. This is the second [[Sampark Kranti Express]] from [[Assam]] after [[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]], running between Guwahati and New Delhi.

== Service==

The 14037/Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 54 km/h and covers 2279 km in 42h 30m. The 14038/Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 2279 km in 45h.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 14037 || SCL || Silchar || 18.30 || Monday || New Delhi || 13.00 || Wednesday
|-
| 14038 || NDLS || New Delhi || 23.45 || Thursday || Silchar || 20.40 || Saturday
|}

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Silchar}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|New Haflong}}
* {{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guwahati}}
* {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katihar}}
* {{stnlnk|Barauni}}
* {{stnlnk|Patliputra}}
* {{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
* '''{{stnlnk|New Delhi}}'''.

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rake with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 First AC
* 3 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 4 AC III Tier Economy
* 2 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 Unreserved
* 2 Luggage cum Generator car

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a New Guwahati Loco Shed or Siliguri Loco Shed based [[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4]] diesel locomotive from [[Silchar railway station|Silchar]] to [[Lumding Junction railway station|Lumding Junction]]. After reaching [[Badarpur Junction railway station|Badarpur Junction]], the trains undergo a loco reversal and are assisted by a banker locomotive up to [[Lumding Junction railway station|Lumding Junction]]. From [[Lumding Junction railway station|Lumding Junction]], another loco reversal takes place, after which the trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad|Tughlakabad Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Lumding Junction railway station|Lumding Junction]] to {{rws|New Delhi}} and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 22449/22450 [[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express|Guwahati-New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]].

==Direction reversals==

The train reverses its direction twice at:

* {{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}}.

== See also ==

* [[Silchar railway station]]
* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/41854 15601/Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/41853 15602/Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Sampark Kranti}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Silchar-New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Silchar]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sampark Kranti Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Nritya

2026-01-22T12:41:20Z

উদাহরণ: adding data - done

{{short description|Sanskrit word for Indian dance form}}
[[File:Classical dances of India.jpg|thumb|260px|Nritya means dance in the Indian tradition.]]
'''Nritya''' ({{Langx|sa|नृत्य}}, {{IAST3|nṛtya}}), also referred to as '''nritta''', '''natana''' or '''natya''', is "dance, act on the stage, act, gesticulate, play" in the Indian traditions.<ref name=nrityabrit>[https://www.britannica.com/art/nritya Nritya], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name=mmwnritya>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MW72Scan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=0515 नृत्], Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, page 515</ref> It is sometimes subdivided into two forms: ''nritta'' or pure dance, where the expressionless movements of a dancer play out the rhythms and phrases of the music; and ''nritya'' or expressive dance, where the dancer includes facial expression and body language to portray mood and ideas with the rhythmic movements.<ref name=nrityabrit/>

==Overview==

''Nritya'' is broadly categorized as one of three parts of [[Sangita]], the other two being ''gita'' (vocal music, song) and ''[[vadya]]'' (instrumental music).<ref name="Rowell2015p13">{{cite book|author=Lewis Rowell|title=Music and Musical Thought in Early India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ |year=2015| publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-73034-9| page=13}}</ref><ref name="Kunst2013p88">{{cite book|author=Jaap Kunst|title=Hindu-Javanese Musical Instruments|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ytLoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|year= 2013|publisher= Springer Science|isbn=978-94-011-9185-2|pages=88 with footnote 26}}</ref><ref name="ArnoldNettl2000p321">{{cite book|author1=Alison Arnold|author2=Bruno Nettl|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=19–20}}</ref> These ideas appear in the Vedic literature of [[Hinduism]] such as the ''Aitareya Brahmana'', and in early post-Vedic era Sanskrit texts such as the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', ''[[Panchatantra]]'', ''Malvikagnimitra'' and ''Kathasaritsagara''.

Nritya and Nata appear in Vedic era literature. For example, Section 4.104 of the ''[[Unadi Sutras]]'' mentions Nata as "dancer, mime, actor".<ref name=mmwnritya/><ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MW72Scan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=0466 नट्], Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, page 466
{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature|year=1860|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle |publisher=Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/245 245]–246}}</ref> [[Pāṇini|Panini]] too mentions the terms Nritya and Nartaka respectively as dance and dancer, in his treatise on Sanskrit grammar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC |year=1987|publisher=Abhinav|isbn=978-81-7017-221-5|pages=78–79}}</ref>

{{Quote box | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right
|quote= '''Nrtya'''
<poem>
It is the spirit of both eternity and time.
It is the spirit of both man and woman.
It is the [[Purusha]] and [[Prakriti]],
expression of the evolution of the movement,
a truly creative force that has come down to us from ages.
This embodiment of sound and rhythm,
which creates poetry of spiritual expression
is called dance or ''nritya''.
</poem>
|source =— [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tanvi Bajaj|author2=Swasti Shrimali Vohra|title=Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8VcCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32571-0|page=6}}</ref>}}
The term Nritya appears in all major classical Indian dance forms as one form of their repertoire, inspired by the guidelines of the ''[[Natya Shastra]]''. These are ''Nritta'', ''Nritya'' and ''Natya'':<ref name=meduri1>{{cite journal | last=Meduri | first=Avanthi | title=Bharatha Natyam-What Are You? | journal=Asian Theatre Journal | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1988 | pages=3–4 | doi=10.2307/1124019 | jstor=1124019 }}</ref>

*The ''Nritta'' performance is an abstract, fast and rhythmic aspect of the dance.<ref name=koskoff955/> The dancer performs pure dance steps by using ''[[adavu]]''. In simple words, we can say that ''Nritta'' means pure classical dance.<ref name=meduri1/><ref name="Descutner2010p45">{{cite book|author=Janet Descutner|title=Asian Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCYjXOtkdgC |year=2010|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-4381-3078-1|pages=45–46}}</ref>
*The ''Nritya'' is a slower and significant aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.<ref name=koskoff955>{{cite book|author=Ellen Koskoff|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73MO0eiQD_EC&pg=PA955 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-99404-0 |pages=955 }}</ref> In a ''nritya'', the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes. The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message. This part of the repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, and it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer.<ref name=meduri1/><ref name="Descutner2010p45"/>
*The ''Natyam'' is a play, typically a team performance,<ref name=kjayakrishnan25>Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), [https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356 Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture], MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, page 25</ref> but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A ''Natyam'' incorporates the elements of a ''Nritya''.<ref name=meduri1/>{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=33-38, 83-84, 207-214}}<ref name="NettlStone1998p516">{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Ruth M. Stone|author3=James Porter|display-authors=etal|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA516|year=1998|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |pages=516–521}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian classical dance]]
*''[[Natya shastra]]''
*''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | last = Ambrose | first = Kay | title = Classical Dances and Costumes of India | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 1984 }}
*{{cite book |author=Ragini Devi|title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi |url-access=registration|year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0674-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title= Natyashastra }}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 }}
* {{cite journal | last= Williams|first=Drid| title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url= http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf |journal=Visual Anthropology| volume=17|issue=1 |year=2004|pages=69–98 |publisher= Routledge |doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|s2cid=29065670}}
* {{cite book |author=Tarla Mehta | title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC | year=1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0 }}
* {{cite book|author=Reginald Massey|title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-434-9 }}
*{{cite book |author= Emmie Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03978-3 }}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1220-6}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts |year=1977 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 233639306}}, [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf Table of Contents]
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Indian classical dance |year=1974 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 2238067 }}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition |year=2008 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc= 286469807| isbn= 978-8187586357}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Dance In Indian Painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-153-9}}
*{{cite journal | author =Wallace Dace | title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory | journal=Educational Theatre Journal | volume=15 | issue=3 | year=1963 | pages=249–254 | jstor=3204783 | doi=10.2307/3204783}}
*{{cite book|author1=Farley P. Richmond|author2=Darius L. Swann|author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0981-9}}

{{Dance in India}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Musical theatre in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]

Uravai Thedi

2026-01-18T23:41:54Z

উদাহরণ: put up stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Uravai Thedi.png
| caption = 
| genre = Reality justice
| creator = K. C. Prabhakaran
| writer =
| director = K. C. Prabhakaran
| creative_director = K. C. Prabhakaran
| presenter = [[Viji Chandrasekhar]]
| theme_music_composer = Rizwan
| opentheme = Rizwan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Puthuyugam TV]]
| cinematography =
| editor = Rafi, Jo
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 40-45 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|9|8}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|12|2}}{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
| network = [[Puthuyugam TV]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''Uravai Thedi''' ({{langx|en|Looking for relationship}}) is a 2016 [[India]]n [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality justice television series. It aired from 8 September 2016 to 2 December 2016 on [[Puthuyugam TV]] every Thursday and Friday at 9:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] for 26 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/50580/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Viji-Chandrasekar-turn-as-VJ.htm|title=தொகுப்பாளி ஆனார் விஜி சந்திரசேகர் |date=6 September 2016 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvpVLWiNSSI|title=Uravai Thedi Promo|date=September 2016 |publisher=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The Show host by [[Viji Chandrasekhar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/A-bridge-between-people-who-have-had-misunderstandings/articleshow/53979385.cms|title=A bridge between people who have had misunderstandings |work=The Times of India|date=3 September 2016 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The series premiered on the television channel, [[Puthuyugam TV]] and was a platform for reunited with family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnews4u.com/pudhyugam-goes-revamp-new-logo-packaging-refreshing-content-line/|title=Uravai Thedi (Starts from 8th September Thursdays &Fridays at 9pm) |date=8 September 2016 |publisher=tvnews4u.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/puthuyugam-uravai-thedi-family-reunited-after-28-years-042841.html|title=பிரிந்த உறவுகளை இணைத்து வைத்த புதுயுகத்தின் உறவைத் தேடி|date=20 October 2016 |publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>

==List of episodes==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Episode
! Family
! Telecast date
|-
| {{center| 1 }}
| Son reunited with family after 18 years
| 8 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 2 }}
| Muthiah Re-unites with his family after 24 years
| 9 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 3 }}
| Long Lost friends reunite after 15 years
| 15 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 4 }}
| Brothers re-unite after 22 years
| 16 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 5 }}
| 25 வருடங்களுக்குப் பிறகு குடும்பத்தினரை சந்தித்த தருணம்
| 22 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 6 }}
| Differently abled daughter & mother meet after 22 years
| 23 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 7 }}
| Visually challenged girl searching for her father for 28 Years
| 29 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 8 }}
| Two Children searching for their relatives for 9 years
| 30 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 9 }}
| Brother and Sister re-union after 21 years
| 6 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 10 }}
| Mother & 2 children from 3 different directions Meet Each Other
| 7 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 11 }}
| Friends re-unite with their families after 13 years Teacher meets her students after 8 years
| 13 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 12 }}
| A mother's final wish to meet son after 25 years
| 14 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 13 }}
| Actor Shiva meets his friend after 15 years Meeting of two poles after 42 years
| 20 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 14 }}
| Priya Re-joining with her Family Members after 10 Years
| 21 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 15 }}
| Boy meets his father after 6 years Stage artists meet after 15 years
| 27 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 16 }}
| Daughter searching for her mother's relatives Daughter longing to see her unseen father's face for the last 30 years Daughter Searches for her mother and sister for the last 31 years Sister Searches for her brother after 41 years People search for their blood relations for years
| 28 October 2016
|-
| {{center| 17 }}
| Sister's 20 years search for her younger brother Looking for her mother, who left home in a rage, 13 years ago Family search for their son, who went missing 14 years ago Mother searching for her son for 14 Years People Search for their blood relations for years Searching for his elder brother for the last 17 years
| 3 November 2016
|-
| {{center| 18 }}
| Lost at 12, sister meets her family 30 years
| 4 September 2016
|-
| {{center| 19 }}
| தனக்கு உதவிய ஆசிரியர்களை 10 வருடங்களுக்கு பிறகு சந்தித்த மாணவன் தன் உயிரைக் காப்பாற்றியவர்களை 15 வருடங்களுக்குப் பிறகு சந்தித்த தருணம் தனக்கு உதவியவர்களை சந்தித்த நெஞ்சங்கள்
| 10 November 2016
|-
| {{center| 20 }}
| 10 வருடமாக மகனையும், பேத்தியையும் பார்க்க துடிக்கும் மூதாட்டி
| 11 November 2016
|-
| {{center| 21 }}
| 25 வருடங்களாக தாயை பிரிந்து வாழ்ந்த மகள்
| 17 November 2016
|-
| {{center| 22 }}
| பிறந்ததிலிருந்து அப்பாவை பார்க்காத மகள்
| 18 November 2016
|-
| {{center| 23 }}
| 22 வருடங்களுக்குப் பிறகு சந்தித்துக் கொண்ட தோழிகள்
| 24 November 2016
|-
| {{center| 25 }}
| தொலைந்த உறவுகளை தேடும் நெஞ்சங்கள் தொலைந்த மகனை தேடும் குடும்பம் தொலைந்த மகனை தேடும் தாய் தொலைந்த மகனை தேடும் குடும்பம் தனது பெற்றோரைத் தேடும் மகன்
| 25 November 2016
|-
| {{center| 26 }}
| 2015 சென்னை பெரு வெள்ளம்.. உயிர்பிழைத்தவர்களும்..உதவியவர்களும்
| 2 December 2016
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.puthuyugam.tv/= Puthuyugam TV official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020154847/https://puthuyugam.tv/= |date=20 October 2025 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/PuthuYugamTV/ Puthuyugam TV on YouTube]

[[Category:Puthuyugam TV television series]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language talk shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language television series endings]]

J. K. Bharavi

2026-01-08T00:27:04Z

উদাহরণ: improved article

{{Short description|Indian musician, actor and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name =J. K. Bharavi
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1970|12|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Warangal]], Andhra Pradesh, (present-day [[Telangana]]) [[India]]
| occupation = Writer Director
| website =
| spouse =
| footnotes =
| children =
}}
'''J. K. Bharavi''' is an [[Indian film]], writer, lyricist, [[playback singer]], composer, actor, producer and [[Film director|director]] known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0080252/ J.K. Bharavi - IMDb]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/march-2011/jk-bharavi-turns-director-with-sri-jagadguru-adi-shankara-250311.html |title=Sri Jagadguru Adi Shankara {{!}} JK Bharavi {{!}} Global Peace Creators {{!}} Nag Srivatsa {{!}} Ugadi - CineGoer.com |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703053716/http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/march-2011/jk-bharavi-turns-director-with-sri-jagadguru-adi-shankara-250311.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2004, he scripted ''[[Bommalata]]'' which received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] for that year.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=cannot be reached |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2007/aug07/53rd_nfa-2005.pdf |access-date=August 5, 2024 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/adi-shankara-for-gen-x/article5010804.ece Adi Shankara for Gen X - The Hindu]</ref><ref>[https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/openletter-jkbharavi.html Open letter to JK Bharavi regarding Jagadguru Adi Shankara by Sastry - Telugu cinema news]</ref>

[[File:JK Bharavi receiving Aatreya-PriyaShishya Award.jpg|thumb|JK Bharavi receiving Aatreya-PriyaShishya Award]]

==Filmography==
;As director
*''Chitikela Pandiri''<ref name=tc>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/whatsupa.html|title=Bharavi in direction again|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=21 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011119182929/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/whatsupa.html|archive-date=19 November 2001}}</ref>
*''Rangavalli''<ref name=tc />
*''[[Jagadguru Adi Sankara]]''

;As writer.
*1997 ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]''
*1998 ''[[ Nishabdha]]''
*1998 ''[[Love Story 1999]]''
*1999 ''[[Habba]]'' (Kannada)
*2001 ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]''
*2001 ''[[Vande Matharam (2001 film)|Vande Matharam]]'' (Kannada)
*2006 ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''
*2006 ''[[Bommalata]]''
*2008 ''[[Pandurangadu]]''
*2011 ''[[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]''
*2017 ''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]''
*2019 ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Muniratna Kurukshetra]]'' (Kannada)

;As actor
*1998 ''[[Nishabdha]]'' (Kannada)
*2008 ''Pandurangadu''
*2006 ''Sri Ramadasu''

;As composer
*2002 ''[[Chandravamsam]]''

;As producer
*1995: ''[[Kona Edaithe]]'' (Kannada)
*2002: ''Chandravamsam''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhairavi, J. K.}}
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry

2025-12-30T07:15:57Z

উদাহরণ:

{{Short description|Government of Tamil Nadu, India from 2011 to 2014}}
{{Further|topic=the Jayalalithaa ministry articles|First Jayalalithaa ministry|label1=First|Second Jayalalithaa ministry|label2=Second|Third Jayalalithaa ministry|label3=Third|Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry|label4=Fifth|Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry|label5=Sixth}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_type=Ministry
|cabinet_number=15th
|jurisdiction=[[Tamil Nadu]]
|flag=File:Flag of India.svg
|flag_border=true
|incumbent=
|image= J Jayalalithaa.jpg
|image_size=
|caption=[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|date_formed=16 May 2011
|date_dissolved=27 September 2014
|government_head=[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|government_head_history=
|state_head=Governor [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|members_number=
|former_members_number=
|total_number=
|political_parties='''[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]'''
|legislature_status=[[Majority government|Majority]]
|opposition_cabinet=
|opposition_party= {{Color box|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]'''
|opposition_leader=[[Vijayakanth]]
|election=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|last_election=[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|legislature_term=5 Years
|budget=
|advice_and_consent1=
|advice_and_consent2=
|incoming_formation=[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
|outgoing_formation=[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
|previous=[[Fifth Karunanidhi ministry]]
|successor=[[Second Panneerselvam ministry]]
}}

The [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fourteenth legislative assembly election]] was held on 13 April 2011 to elect members from 234 constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Results were released on 13 May 2011. Two major parties [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) faced the election as coalitions of multiple parties with the DMK front consisting of 8 parties and the AIADMK of 11 parties. AIADMK front won the election, winning in 203 constituencies, with the AIADMK party itself winning 150 seats thus securing a simple majority to be able to form the government without the support of its coalition partners.

== Cabinet ministers ==

{| class="wikitable"
!S.no
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Portfolios
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]'''
|-
|1.
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|[[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]
|[[Chief Minister]]
|
* Public
* Home
* Police
* Indian Administrative Service
* Indian Police Service
* Indian Forest Service
* District Revenue Officers
* General Administration
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| width="1px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|2.
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|[[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]]
|Minister for Finance
|
* Finance
* Planning
* Legislative Assembly
* Elections
* Passports
| rowspan="32" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| rowspan="32" width="1px" style="background-color: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|-
|3.
|[[K. Palanisamy|Edappadi Palaniswami]]
|[[Edappadi (state assembly constituency)|Edappadi]]
|Minister for Highways and Minor Ports
|
* Highways
* Minor Ports
|-
|4.
|[[Sellur K. Raju]]
|[[Madurai West (state assembly constituency)|Madurai West]]
|Minister for Co-operation
|
* Co-operation
* Statistics
* Ex-Servicemen Welfare
|-
|5.
|[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
|[[Natham (state assembly constituency)|Natham]]
|Minister for Electricity, Prohibition and Excise
|
* Electricity
* Non-Conventional Energy Development
* Prohibition and Excise
* Molasses
|-
|6.
|[[K. P. Munusamy]]
|[[Krishnagiri (state assembly constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
|Minister for Municipal Administration, Rural Development and Implementation of Special Programme
|
* Municipal Administration
* Rural Development
* Panchayats and Panchayat Unions
* Poverty Alleviation Programmes
* Rural Indebtedness
* Urban and Rural Water Supply
|-
|7.
|[[K. A. Jayapal|K.A. Jayapal]]
|[[Nagapattinam (state assembly constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
|Minister for Fisheries
|
* Fisheries and Fisheries Development Corporation
|-
|8.
|[[P. Palaniappan]]
|[[Pappireddipatti (state assembly constituency)|Pappireddipatti]]
|Minister for Higher Education
|
* Higher Education
including Technical Education
* Electronics
* Science and Technology
|-
|9.
|[[B. Valarmathi]]
|[[Thousand Lights (state assembly constituency)|Thousand Lights]]
|Minister for Social Welfare and Nutritious Noon Meal Programme
|
* Social Welfare including Women's and Children's Welfare
* Orphanages and Correctional Administration
* Integrated Child Development and Beggar Homes
* Welfare of the Differently Abled and Social Reforms
* Nutritious Noon Meal Programme
|-
|10.
|[[P. Thangamani]]
|[[Kumarapalayam (state assembly constituency)|Kumarapalayam]]
|Minister for Industries
|
* Industries
* Steel Control
* Mines and Minerals
|-
|11.
|[[N. D. Venkatachalam]]
|[[Perundurai (state assembly constituency)|Perundurai]]
|Minister for Revenue
|
* Revenue
* District Revenue Establishment
* Deputy Collectors
* Weights and Measures
* Debt Relief including legislation on Money lending
* Chits
* Registration of Companies
|-
|12.
|[[R. Kamaraj]]
|[[Krishnarayapuram (state assembly constituency)|Krishnarayapuram]]
|Minister for Food and Civil Supplies
|
* Food
* Civil Supplies
* Consumer Protection and Price Control
|-
|13.
|[[S. Sundararaj]]
|[[Paramakudi (state assembly constituency)|Paramakudi]]
|Minister for Handlooms and Textiles
|
* Handlooms and Textiles
|-
|14.
|[[S. Gokula Indira]]
|[[Anna Nagar (state assembly constituency)|Anna Nagar]]
|Minister for Tourism
|
* Tourism
* Tourism Development Corporation
|-
|15.
|[[R. Vaithilingam]]
|[[Orathanad (state assembly constituency)|Orathanadu]]
|Minister for Housing and Urban Development
|
* Housing
* Rural Housing and Housing Development
* Slum Clearance Board and Accommodation Control
* Town Planning
* Urban Development
* Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
|-
|16.
|[[V. S. Vijay]]
|[[Vellore (state assembly constituency)|Vellore]]
|Minister for Health
|
* Health
* Medical Education
* Family Welfare
|-
|17.
|[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji|K.T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]
|[[Sivakasi (state assembly constituency)|Sivakasi]]
|Minister for Information and Special Programme Implementation
|
* Information and Publicity
* Special Programme Implementation including implementation of the Election manifesto
* Film Technology and Cinematograph Act
* Stationery and Printing and Government Press
|-
|18.
|[[V. Moorthy]]
|[[Madhavaram (state assembly constituency)|Madavaram]]
|Minister for Milk and Dairy Development
|
* Milk and Dairy Development
|-
|19.
|[[B. V. Ramanaa]]
|[[Thiruvallur (state assembly constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
|Minister for Commercial Taxes and Registration
|
* Commercial Taxes
* Registration
* Stamp Act
|-
|20.
|[[M. C. Sampath|M.C. Sampath]]
|[[Cuddalore (state assembly constituency)|Cuddalore]]
|Minister for Environment
|
* Environment
* Pollution Control
|-
|21.
|[[P. Mohan (politician)|P. Mohan]]
|[[Sankarapuram (state assembly constituency)|Sankarapuram]]
|Minister for Rural Industries
|
* Rural Industries including Cottage Industries and Small Industries
|-
|22.
|[[N. R. Sivapathi]]
|[[Musiri (state assembly constituency)|Musiri]]
|Minister for School Education and Sports and Youth Welfare, Law, Courts and Prisons
|
* School Education
* Archaeology
* Sports and Youth Welfare
* Tamil Official Language and Tamil
* Culture
* Law
* Courts and Prisons
* Personnel and Administrative Reforms * Prevention of Corruption
|-
|23.
|[[V. Senthil Balaji]]
|[[Karur (state assembly constituency)|Karur]]
|Minister for Transport
|
* Transport
* Nationalised Transport
* Motor Vehicles Act
|-
|24.
|[[Mukkur N. Subramanian]]
|[[Cheyyar (state assembly constituency)|Cheyyar]]
|Minister for Information Technology
|
* Information Technology
|-
|25.
|[[N. Subramanian]]
|[[Gandarvakottai (state assembly constituency)|Gandharvakottai]]
|Minister for Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare
|
* Adi Dravidar Welfare
* Hill Tribes
* Bonded Labour
|-
|26.
|[[A. Mohammed John]]
|[[Ranipet (state assembly constituency)|Ranipet]]
|Minister for Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare
|
* Backward Classes
* Most Backward Classes and Denotified * Communities
* Overseas Indians
* Refugees & Evacuees
* Minorities Welfare including Wakf
|-
|27.
|[[T. K. M. Chinnayya|T.K.M. Chinnayya]]
|[[Tambaram (state assembly constituency)|Tambaram]]
|Minister for Animal Husbandry
|
* Animal Husbandry
|-
|28.
|[[S. Damodaran (politician)|S. Damodaran]]
|[[Kinathukadavu (state assembly constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]
|Minister for Agriculture
|
* Agriculture
* Agricultural Engineering
* Agro Service Cooperatives
* Horticulture
* Sugarcane Cess
* Sugarcane Development and Waste Land Development
|-
|29.
|[[K. T. Pachaimal]]
|[[Kanyakumari (state assembly constituency)|Kanyakumari]]
|Minister for Forests
|
* Forests and Cinchona
|-
|30.
|[[K. V. Ramalingam]]
|[[Erode West (state assembly constituency)|Erode (West)]]
|Minister for Public Works
|
* Public Works
* Irrigation including Minor Irrigation
* Programme Works
|-
|31.
|[[S. T. Chellapandian]]
|[[Thoothukkudi (state assembly constituency)|Thoothukkudi]]
|Minister for Labour
|
* Labour
* Population
* Employment and Training
* Newsprint Control
* Census
* Urban and Rural Employment
|-
|32.
|[[M. S. M. Anandan]]
|[[Tiruppur North (state assembly constituency)|Tiruppur (North)]]
|Minister for Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments
|
* Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments
|-
|33.
|[[P. Chendur Pandian]]
|[[Kadayanallur (state assembly constituency)|Kadayanallur]]
|Minister for Khadi and Village Industries
|
* Khadi
* Village Industries
|}

==Swearing-in==
Jayalalitha submitted her unanimous election as the leader of ADMK legislature party to Governor [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] on 15 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece| title=Jayalalithaa to be sworn in today | work=The Hindu| date=16 May 2011| accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> She was sworn-in as Chief Minister along with 33 other ministers at the Madras University centenary auditorium on 16 May 2011 by the Governor, the same venue she took oath in 1991 when she first became chief minister. She and all other ministers took oath in Tamil. The ceremony was attended by then [[Gujarat]] Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]], former [[Andhra Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) General Secretary [[A. B. Bardhan]] and [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] Chief [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]] among others.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece| title=Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister | work=The Hindu| date=17 May 2011| accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref>

==Achievements==
===Relocation of assembly building===
[[File:D Jayakumar-1652021.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jayalalithaa along with her council of ministers during the occasion of the completion of one year in office after 2011 victory]]
In one of the first actions following her re-election as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Jayalaitha proceeded to relocate the assembly and secretariat from the newly constructed [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex|building]] back to [[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]]. The assembly building was constructed during [[M. Karunanidhi]]'s tenure and costed over 1000 crores of rupees. This move was opposed by [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?SectionName=Tamilnadu&artid=419054&SectionID=129&MainSectionId=129&SEO=&Title=| title=தலைமைச் செயலகத்தை இடம் மாற்றக் கூடாது: ராமதாஸ்| publisher=Dinamani| date=17 May 2011| accessdate=17 May 2011| archive-date=6 October 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006135017/http://dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?SectionName=Tamilnadu&artid=419054&SectionID=129&MainSectionId=129&SEO=&Title=| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref name="MDMK and DK oppose">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2026305.ece| title=MDMK, Dravida Kazhagam oppose shifting of Assembly| work=The Hindu| date=17 May 2011| accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref> A public interest litigation has been filed in Chennai high court by lawyer G. Krishnamoorthy alleging that the relocation was against public interest and unmindful of the large amount of tax money used for the construction of the new building.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2026020.ece| title=PIL plea seeks directive to stop shifting of the Assembly| work=The Hindu| date=17 May 2011| accessdate=17 May 2011}}</ref>

===Amma Unavagam===
{{see also|Amma Unavagam}}
In February 2013, Jayalalithaa Government inaugurated the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state-run]] [[Subsidy|Subsidised food programme]] called [[Amma Unavagam]] (Amma Canteen), which was later praised by economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] in his book ''An Uncertain Glory – India and its Contradictions'' and inspired by many [[State governments of India|states]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Jean Drèze]] |author2=[[Amartya Sen]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiyW6YafTn4C |title=An Uncertain Glory India and Its Contradictions |date=11 August 2013 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400848775 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/government/in-lockdown-tamil-nadus-amma-canteens-rise-to-the-occasion |title=In Lockdown, Tamil Nadu's Amma Canteens Rise to the Occasion |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-laissez-faire/article5018479.ece |title=Amma canteens and Amartya Sen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pHvjY4PHykVOy7irb8H2cO/Tamil-Nadus-Amma-canteen-concept-catches-on-in-other-states.html |title=Tamil Nadu's Amma canteen concept catches on in other states |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The Scheme was also lauded by [[Egypt]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/egypt-comes-calling-at-amma-canteen/article6070505.ece |title=Egypt comes calling at Amma Canteen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fame-of-amma-canteens-head-to-egypt-37507.html |title=Fame of Amma canteens head to Egypt |work=[[India TV]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

===Amma Branded Schemes===
The plenty of populist schemes such as [[Amma Kudineer]] (bottled mineral water),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taste-amma-mineral-water-at-rs-10-in-chennai/article5101642.ece?ref=relatedNews |work=The Hindu |title=Taste Amma mineral water at Rs. 10 in Chennai |date=7 September 2013}}</ref> 'Amma' Salt,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-comes-amma-salt/article6102093.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Now comes 'Amma Salt' |date=11 June 2014}}</ref> 'Amma' Medical Shops,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-launches-amma-medical-shops/846640 |publisher=Outlook |title=Jaya Launches 'Amma' Medical Shops |date=26 June 2014}}</ref> and 'Amma' Cement were also implemented.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-govt-launches-amma-cement/article20951112.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Tamil Nadu govt launches 'Amma Cement' |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, The Government launched 'Amma baby care kit' scheme where every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16 types of products.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tn-cm-launches-amma-baby-care-kit-scheme-115090800485_1.html |publisher=Business standard |title=TN CM launches 'Amma baby care Kit' scheme |date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/the-many-things-amma-was-list-of-schemes-implemented-by-jayalalithaa/the-cradle-baby-scheme/slideshow/55831907.cms |publisher=Business standard |title=The many things Amma was: List of schemes implemented by Jayalalithaa |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

===Tamizhaga arasu madikanini thittam===
''Tamizhaga arasu madikanini thittam'' is a scheme in [[Tamil Nadu]] to distribute free [[laptop]]s to students of secondary schools and colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/an-excellent-scheme/article2465338.ece|title=An excellent scheme|date=25 September 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref> The scheme was implemented beginning in September 2011 to fulfill a campaign promise of Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]] of the [[AIADMK]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-govts-laptop-scheme-to-be-implemented-this-week/article2446473.ece|title=TN Govt's laptop scheme to be implemented this week|date=12 September 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=24 May 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Content !! Specification
|-
| Processor || [[Intel Pentium]] dual-core processor
|-
| Operating system || [[Windows 7]] & Linux BOSS 4.0
|-
| Size || 14-inch display
|-
| Weight || 2.7 kg
|-
|Physical memory || 2 GB [[RAM]]
|-
| HDD || 320 GB
|-
| Warranty || One year
|}

=== Other Achievements ===

The Government also announced the Pension Scheme for Destitute Transgender by which those above ages of 40 could get a monthly pension of Rs.1,000. Jayalalithaa government ensured members of the [[transgender]] community could enrol for education and job.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Transgenders-to-get-Rs-1000-monthly-pension/articleshow/15322613.cms |title=Transgenders to get Rs 1,000 monthly pension |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Beginning from 2011, every year Jayalalithaa government gave free laptops to students who clear tenth and twelfth standard to impart digital education to rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |title=Free laptop Scheme Tamil Nadu |publisher=Startupindiascheme |date=14 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517173254/http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The government in 2011 decided to give four goats and a cow to each family below poverty line — mixer and grinders and fans for households, 3 sets of free uniforms, school, bags, notebooks, geometry boxes for all children in government schools, and cycles and laptops for Class 11 and 12 students.<ref>{{cite news |last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/explained/the-jayalalithaa-model-works-power-to-the-people-and-freebies-for-the-poor-2808796/lite/ |title=The Jayalalithaa model works: Power to the people and freebies for the poor |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In 2011 It launched the marriage assistance scheme wherein the female students received 4 gram gold free for use as [[Mangala sutra|Thirumangalyam]] for their marriage and cash assistance up to Rs.50,000 for undergraduate or diploma holding females.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revised-marriage-aid-scheme-launched/article2082606.ece |title=Revised marriage aid scheme launched |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> There were rampant power cut issues between 2006 and 2011 while AIADMK was in opposition wherein for 10 to 15 hours there was no supply of electricity. However, after Jayalalithaa regained power, between 2011 and 2015, The state government corrected all the discrepancies of previous [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime such that the Central Electricity Authority in 2016 said the state is expected to have 11,649 million units of surplus power.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/there-is-no-magic-in-tamil-nadu-being-a-power-surplus-state-jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/53522226.cms |title=There is no magic in Tamil Nadu being a power surplus state, Jayalalithaa says |work=timesofindia |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became among the power surplus states while Jayalalithaa was chief minister in this term.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=Tamil Nadu on verge of becoming power surplus state: CM Jayalalithaa |work=economictimes |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=TN govt seek PM's help for evacuation of surplus wind power |work=indianexpress |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> In the government ensured the wrongfully usurped property by land grabbing during 2006 to 2011 in the previous DMK regime, had been retrieved and handed over to rightful owners between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-05-13/Jayalalithaas-achievements-over-the-last-few-years/227896 |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements over the last few years |work=Thehansindia.com |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa Government announced in 2012, the Vision 2023 document which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development which included raising the per capita income of residents to $10,000 per annum, matching Human Development Index to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the State, making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India. This project had three components — Overall Vision Document, Compilation of Project Profile and Road Map. The work on this continued under her supervision until her death.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece |title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She inaugurated 'Amma health insurance scheme' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-ministers-comprehensive-health-insurance-scheme-launched/article2793090.ece |title=Chief Minister's comprehensive health insurance scheme launched |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
== Reshuffles==
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayalalithaa 04}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministries|Jaya IV]]
[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2011|Jaya IV]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2014|Jaya IV]]

Little Flower Hospital

2025-12-30T06:21:07Z

উদাহরণ: fixed page additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Little Flower Hospital and Research Centre
| org_group =
| image = Angamali - Little Flower Hospital-1.JPG
| caption = Angamali – Little Flower Hospital
| location = [[Angamaly]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] – 683572
| region =
| state = Kerala
| country = India
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.1908|76.3894|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| healthcare = 
| funding = 
| type = 
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = 
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 950
| founded = {{start date and age|1936}}
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|http://lfhospital.org/}}
| other_links = 
}}

'''Little Flower Hospital & Research Centre''' is a 690-bed multi-specialty [[hospital]] in Kerala, India. It is in the town of [[Angamaly]], [[Eranakulam]] District,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ims.kerala.gov.in/en/node/327|title=Little Flower Hospital & Research Centre | Insurance Medical Services|website=ims.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> about 25 kilometres north of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], situated at the junction of the Main Central Road of [[Kerala]] with the National Highway 47.

The hospital was opened in 1936 under the management of the [[Archdiocese]] of Ernakulam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://limsar.in/hospital/|title=Hospital – LIMSAR}}</ref> It is run by the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Major Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/institution_details/11613|title=Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese|website=www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org}}</ref>

In 2002, the hospital opened a nursing school;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://admissionnursing.com/college/little-flower-college-nursing-ernakulam|title=Little Flower College of Nursing, Ernakulam : Admission, Counselling, About, Reservation, Courses, Fees, Seats, Eligibility, Contact Details, Application – Admission Nursing|website=admissionnursing.com}}</ref> it is affiliated to the [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Angamaly Little Flower Hospital}}
* [http://lfhospital.org/ Little Flower Hospital website]
* [https://www.lfhospital.org/school-of-nursing/ Little Flower College of Nursing]

{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Kochi]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1936]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Angamaly]]

United Basketball Alliance of India

2025-11-26T06:03:33Z

উদাহরণ: put up new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox company
|name=UBA Pro Basketball League
|type=Delaware Corporation
|founded=2015
|logo=
|logo_size=150px
|website={{URL|http://www.ubaindia.com}}}}
The '''United Basketball Alliance of India, Inc.''' (UBA India) was "a professional basketball league with teams based in key cities across India for fans of all ages".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/uba-pro-basketball-league-2017-live/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550287040/channelid-10000000000620000/starttime-201703101630|title=UBA Pro Basketball League 2017 Live Serial Episode On Ten 1 {{!}} Times Of india|date=2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2017-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubaindia.com/about-us/|title=UBA India About Us|last=|first=|date=2016-11-27|website=www.ubaindia.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

UBA India was incorporated on 28 September 2015 as a [[Delaware General Corporation Law|Delaware Corporation]]. With file number 5835701.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/Ecorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx|title=Department of State: Division of Corporations|last=|first=|date=2016-11-27|website=icis.corp.delaware.gov|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

UBA India signed various partnership deals with major broadcasters. Including [[TEN Sports|Ten Sports]], which is the largest sports network in India. They agreed to broadcast UBA India live matches. Ten Sports is owned by the [[Sony Pictures]] Networks India. One of Hollywood's major multi-billion dollar film studios.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Rudranil Guha |date=2016-03-23 |title=Five UBA Basketball League seasons to be telecast by Ten Network |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/five-uba-basketball-league-seasons-ten-network-telecast |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=[[Sportskeeda]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/five-uba-basketball-league-seasons-ten-network-telecast|title=Five UBA Basketball League seasons to be telecast by Ten Network|last=Roy|first=Rudranil Guha|date=2016-03-23|work=Sportskeeda|access-date=2017-04-30}}</ref>

Rajesh Sethi, the Global CEO of Ten Sports stated to the press, ''“We are delighted to partner with UBA for India’s first Professional Basketball League. I am confident that UBA will change the face of Indian Professional Basketball forever.”''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The 2015 inaugural season of UBA India witnessed celebrities such as [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Evelyn Sharma]] putting in a couple of appearances. Also the Union Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, Mr [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]] as well as Telangana State’s Sports Minister, Mr Tigula Padma Rao Goud. Who both accepted the proposal to attend a basketball game in the capacity of special guests.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

{{TOC limit}}

== See also ==
* [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ubaindia.com/}}

{{National sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:UBA Pro Basketball League]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]

G. Hemantha Kumar

2025-11-24T10:14:58Z

উদাহরণ: adding the bio needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
'''G. Hemantha Kumar''', born on 21 May 1959, is the [[vice chancellor]] of the [[University of Mysore]], [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-17 |title=Wait for full-time vice-chancellor for University of Mysore finally ends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/wait-for-full-time-vice-chancellor-for-uom-finally-ends/articleshow/66658958.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The |first=Hindu |date=30 June 2022 |title=Hemantha Kumar is VC of Mysuru varsity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hemantha-kumar-is-vc-of-mysuru-varsity/article25520357.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Academic career==

Kumar has published over 336 research papers in national and international [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] journals and presented more than 150 papers at conferences. His research contributions have earned him 2850 scientific citations and an [[H-index]] of 26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemantha kumar G |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NUjXLd0AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>

Kumar initiated new pharmacy courses in University of Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=University of Mysore to launch pharmacy courses from 2022-23 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/university-of-mysore-to-launch-pharmacy-courses-from-2022-23/article65483028.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-09-10 |title=Genetics helped vaccine discovery in six months |url=https://starofmysore.com/genetics-helped-vaccine-discovery-in-six-months/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

He has supervised 20 Ph.D. candidates and is presently guiding 8 more. He has secured research grants from DST, [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], UGC, DIETY, and international partnerships totaling over five crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. G. Hemanth Kumar Archives |url=https://starofmysore.com/tag/prof-g-hemanth-kumar/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> Kumar is a member of ISTE, CSI, Indian Science Congress Association, and IAPR. He has held administrative roles including Chairman of the Computer Science Department, Director of the International Center, and led projects like Vignyan Bhavan and High-Performance Computing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2018 |title=A BRIEF PROFILE OF LIFE SKETCH Prof G Hemantha Kumar |url=https://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/sites/default/files/content/full_bio-data-ghk7102017.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-17 |title=University of Mysore gets new VC after 22 months |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Nov/17/university-of-mysore-gets-new-vc-after-22-months-1899415.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==

* Millennium Plaques Honor (2018) – Awarded by the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] for contributions to Science & Technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India, Indian Science Congress |url=https://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/isca_awardees_2017-18.php |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.sciencecongress.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2018-03-29 |title=Intl. Meet on 'Data Analytics' from Mar. 30 |url=https://starofmysore.com/intl-meet-on-data-analytics-from-mar-30/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Upadhyaya Samman State Level Award (2017) – From the Upadhyaya Moodubelle Art Foundation, Udupi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A BRIEF PROFILE OF LIFE SKETCH |url=https://uni-mysore.ac.in/sites/default/files/content/profile_-_ghk.pdf |website=University of Mysore}}</ref>
* Teachers' Day Award for Best Teacher (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL TEACHERS' AWARDS |url=https://nationalawardstoteachers.education.gov.in/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=nationalawardstoteachers.education.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Indiantelevision.com

2025-07-08T01:07:46Z

উদাহরণ: done

#redirect [[Anil Wanvari]]

Narsingh Rai

2025-05-26T06:06:48Z

উদাহরণ: refine structure for clarity

{{Short description|Ruler of the Gond}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Narsingh Rai''' was a powerful fourteenth-century ruler of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] in central [[India]].<ref name="betul">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Narsingh+Rai+Gond |title=Madhya Pradesh: Betul. Supplement |date=1971 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> He was a clever and ambitious king of Kherla,<ref name="betul"/> succeeding a Gond ruler called Jaitpal. He was defeated by [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah Bahmani]] and later Kherla was restored to him. A daughter of Narsing Rai was also married to Firuz Shah Bahmani.<ref name="gondwana">{{cite book |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |title=The Story Of Gondwana |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Read Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-5287-6963-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=kherla+kingdom&pg=PT50 |language=en}}</ref>

He is the first ruler reported to have unified the Gond.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/storygondwana00tempgoog/storygondwana00tempgoog_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "The story of Gondwana"|website=archive.org|language=en|access-date=2017-07-03}}</ref>

==Reign==
A Rajput dynasty was ruling in Kherla before the Gonds. The greatest of those Rajput rulers was named Jaitpal, who is credited with building the fortress of Kherla. Jaitpal was succeeded by Narsingh Rai, the first Gond ruler of Kherla. During his reign, the kingdom stretched in a westerly direction to the hills north of [[Berar Province|Berar]], including the fortress of [[Gawilghur]]. His reign was marked by constant warfare with the Muslim rulers to his north and south.

===War with Bahmanis===
[[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah Bahmani]], the ruler of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], invaded his domain and laid siege to the fortress of Kherla. He captured Narsingh Rai's eldest son and the Gond ruler, with his power reduced, went to [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah Bahmani]]'s camp at [[Ellichpur]] with his family.<ref name="betul"/> He showed remorse for his actions, and was recognized as the Bahmani Sultan's vassal. He was to pay a fixed tribute every year and one of his daughters was married into [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah]]'s harem as a political move.<ref name="jabalpur">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Jabalpur |date=1971 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqthAAAAIAAJ&q=kherla+kingdom |language=en}}</ref>

===War with Mandu===
As a consequence of his alliance with the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], [[Hoshang Shah]], the ruler of [[Malwa Sultanate]] became hostile towards Narsingh Rai. [[Hoshang Shah]] repeatedly attempted to take Kherla as his invite of alliance had been refused by Narsingh Rai. For a brief period the tables were turned as the Gond king pursued Hoshang's army when they were retreating across the hilly country of Kherla from an unsuccessful campaign in the Deccan and slaughtered the soldiers. Next, when [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah]], the Bahmani ruler and Narsingh Rai's ally was campaigning in [[Gujarat]], Hoshang jumped upon this opportunity and attacked Kherla once again. In the following battle, Narsingh Rai was slain and Kherla remained in the Malwa sultan's control for some time.<ref name="gondwana"/><ref name="betul"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Narsingh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Bering, Sikkim

2024-10-21T22:41:29Z

উদাহরণ: Starting a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bering
| native_name = Biring
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.219|N|88.665|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pakyong District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1246
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], Mangar, [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 737 106
| registration_plate = SK
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Pakyong
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 970 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 82%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = CHUJACHEN
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Panchayati raj in India|Current Panchayats]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = '''Ms Samjhana Pradhan, Ms Sushma Limboo and Mr Dhan Bahadur Chettri'''.
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|sub tropical to alpine]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bering''' or '''Biring''' is a small village at [[Pakyong]] sub-division in the [[Pakyong District]] of [[Sikkim]]. It is 13 km away towards east from Pakyong Market. This small village is inhabited by Sharma, Chettri, Limboo, Rai communities. In the lower belt Sharma are in majority - [[Ghimire]], Bastola, [[Bhattarai]], Thapa, Kharka, Budathoki, Gotamey, Bogoti Khatiwara etc. are among the subcaste living in this area. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of this area. Ginger, Amliso, are the main cash crop of this area. Paddy, maize, Millet, wheat are the cereal crop. Nearest town from this village is [[Pakyong]] in west and Rongli in east. This village falls under [[Pakyong]] Block development Office.

==Etymology==
The name Biring has multiple definitions. Some say that it's a corrupted version of Bu ring, a Bhutia word where bu stands for snake and ring stands for long. Others disagree. They believe Biring is a Lepcha word which means "full of bamboo", as this area was once densely packed with bamboo groves. Some would disagree with both such versions and argue that Biring is a Nepali word, but what it means is unknown.

==Population==

The population of this village is 1,006 (male: 521, female: 485) with a total of 189 households according to the 2011 Census of India. The village code is 42300.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=11&district_code=04|title=Census of India: Sub-District Details|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=2014-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171944/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=11&district_code=04|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Census India: List of Villages by Alphabetical|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&State_Code=11&SearchKey=B|website=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171940/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&State_Code=11&SearchKey=B|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Literacy==
Bering village has lower literacy rate compared to Sikkim. In 2011, the literacy rate of Bering village was 77.33% compared to 81.42% of Sikkim. In Bering Male literacy stands at 87.22% while female literacy rate was 66.61%.

==Sex Ratio==
In Bering village population of children with age 0-6 is 118 which makes up 8.93% of total population of the village. Average Sex Ratio of Bering village is 897 which is higher than Sikkim state average of 890. Child Sex Ratio for the Bering as per census is 662, lower than Sikkim average of 957.

==Caste Wise data of the Village==
As per 2011 census, Bering village of East Sikkim has a substantial population of Schedule Tribe (ST). Schedule Tribe (ST) constitutes 28.44% while Schedule Caste (SC) were 7.79% of total population in Bering village.

==Work Profile of the Village==
As per official census data of 2011, at Bering village out of total population, 886 were engaged in work activities. 74.49% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 25.51% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 886 workers engaged in Main Work, 477 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 56 were Agricultural labourer.

==Recent Infrastructural Development==

Recently Gati Power project entered into this village to generate hydro electricity. [[Rangpo]] and [[Rongli]] are two main river providing many ways of livelihood to the people of this area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gatiinfra.com/images/inner/pdf/gati-infra-builds-hydro-electric-power-project-in-sikkim.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 January 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032014/http://www.gatiinfra.com/images/inner/pdf/gati-infra-builds-hydro-electric-power-project-in-sikkim.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/news/40895552_1_hydro-electric-power-alstom-india-hydro-power-project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802123702/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-30/news/40895552_1_hydro-electric-power-alstom-india-hydro-power-project|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2013|title=Gati Infra builds 110 MW hydro power project in Sikkim - Economic Times|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakyong district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pakyong district]]

Mayank Shekhar

2024-08-15T21:55:52Z

উদাহরণ: general fix intro after review based on references

{{Short description|Indian film critic, journalist and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Mayank Shekhar''' is an Indian film critic, journalist and author.<ref name="BH">{{cite web|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|title=Book Review: Bombay Talkies by Mayank Shekhar|author=Malani, Gaurav|date=2006-07-12|accessdate=2011-09-05|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/07/12/1354/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919021155/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/07/12/1354/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> He has been a film critic and a national cultural editor with ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref name=fad/> He previously worked under ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' and ''[[MiD DAY]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death of the critic|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/Death-of-the-critic/articleshow/1974302.cms|author=Iyer, Meena|agency=TNN|date=2007-04-29|accessdate=2011-09-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111191822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/Death-of-the-critic/articleshow/1974302.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="achiever">{{cite news|author=Raje, Ashish|newspaper=[[MiD DAY]]|date=2004-12-20|title=Bard of bedroom when lights are off|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/bard-of-bedroom-when-lights-are-off-23193301|accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref> He also used to write a blog, ''Fad For Thought'', at the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' website.<ref name=fad>[http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/fad-for-thought/ Fad for Thought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901234217/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/fad-for-thought/ |date=1 September 2011 }} ''[[Hindustan Times]]''</ref> Currently, his reviews appear on his website theW14.com and also at the ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' in different languages. He is the editorial head of ''Mid-Day'' entertainment and the host of the online talk show ''Sit with Hitlist''. He is also an advisory member for the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref name="AsianAge">{{cite news |title=I am not a victim of writer's block: Mayank Shekhar |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/i-am-not-victim-writer-s-block-617#google_vignette |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=15 June 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183645/https://www.asianage.com/books/i-am-not-victim-writer-s-block-617#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Shekhar completed his schooling from [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]], Delhi in 1998 and thereafter graduated in Economics from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], in 2001 and moved to Mumbai thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why I am a critic|url=http://www.berlinale-talentcampus.de/story/97/2797.html|date=21 December 2009|publisher=[[Berlin International Film Festival]], [[Berlinale Talent Campus]]|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604013212/http://www.berlinale-talentcampus.de/story/97/2797.html|archive-date=4 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He currently resides at [[Chembur]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/columns/columnists/mayank-shekhar/I-live-in-Chembur/articleshow/15764622.cms | title=I live in Chembur! | date=7 December 2007 | newspaper=Mumbai Mirror | accessdate=20 August 2018 | archive-date=21 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821065612/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/columns/columnists/mayank-shekhar/I-live-in-Chembur/articleshow/15764622.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Shekhar moved to Mumbai after his studies and started his career as film journalist, eventually he came to head the features team at ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' for two years and was also part of the ''[[Mid-Day]]'' features team for four years.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |title=Paperback Pickings: Friends and modern families |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/paperback-pickings/cid/1447339 |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=26 February 2016 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722112837/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/paperback-pickings/cid/1447339 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, ''Bombay Talkies'', a book authored by Shekhar was published by Frog Books.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paperback Pickings: Murder on the menu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/paperback-pickings/cid/1025586 |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=7 July 2006 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722113122/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/paperback-pickings/cid/1025586 |url-status=live }}</ref> The book is a compilation of film reviews written by Shekhar from 2004 to 2005. In a review, [[Bollywood Hungama]] wrote that the book "qualifies more as his [Shekhar's] personal portfolio or his extended resume."<ref name="BH"/>

Shekhar is a member of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref name="AsianAge"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mayank |title=An Insider's View of the Film Censor Board |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/19/an-insiders-view-of-the-film-censor-board/#more-37234 |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=India Ink - [[The New York Times]] |date=19 June 2012 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722115512/https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/19/an-insiders-view-of-the-film-censor-board/#more-37234 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shekhar has gained popularity for his film reviews.<ref name="telegraph"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharathi S. |first1=Pradhan |title=Breakups, Twitter style |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/breakups-twitter-style/cid/1313703 |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=11 October 2015 |quote="Thirty-something Mayank Shekhar, the man she's seeing, is popular for his film reviews." |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722113516/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/breakups-twitter-style/cid/1313703 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Rediff]], Shekhar belongs to breed of film critics who "bring sense, and a measure of cinematic sensibility, to their writing".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Woods |first1=Bolly |title=Are film critics 'retards'? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/03bolly.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=3 October 2007}}</ref> He has been the recipient of a number of awards. In 2004, he was one of 21 recipients of the 5th "Young Achievers Awards" by the Indo-American Film Society for his work as a film critic.<ref name="achiever"/> In 2007 he was awarded with the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism]].<ref name="Ramnath">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|title=Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards 2006-2007|url=http://www.expressindia.com/rngf/2006_winners.html|accessdate=2011-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011080521/http://www.expressindia.com/rngf/2006_winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-10-11}}</ref> In 2021, he won the Best Talk Show Host award for his online show ''Sit with Hitlist'' at the 5th Annual Talentrack Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kiara Advani, Manoj Bajpayee, Anurag Basu, and other top stars shine at the 5th Annual Talentrack Awards |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/kiara-advani-manoj-bajpayee-anurag-basu-and-other-top-stars-shine-at-the-5th-annual-talentrack-awards/721863/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |agency=ANI |date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720222857/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/kiara-advani-manoj-bajpayee-anurag-basu-and-other-top-stars-shine-at-the-5th-annual-talentrack-awards/721863/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He currently runs a cinema website called theW14.com.

He has authored a book, ''Name Place Animal Thing''.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-8175993150 |title=Name Place Animal Thing |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mayank |date=12 January 2015 |publisher=Prakash Book Depot }}</ref><ref name="AsianAge"/> ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' described it as "a collection of essays on a number of aspects of popular Indian culture - ranging from cinema and drinking to politics and music - that are often glossed over".<ref name="telegraph"/>

==Bibliography==
*''Bombay Talkies'', [[Frog Books]] (IND), 2006.
*''Name Place Animal Thing'', 2016

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100914153152/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Search/search.aspx?q=Mayank%20Shekhar&op=Story Mayank Shekhar] at ''[[Hindustan Times]]''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhar, Mayank}}
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Milap Mewada

2024-06-10T20:39:31Z

উদাহরণ:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Milap Mewada
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Milap Pradeepkumar Mewada
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|9|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = [[Wicket-keeper]]
| club1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| year1 = 1996/97–2004/05
| clubnumber1 =
| columns = 2
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 11
| runs1 = 242
| bat avg1 = 17.28
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 62
| catches/stumpings1 = 38/2
| column2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| matches2 = 26
| runs2 = 196
| bat avg2 = 17.81
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 34
| catches/stumpings2 = 29/10
| date = 20 August
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30945.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Milap Pradeepkumar Mewada''' (born 15 September 1974) is a former Indian first-class [[cricket]]er who played for [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] from 1996/97 to 2004/05. He became a cricket coach after his playing career. He is the batting coach of the Afghanistan national cricket team.

==Life and career==
Born in [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]], Mewada played for [[India national under-19 cricket team|India under-19s]] in the 1993/94 season before getting selected in the [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] senior team two seasons later. As a [[wicket-keeper]], he appeared in a total of 11 first-class and 26 [[List A]] matches in a career that spanned between 1996/97 and 2004/05. He also represented [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] in the [[Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Milip Mewada |url=http://stats.edgbaston.com/Archive/Players/10/10493/10493.html |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milip Mewada |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30945.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>

Mewada took up cricket coaching following his retirement. After having worked as the assistant coach of Baroda, Mewada coached the Chhattisgarh under-19 team which qualified for the knockout stage of a domestic competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will make J&K cricketers to play as a cohesive unit Irfan Pathan |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/will-make-jk-cricketers-to-play-as-a-cohesive-unit-irfan-pathan |access-date=20 August 2019| work=Daily Excelsior |date=11 July 2018}}</ref> He was selected as the head coach of [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2018, with former Baroda teammate [[Irfan Pathan]] being named its mentor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Shayan| title=Dream chasers from the valley |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/indian/dream-chasers-from-the-valley/article24341223.ece| access-date=20 August 2019| work=Sportstar |date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishna B |first1=Venkata |title=Kashmir willow |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2018/sep/23/kashmir-willow-1875864.html |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=The New Indian Express| date=23 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30945}}
* {{CricketArchive|id=10493}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewada, Milap}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]

Chirashree Anchan

2024-04-21T17:45:09Z

উদাহরণ: adding basic details initial version

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chirashree Anchan
| image = Chirashree Anchan, 30 November 2018.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mangalore, India
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2016–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Chirashree Anchan''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Tulu cinema|Tulu]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] movies.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Coastalwood talent Chirashree going places |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=472410 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==

Chirashree Anchan was born in a [[Tulu language|Tulu]] speaking [[Billava]] family in Mangalore to Madhusoodan Anchan and Poornima Madhu.<ref name="bc">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/chirashree-home-where-heart-666797.html |title=Metrolife: For Chirashree, home is where the heart is |date=26 April 2018 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Film career==
She debuted in coastal wood movie ''Pavithra'' (2016) which run successfully in the box office and next acted in Prajwal Kumar Attavar directorial ''Rambarooti'' (2016).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chirashree Anchan bags Best actress for ‘Pavithra’ at RED FM Tulu Awards 2018 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=501545 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Trailer of Chirashree Anchan starrer Kannada film 'Udumba' released |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=611694 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Chirashree got signed for Telugu and Kannada movie ''Aame Athadaithe'' (2016) and ''[[Kalpana 2]]'' (2016) respectively.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Chirashree Anchan to be seen next in Kannada movie ‘Kaliveera’ |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=588556 |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Chirashree was seen in the Aravind Kaushik directorial ''[[Huliraaya]]''(2017).<ref name="dc">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-was-really-scared-when-shooting-at-jungle-locations/articleshow/60807016.cms |title=I was really scared when shooting at jungle locations |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Her next Kannada movie was ''Udumba''.<ref name=":0" /> Chirashree made her Tamil debut in [[Aghavan]].<ref name="ab" />

She also played a lead role in the Telugu movie Duppatlo minnagu (2019) Directed by Yendamuri Veerendranath.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/duppatlo-minnagu/movieshow/69020543.cms |title=Duppatlo Minnagu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!Year !!Movie !!Director !!Language !!Ref
|-
|2016 ||''Pavithra''|| Naga Venkatesh ||Tulu ||<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2016 ||''Rambarooti''|| Preethi Prajwal Kumar ||Tulu||<ref name="bc" />
|-
|2016 ||''[[Kalpana 2]]''|| R. Anatha Raju ||Kannada||<ref name="dc" /><ref name="de">{{cite web |title=Mangaluru: Chirashree Anchan to be seen next in Kannada movie ‘Kaliveera’ |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=588556 |website=daijiworld.com |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ca">{{cite web |title=Acting is a constant challenge |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/594962/acting-constant-challenge.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en |date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2017 ||''Aame Athadaithe''||Surya Narayan||Telugu||<ref name="de" />
|-
|2017 ||''[[Huliraaya]]''|| Malli Aravind Kaushik||Kannada||<ref name="dc" /><ref name="ca" />
|-
|2018 ||''Shivana Paada''|| ||Kannada||
|-
|2018 ||''Karne''|| ||Tulu|| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mangaluru: Chirashree Anchan to star opposite Arjun Kapikaad in ‘Karne’ |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=493252 |website=daijiworld.com |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018 ||''Karikambaliyalli Midinaaga''|| ||Kannada|| <ref>{{cite web |title=The script is always the hero |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/649862/script-always-hero.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en |date=24 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2019 ||''Udumba''|| ||Kannada||<ref name="ab" /><ref name="Udumba's Geetha is like me: actress Chirashree Anchan">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Herald |title=Udumba's Geetha is like me: actress Chirashree Anchan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/udumbas-geetha-is-like-me-actress-chirashree-anchan-756467.html |accessdate=8 May 2022 |date=23 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508145414/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/udumbas-geetha-is-like-me-actress-chirashree-anchan-756467.html |archivedate=8 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019 ||''[[Aghavan]]''|| ||Tamil ||<ref name="ab">{{cite web |title=Udumba's Geetha is like me: actress Chirashree Anchan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/udumbas-geetha-is-like-me-actress-chirashree-anchan-756467.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en |date=23 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019 ||''Aapina Matha Yeddege''|| ||Tulu||
|-
|2020
|''Kaliveera''
|Aviram
|Kannada
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Inamdar (2023 film)|Inamdar]]''
|Sandesh Shetty
|Kannada
|
|-
|2022
|''Deal''
|Sunee
|Tulu
|
|}

==Award==
Chirashree awarded 'Viewers Choice Best Actress' award for 2016 at a popular Tulu film awards event. Chirashree also bagged best actress award for her debut movie Pavithra at Red FM film awards in the year 2018.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
#[http://pages.rediff.com/aame-athadaithe/2111080 Aame Athadaithe - Rediff Pages]

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=nm9294971}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anchan, Chirashree}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]

2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group A

2024-03-22T06:49:00Z

উদাহরণ: Starting new bio

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group A
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 11 October
| todate = 5 November 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 8
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2021–22
| previous_tournament = 2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
The '''[[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]''' was the fifteenth season of the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], a [[Twenty20 cricket]] tournament played in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into five groups, with eight teams in Group A.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 August 2022 |title=BCCI Announces India's Domestic Season for 2022-23, Ranji Trophy to Start in December |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-announces-indias-domestic-season-for-2022-23-ranji-trophy-to-start-in-december-5711695.html |website=News18 India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 October 2022 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2022-23: Squads, teams and groups |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2022-23-smat-t20-squads-teams-groups/article65976301.ece |website=SportStar|date=7 October 2022 }}</ref> The tournament was announced by BCCI on 8 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date= 8 August 2022 |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2022-23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555906/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2022-23?type=Latest |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group A}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 98/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shreevats Goswami]] 31 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 2/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 103/1 (10.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 55[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = Remruatdika Ralte 1/14 (2 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332925.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = F Lalmuanzuala and Vanlalhruailuanga (Mizoram) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Sub: Sairaj Patil for Dhawal Kulkarni (Mumbai).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| score1 = 150/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]] 68 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Akash Madhwal]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 154/3 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jiwanjot Singh]] 77 [[not out|*]] (55)
| wickets2 = [[Harsh Tyagi]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| result = Uttarakhand won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332927.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Susheel Kumar (Railways) and Rajan Kumar (Uttarakhand) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Suraj Ahuja for Mohammad Saif (Railways) and Piyush Joshi for Avneesh Sudha (Uttarakhand).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 161/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Hazarika]] 68 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Darshan Nalkande]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Akshay Wadkar]] 49[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Mukhtar Hussain]] 1/14 (3 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332926.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rahul Hazarika]], Subham Mandal, Nihar Narah, Dharani Rabha (Assam) and Aman Mokhade (Vidarbha) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Nipan Deka for Rahul Hazarika (Assam) and Shubham Dubey for Aditya Sarwate (Vidarbha).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| score1 = 173/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 62[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets1 = [[Manav Suthar]] 2/15 (3 overs)
| score2 = 135 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Salman Khan (Indian cricketer)|Salman Khan]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 6/20 (4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 38 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332924.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Aman Bhadoriya, [[Akshat Raghuwanshi]], Chanchal Rathore, Kamal Tripathi (Madhya Pradesh), Kunal Singh Rathore, [[Anirudh Singh (cricketer)|Anirudh Singh]] and [[Manav Suthar]] (Rajasthan) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Aman Bhadoriya for Kuldeep Gehi (Madhya Pradesh) and Anirudh Singh for Tanveer Ul-Haq (Rajasthan).
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 144/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 52 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Mrinmoy Dutta]] 4/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 145/3 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = Nihar Narah 45 (40)
| wickets2 = Rajan Kumar 1/22 (4 overs)
| result = Assam won by 7 wickets.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332944.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Piyush Joshi for Jiwanjot Singh (Uttarakhand) and Nipan Deka for Dharani Rabha (Assam).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| score1 = 136/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Atharva Taide]] 43 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Aniket Choudhary]] 4/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 137/1 (15.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ashok Menaria]] 77 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Yash Thakur]] 1/23 (2 overs)
| result = Rajasthan won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332942.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Akshay Wakhare for Siddhesh Wath (Vidarbha).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 96/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 32 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Mohit Raut]] 2/11 (4 overs)
| score2 = 99/3 (12.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Saif (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohammad Saif]] 32 (20)
| wickets2 = Rinsangzela Hmamte 2/17 (2.2 overs)
| result = Railways won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332945.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Lalhriatrenga (Mizoram) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Sub: Lalhriatrenga for Remruatdika Ralte (Mizoram).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score1 = 181/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 67 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 182/2 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 66[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332943.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Aditya Shrivastava (cricketer)|Aditya Shrivastava]] made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Sub: Aditya Shrivastava for Akshat Raghuwanshi (Madhya Pradesh).
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score1 = 194/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kunal Chandela]] 59[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Parth Sahani]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 144/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 42 (29)
| wickets2 = Rajan Kumar 3/17 (4 overs)
| result = Uttarakhand won by 50 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332961.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Satyam Baliyan, Neeraj Rathour (Uttarakhand) and Siddharth Patidar (Madhya Pradesh) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Satyam Baliyan for Piyush Joshi (Uttarakhand) and Siddharth Patidar for Kuldeep Sen (Madhya Pradesh).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 230/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 134 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 169 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rajjakuddin Ahmed]] 39 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 3/25 (3.3 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 61 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332962.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Abhishek Thakuri for Denish Das (Assam) and Prashant Solanki for Dhawal Kulkarni (Mumbai).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 192/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Shubham Dubey 49[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets1 = [[Bobby Zothansanga]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 78/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreevats Goswami]] 48[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets2 = [[Akshay Karnewar]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 114 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332963.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Harsh Dubey for Aman Mokhade (Vidarbha) and Lalhriatrenga for Rinsangzela Hmamte (Mizoram).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 167/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahipal Lomror]] 50 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 159/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Chaudhary]] 70 (55)
| wickets2 = [[Aniket Choudhary]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan won by 8 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332960.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Rajasthan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Samarpit Joshi]] (Rajasthan) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Samarpit Joshi for Salman Khan (Rajasthan) and Suraj Ahuja for Mohammad Saif (Railways).
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 155/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 41 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Aditya Sarwate]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 140/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Atharva Taide]] 28 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Shams Mulani]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 15 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332980.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Mohit Avasthi for Yashasvi Jaiswal (Mumbai) and Siddhesh Wath for Yash Thakur (Vidarbha).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| score1 = 143/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Salman Khan (Indian cricketer)|Salman Khan]] 47[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets1 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aditya Tare]] 34 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Uttarakhand won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332978.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Manav Suthar for Salman Khan (Rajasthan) and Neeraj Rathour for Piyush Joshi (Uttarakhand).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 190/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 92[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets1 = Susheel Kumar 2/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pratham Singh]] 55 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Ashwin Das]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332979.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Kumar Kartikeya for Rajat Patidar (Madhya Pradesh) and Navneet Virk for Shivam Chaudhary (Railways).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 115/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 75 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Mrinmoy Dutta]] 2/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 118/3 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 52[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = Rinsangzela Hmamte 1/3 (1 over)
| result = Assam won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332981.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Assam won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Subham Mandal for Rahul Hazarika (Assam).
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 134/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 49[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 135/2 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Chaudhary]] 62 (53)
| wickets2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 1/12 (4 overs)
| result = Railways won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332998.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Avinov Choudhury (Assam) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Abhishek Thakuri for Rahul Hazarika (Assam) and Akshat Pandey for T Pradeep (Railways).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score1 = 94/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 26 (31)
| wickets1 = Kamal Tripathi 4/11 (4 overs)
| score2 = 98/4 (12.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] 31 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Lalhruai Ralte]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332997.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Joseph Lalthankhuma for Lalhmangaiha (Mizoram) and Siddharth Patidar for Gaurav Yadav (Madhya Pradesh).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| score1 = 159/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 46 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 139/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahipal Lomror]] 46 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Tushar Deshpande]] 2/12 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332996.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Anirudh Singh for Khaleel Ahmed (Rajasthan) and Mohit Avasthi for Yashasvi Jaiswal (Mumbai).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| score1 = 157/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Atharva Taide]] 36 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Mayank Mishra]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aditya Tare]] 46 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Yash Thakur]] 4/22 (4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 2 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332999.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Harsh Dubey for Shubham Dubey (Vidarbha) and Piyush Joshi for Jiwanjot Singh (Uttarakhand).
}}

===Round 6===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score1 = 180/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 50[[not out|*]] (21)
| wickets1 = [[Ankit Kushwah]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 158 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ashwin Das]] 36 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Darshan Nalkande]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 22 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333015.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Aman Bhadoriya for Kuldeep Sen (Madhya Pradesh) and Harsh Dubey for Shubham Dubey (Vidarbha).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 107 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 29[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 111/6 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Chaudhary]] 40 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Tanush Kotian]] 2/12 (3.1 overs)
| result = Railways won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333016.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Aman Hakim Khan for Yashasvi Jaiswal (Mumbai) and Mohammad Saif for Pratham Singh (Railways).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 109/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = Kunal Singh Rathore 35[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets1 = Avinov Choudhury 4/15 (4 overs)
| score2 = 112/7 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Subham Mandal]] 29 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Tanveer Ul-Haq]] 2/11 (2 overs)
| result = Assam won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333014.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Rajasthan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Virendra Gurjar (Rajasthan) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Denish Das for Rahul Hazarika (Assam) and Samarpit Joshi for Ramnivas Golada (Rajasthan).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 179/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Piyush Joshi]] 64 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 50 (16 overs)
| runs2 = Joseph Lalthankhuma 14 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Himanshu Bisht]] 4/8 (3 overs)
| result = Uttarakhand won by 129 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333017.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Mizoram won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Himanshu Bisht for Piyush Joshi (Uttarakhand) and Joseph Lalthankhuma for Lalhmangaiha (Mizoram).
}}

===Round 7===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
| score1 = 183/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhijeet Tomar]] 84[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets1 = Remruatdika Ralte 2/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 110/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 63 (56)
| wickets2 = [[Tanveer Ul-Haq]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| result = Rajasthan won by 73 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333032.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Rajasthan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Arafat Khan]] and [[Shubham Garhwal]] (Rajasthan) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Arafat Khan for Samarpit Joshi (Rajasthan) and Joseph Lalthankhuma for Rinsangzela Hmamte (Mizoram).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| score1 = 192/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ashwin Das]] 68[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets1 = [[Mukhtar Hussain]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 194/5 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Riyan Parag]] 75 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Ashwin Das]] 2/26 (2.1 overs)
| result = Assam won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333033.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Ashwin Das for Chanchal Rathore (Madhaya Pradesh) and Nipan Deka for Rahul Hazarika (Assam).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| score1 = 174/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 45 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Himanshu Bisht]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 172/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Avneesh Sudha]] 96 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Shams Mulani]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 2 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333034.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Premdip Chatterjee and [[Sundaram Ravi]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Piyush Joshi for Jiwanjot Singh (Uttarakhand) and Prashant Solanki for Yashasvi Jaiswal (Mumbai).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 150/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Chaudhary]] 84[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets1 = [[Aditya Sarwate]] 2/8 (2 overs)
| score2 = 153/4 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Apoorv Wankhade]] 71[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333035.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Aditya Sarwate for Akshay Wakhare (Vidarbha) and Harsh Tyagi for Shivam Chaudhary (Railways).
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy}}

Regional Science Centre, Chalakudy

2023-11-07T07:21:27Z

উদাহরণ: adding a pg

{{short description|Science museum in India}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Regional Science Centre, Chalakudy
| image =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.30|N|76.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| established = 2021
| dissolved =
| location = [[Chalakudy]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]]
| type = Science museum
| collection =
| visitors =
| director =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| website =
}}
'''Regional Science Centre, Chalakudy''' is a science museum located in [[Chalakudy]], [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is an autonomous institution established by the [[Government of Kerala]], as a center for popularisation of science and scientific temper among the general public, especially among children. It started functioning in 2021.

==The aim==
Regional Science Center has been started by the government with the aim of imparting more knowledge about science and its basic principles among the general public, especially among the students.<ref name="prd">{{cite web |title=PRD Live - ചാലക്കുടി സയൻസ് സെന്റർ കേരളത്തിന് അഭിമാനം : മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി |url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/134834 |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421051739/https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/134834 |url-status=live }}</ref> The center, which comes under the Kerala State Science and Technology Museum (KSSTM), will enable students to conduct experiments and research programs in science.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Third Regional Science Centre to come up in Chalakudy, Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/third-regional-science-centre-to-come-up-in-chalakudy-kerala/articleshow/15543686.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 August 2012 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430210424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/third-regional-science-centre-to-come-up-in-chalakudy-kerala/articleshow/15543686.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chalakudy Regional Science Center is one of the National Council of Science Museum's 'Innovation Hubs' aimed at providing facilities to nurture new ideas and develop an inquisitive outlook in the youth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Innovation Hub |url=https://ncsm.gov.in/activities-main/development/innovation-hub |work=NCSM |language=en |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421053238/https://ncsm.gov.in/activities-main/development/innovation-hub |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The foundation stone for the Chalakudy Regional Science Center was laid in 2010.<ref name="times"/> It became operational in February 2021.<ref name="mat">{{cite news |title=Regional Science Centre at Chalakudy to be opened in February |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/regional-science-centre-at-chalakudy-to-be-opened-in-february-1.5394864 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421051733/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/regional-science-centre-at-chalakudy-to-be-opened-in-february-1.5394864 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="prd2">{{cite web |title=PRD Live - ശാസ്ത്രലോകത്തിന് വഴിതുറന്ന് ചാലക്കുടി |url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/134845 |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421051740/https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/134845 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==The center==
The Chalakudy Science Center is the third Regional Science Center in Kerala (the other two are located in [[Kozhikode]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]),<ref name="times"/> and the first sub-centre of the Kerala State Science and Technology Museum.<ref name="prd"/>

===Facilities available===
Science Gallery, Science Park and 3D Theater facilities for children are currently available here.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRD Live - ചാലക്കുടി റീജിയണൽ സയൻസ് സെന്ററിൽ മന്ത്രി ആർ ബിന്ദുവിന്റെ സന്ദർശനം |url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/219781 |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421051734/https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/219781 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main attraction is the 5000 square feet planetarium.<ref name="prd2"/> The 3D theater is a large format film projection system in which 200 people can watch the show in the planetarium theater at a time.<ref name="prd2"/> The gallery building block that occupies science galleries, 3D theatre, innovation hub and office complex has an area of 27000 square feet.<ref name="exp">{{cite news |title=ശാസ്ത്രലോകത്തിന് വഴിതുറന്ന് ചാലക്കുടി |url=https://malayalamexpressnews.com/special/chalakudy-paves-way-for-science/cid2193437.htm |work=malayalamexpressnews.com |date=17 February 2021 |language=ml |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421051732/https://malayalamexpressnews.com/special/chalakudy-paves-way-for-science/cid2193437.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The center is spread over 3 floors.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=ചാലക്കുടി റീജനൽ ശാസ്ത്ര കേന്ദ്രം പ്രവർത്തനം പുനരാരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2021/10/19/thrissur-chalakudy-regional-science-centre.html |work=ManoramaOnline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421063720/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2021/10/19/thrissur-chalakudy-regional-science-centre.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Of the four targeted science galleries, the Popular Science Gallery and the Mathematics Gallery are currently operational.<ref name="prd2"/><ref name="exp"/>

The [[National Council of Science Museums]] is spearheading the Innovation Hub, which is designed to organize various programs to develop science aptitude among students. As part of the Innovation Hub, the Science Library will provide students with various study classes in science-related subjects and short-term training in specialized subjects.<ref name="prd2"/>

The observatory, equipped with a high-resolution telescope for aerial observation, can observe the stars and planets in the evening after 6.30 pm.<ref name="prd2"/> It is also said that special shows will be organized at the center during special celestial phenomena.<ref name="prd2"/>

At the center, work is also underway to install a [[mirror maze]] with endless corridors and endless reflections.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Mirror Maze to come up at Regional Science Centre, Chalakudy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/13/mirror-maze-to-come-up-at-regional-science-centre-chalakudy-2196163.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2023-04-21 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421061615/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/13/mirror-maze-to-come-up-at-regional-science-centre-chalakudy-2196163.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This will be the first initiative of its kind in the state.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

==Location==
The center is located on a four-acre plot of land near the [[Panampilly Memorial Government College]] in Chalakudy, Thrissur district.<ref name="times"/><ref name="mat"/>

==Admission fee==
Admission to the Science Center is free for children under the age of four, with an entry fee of Rs.20 for adults and Rs.10 for children between the ages of four and twelve.<ref name="prd2"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Children's museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Kerala]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Kerala]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Kerala]]

Tirumakudal Narsipur

2022-09-25T18:40:13Z

উদাহরণ: updated article per standard format and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Thirumakudalu Narasipura]]

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A. A. Rahim (Congress)

2022-05-21T16:21:56Z

উদাহরণ: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[A. A. Rahim]]

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