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Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T10:50:57Z

हिन्दू: started

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Central
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 134
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| map_image = Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple Lakshadeepam.jpg
| map_caption = Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple,Located In Thiruvananthapuram Central Constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,03,584 (2021)
| mla = [[C. P. John]]
| party = [[Communist Marxist Party]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}
'''Thiruvananthapuram Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the seven assembly segments that constitute the [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url =https://trivandrum.nic.in/constituencies|website=trivandrum.nic.in|title=State Assembly Constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala}}</ref> It has been vacant since 3 January 2026 following the disqualification of [[Antony Raju]], who was elected in 2021 election, after a three-year conviction for tampering with the evidence in a drug-related case.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 January 2026 |title=Kerala MLA Antony Raju gets disqualified for conviction in 1990 drug case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-mla-antony-raju-gets-disqualified-for-conviction-in-1990-drug-case-101767671034896.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency was established by the 2008 delimitation. Before, it was known as Trivandrum West Assembly Constituency from 1977 to 2008, and Trivandrum-I Assembly constituency from 1957 to 1977.

==Local self-governed segments==
Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" width="650px" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #666666 solid; font-size: x-big"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="150px" |Ward no.
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]]/[[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 26-30
40-47

59-60

69-75

77-78

80
|Municipal Corporation
|Thiruvananthapuram
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/thiruvananthapuram-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Thiruvananthapuram
}}</ref>

===Thiruvananthapuram-I===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2"| E. P. Eapen
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B. M. Nair
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}"|
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-

| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| N. Gopala Pillai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}"|
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]

|}

===Thiruvananthapuram West===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[K. Pankajakshan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"| P. A. Muhammad Kannu
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="2"| [[M. M. Hassan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Antony Raju]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"|
| [[Kerala Congress]]
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[M. V. Raghavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| [[Communist Marxist Party]]
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[V. Surendran Pillai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"|
| [[Kerala Congress]]
|}

===Thiruvananthapuram===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" |[[V. S. Sivakumar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Antony Raju|Adv. Antony Raju]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}"|
|[[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[C. P. John]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Marxist Party}}"|
|[[Communist Marxist Party]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Marxist Party|candidate=[[C. P. John]]|votes=45,586|percentage=37.83|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[Sudheer Karamana]]|votes=35,723|percentage=29.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Karamana Jayan|votes=35,125|percentage=29.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Samin Sathyadas|votes=556|percentage=0.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=A. Saboora|votes=227|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=909|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =9863
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,03,584 registered voters in the Thiruvananthapuram constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |title=Legislative Assembly 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121075941/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|candidate=[[Antony Raju|Adv. Antony Raju]]|votes=48,748|percentage=38.01|change={{increase}}9.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. S. Sivakumar]]|votes=41,669|percentage=32.49|change={{decrease}}4.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|Increase 0.25|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Krishnakumar|Krishnakumar G.]]|votes=34,996|percentage=27.29|change={{loss}}0.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=1054|percentage=0.82|change={{decrease}}0.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abhilash Vadakkan|votes=436|percentage=0.34|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |candidate=A. Saboora|votes=366|percentage=0.29|change={{loss}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Raju Antony|votes=289|percentage=0.23|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Chala Mohanan D.|votes=245|percentage=0.19|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Antony Raju S/o Raju|votes=190|percentage=0.15|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sivakumar K. S/o Kumara Swamy|votes=164|percentage=0.13|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Krishnakumar T. S. S/o Sankarankutty|votes=89|percentage=0.07|change=–}}

{{Election box majority||votes=7,089|percentage=5.57|change={{loss}}3.07}}
{{Election box turnout ||votes=1,28,322|percentage=63.03|change={{loss}}2.33}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{gain}}9.83}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,93,101 registered voters in the Thiruvananthapuram constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. S. Sivakumar]]|votes=46,474|percentage=36.82|change={{decrease}}9.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|candidate=[[Antony Raju|Adv. Antony Raju]]|votes=35,569|percentage=28.18|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[S. Sreesanth]]|votes=34,764|percentage=27.54|change={{increase}}16.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Dr. Biju Ramesh|votes=5,762|percentage=4.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=1,435|percentage=1.14|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Nandavanam Suseelan|votes=450|percentage=0.36|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Antony Raju New Colony|votes=424|percentage=0.34|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mohanambika D.|votes=398|percentage=0.32|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=P. S. Gopakumar|votes=344|percentage=0.27|change={{increase}}0.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sivakumar Raveendran Nair|votes=208|percentage=0.16|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Praveen Arimbrathodiyil|votes=170|percentage=0.13|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. S. Subi|votes=113|percentage=0.09|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sivakumar Pushkaran|votes=101|percentage=0.08|change=–}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,905|percentage=8.64|change={{increase}}3.64}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,26,212|percentage=65.36|change={{increase}}5.01}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{decrease}}9.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were ,1,77,442 registered voters in the Thiruvananthapuram constituency for the 2011 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. S. Sivakumar]]|votes=49,122|percentage=45.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress|candidate=[[V. Surendran Pillai]]|votes=43,770|percentage=40.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. K. Sekhar|votes=11,519|percentage=10.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Abdu Razak A.|votes=807|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=P. Surendran Pillai|votes=518|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=S. Sivakumar|votes=485|percentage=0.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=P. S. Gopakumar|votes=235|percentage=0.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=N. Sivakumar|votes=221|percentage=0.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Sundaran Pillai|votes=207|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=C. Vasantha Kumar|votes=110|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=George Mankidan|votes=98|percentage=0.09|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=5,352|percentage=5.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,07,092|percentage=60.35|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Punjab FC

2026-04-30T22:51:34Z

हिन्दू:

{{Short description|Association football club in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Punjab
| image = Punjab FC 2025 logo.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Punjab Football Club
| nickname = The Shers
| short name = PFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2020}} (as ''RoundGlass Punjab'')
| ground = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]
| capacity = 60,254
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = [[RoundGlass Foundation]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]]
| league = {{Indian football updater|PunjabmFC}}
| season = {{Indian football updater|PunjabamFC2}}
| position = {{Indian football updater|PunjabamFC3}}
| pattern_la1 = _redborder
| pattern_b1 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra1 = _redborder
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _2_red_stripes
| leftarm1 = FF7F27
| body1 = FF7F27
| rightarm1 = FF7F27
| shorts1 = FF7F27
| socks1 = FF7F27
| pattern_la2 = _orangeborder
| pattern_b2 =
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| pattern_sh2 = _orangebottom
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| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
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| leftarm3 = FFFFFF
| body3 = 0080FF
| rightarm3 = FFFFFF
| shorts3 = 0080FF
| socks3 = 0080FF
| website = {{URL|https://rgpunjabfc.com/}}
| current = 2025–26 Punjab FC season
}}

'''Punjab Football Club''' (formerly known as '''RoundGlass Punjab FC''')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-04-08 |title=Kerala Blasters vs RoundGlass Punjab FC HIGHLIGHTS, Super Cup 2023: Diamantakos, Nishu and Rahul score to give Kerala 3–1 win |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-vs-roundglass-punjab-live-score-super-cup-2023-streaming-india-telecast-highlights-lineups/article66713945.ece |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170347/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kerala-blasters-vs-roundglass-punjab-live-score-super-cup-2023-streaming-india-telecast-highlights-lineups/article66713945.ece }}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club founded in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-announces-five-foreign-signings-for-i-league-2022-23/|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC announces five foreign signings for I-League 2022–23 season|date=23 September 2022|access-date=23 September 2022|website=halfwayfootball.com|publisher=Halfway Football|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923144119/https://halfwayfootball.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-announces-five-foreign-signings-for-i-league-2022-23/}}</ref> The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]], the top flight of the [[Indian football league system]]. It was the first club to win promotion into the Indian Super League, doing so after winning the [[2022–23 I-League]] title.

==History==
In April 2020, ''RoundGlass Sports Pvt. Ltd.'' completed the acquisition of the [[I-League]] club [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Punjab]], rebranding it later the year as '''RoundGlass Punjab'''. After promotion to the ISL, they changed name to '''Punjab FC''' in July 2023.<ref name="cf"/><ref name="rgpfc">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11135 |title=RoundGlass Punjab FC |publisher=All India Football Federation |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183542/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11135 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RoundGlass Punjab FC |url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/india-minerva-fc/35319/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324130447/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/india-minerva-fc/35319/ |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=int.soccerway.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Minerva Punjab renamed as Punjab Football Club |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/minerva-punjab-renamed-punjab-football-club-pfc-ranjit-bajaj-indian-football-i-league-round-glass-sports/article29833601.ece |access-date=31 October 2019 |work=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu |date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031050409/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/minerva-punjab-renamed-punjab-football-club-pfc-ranjit-bajaj-indian-football-i-league-round-glass-sports/article29833601.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I-League Club Minerva Punjab FC Renamed as Punjab Football Club |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-club-minerva-punjab-fc-renamed-as-punjab-football-club-2367923.html |access-date=31 October 2019 |agency=PTI |website=News18 |date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031050408/https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-club-minerva-punjab-fc-renamed-as-punjab-football-club-2367923.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=arunfoot.com|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/roundglass-sports-launch-their-rg-punjab-fc-new-logo/|title=RoundGlass Sports launch their RG Punjab FC new logo!|date=2 November 2020|access-date=26 September 2021|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111041652/https://www.arunfoot.com/roundglass-sports-launch-their-rg-punjab-fc-new-logo/|archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/sports/story20200424-43003|title=His goal: India in football World Cup!|website=tamilmurasu.com.sg|publisher=SPH Digital News|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=24 April 2020|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529050003/https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/tabla/sports/story20200424-43003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-roundglass-punjab-fc-squad-logo-kits-revealed/|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC unveil squad, new logo, kits for I-League 2020-21|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|date=29 November 2020|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129181847/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2020-21-roundglass-punjab-fc-squad-logo-kits-revealed/|archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> On 15 June 2020, they appointed [[Curtis Fleming]] as [[head coach]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/i-league-2020-21-roundglass-punjab-fc-unveil-kit-logo-squad/spq1hytvwo3q1wh7owkgbgnx7|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC unveil kit, logo and squad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512104425/https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/i-league-2020-21-roundglass-punjab-fc-unveil-kit-logo-squad/spq1hytvwo3q1wh7owkgbgnx7|archive-date=12 May 2021|website=Goal.com|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="cf">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-roundglass-sports-completes-acquisition-of-punjab-fc/articleshow/75106454.cms|title=I-League: RoundGlass Sports completes acquisition of Punjab FC|website=The Times of India|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720131718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/i-league-roundglass-sports-completes-acquisition-of-punjab-fc/articleshow/75106454.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/amp/news/middlesbrough-curtis-fleming-punjab-fc-indian-football-i/1odkuw3r1x4s51jtsgvzipmj17|title=Former Middlesbrough manager Curtis Fleming joins Punjab FC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512105151/https://www.goal.com/en/amp/news/middlesbrough-curtis-fleming-punjab-fc-indian-football-i/1odkuw3r1x4s51jtsgvzipmj17|archive-date=12 May 2021|website=Goal.com|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> On 15 July, they appointed Nikolaos Topoliatis as new [[technical director]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/punjab-fc-rope-in-nikolaos-topoliatis-i-league-indian/4c848sp4gtg01oje0u81ohanx|title=Punjab FC rope in former Olympiacos youth coach Nikolaos Topoliatis as new technical director|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714124412/https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/punjab-fc-rope-in-nikolaos-topoliatis-i-league-indian/4c848sp4gtg01oje0u81ohanx|archive-date=14 July 2021|website=Goal.com|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> As the season progressed, Punjab made it to the championship stage and finished their season with a 2–3 loss to [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]].<ref>[https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2021/03/27/india/i-league/churchill-brothers-sc/india-minerva-fc/3468173/ Churchill Brothers 3–2 Punjab FC]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512105903/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2021/03/27/india/i-league/churchill-brothers-sc/india-minerva-fc/3468173/ |date=12 May 2021 }} ''Soccerway.com''. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</ref> They achieved 2nd position with 22 points in 15 league matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/i-league-churchill-brothers-beat-punjab-fc-3-2-but-lose-title-race/378464|title=I-League: Churchill Brothers Beat Punjab FC 3-2, But Lose Title Race|website=Outlook India|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507073756/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/i-league-churchill-brothers-beat-punjab-fc-3-2-but-lose-title-race/378464}}</ref>

[[File:Vergetis.jpg|thumb|Staikos Vergetis led the club from 2022 to 2024, winning I-League and sealing promotion to the Indian Super League.]]
In August 2022, [[Staikos Vergetis]] was appointed as the new head coach of RoundGlass Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|title=Staikos Vergetis appointed new Head Coach for RoundGlass Punjab FC|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/i-league-staikos-vergetis-appointed-head-coach-for-roundglass-punjab-fc/|website=halfwayfootball.com|date=8 August 2022|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922062844/https://halfwayfootball.com/i-league-staikos-vergetis-appointed-head-coach-for-roundglass-punjab-fc/}}</ref> After winning 4–0 against [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] on 4 March 2023, the club ensued their I-League title, gaining promotion to the Indian Super League for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title =Roundglass Punjab FC: The first I-League side to be promoted to the Indian Super League|url=https://footballexpress.in/roundglass-punjab-fc-the-first-i-league-side-to-be-promoted-to-the-indian-super-league/|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|date=16 March 2023|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316093756/https://footballexpress.in/roundglass-punjab-fc-the-first-i-league-side-to-be-promoted-to-the-indian-super-league/|archive-date=16 March 2023|first=Veronica|last=T}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC wins I-League title, gains ISL promotion|date=4 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2023|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174447/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/roundglass-punjab-clinch-historic-i-league-title/20230304.htm|title=RoundGlass Punjab clinch historic I-League title|website=Rediff.com|date=4 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2023|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174452/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/roundglass-punjab-clinch-historic-i-league-title/20230304.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-roundglass-punjab-fc-secure-promotion-indian-super-league-clinching-i-league-style-i-league-2022-23|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC secure promotion to the Indian Super League after clinching the I-League in style|first=Rahul|last=Madhavan|website=Sportskeeda.com|date=4 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2023|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174449/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-roundglass-punjab-fc-secure-promotion-indian-super-league-clinching-i-league-style-i-league-2022-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/i-league-outfit-roundglass-punjab-promoted-to-isl-40201|title=I-League outfit Roundglass Punjab promoted to ISL|website=thebridge.in|date=4 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174521/https://thebridge.in/football/i-league-outfit-roundglass-punjab-promoted-to-isl-40201}}</ref> They ended the season with 52 points in 22 league matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Champions RoundGlass Punjab end season in style, hit half-century of points |url=https://i-league.org/champions-roundglass-punjab-end-season-in-style-hit-half-century-of-points/ |website=i-league.org |first=AIFF |last=Media Team |location=Panchkula |access-date=12 March 2023 |date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312185210/https://i-league.org/champions-roundglass-punjab-end-season-in-style-hit-half-century-of-points/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odpirajo se vrata elite, Luka Majcen je postal igralec sezone, s slovensko zastavo je promoviral našo državo |url=https://www.nogomania.com/Novica/Odpirajo-se-vrata-elite-Luka-Majcen-je-postal-igralec-sezone-s-slovensko-zastavo-je-promoviral-naso-drzavo |publisher=Nogomania |language=sl |access-date=12 March 2023 |date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183709/https://www.nogomania.com/Novica/Odpirajo-se-vrata-elite-Luka-Majcen-je-postal-igralec-sezone-s-slovensko-zastavo-je-promoviral-naso-drzavo }}</ref>

RoundGlass Punjab later participated in the [[2023 Indian Super Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hero Super Cup 2023: Schedule, Results, Teams, Groups, Points Table, Telecast & Live Streaming Info |date=25 April 2023 |first=Mark |last=Hoover |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/hero-super-cup-2023-schedule-results-teams-groups-points-table-212997.html |access-date= |website=mykhel.com |publisher=My Khel |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427140141/https://www.mykhel.com/football/hero-super-cup-2023-schedule-results-teams-groups-points-table-212997.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1047469/super-cup-bengaluru-fc-sneak-into-semi-finals-after-roundglass-punjab-end-sreenidi-deccans-hopes|title=Super Cup: Bengaluru FC sneak into semi-finals after RoundGlass Punjab end Sreenidi Deccan's hopes|website=scroll.in|publisher=Scroll India|date=17 April 2023|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417071407/https://scroll.in/field/1047469/super-cup-bengaluru-fc-sneak-into-semi-finals-after-roundglass-punjab-end-sreenidi-deccans-hopes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/football/super-cup-roundglass-punjab-beat-sreenidi-deccan-to-end-tournament-on-high-7565965.html|title=Super Cup: RoundGlass Punjab Beat Sreenidi Deccan to End Tournament on High|website=news18.com|publisher=News18|date=17 April 2023|access-date=17 April 2017|first=Vineet|last=Ramakrishnan|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417071405/https://www.news18.com/football/super-cup-roundglass-punjab-beat-sreenidi-deccan-to-end-tournament-on-high-7565965.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Media Team |first=AIFF |date=18 May 2023 |title=Club Licensing Premier 1 results announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/club-licensing-premier-1-results-announced |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=the-aiff.org |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521235453/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/club-licensing-premier-1-results-announced }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=Punjab FC's ISL promotion confirmed, secures requisite licensing criteria |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/punjab-fcs-isl-promotion-confirmed-secures-requisite-licensing-criteria/articleshow/100334053.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257 |location=New Delhi |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523181405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/punjab-fcs-isl-promotion-confirmed-secures-requisite-licensing-criteria/articleshow/100334053.cms }}</ref> Punjab began their [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24 season]] campaign on 23 September, in a 3–1 away defeat to [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]], in which [[Luka Majcen]] scored club's first ever ISL goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-isl-2023-24-mbsg-v-pfc-updates-streaming-goals-highlights/article67338017.ece|title=MBSG 3–1 PFC highlights, ISL 2023–24: Mohun Bagan Super Giant begins title defence in style; Manvir, Petratos, Cummings on the scoresheet|date=23 September 2023|access-date=24 September 2023|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|first=Aneesh|last=Dey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924053740/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-isl-2023-24-mbsg-v-pfc-updates-streaming-goals-highlights/article67338017.ece|archive-date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/mohun-bagan-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-isl-2023-24-updates-lineups-234835.html|title=Mohun Bagan vs Punjab FC Highlights: MBSG 3–1 PFC — Mariners start ISL campaign with comfortable victory|date=23 September 2023|access-date=24 September 2023|website=mykhel.com|publisher=MyKhel News|location=Kolkata|first=Sauradeep|last=Ash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924053910/https://www.mykhel.com/football/mohun-bagan-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-isl-2023-24-updates-lineups-234835.html|archive-date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-mohun-bagan-3-1-punjab-fc-mbsg-player-ratings-mariners-begin-isl-trophy-defence-win-isl-2023-24|title=Mohun Bagan 3–1 Punjab FC: MBSG player ratings as Mariners begin their ISL trophy defence with a win|date=24 September 2023|access-date=24 September 2023|website=Sportskeeda.com|location=Kolkata|first=Soham|last=Haldar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924054250/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-mohun-bagan-3-1-punjab-fc-mbsg-player-ratings-mariners-begin-isl-trophy-defence-win-isl-2023-24|archive-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> They secured first league point on 6 October, in an 1–1 tie with [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]], in their first home match at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/punjab-fc-vs-northeast-united-live-streaming-punjab-look-to-avoid-3rd-consecutive-loss/|title=Punjab FC 1–1 NorthEast United: Parthib Gogoi, Melroy Asisi score in thrilling draw|date=7 October 2023|access-date=8 October 2023|website=insidesport.in|publisher=Inside Sport India|location=New Delhi|first=Souvik|last=Mukherjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051112/https://www.insidesport.in/punjab-fc-vs-northeast-united-live-streaming-punjab-look-to-avoid-3rd-consecutive-loss/|archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1057225/isl-2023-24-punjab-fc-secure-first-point-of-season-after-holding-northeast-united-fc-to-draw|title=ISL 2023–24: Punjab FC secure first point of season after holding NorthEast United FC to draw|date=7 October 2023|access-date=8 October 2023|website=Scroll.in|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008051506/https://scroll.in/field/1057225/isl-2023-24-punjab-fc-secure-first-point-of-season-after-holding-northeast-united-fc-to-draw|archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> On 19 December, French playmaker [[Madih Talal]] scored a goal, gave Punjab their historic first match win in the Super League as they defeated [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] by 1–0 at home.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/punjab-gets-first-isl-win-beats-chennaiyin-fc-1-0-madih-talal-goalindian-super-league-result-news/article67651995.ece|title=Indian Super League: Punjab FC gets historic maiden ISL win, beats Chennaiyin FC by solitary goal|date=18 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219052939/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/punjab-gets-first-isl-win-beats-chennaiyin-fc-1-0-madih-talal-goalindian-super-league-result-news/article67651995.ece|archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1060777/watch-highlights-isl-2023-24-madih-talals-strike-earns-punjab-fc-first-win-of-the-season|title=Watch, highlights ISL 2023–24: Madih Talal's strike earns Punjab FC first win of the season|date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|website=scroll.in|publisher=Scroll India News|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219053305/https://scroll.in/field/1060777/watch-highlights-isl-2023-24-madih-talals-strike-earns-punjab-fc-first-win-of-the-season|archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> The club achieved their first away win later on 12 February 2024, defeating [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] 3–1 in Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-punjab-beat-kerala-blasters-in-kochi-46001|title=ISL: Punjab FC stuns Kerala Blasters at Kochi with a commanding victory|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge News|date=12 February 2024|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212173513/https://thebridge.in/football/isl-punjab-beat-kerala-blasters-in-kochi-46001|archive-date=12 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-punjab-fc-isl-10-live-score-indian-super-league-2023-24-kbfc-v-pfc-goals-highlights/article67838071.ece|title=Kerala Blasters vs Punjab FC, ISL 10 Highlights: KBFC 1–3 PFC, Jordan, Majcen score to register win in Indian Super League|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=12 February 2024|access-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212174046/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-punjab-fc-isl-10-live-score-indian-super-league-2023-24-kbfc-v-pfc-goals-highlights/article67838071.ece|archive-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> The club registered their biggest win on 10 April defeating [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 4–1, ended the league campaign with 24 points in 22 matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/punjab-fc-thrash-east-bengal-4-1-in-isl-609691|title=Punjab FC thrash East Bengal 4–1 in ISL|website=tribuneindia.com|publisher=The Tribune India|date=11 April 2024|access-date=11 April 2024|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411101050/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/punjab-fc-thrash-east-bengal-4-1-in-isl-609691|archive-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/east-bengal-fc-fail-at-final-hurdle-against-punjab-fc-as-chennaiyin-fc-qualify-for-playoffs/article68052008.ece|title=East Bengal FC fail at final hurdle against Punjab FC as Chennaiyin FC qualify for playoffs|website=thehindu.com|publisher=The Hindu|date=11 April 2024|access-date=11 April 2024|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411101605/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/east-bengal-fc-fail-at-final-hurdle-against-punjab-fc-as-chennaiyin-fc-qualify-for-playoffs/article68052008.ece|archive-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> In the 2024–25 Indian Super League, Punjab ended their regular season campaign in tenth place, gaining 28 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/indian-super-league/20242025/regular-season/r81426/tables/|title=Indian Super League Table — Regular Season 2024/25|work=Soccerway|date=7 April 2025|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407111651/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/indian-super-league/20242025/regular-season/r81426/tables/|archive-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/super-league/table/3oa9e03e7w9nr8kqwqc3tlqz9|title=Indian Super League Table — Regular Season 2024/25|work=Goal.com|date=7 April 2025|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/JWKJy|archive-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> On 22 April, the club defeated previous season's runners-up side [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] 3–0 in [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|Super Cup]] and reached quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/punjab-fc-crush-odisha-fc-3-0-to-secure-quarterfinals-spot-in-kalinga-super-cup/articleshow/120507732.cms|title=Punjab FC crush Odisha FC 3–0 to secure quarterfinals spot in Kalinga Super Cup|work=The Economic Times|date=22 April 2025|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422170501/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/punjab-fc-crush-odisha-fc-3-0-to-secure-quarterfinals-spot-in-kalinga-super-cup/articleshow/120507732.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/punjab-fc-defeat-odisha-fc-3-0-and-secure-a-spot-in-quarterfinals-of-the-kalinga-super-cup20250422105112/|title=Punjab FC defeat Odisha FC 3–0 and secure a spot in quarterfinals of the Kalinga Super Cup|work=ANI News|date=22 April 2025|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422181421/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/punjab-fc-defeat-odisha-fc-3-0-and-secure-a-spot-in-quarterfinals-of-the-kalinga-super-cup20250422105112/|location=New Delhi|archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

== Crest, colours & kits ==
Punjab FC's home kit primarily features a vibrant orange base, often paired with black or white accents. The away kit typically comes in white with orange or black highlights, maintaining consistency with the home kit while offering a fresh look. The club's third kit may feature a contrasting color, such as navy blue, providing variety while staying aligned with the team's core colors.

<gallery>
File:Punjab FC official logo.svg|Former club [[Crest (sports)|crest]] (2020–2025)
</gallery>

===Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2020–21
|T10 Sports<ref>{{cite web|title=RoundGlass Punjab Football Club|url=https://www.t10sports.com/index.php?route=product/category&path=95_220|publisher=T10 Sports|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122063328/https://www.t10sports.com/index.php?route=product%2Fcategory&path=95_220}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/marathon/from-east-to-west-t10-sports-lets-you-achieve-on-and-off-the-field-46450|title=From East to West: T10 Sports lets you achieve on and off the field|date=22 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319125335/https://thebridge.in/marathon/from-east-to-west-t10-sports-lets-you-achieve-on-and-off-the-field-46450|work=The Bridge|access-date=10 December 2024|first1=Subhajit|last1=Mazumdar}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[RoundGlass Foundation|RoundGlass]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club|title=I-LEAGUE: Introducing shirt sponsors of every I-league club for 2021–22 season|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=21 January 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|first=Waseem|last=Zaidi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122125039/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-shirt-sponsors-every-club|archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2021–22
|SIX5SIX<ref>{{Cite web|title=RoundGlass Punjab Football Club partners with Six5Six as official kit sponsor|url=https://www.adgully.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-partners-with-six5six-as-official-kit-sponsor-108681.html|access-date=2021-09-17|website=adgully.com|language=en-US|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917095515/https://www.adgully.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-partners-with-six5six-as-official-kit-sponsor-108681.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=SIX5SIXSport|author=RoundGlass Punjab FC|number=1438771011877359621|date=17 September 2021|title=We are excited to welcome @RGPunjabFC to the @SIX5SIXSport family for the next 3 years!|link=https://twitter.com/SIX5SIXSport/status/1438771011877359621|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917085440/https://twitter.com/six5sixsport/status/1438771011877359621|archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022–24
|T10 Sports<ref>{{cite web|title=Introducing our new Training Jersey. A fresh new design celebrating the five rivers of Punjab!|url=https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1569222627100889088|website=@RGPunjabFC|date=12 September 2022|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174447/https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1569222627100889088}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/marathon/from-east-to-west-t10-sports-lets-you-achieve-on-and-off-the-field-46450|title=From East to West: T10 Sports lets you achieve on and off the field|first1=Subhajot|last1=Mazumdar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319125335/https://thebridge.in/marathon/from-east-to-west-t10-sports-lets-you-achieve-on-and-off-the-field-46450|archive-date=19 March 2024|access-date=25 March 2024|date=12 March 2024|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge}}</ref>
|-
|2024–25
|Shiv Naresh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-unveil-shivnaresh-as-official-kit-partner/|title=ISL 2024–25: Punjab FC unveil Shiv Naresh as official kit partner|first1=Aashay|last1=Khandelwal|work=sportsmintmedia.com|date=10 September 2024|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910143711/https://sportsmintmedia.com/isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-unveil-shivnaresh-as-official-kit-partner/|archive-date=10 September 2024}}</ref>
|[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-onboard-dafanews-as-principal-sponsor/|title=ISL 2024–25: Punjab FC onboard DafaNews as principal sponsor|first1=Gauresh|last1=Mahadik|work=sportsmintmedia.com|date=9 September 2024|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909102104/https://sportsmintmedia.com/isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-onboard-dafanews-as-principal-sponsor/|archive-date=9 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025-26
|Shiv Naresh
|DafaNews
|-
|
|}

==Stadiums==
[[File:Panoramic Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the official home ground of Punjab FC in the Indian Super League.]]
In September 2023, Punjab FC officially confirmed [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Delhi]] as their home venue for the [[2023–24 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/punjab-fc-s-new-home-venue-for-this-isl-season-delhi-s-jln-stadium-news-316842|title=Punjab FC's New Home Venue For This ISL Season: Delhi's JLN Stadium|date=8 September 2023|access-date=1 October 2023|website=outlookindia.com|publisher=Outlook India News|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924221409/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/punjab-fc-s-new-home-venue-for-this-isl-season-delhi-s-jln-stadium-news-316842}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-punjab-decide-to-pay-franchise-fee-will-play-home-games-in-delhi/articleshow/102364105.cms|title=ISL: Punjab decide to pay franchise fee, will play home games in Delhi|date=3 August 2023|agency=TNN|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|access-date=1 October 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=3 August 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803184325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-punjab-decide-to-pay-franchise-fee-will-play-home-games-in-delhi/articleshow/102364105.cms}}</ref>

Previously, Punjab FC played at the [[Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium (Panchkula)|Tau Devi Lal Stadium]] in the I-League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/i-league/roundglass-punjab-welcomes-sreenidi-deccan-37153|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC welcomes Sreenidi Deccan in I-League 2022–23|date=13 November 2022|access-date=26 January 2023|website=thebridge.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174904/https://thebridge.in/i-league/roundglass-punjab-welcomes-sreenidi-deccan-37153|archive-date=4 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium has a capacity of 12,000 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/2019/11/15/i-league-2019-20-punjab-fc-ton-play-their-home-matches-at-ludhiana/|title=I-LEAGUE 2019/20: PUNJAB FC TO PLAY THEIR HOME MATCHES AT LUDHIANA|website=indiafooty.com|access-date=23 March 2021|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810022209/http://www.indiafooty.com/2019/11/15/i-league-2019-20-punjab-fc-ton-play-their-home-matches-at-ludhiana/}}</ref> The club also has used [[Guru Nanak Stadium]] as their home ground.

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{updated|21 October 2025}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Muhammad Uvais]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Bijoy Varghese]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nikhil Prabhu]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ricky Shabong]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=BIH|pos=MF|name=[[Samir Zeljković]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=[[Effiong Nsungusi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Dani Ramírez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Princeton Rebello]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khaiminthang Lhungdim}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Vishal Yadav}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Vinit Rai]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Muhammad Suhail F]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Manglenthang Kipgen]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Singamayum Shami]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bikash Singh Sagolsem]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ranjeet Pandre]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Rakesh Meitei Likmabam|Likmabam Rakesh Meitei]]|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Pablo Santos (footballer)|Pablo Santos]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Usham Thoungamba Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Leon Augustine]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Konsam Sanathoi Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Pramveer Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=[[Bede Osuji]]}}
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Suresh Meitei Nongmeikapam|Suresh Meitei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=78|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Muheet Shabir]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs end}}

==Personnel==
===Current Technical Staff===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|GRE}} Konstantinos Katsaras
|-
|Indian Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]]
|-
|Goalkeeping Coach
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Manish Timsina]]

|-
|Strength & Conditioning Coach
|{{flagicon|GRE}} Giannis Papaioannou
|-
|Team Manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kashif Kamran
|-
|Football Director
|{{flagicon|GRE}} Nikolaos Topoliatis
|-
|Technical Director - Head of Youth Development
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Giuseppe Cristaldi
|}

== Records and statistics ==

===Overall Performance===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-style="background:#efefef;"
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=4 class="unsortable" | League
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2" |[[Durand Cup]]
! colspan=2 class="unsortable" |Continental
|-style="background:#efefef;"
! League
! No. of teams
! Position
! Play-offs
! Competition
! Position
|-
| [[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]]
| [[2020–21 I-League|I-League]]
| 11
| 4th
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#efefef"| —
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#efefef"| —
| bgcolor="#efefef"| —
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" | DNQ
|-
| [[2021–22 in Indian football|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 I-League|I-League]]
| 13
| 5th
| rowspan=2 | DNP
|-
| [[2022–23 RoundGlass Punjab FC season|2022–23]]
| [[2022–23 I-League|I-League]]
| 12
| bgcolor="gold" |1st {{rise|b}}
| [[2023 Indian Super Cup#Group A|Group Stage]]
|-
| [[2023–24 Punjab FC season|2023–24]]
| [[2023–24 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 12
| 8th
| DNQ
| [[2024 Indian Super Cup#Group C|Group Stage]]
| [[2023 Durand Cup#Group A|Group Stage]]
|-
| [[2024–25 Punjab FC season|2024–25]]
| [[2024–25 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 13
| 10th
| DNQ
| [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)#Bracket|Quarterfinals]]
| [[2024 Durand Cup#Knockout stage|Quarterfinals]]
|-
|[[2025–26 Punjab FC season|''2025–26'']]
|TBD
|14
|TBD
|TBD
|[[2025 Super Cup (India, October)#Bracket|Semifinals]]
|[[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group Stage]]
|}

===League statistics===
{{updated|10 March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=8 class="unsortable" | Division
! colspan=2 class="unsortable" | Top scorer

|-
!Division
!Position
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Player}}
!{{tooltip|Goals}}
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|4th
|15
|6
|4
|5
|18
|15
|{{flagicon|BHU}} [[Chencho Gyeltshen]]
|7
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|5th
|18
|8
|4
|6
|33
|29
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Kurtis Guthrie]]
|13
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| bgcolor="gold" |1st
|22
|16
|4
|2
|45
|16
|{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
|16
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League|ISL]]
|8th
|22
|6
|6
|10
|28
|35
|{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]] {{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]]
|8
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|10th
|24
|8
|4
|12
|34
|38
|{{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Luka Majcen]]
|10
|}

===Managerial record===
{{updated| the match played on 9 August 2025}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%!!Ref.
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left| [[Curtis Fleming]]
|align=left|{{IRL}}
|align=left|15 June 2020
|align=left|23 April 2021
{{WDL|15|6|4|5|for=18|against=15}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Middlesbrough manager Curtis Fleming set to take charge at Punjab FC|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/middlesbrough-curtis-fleming-punjab-fc-indian-football-i/1odkuw3r1x4s51jtsgvzipmj17|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Goal.com|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615080912/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/middlesbrough-curtis-fleming-punjab-fc-indian-football-i/1odkuw3r1x4s51jtsgvzipmj17}}</ref>
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:left |[[Ashley Westwood (footballer, born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
| align=left |{{ENG}}
| align=left |21 July 2021
| align=left |23 March 2022
{{WDL|6|3|2|1|for=14|against=8}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1417765547836547074|title=We are proud to welcome two-time I-League winner ASHLEY WESTWOOD as our new first-team head coach|website=@RGPunjabFC|access-date=21 July 2021|date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721083753/https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1417765547836547074}}</ref>
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:left |[[Ed Engelkes]]
| align=left |{{NED}}
| align=left |23 March 2022
| align=left |31 May 2022
{{WDL|12|5|2|5|for=19|against=21}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/i-league-punjab-fc-parts-ways-with-ashley-westwood-rope-in-ed-engelkes-as-new-coach-7832893/|title=I-League: Punjab FC parts ways with Ashley Westwood, rope in Ed Engelkes as new coach|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=23 March 2022|date=23 March 2022|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327021646/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/i-league-punjab-fc-parts-ways-with-ashley-westwood-rope-in-ed-engelkes-as-new-coach-7832893/}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left |[[Staikos Vergetis]]
| align=left |{{GRE}}
| align=left |8 August 2022
| align=left |12 June 2024
{{WDL|52|23|13|16|for=76|against=60}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-roundglass-punjab-appoint-staikos-vergetis-head-coach|title=RoundGlass Punjab appoint Staikos Vergetis as head coach|website=khelnow.com|access-date=8 August 2022|date=8 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808190845/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-roundglass-punjab-appoint-staikos-vergetis-head-coach}}</ref>
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left |[[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]]
| align=left |{{GRE}}
| align=left |29 June 2024
| align=left |present
{{WDL|35|14|7|14|for=55|against=45}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-punjab-fc-appoints-panagiotis-dilmperis-head-coach-isl-2024-25-season|title=Punjab FC appoints Panagiotis Dilmperis as head coach for ISL 2024–25 season|website=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=29 June 2024|date=29 June 2024|archive-date=29 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629111807/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-punjab-fc-appoints-panagiotis-dilmperis-head-coach-isl-2024-25-season|first1=Sayantan|last1=Guha}}</ref>
|}

==Notable players==

{{category see also|Punjab FC players}}

The following RoundGlass Punjab players have been capped at ''[[National sports team#Individual selection and participation|senior/youth international level]]''. Years in brackets indicate their spells at the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te128232/punjab-fc/all-players/|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC » Players from A–Z|website=WorldFootball.net|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905105518/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/punjab-fc/10/|url-status=live}}</ref>

* {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Chencho Gyeltshen]] (2020–2021, 2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-signs-bhutanese-international-chencho-gyeltshen-38738|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC signs Bhutanese international Chencho Gyeltshen|date=13 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114160351/https://thebridge.in/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-signs-bhutanese-international-chencho-gyeltshen-38738|access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Hormipam Ruivah]] (2020–2021)
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Aakash Sangwan]] (2020–2022)
* {{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|JER}} [[Kurtis Guthrie]] (2021–2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/kurtis-guthrie-non-league-india-26753467.amp|title=Meet Kurtis Guthrie, the former non-League hotshot now proving his worth in India|archive-date=2 October 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|website=mirror.co.uk|publisher=The Mirror|date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002184012/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/kurtis-guthrie-non-league-india-26753467|first=Felix|last=Keith}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/44328/Kurtis_Guthrie.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Guthrie, Curtis|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=28 September 2024|archive-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929064439/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/44328/Kurtis_Guthrie.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Sumeet Passi]] (2021–2022)
* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Adnan Šećerović]] (2022–2023)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/70112/Adnan_Secerovic.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Šećerović, Adnan|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726182904/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/70112/Adnan_Secerovic.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandar Ignjatović]] (2022–2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/i-league-roundglass-punjab-fc-end-season-with-perfect-home-record-down-trau-2-020230312221607/|title=I-League: Roundglass Punjab FC end season with perfect home record, down TRAU 2–0|date=12 March 2023|access-date=23 September 2022|website=aninews.in|publisher=Asian News International|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313005918/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/i-league-roundglass-punjab-fc-end-season-with-perfect-home-record-down-trau-2-020230312221607}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]] (2022–2024)
* {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Kiran Chemjong]] (2022–2024)<ref name="2022–23">{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-roundglass-punjab-fc-sign-luka-majcen-kiran-limbu-official|title=RoundGlass Punjab sign Kiran Limbu, Luka Majcen for I-League 2022–23 season {{!}} The Warriors have also added experienced defender Aleksandar Ignjatovic to the roster.|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=23 September 2022|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924002048/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-roundglass-punjab-fc-sign-luka-majcen-kiran-limbu-official|archive-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39267/Kiran_Chemjong.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Chemjong, Kiran|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130144540/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39267/Kiran_Chemjong.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]] (2022–2025)
* {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Luka Majcen]] (2022–2025)<ref name="awards23n">{{cite web |title=Odpirajo se vrata elite, Luka Majcen je postal igralec sezone, s slovensko zastavo je promoviral našo državo |url=https://www.nogomania.com/Novica/Odpirajo-se-vrata-elite-Luka-Majcen-je-postal-igralec-sezone-s-slovensko-zastavo-je-promoviral-naso-drzavo |trans-title="The doors of the elite are opening, Luka Majcen became the player of the season, he promoted our country with the Slovenian flag" |publisher=Nogomania |language=sl |access-date=12 March 2023 |date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183709/https://www.nogomania.com/Novica/Odpirajo-se-vrata-elite-Luka-Majcen-je-postal-igralec-sezone-s-slovensko-zastavo-je-promoviral-naso-drzavo }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Mashoor Shereef]] (2023–2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/football/punjab-fc-rope-in-sweden-fernandes-shibinraj-kunniyil-nongmeikapam-suresh-meitei-mashoor-shereef-isl-8572024.html|title=Punjab FC Rope in Sweden Fernandes, Shibinraj Kunniyil, Nongmeikapam Suresh Meitei, Mashoor Shereef|date=10 September 2023|website=News18|access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]] (2023–2024)
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Nikhil Prabhu]] (2023–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/football-news/indian-team-call-up-a-proud-moment-for-me-and-my-family-nikhil-prabhu-125053001745_1.html|title=Indian team call-up a proud moment for me and my family: Nikhil Prabhu|date=30 May 2025|website=Business Standard|access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Filip Mrzljak]] (2024–2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-punjab-fc-set-sign-filip-mrzljak-isl-202407|title=ISL: Punjab FC set to sign Croatian midfielder Filip Mrzljak|date=14 July 2024|website=Khel Now|archive-date=14 July 2024|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104849/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-punjab-fc-set-sign-filip-mrzljak-isl-202407}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Mushaga Bakenga]] (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/punjab-fc-signs-ivan-novoselec-mushaga-bakenga-isl-transfer-news/article68484735.ece/|title=ISL: Punjab FC signs Novoselec, Bakenga|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=4 August 2024|access-date=11 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805095027/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/punjab-fc-signs-ivan-novoselec-mushaga-bakenga-isl-transfer-news/article68484735.ece|archive-date=5 August 2024|location=Chennai}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BIH}}[[Asmir Suljić]] (2024–2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-asmir-suljic-202408|title=ISL 2024–25: Punjab FC sign Asmir Suljic|date=31 August 2024|access-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831182532/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2024-25-punjab-fc-asmir-suljic-202408|archive-date=31 August 2024|work=Khel Now}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}}[[Muhammad Uvais]] (2025–)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/football-news/punjab-fcs-muhammed-uvais-on-maiden-call-up-to-indian-football-team-13928414.html|title=Punjab FC's Muhammed Uvais on maiden call-up to Indian football team|date=27 August 2025|access-date=25 October 2025|work=[[FirstPost]]}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Domestic===
*'''[[I-League]]'''<ref group="note" name="Top_league">From [[2017–18 in Indian football|2017–18 season]] until [[2021–22 in Indian football|2021–22 season]], I-League and Indian Super League shared joint top flight status. Following the Indian football roadmap, Indian Super League became the sole top-tier league in the country from [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]], and I-League became the second tier.</ref>
**Champions (1): [[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC wins I-League title, gains ISL promotion|author=Team Sportstar|website=Sportstar The Hindu|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304174447/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/roundglass-punjab-gains-isl-promotion-clinches-i-league-title/article66581077.ece}}</ref>

==Other department(s)==
===Football: Reserves and academy===
Club's youth section was at first incorporated from Minerva Academy players and started participating in various age-group competitions of the [[Youth League (India)|Hero Youth League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23|title=49 teams to participate in AIFF Elite Youth League 2022–23|date=7 December 2022|access-date=28 January 2023|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208054612/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-starts-watertight-defences-and-perfect-records-a-look-ahead-to-the-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final-round|title=Quick starts, watertight defences and perfect records: A look ahead to the Hero U-17 Youth Cup final round|date=18 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=Vaibhav|last=Raghunandan|location=New Delhi|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122082038/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-starts-watertight-defences-and-perfect-records-a-look-ahead-to-the-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final-round}}</ref> In December 2023, club's football academy gained an 'elite category' accreditation by the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of AIFF accredited 'Elite Category' academies for 2023–24 season |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-aiff-accredited-elite-category-academy-list |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=khelnow.com |publisher=Khel Now News |first1=Rahul |last1=Patra |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214082259/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-12-indian-football-aiff-accredited-elite-category-academy-list |archive-date=14 December 2023 }}</ref>

Reserve side won its first [[Punjab State Super Football League]] title in 2022–23.<ref>{{cite web|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC Lifts Punjab State Super League 2022 Trophy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundglass-punjab-fc-lifts-punjab-state-super-league-2022-trophy-101669400626505.html|location=Chandigarh|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=The Hindustan Times|date=25 November 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125205503/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundglass-punjab-fc-lifts-punjab-state-super-league-2022-trophy-101669400626505.html|archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Managed by coach Sankarlal Chakraborty, the club clinched [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League]] title defeating East Bengal in final, and qualified for the [[Next Generation Cup|PL Next Gen Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-rfdl-final-punjab-fc-east-bengal-report-202405|title=RFDL 2024 Final: Punjab FC outwit East Bengal to bag title|date=18 May 2024|access-date=18 May 2024|website=Khel Now|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518171746/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-rfdl-final-punjab-fc-east-bengal-report-202405}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-mohun-bagan-coach-helps-punjab-beat-east-bengal-to-win-national-youth-championship-rfdl-2023-24/article68190849.ece|title=Punjab beats East Bengal to lift maiden RFDL National Youth Championship 2023–24|date=18 May 2024|access-date=18 May 2024|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|location=Mumbai|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518171707/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-mohun-bagan-coach-helps-punjab-beat-east-bengal-to-win-national-youth-championship-rfdl-2023-24/article68190849.ece}}</ref> Club's under-17 team won Administrator's Challenge Cup title in Chandigarh in 2022.<ref name="The Tribune News Service">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/administrators-challenge-cup-from-november-22-18-teams-confirm-participation-564037|title=Chandigarh: Administrator's Challenge Cup from November 22, 18 teams confirm participation|date=20 November 2023|access-date=26 December 2023|work=The Tribune News Service|location=Chandigarh|first1=Deepankar|last1=Sharda|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203134609/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/administrators-challenge-cup-from-november-22-18-teams-confirm-participation-564037}}</ref>

Apart from the reserve and academy sides, the club operates 15 grassroot football centres across Punjab including Pandori Ran Singh and Bibipura in Tarn Taran, Dhilwan in Kapurthala, Jaito Sarja in Gurdaspur, Sant Baba Hari Singh Model School in Mahalpur and Mustabaad in Fategharh Sahib, with plans to expand to 25 by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roundglass Punjab FC Opens Six New Development Centres to Promote Local Football Talent |url=https://rgpunjabfc.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-opens-six-new-development-centres-to-promote-local-football-talent/|date=4 November 2024|access-date=23 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205201719/https://rgpunjabfc.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-opens-six-new-development-centres-to-promote-local-football-talent/|archive-date=5 December 2024|location=Mohali|work=rgpunjabfc.com}}</ref>

====Honours====
*'''[[Punjab State Super Football League|Punjab Super League]]'''
**Champions (2): 2022–23‡,<ref>{{cite web|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC Lifts Punjab State Super League 2022 Trophy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundglass-punjab-fc-lifts-punjab-state-super-league-2022-trophy-101669400626505.html|location=Chandigarh|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=The Hindustan Times|date=25 November 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125205503/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundglass-punjab-fc-lifts-punjab-state-super-league-2022-trophy-101669400626505.html|archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> [[2025-26 Punjab State Football League|2025-26]]
* '''[[JSW Youth Cup|JSW U-18 Youth Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 2022†<ref>{{cite web|first=SPORTS DESK/NEWS18 SPORTS|last=Mohali, 18:04 IST|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-crowned-inaugural-jsw-youth-cup-champions-4917836.html|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC Crowned Inaugural JSW Youth Cup Champions|date=28 March 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|website=[[News18]]|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329082426/https://www.news18.com/news/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-crowned-inaugural-jsw-youth-cup-champions-4917836.html}}</ref>
* '''[[JSW Youth Cup|JSW U-13 Youth Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 2023†
**Runners-up (1): 2022†<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Sudeva FC crowned champions of U13 JSW Youth Cup |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/jsw-youth-cup/sudeva-fc-crowned-champions-u13-jsw-youth-cup/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Bengaluru FC Official Website |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429152647/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/jsw-youth-cup/sudeva-fc-crowned-champions-u13-jsw-youth-cup/ |archive-date=29 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/sudeva-delhi-fc-punjab-fc-penalties-win-jsw-youth-cup-u-13-31137|title=Sudeva Delhi FC win U-13 JSW Youth Cup|date=2 May 2022|access-date=26 November 2022|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006045013/https://thebridge.in/football/sudeva-delhi-fc-punjab-fc-penalties-win-jsw-youth-cup-u-13-31137|archive-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>
*'''KBN Youth Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2022†<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1607365119868276739|title=Many congratulations to the RoundGlass Punjab Football Academy's U-18 team for winning the KBN Football Cup 2022!!🥇🤩|website=Twitter.com (@RGPunjabFC)|date=26 December 2022|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120132531/https://twitter.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1607365119868276739|archive-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
*'''Administrator's Challenge Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2022‡<ref name="The Tribune News Service"/>
* '''Dream Sports Championship'''
** Champions (2): 2024,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rgpunjabfc.com/undefeated-punjab-fc-crowned-champions-of-dream-sports-championship/|title=Undefeated Punjab FC Crowned Champions of Dream Sports Championship|website=rgpunjabfc.com|date=10 June 2024|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114130918/https://rgpunjabfc.com/undefeated-punjab-fc-crowned-champions-of-dream-sports-championship/|archive-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> 2025<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/punjab-edge-past-bagan-to-retain-title-dream-sports-cship-national-title/articleshow/120320768.cms|title=Punjab edge past Bagan to retain title Dream Sports C'ship National title|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=16 April 2025|access-date=16 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416114623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/punjab-edge-past-bagan-to-retain-title-dream-sports-cship-national-title/articleshow/120320768.cms|location=Panaji|archive-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
* '''[[Next Generation Cup|Premier League Next Gen Cup]]'''
** Third place (1): 2024<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/next-gen-cup-2024-punjab-beats-aston-villa-east-bengal-vs-crystal-palace-muthoot-vs-everton-match-results/article68487094.ece|title=Next Gen Cup 2024: Punjab FC beats Aston Villa to extend historic run; East Bengal, Muthoot FA thrashed on final matchday|first1=Neeladri|last1=Bhattacharjee|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|location=Birmingham|date=5 August 2024|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807133300/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/next-gen-cup-2024-punjab-beats-aston-villa-east-bengal-vs-crystal-palace-muthoot-vs-everton-match-results/article68487094.ece|archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
* '''AIFF U-17 Elite Youth League'''
**Champions (1): 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aninews.in/news/sports/football/punjab-fc-ease-past-jamshedpur-fc-to-clinch-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league-title20250514201901/|title=Punjab FC ease past Jamshedpur FC to clinch AIFF U-17 Elite Youth League title|work=ANI News|access-date=15 May 2025|date=15 May 2025|location=Guwahati|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515072950/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/punjab-fc-ease-past-jamshedpur-fc-to-clinch-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league-title20250514201901|archive-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/punjab-fc-crowned-the-kings-of-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league/|title=Punjab FC crowned the kings of AIFF U-17 Elite Youth League|work=i-league.org|access-date=26 May 2025|date=15 May 2025|location=Guwahati|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526093135/https://i-league.org/punjab-fc-crowned-the-kings-of-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league/|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
----
:‡ Reserve team
:† Academy team

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
* [[List of football clubs in India]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
===General sources===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |title=THE BEST WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA'S FOOTBALL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 }}
*{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}

===Further reading===
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/Apr/16/i-am-not-going-anywhere-will-produce-world-cuppers-football-entrepreneur-ranjit-bajaj-2131062.html|location=New Delhi|title=I am not going anywhere, will produce World Cuppers: Football entrepreneur Ranjit Bajaj|website=newindianexpress.com|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=16 April 2020|access-date=29 July 2023|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607104404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/Apr/16/i-am-not-going-anywhere-will-produce-world-cuppers-football-entrepreneur-ranjit-bajaj-2131062.html}}
* {{cite web|first=Siraj|last=Chatterjee|date=10 December 2020|url=https://footballindia.co.in/punjabi-football-on-a-roar/|title=Punjabi Football on a Roar!|website=footballindia.co.in|publisher=Football India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210646/https://footballindia.co.in/punjabi-football-on-a-roar/|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=12 December 2021|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-roundglass-punjab-curtis-fleming-part-ways|title=RoundGlass Punjab mutually part ways with head coach Curtis Fleming|website=Khelnow.com|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427160411/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-roundglass-punjab-curtis-fleming-part-ways}}
*{{cite web|url=https://voiceofindiansports.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-parts-ways-with-head-coach-curtis-fleming/|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC part ways with head coach Curtis Fleming|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427160832/https://voiceofindiansports.com/roundglass-punjab-fc-parts-ways-with-head-coach-curtis-fleming/|archive-date=27 April 2021|work=voiceofindiansports.com|access-date=27 April 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/i-league-punjab-fc-parts-ways-with-ashley-westwood-rope-in-ed-engelkes-as-new-coach-7832893/|title=I-League: Punjab FC parts ways with Ashley Westwood, rope in Ed Engelkes as new coach|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=23 March 2022|date=23 March 2022|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327021646/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/i-league-punjab-fc-parts-ways-with-ashley-westwood-rope-in-ed-engelkes-as-new-coach-7832893/}}
*{{Cite web|date=9 January 2021|title=Roundglass Punjab vs Aizawl FC I-League 2021 Live Score & Commentary|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/roundglass-punjab-vs-aizawl-fc-i-league-2021-live-score-commentary|website=Sportskeeda|access-date=11 January 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121000947/https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/roundglass-punjab-vs-aizawl-fc-i-league-2021-live-score-commentary}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.derbyshiretimes.co.uk/sport/football/former-chesterfield-defender-josef-yarney-makes-surprise-move-to-indian-i-league-club-3446526|title=Former Chesterfield defender Josef Yarney 'thrilled' to complete surprise move abroad|website=derbyshiretimes.co.uk|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201220624/https://www.derbyshiretimes.co.uk/sport/football/former-chesterfield-defender-josef-yarney-makes-surprise-move-to-indian-i-league-club-3446526}}
*{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/josef-yarney-completes-move-to-i-league-side-roundglass-punjab-fc/|title=Josef Yarney signs RoundGlass Punjab FC. Would he be a good fit?|website=footballexpress.in|date=9 November 2021|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111133426/https://footballexpress.in/josef-yarney-completes-move-to-i-league-side-roundglass-punjab-fc/}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-wanted-show-india-even-28-year-old-coach-team-level-rajasthan-united-boss-francesc-bonet-opens-ups-downs-i-league-season |title="Wanted to show India that even a 28-year-old could coach a team at this level" — Rajasthan United boss Francesc Bonet opens up about the ups and downs of the I-League season |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227070703/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-wanted-show-india-even-28-year-old-coach-team-level-rajasthan-united-boss-francesc-bonet-opens-ups-downs-i-league-season |first=Sayantan |last=Guha |website=sportskeeda.com |publisher=Sportskeeda }}
*{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-punjab-fc-score-result-highlights-martinez-isl-2023-24-fcg-v-pfc-indian-football/article67373624.ece|title=ISL 2023–24: Martinez strike guides FC Goa to win in its opening match of the season against Punjab|date=3 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|location=Chennai|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009100400/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-punjab-fc-score-result-highlights-martinez-isl-2023-24-fcg-v-pfc-indian-football/article67373624.ece}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-fc-goa-lucky-to-escape-with-win-against-punjab/articleshow/104113510.cms|date=3 October 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|title=ISL: FC Goa Lucky To Escape With Win Against Punjab|location=Chennai|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008040708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-fc-goa-lucky-to-escape-with-win-against-punjab/articleshow/104113510.cms}}

==External links==

* {{official website|rgpunjabfc.com}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11135 Team profile] at ''the-aiff.com'' ([[All India Football Federation|AIFF]])

{{RoundGlass Punjab FC}}{{Indian Super League}}{{Football in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:RoundGlass Punjab FC}}
[[Category:Punjab FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Punjab, India|RoundGlass Punjab FC]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams|RoundGlass Punjab FC]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2020|RoundGlass Punjab FC]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Punjab, India|RoundGlass Punjab FC]]

Borra Gopi Murthy

2026-04-30T02:04:33Z

हिन्दू: new a page needs work!

{{Short description|Politician from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Borra Gopi Murthy
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| office2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency2 = East Godavari-West Godavari Teachers Constituency
| term_start2 = 9 December 2024
| predecessor2 = Shaik Sabji
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhimavaram]], [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = People's Democratic Front
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Borra Gopi Murthy''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Career ==
He was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] from East and West Godavari Teachers’ MLC elections held in November 2024.<ref name="Borra Gopi Murthy wins East-West Godavari Districts MLC seat">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Borra Gopi Murthy wins East-West Godavari Districts MLC seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/borra-gopi-murthy-wins-east-west-godavari-districts-mlc-seat/article68965499.ece |accessdate=11 December 2024 |date=9 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211040016/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/borra-gopi-murthy-wins-east-west-godavari-districts-mlc-seat/article68965499.ece |archivedate=11 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Borra Gopi Murthy wins teachers’ MLC election">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Borra Gopi Murthy wins teachers' MLC election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/borra-gopi-murthy-secures-victory-in-east-west-godavari-teachers-mlc-by-election/articleshow/116147711.cms |accessdate=11 December 2024 |date=9 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211040516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/borra-gopi-murthy-secures-victory-in-east-west-godavari-teachers-mlc-by-election/articleshow/116147711.cms |archivedate=11 December 2024}}</ref>

Gopi Murthy secured 9,165 votes, winning with a clear majority of first-preference votes. His nearest rival Gandham Narayan Rao received 5,259 votes.<ref name="UTF-backed Borra Gopimurthy wins teacher MLC byelection">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=UTF-backed Borra Gopimurthy wins teacher MLC byelection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/10/utf-backed-borra-gopimurthy-wins-teacher-mlc-byelection |access-date=13 December 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=10 December 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Borra Gopi Murthy elected as MLC">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Borra Gopi Murthy elected as MLC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/borra-gopi-murthy-elected-as-mlc-928683 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=11 December 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ongole Municipal Corporation

2026-04-26T14:32:18Z

हिन्दू: expanded article additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Local civic body in Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Ongole Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|Oṅgōlu nagara pālaka Sanstha ఒంగోలు నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}
| coa_pic = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = 7th_to_8th_century_Bhairavakona_rock_cut_cave_temples,_Ambavaram_Nallamala_Hills,_Andhra_Pradesh_-_14.jpg
|photo1b = DRYING CHILLIES,DORNALA,AP - panoramio.jpg
|photo2a = Cumbum Lake 1.JPG
|photo2b =
|photo3a = Pakala Beach,Singarayakonda.jpg
}}
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = 2012
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner
| leader3 = M. Jaswantha Rao
| party3 =
| election3 =
| house1 =
| house2 =

| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First Past the Post]]
| voting_system2 =
| structure1_res = 250px
| members = '''50'''
| last_election1 = 10 March 2021
| next_election1 = ''TBH''

| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|https://ongole.cdma.ap.gov.in/|Ongole Municipal corporation}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ongole Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Ongole]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=tmc>{{cite web|title=Ongole Municipal Corporation|url=http://ongolemunicipalcorporation.org/HomeNew.aspx|website=Ongole Municipal Corporation|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301160359/http://ongolemunicipalcorporation.org/HomeNew.aspx|archive-date=1 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Ongole Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== Jurisdiction ==

Population (census 2011) 2,32,739,
Area (in square kilometres) 132.45,
No. of Households 61,694,
No. of Divisions 50,
Length of Roads (km) 315,
Length of Drains (km) 740.

=== 2021 elections ===

== List of mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Ongole Municipal Corporation (OMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|1.
|Gangada Sujatha
|Vemuri Suryanarayana V.Madavarao
|2021
|2026
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|First Mayor of OMC
|-
|2.
|Gangada Sujatha
|Vemuri Suryanarayana
|2024
|2026
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|}

{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Political party
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|41
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|6
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|2
|{{no change}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jana Sena Party}}"|
|[[Jana Sena Party]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|45px]]
|1
|{{no change}}
|-
|}

== Administration ==

The corporation is administered by an elected body, headed by the Mayor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner Profile|url=http://ongolemunicipalcorporation.org/commissionerprofile.aspx|website=Ongole Corporation|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604073336/http://ongolemunicipalcorporation.org/commissionerprofile.aspx|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The present Municipal Commissioner is K. Venkateswara Rao <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandam |first=Naresh |date=22 March 2022 |title=Ongole: 'Hole to Hell' open for almost a year! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ongole-hole-to-hell-open-for-almost-a-year-734489 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Functions ==
Ongole Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="On9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="On10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="On11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="On12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="On13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==Awards and achievements==
In 2015, as per the ''[[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]'' of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], Ongole Municipal Corporation was ranked 357th in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandeep Kumar|first1=S|title=Small towns fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/small-towns-fare-better-in-swachh-bharat-rankings/article7520320.ece|access-date=30 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Ongole]]

King (singer)

2026-04-25T13:32:37Z

हिन्दू: created the data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian singer and rapper (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = King
| image = King_rapper.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape =
| caption = King at Monopoly Moves Tour 2024
| birth_name = Arpan Kumar Chandel
| alias = King Rocco
| birth_date = {{bda|10 October 1995|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Artist, performer, storyteller
| genre = [[Rap]], [[Independent music|Indie]], Pop, [[Hip hop]]
| instrument = Vocals, guitar
| years_active = 2018–present
| module =
}}

'''Arpan Kumar Chandel''' (born 10 October 1995), known professionally as '''King''' or '''King Rocco''', is an Indian singer-songwriter, [[Rapping|rapper]], and [[Record producer|music producer]]. In 2019, he rose to fame as a finalist on the [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] reality show ''[[MTV Hustle]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapper King says Indians only criticise desi artists: 'Ghar ki murgi daal barabar…' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/rapper-king-says-indians-only-criticise-desi-artists-ghar-ki-murgi-daal-barabar-101722947430335.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=6 August 2024 }}</ref> He is best known for his singles "Ghumshudaa" (2019), "Tu Aake Dekhle" (2020), "Oops" (2022), "Pablo" (2022) and "Maan Meri Jaan" (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeem |first=Eba Fatima |title=Rapper King Birthday Special: Did You Know King Wrote His First Song In 9th Grade? Read Deets! |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/birthday-special-did-you-know-king-wrote-his-first-song-in-9th-grade-read-deets/356177/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> "Maan Meri Jaan" achieved widespread commercial success, becoming the most streamed song of 2023 on [[Spotify|Spotify India]], and other music streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-30 |title=Spotify Wrapped India 2023: Arijit Singh takes top spot for fourth consecutive year; 'Maan Meri Jaan' most-streamed song |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/spotify-wrapped-india-2023-arijit-singh-takes-top-spot-for-fourth-consecutive-year-maan-meri-jaan-most-streamed-song/article67589811.ece |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Arpan was born on 10 October 1995 in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He attended a government school for his early education before enrolling in Vinay Marg Navyug Secondary School in New Delhi. He later gained admission to [[Dyal Singh College, Delhi|Dyal Singh College]] through the sport quota to pursue a [[Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of Arts degree]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Indian rappers and their educational qualifications |url=https://mirchi.in/web-stories/educational-qualifications-of-10-indian-rappers/photostory/105376338.cms |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Unstoppable Journey of King in the World of Rap |url=https://www.eatmy.news/2024/07/the-unstoppable-journey-of-king-in.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Eat My News}}</ref>

Arpan played for the national under-20 team for four years during his time in college. Despite his athletic achievements, he eventually dropped out to focus on his passion for rapping.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabharwal |first=Punita |date=2024-02-09 |title=Reign of the 'King': Arpan Kumar Chandel |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/reign-of-the-king-arpan-kumar-chandel/469445 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

King began sharing his music online through his YouTube channel, "King Rocco," which he launched in 2012. He continued to upload his music to various social media platforms while in school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daswani |first=Venesa |date=2024-06-06 |title=Breakout Artist King Makes His Mark in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.masalathai.com/breakout-artist-king-makes-his-mark-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Masala Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[NME]]'', he cited early musical influences including pop groups like the [[Backstreet Boys]] and [[Vengaboys]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=Nick |date=2023-10-28 |title=King: "I want to show that Indian sounds can blend with any sound in the world" |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/king-new-life-nick-jonas-indian-sounds-3522225 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2018–2020: Career beginnings, ''MTV Hustle'' and debut album ===
King began his professional career in early 2018, dropping his first EP ''Talismann'', which included 7 tracks (as per his [[ReverbNation]] release, the EP originally included 6 songs). He released the ''Mashhoor Chapter 1'' in 2019, which included 10 tracks and subsequently, participated in the inaugural season of the rap reality show ''[[MTV Hustle]]'', where he was judged by [[Raftaar]], [[Raja Kumari]], and [[Nucleya]]. He rose to fame as a finalist on the show in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-09-08 |title=MTV Hustle 2.0: Rapper King's Life Comes To Full Circle As He Returns As Squad Boss After Being A Contestant In 1st Season |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/mtv-hustle-2-0-rapper-kings-life-comes-to-full-circle-as-he-returns-as-squad-boss-after-being-a-contestant-in-1st-season/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

Following ''[[MTV Hustle]]'', King released 2 of the lead singles from his subsequent fourth studio album ''New Life,'' namely'', "''Tum Saath Rehnaa" and "No Loss", but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 outbreak]], he couldn't proceed with the album rollout and instead, announced a limited edition mixtape ''Heartbreak Made Me Do It.'' It released in April 2020, comprising eight tracks. Over 500 digital copies were sold, and a half of the funds raised by the album sales were donated to the PMCARES fund.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

King finally released his debut album, ''The Carnival'', on September 21, 2020. The album featured the sleeper hit "Tu Aake Dekhle", which became his first breakthrough and garnered significant attention, becoming one of his signature tracks and a chart-topping hit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=EXCL! Tu Aake Dekhle fame King reveals the secret behind every generation vibing on his songs, 'I was not expecting ...' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/exclusive-tu-aake-dekhle-fame-king-reveals-the-secret-behind-every-generation-vibing-on-his-songs-i-was-not-expecting--article-95200199 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-05-05 |title=Rapper King reflects on importance of Indian artistes taking their culture across the world - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/rapper-king-reflects-on-importance-of-indian-artistes-taking-their-culture-across-the-world |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2021–2023: Maan Meri Jaan, and subsequent projects ===
He followed this with his second album, ''The Gorilla Bounce'', in 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Gorilla Bounce by King on Apple Music |date=2021-10-15 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/the-gorilla-bounce/1693226399 |access-date=2024-12-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2022, King made his major-label debut with his ''Khwabeeda'' EP, which featured tracks like "Baazi", "Ektarfa", and "Sinner" and was his first release with [[Warner Music India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-13 |title=King's cinematic EP 'Khwabeeda' to feature a collection of short stories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/kings-cinematic-ep-khwabeeda-to-feature-a-collection-of-short-stories/articleshow/91542202.cms |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later that year, he released his album, ''Champagne Talk'' which consisted of singles like "Pablo", "Oops" and "Maan Meri Jaan", which went on to become the most streamed song on [[Spotify]], [[Apple Music]], and [[Shazam (music app)|Shazam]] in India in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=Spotify wrapped 2023: Arijit Singh becomes most-streamed artist, King's "Maan Meri Jaan" is most-streamed song in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/spotify-wrapped-2023-arijit-singh-becomes-most-streamed-artist-9047077/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warner Music India artists dominate major streaming platforms' Year End Roundup in 2023 |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/231207-warner-music-india-artists-dominate-major |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> He subsequently released multiple versions of "Maan Meri Jaan" featuring artists from different language backgrounds, including a Hindi-English version titled "Maan Meri Jaan (Afterlife)" with [[Nick Jonas]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mier |first=Tomás |date=2023-04-20 |title=Nick Jonas and Indian Star King's Duet About 'Everlasting Love' Is Transcending 'Borders' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/nick-jonas-king-maan-meri-jaan-afterlife-video-1234719818/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> "Maan Meri Jaan" was also featured in [[Spotify]]’s Top 50 Viral Charts in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Spotify Is Hitting High Notes In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/why-spotify-is-hitting-high-notes-in-india/83951/1 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> He made his debut in Bollywood with the song "Sahi Galat" from the film [[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|''Drishyam 2'']] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rapper King turned in thumping beats during his Champagne Talk tour|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/rapper-king-turned-in-thumping-beats-during-his-champagne-talk-tour-at-club-fenicia/cid/1899873|access-date=2026-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519025156/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/rapper-king-turned-in-thumping-beats-during-his-champagne-talk-tour-at-club-fenicia/cid/1899873|archive-date=19 May 2025|language=en|pages=|work=[[Telegraph India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, he also appeared on ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'', as a guest, alongside rappers Raftaar, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Raja Kumari and [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=The Kapil Sharma Show: Kapil Sharma flaunts his English speaking skills; leaves rappers in splits. Watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-kapil-sharma-show-kapil-sharma-flaunts-his-english-speaking-skills-leaves-rappers-in-splits-8315873/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2023, King partnered with Indian entrepreneur and podcaster Raj Shamani and his company, House of X, to launch his debut perfume brand, Blanko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Three Months Since Launch, Popstar King's Brand Blanko Hits Rs1 Crore Per Month Run Rate In Revenue With House Of X |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/in-three-months-since-launch-popstar-kings-brand-blanko-hits-rs1-crore-per-month-run-rate-in-revenue-with-house-of-x/86927/1 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE – Vibe with the tRIBE |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/sports/rapper-king-collaborates-with-raj-shamani%E2%80%99s-house-of-x-to-launch-his-perfume-brand,-blanko/414436?ref=recommendation |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, King released a three-track EP titled ''Shayad Woh Sune'', which included songs such as "Laapata" and "Teri Ho Na Saki".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-17 |title=King: 'Mana Teri Ho Na Saki' is dedicated to girls who've given their all but couldn't express |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/king-pays-tribute-to-girls-with-mana-teri-ho-na-saki-at-vh1-supersonic/articleshow/107779083.cms |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2024–present: ''New Life,'' collaborations and Cannes debut ===
Following the EP's release, he launched his long-awaited fourth studio album, ''New Life'', featuring collaborations with international artists, such as [[Gucci Mane]] and [[Julia Michaels]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=King To Drop His New Album 'New Life': 'Sometimes Being Late, Is Being Right On Time' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/king-to-drop-his-new-album-new-life-sometimes-being-late-is-being-right-on-time--news-322501 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Tracks such as "Crown", "Good Trip", and "Sarkaare" from the album garnered critical acclaim, with "Good Trip" being featured in the [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Recording Academy]]’s ''Global Spin'' series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch King's Vibrant Poolside Performance Of "Good Trip" {{!}} Global Spin {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/videos/king-good-trip-performance-global-spin |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=grammy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapper King's song 'Good Trip' gets featured at Grammys Recording Academy! |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/rapper-kings-song-good-trip-gets-featured-at-grammys-recording-academy/106078345 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, his song "We Are The Ones" was included in the official soundtrack for the video game ''[[EA Sports FC 24]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Poppy |date=2023-09-29 |title=EA SPORTS CELEBRATES A NEW ERA FOR THE WORLD'S GAME WITH FC 24 SOUNDTRACK – Music |url=https://vergemagazine.co.uk/ea-sports-celebrates-a-new-era-for-the-worlds-game-with-fc-24-soundtrack/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Verge Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> He performed a 9-city tour across India in support of his album ''New Life''. The tour included performances in [[Bengaluru]], [[Jaipur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Delhi|Delhi NCR]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Goa]], among other cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-09-14 |title=KING's 'New Life' India Tour Announced with 11 Cities |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/king-new-life-india-concert-tour-dates-tickets/#:~:text=In%20between,%20KING%20and%20his,and%20a%20year-ender%20gig |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the same year, Sony India appointed King as the brand ambassador for its audio product category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony India appoints King as brand ambassador {{!}} Marketing |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/sony-india-appoints-king-as-brand-ambassador/491003 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Campaign India}}</ref> He was also shortlisted as one of [[GQ (Indian edition)|''GQ India'']]’s 35 Most Influential Young Indians and performed at the closing ceremony of the [[Indian Premier League]] Final at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |date=2023-07-03 |title=GQ Hype: Hail to the King |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-hype-hail-to-the-king |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=Rapper King performs at IPL 2023 final, crowd grooves to his songs. Watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/rapper-king-performs-at-ipl-2023-final-crowd-grooves-to-his-songs-watch-video-8635531/#:~:text=After%20Nucleya's%20performance%20on%20Sunday,start%20of%20IPL%202023%20final.&text=Rapper%20King%20aka%20Arpan%20Chandel,perfect%20atmosphere%20for%20the%20game. |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, King released his fifth studio album, ''Monopoly Moves'', featuring collaborations with Indian rappers like [[MC STΔN]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[Seedhe Maut]], [[Yashraj]] and [[Raftaar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2024-08-28 |title=Rap music is a raw and real form of expression: Arpan Kumar Chandel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Aug/28/rap-music-is-a-raw-and-real-form-of-expression-arpan-kumar-chandel |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The songs "GOAT SHIT" featuring Karma, "F*CK WHAT THEY SAY" featuring MC STΔN, and "KODAK" featuring Seedhe Maut, garnered significant attention, particularly due to the performance of the featuring artists on the tracks. King also became embroiled in a feud with rapper Emiway Bantai due to his song "F*CK WHAT THEY SAY" containing subtle jabs at the rapper. His comments during his appearance on the podcast ''Prakhar Ki Pravachan'' further fueled the beef, prompting Emiway to respond with a track titled, "ROKO 2MG". King further released two tracks exclusively on Instagram, "Mere Pyaare Emiway" and "Hum Teri Lele", and Emiway responded with "Meet the Instagram Yapper" and "Dependent Kauve".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fulkar |first=Spandan |date=2024-08-28 |title=King vs Emiway Bantai: The Rap Beef That Keeps Burning |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/king-vs-emiway-bantai-the-rap-beef-that-keeps-burning/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

He also released the single "Bumpa" with [[Jason Derulo]] in the same year,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=Singer King collaborates with Jason Derulo for his next party song 'Bumpa' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/music/story/singer-king-collaborates-with-jason-derulo-for-his-next-party-song-bumpa-2532121-2024-04-26 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> as well as his long-awaited collaboration "Aawara" with American producer [[Kshmr|KSHMR]] and Indian singer [[Zaeden]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Zaeden shares his experience of working with American musician KSHMR |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/zaeden-shares-his-experience-of-working-with-american-musician-kshmr/109158564 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref> King partnered with [[Red Bull]] to release "Shining Star," which served as the official anthem for the [[Red Bull]] ''Dance Your Style World Final 2024''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How King created his latest banger track, 'Shining Star' |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/king-shining-star-red-bull-dance-your-style-world-final-anthem |website=RedBull}}</ref>

In the same year, King attended the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival|77th Cannes Film Festival]] as part of the ''Brut India'' delegation, becoming the first Indian pop artist to walk the red carpet at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapper King To Make Debut Appearance At 77th Cannes Film Festival |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/rapper-king-to-make-debut-appearance-at-77th-cannes-film-festival-2748341.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Rapper King mocks his own accent after video of him at Cannes goes viral: 'Jab aati nahi to accent hi nikalta hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/rapper-king-mocks-his-own-accent-after-video-of-him-at-cannes-goes-viral-9340653/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was later featured in the ''[[Forbes 30 Under 30]] Asia'' list in the Entertainment & Sports category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arpan Chandel (King) |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/arpan-chandel-king/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In April 2024, he appeared on the cover of [[Rolling Stone India|''Rolling Stone India'']] as part of their ''Future of Music ‘24'' list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2024-04-03 |title=COVER STORY: They Don't Call Him King for No Reason |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/king-cover-story-april-2024-future-of-music/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2025, he released the single "Kamaal Hai", accompanied by a music video featuring actress [[Sahher Bambba]] and veteran actor [[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]]. The track was the first lead single from his upcoming sixth studio album, ''Raja Hindustani''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=November 21, 2025 |title=Indian Pop Star King, Warner Music Unveil High-Energy Video for ‘Kamaal Hai,’ First Taste of Sixth Studio Album |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/indian-pop-star-king-warner-music-single-kamaal-hai-1236587680/ |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> In January 2026, he released the track, "Jo Ishq Hua", the second lead single from the album. The music video featured the actress [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] and King himself, amid a palatial setting in Jaipur through the narrative of childhood friends who are about to be wed to each other. At the end of the music video, King announced the release date of February 20, 2026 for the album.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=King, Aditya Dev's Song Jo Ishq Hua Out! Singers Drop A Soulful Love Anthem That Is Perfect For Wedding Season- Watch|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/king-aditya-devs-song-jo-ishq-hua-out-a-soulful-love-anthem-watch/|website=Bollywood Bubble|date=2026-01-29|access-date=2026-01-29|language=en-US|first=Varsha|last=Tiwari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=King Announces 'Raja Hindustani' Release Date With 'Jo Ishq Hua' Video|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/king-jo-ishq-hua-video-raja-hindustani-album/|website=Rolling Stone India|date=2026-01-29|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en-US|first=Anurag|last=Tagat}}</ref> The album features guest appearances from veteran [[Bollywood]] playback singers, including [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Rekha Bhardwaj]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Varsha |date=2026-02-18 |title=King Unveils Raja Hindustani's Complete Track List Ahead Of Album's Release, Teases 'Big Collaborations' With 'Music Legends' |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/trend/king-unveils-raja-hindustani-complete-track-list-ahead-of-albums-release/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Bollywood Bubble |language=en-US}}</ref>

In May 2026, he is set to star in the action-drama web-series ''Lukkhe'', alongside [[Raashii Khanna]], Palak Tiwari, [[Shivankit Singh Parihar]], [[Yograj Singh]] and Lakshvir Singh Saran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2026-04-14 |title=Indian Rapper King’s Prime Video Series ‘Lukkhe’ Sets Worldwide Premiere Date (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/indian-rapper-king-prime-video-series-lukkhe-premiere-date-1236720233/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Albums (LPs) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Album
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Producer(s)
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
| rowspan="8" |''Mashhoor Chapter 1''
|Maahaul
| rowspan="20" |King
|Kane Beats
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian rapper 'King' perform live at the Calcutta Boating Club |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/indian-rapper-king-perform-live-at-the-calcutta-boating-club/cid/1908972| website=www.telegraphindia.com|date=10 January 2023|access-date=28 August 2024|quote=Famous for chartbusters like 'Tu aake dekhle', 'Maan meri jaan' and 'Ghumshudaa', King made his fans dance to his beats}}</ref>
|-
|Fantasy
|King
|-
|Umar 73
|Eibyondatrack (Jumpan), King
|-
|Akeli Awara Azaad
| rowspan="3" |King
|-
|Ghumshudha
|-
|I Know You
|-
|Going Bad
|Josh Petruccio, King
|-
|Outta My Mind
|A.T.O
|-
| rowspan="8" |2020
| rowspan="8" |''The Carnival''
|She Don't Give A
| rowspan="2" |Satyam HCR
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Shah|first=Masumi|title=Rap music is a huge ecosystem in India now: King |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/rap-music-is-a-huge-ecosystem-in-india-now-king/articleshow/112648582.cms.| work=[[Times of India]]|date=20 August 2024|access-date=22 August 2024|quote=From his early days at MTV Hustle to producing hits like Maan Meri Jaan and Tu Aake Dekhle and coming up with albums like The Carnival to his latest Monopoly Moves, King has come a long way.}}</ref>
|-
|Thoda Samjha Karo
|-
|Dracula
|Yokimuzic
|-
|90s
|Shahbeats
|-
|MAFIIA
|Dev
|-
|Let The Eyes Talk
|Shahbeats
|-
|IICONIC
|Auhm
|-
|Tu Aake Dekhle
|Shahbeats
|-
| rowspan="11" |2021
| rowspan="11" |''The Gorilla Bounce''
|Picasso
| rowspan="4" |Section 8
| rowspan="11" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh Sisodia|first=Upendra|title=Listen To King Rocco's New Album, "The Gorilla Bounce" |url=https://siachenstudios.com/list/king-roccos-album-the-gorilla-bounce/?amp| work=Siachen Studios|date=25 May 2021|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Blanko
|-
|Saloot
|-
|Godfather
|-
|Casanova
|King, Rahul Sathu
|Rahul Sathu
|-
|Desi Dan Bilzerian
|King
|Section 8
|-
|Koo Koo
|King, Aesap, Jaz
|Dev
|-
|Shaamein
|King, Harjas Harjaayi
|Sshiv
|-
|Main Bas Kehti Nahi
| rowspan="2" |King
| rowspan="3" |Section 8
|-
|ERA
|-
|Tera Hua Na Main Kabhi
|King, HIGHBORN
|-
| rowspan="8" |2022
| rowspan="8" |''Champagne Talk''
|Na Ja Tu
| rowspan="9" |King
|Aakash
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Rapper King Chuffed With The Response To His Album 'Champagne Talk' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/rapper-king-chuffed-with-the-response-to-his-album-champagne-talk--news-237867| work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]|date=16 November 2022|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|OOPS
|Hiten, Section 8
|-
|Broken Dreams
|Aakash
|-
|Maan Meri Jaan
|Saurabh Lokhande
|-
|Dejalo
|Aakash
|-
|Pablo
|NDS, Section 8
|-
|Champagne Talk
|Saurabh Lokhande
|-
|Me & Me
|NDS, Section 8
|-
| rowspan="12" |2023
| rowspan="12" |''NEW LIFE''
|Aafat
|Karan Kanchan, Section 8
| rowspan="12" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Ray|first=Sanjana|title=King's New Life, Ankur Tewari's Akela: Top 10 Indian albums of 2023 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/kings-new-life-ankur-tewaris-akela-top-10-indian-albums-of-2023| work=[[GQ India]]|date=14 December 2023|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Runaway
|King, [[Julia Michaels]]
| rowspan="3" |David Arkwright
|-
|Tu Jaana Na Piya
| rowspan="5" |King
|-
|Good Trip
|-
|Sarkaare
|Alan Sampson
|-
|Tum Saath Rehnaa
|Riz Shain
|-
|Legends
|Karan Kanchan
|-
|We Are the Ones
|King, [[Gucci Mane]]
|David Arkwright
|-
|High Hukku
|King, [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|Aditya Dev
|-
|No Loss
|King
|Ayo Shree, Section 8
|-
|CROWN
|King, Natania
| rowspan="2" |David Arkwright
|-
|Legends (B Side)
|King
|-
| rowspan="16" |2024
| rowspan="16" |''MONOPOLY MOVES''
|GOAT SHIT
|King, Karma
|UKato
| rowspan="16" |<ref>{{cite news|last=News Network|first=Bollywood Hungama|title=KING set to embark on Monopoly Moves Album Listening Party Tour across 8 Indian cities |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/king-set-embark-monopoly-moves-album-listening-party-tour-across-8-indian-cities/| work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 July 2024|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=July 11, 2024 |title=King Drops ‘Monopoly Moves’ Tracklist, Announces Listening Party Tour |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/king-monopoly-moves-tour-album-tracklist-mc-stan-raftaar-ikka/ |access-date=November 1, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
|-
|STILL THE SAME
|King, Abhijay Sharma
|Abhijay Sharma
|-
|WAY BIGGER
|King
|Jaz
|-
|BAWE MAIN CHECK
|King, Raga
| rowspan="3" |UKato
|-
|MISFIT
|King
|-
|KODAK
|King, Seedhe Maut
|-
|SAZA
|King, MC Heam
|Exult Yowl
|-
|PYAAR HUMARA
|King
|Bharg
|-
|F*CK WHAT THEY SAY
|King, MC STΔN
| rowspan="2" |Riz Shain
|-
|WARCRY
|King, Raftaar
|-
|MASHINEY
|King, Ikka
| rowspan="2" |UKato
|-
|SUPREME LEADER
|King, [[Talha Yunus|Talhah Yunus]]
|-
|SUITS & STREETS
|King, Yashraj, Gravity
|Abhijay Sharma
|-
|CAN'T AFFORD
|King, Sikander Kahlon
| rowspan="2" |UKato
|-
|TERE HO KE
|King, Bella
|-
|DELULU DANCE
|King
|Bharg
|-
| rowspan="8" |2026
| rowspan="8" |''Raja Hindustani''
|Kamaal Hai
| rowspan="2" |King
| rowspan="3" |Aditya Dev
| rowspan="7" |<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-18 |title=Raja Hindustani tracklist revealed: King teams up with Kumar Sanu, Shreya Ghoshal & more : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/raja-hindustani-tracklist-revealed-king-teams-kumar-sanu-shreya-ghoshal/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Jo Ishq Hua
|-
|Maza Pyaar Karne Mein
|King, Kumar Sanu
|-
|Ye Dil Mujhko Tu Dede
|King, Sunidhi Chauhan
|Mir Desai
|-
|Yeh Safar
|King, Shaan
|Aditya Pushkarna
|-
|Haal e Dil
|King, Shreya Ghoshal
|NEVERSOBER
|-
|Woh Pehla Akshar
|King, Rekha Bhardwaj
|Bharg
|-
|Aahista Aahista
|King
|Mir Desai
|
|}

=== EPs/Mixtapes ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!EPs/Mixtapes
!Track
!Co-artist(s)
!Producer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="7"|2018
|rowspan="7"|''Talismann''
|Dur Kyun
|rowspan="7"|
|Ryini Beats
| rowspan="7" |
|-
|FLEX
|Young Taylor
|-
|Main Ho Gaya Tera
|LCS
|-
|Hennessy
| rowspan="2" |Lytton Scott
|-
|Talismann
|-
|Hum Bekhudi Mein
|Tundra beats
|-
|Taaliyaan
|Gum$
|-
|rowspan="8"|2020
|rowspan="8"|''Heartbreak Made Me Do It'' (Limited Edition)
|Mood
|rowspan="8"|
|Lucas
| rowspan="8" |
|-
|Tere Naam Pe
|
|-
|Fosure
|
|-
|Banjarr
|Tundra Beats
|-
|Dur Kyunn
|Ryini Beat
|-
|Aarzoo
|
|-
|Mirza Aur Ghalib
|
|-
|Obsession
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|rowspan="3"|''Khwabeeda''
|Baazi
|rowspan="3"|
|Section 8
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite news |title=King's cinematic EP 'Khwabeeda' to feature a collection of short stories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/kings-cinematic-ep-khwabeeda-to-feature-a-collection-of-short-stories/articleshow/91542202.cms| work=[[Times of India]]|date=13 May 2022|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Ektarfa
|Aakash
|-
|Sinner
|ENZO
|-
|rowspan="3" |2023
|rowspan="3" |''Shayad Woh Sune''
|Laapata
|rowspan="3"|
| rowspan="3" |Bharg
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Vaigankar|first=Shukrta|title=Rapper King's latest track 'Teri Ho Na Saki' from his extended playlist 'Shayad Woh Sune' is out now! |url=https://www.businessupturn.com/entertainment/celebrity/rapper-kings-latest-track-teri-ho-na-saki-from-his-extended-playlist-shayad-woh-sune-is-out-now-watch/| work=Business UpTurn|date=15 July 2023|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Hum Tumse
|-
|Teri Ho Na Saki
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| rowspan="3" |''Shayad Koi Na Sune''
|Yeh Zindagi Hai
| rowspan="3" |
|Bharg
|
|-
|Sab Be Asar
|Ukato
|
|-
|Speak Softly
|Aditya Pushkarna
|}

=== Singles and collaborations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Track
!Co-artist(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2015
|Boombass
| rowspan="8" | –
| rowspan="8" |<ref name="apple">{{cite news |title=King |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/king/1489995981 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[Apple Music]] |quote=Also known as King Rocco, the man born Arpan Kumar in 1997 made his first waves in India's hip-hop community with a self released pair of confrontational early singles, "Zinnda" and "Hitman".}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Zinnda
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Hitman
|-
|Promise
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Chorus
|-
|Hauley
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|Gold Digger
|-
|Moment Hah
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Jaane De Yaara
|Rahul Sathu
|
|-
|Let There Be Love (Remix)
|[[Ananya Birla]], Rahul Sathu
|<ref>{{cite news |title=KING's New Track Jaane De Yaara Brings The Heat |url=https://urbanasian.com/music/2020/10/rahul-sathu-and-kings-new-track-jaane-de-yaara-brings-the-heat/| work=Urban Asian|date=15 October 2020|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|Keh Na Paun
|Void
|
|-
|Famous
|[[Arjun Kanungo]]
|
|-
|Father Saab
|[[Amit Bhadana]]
|
|-
|Gangster
|[[Karma]]
|
|-
|Ishq Samundar
|[[Arjun Kanungo]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Kanungo releases 3 tracks from debut studio album 'Industry' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/arjun-kanungo-releases-3-tracks-from-debut-studio-album-industry/articleshow/92252899.cms| work=[[Times of India]]|date=16 June 2022|access-date=26 August 2024|quote=The tracks include the official Indian rendition of Vaultboy's number one international hit 'Everything Sucks', 'Foto' featuring Rashmeet Kaur and 'Ishq Samundar' featuring KING.}}</ref>
|-
|Dhoondein Sitare
|[[Aastha Gill]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Murthy|first=Neeraja|title='Dhoondein Sitaare' will resonate with everyone, say Aastha Gill and King |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/aastha-gill-and-king-collaborate-for-the-song-dhoondein-sitaare/article38054830.ece| work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 December 2021|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|Ilzaam
|[[Arjun Kanungo]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video – 'Ilzaam' Sung By Arjun Kanungo, King |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-ilzaam-sung-by-arjun-kanungo-king/videoshow/90708936.cms| work=Times of India|date=7 April 2022|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Habibi (Remix)
|[[Ricky Rich]]
|
|-
|Doob Ja
|Sunidhi Chauhan, [[Salim Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]]
|
|-
|OOPS (Remix)
|[[Masked Wolf]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Warner Music India Signs Indian Breakout Artist King |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/warner-music-india-signs-indian-breakout-artist-king-301703627.html| work=PR Newswire|date=15 December 2022|access-date=23 August 2024 |language=en|quote=He even released a remix for his groovy track "OOPS," featuring Masked Wolf of the viral chartbuster "Astronaut in the Ocean" fame.}}</ref>
|-
|Naya Nazariya
| –
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular Hindi Video Song 'Naya Nazariya' Sung By King |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/popular-hindi-video-song-naya-nazariya-sung-by-king/videoshow/99763777.cms| work=Times of India|date=25 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|Maan Meri Jaan (African Version)
|Rayvanny
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Milimo|first=Dennis|title=Rayvanny teams up with India's King for a new tune 'Maan Meri Jaan' |url=https://classic105.com/latest/2023-03-01-rayvanny-teams-up-with-indias-king-for-a-new-tune-maan-meri-jaan/| work=Classic FM|date=1 March 2023|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Maan Meri Jaan (Afterlife)
|Nick Jonas
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Banerjee|first=Diya|title=Hip hop artist, 'King' collabs with Nick Jonas for 'Maan Meri Jaan' (Afterlife) |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/rapper-king-to-collab-with-nick-jonas-on-maan-meri-jaan-afterlife/98495218| work=[[Radio Mirchi]]|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Sona Re
| –
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Tagat|first=Anurag|title=KKING Flexes a Diverse Catalog at 'New Life' Tour Kickoff in Bengaluru |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/king-new-life-tour-bengaluru-concert-review-photos/| work=Rolling Stone India|date=29 October 2023|access-date=26 August 2024|quote=Whether it was moshpits or sing-alongs, KING balanced it all with songs across his catalog, traversing synthwave, jazz, rock, tropical house vibes and a tip of the hat to Bollywood/Indipop with his version of “O Mere Sona Re Sona” from 1957’s Teesri Manzil }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
|Rang Barse x Yaaron Wali Baat
|Karan Kanchan, Shiv-Hari
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Get ready to groove as The House of McDowell's Soda showers festive cheer with classic remix of Rang Barse |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/240422-get-ready-groove-the-house-mcdowell%E2%80%99s-soda| work=Radio and Music|date=19 March 2024|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Aawara
|[[KSHMR]], [[Zaeden]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=American DJ KSHMR collaborates with Indian pop stars King & Zaeden on new track 'Aawara' |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/american-dj-kshmr-collaborates-with-indian-pop-stars-king--zaeden-on-new-track-aawara-19349481.htm| work=[[CNBC TV18]]|date=22 March 2024|access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Bumpa
|[[Jason Derulo]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=King joins force with global pop star Jason Derulo for a summer anthem Bumpa|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/king-joins-force-with-global-pop-star-jason-derulo-for-a-summer-anthem-bumpa-101714122759357.html| work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 April 2024|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Mr. K
| rowspan="3" | –
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mobility_India |date=2024-07-30 |title=OPPO India launches the #LiveUnstoppable campaign for K12x 5G, features Indian popstar King in a high-energy track |url=https://www.mobilityindia.com/oppo-india-launches-the-liveunstoppable-campaign-for-k12x-5g-features-indian-popstar-king-in-a-high-energy-track/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Mobility India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Shining Star
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=How King created his latest banger track, 'Shining Star' |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/king-shining-star-red-bull-dance-your-style-world-final-anthem |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Red Bull |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
|Alpha's Goodbye
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|Pray
|Ikka, Hiten
|
|-
|Stay
| rowspan="2" | –
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian rapper King's new track 'Stay' out now! |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/indian-rapper-kings-new-track-stay-out-now-tune-in-to-gaana/151146683 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>
|-
|Till The End
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-17 |title=King's latest track 'Till The End' is a heartfelt ode to love & loss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kings-latest-track-till-the-end-is-a-heartfelt-ode-to-love-loss/articleshow/119124114.cms |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Story of a Bird
|[[Alan Walker]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2025-05-22 |title=King on Becoming 'Brothers in Music' with Alan Walker for 'Story Of A Bird' Collab |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/king-alan-walker-story-of-a-bird-collab-interview/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Quote That
|[[Sanjith Hegde]]
|<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Jameson |title=Jameson Ginger Ale and Warner Music India bring together KING and Sanjith Hegde to celebrate the spirit of collaboration through music |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/jameson-ginger-ale-and-warner-music-india-bring-together-king-and-sanjith-hegde-to-celebrate-the-spirit-of-collaboration-through-music-302557450.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== MTV Hustle Season 1 songs ===
King was the first artist in the show ''MTV Hustle'' who entered the Top 15 by performing his track "Maahaul".

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Week
!Track
!Ref.
|-
|I- Audition
|Maahaul (Hustle Version)
|
|-
|II- Showcase
|Ghumshudaa (Hustle Version)
|
|-
|III
|Aye Jaani
|
|-
|IV- Bollywood Remix
|She Move It Like (Remix)
|
|-
|V
|Usool
|
|-
|VI
|Gold Digger (Hustle Version)
|
|-
|VII
|Memories
|
|-
|VIII
|Moment Hai (Hustle Version)
|
|-
|Semi-finals
|Hennessy (Hustle Version)
|
|-
|Grand Finale
|Badnaam Raja
|
|-

|}

=== Soundtracks ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Song
!Film/Series
!Composer(s)
!Lyricists
!Co-artist(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|"Sahi Galat"
|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|rowspan="2"| –
|<ref>{{cite news |title=King lent his voice to the 'Mere Sawaal Ka' track from the Kartik Aryan and Kriti Sanon film 'Shehzada' |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/maan-meri-jaan-fame-kings-journey-from-a-delhi-government-school-to-his-collaboration-with-nick-jonas-is-truly-inspiring/| work=Koimoi|date=10 March 2023|access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|"Mere Sawaal Ka"
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
|[[Pritam]]
|Shloke Lal
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Drishyam 2: King On His Bollywood Debut With Rap Song 'Sahi Galat', "I Have Always Believed In Hard Work…"|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/drishyam-2-king-on-his-bollywood-debut-with-rap-song-sahi-galat-i-have-always-believed-in-hard-work/| work=Koimoi|date=17 November 2022|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|"Baap Aa Gaya Hai"
|''[[Rana Naidu]]''
|Karan Kanchan
|King, [[Roll Rida]]
|Roll Rida
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Rana Naidu New Song: 'Baap Aa Gaya' By King And RollRida Shows The World Of 'Fixer' Rana Daggubati|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/rana-naidu-new-song-baap-aa-gaya-by-king-and-rollrida-shows-the-world-of-fixer-rana-daggubati-1588889| work=[[ABP Live]]|date=16 March 2023|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|"O Bandeya"
|''[[Farrey]]''
|[[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin-Jigar]]
|Jigar Saraiya
| rowspan="2" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farrey {{!}} Song – O Bandeya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/farrey-song-o-bandeya/videoshow/105866389.cms|access-date=2025-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|"Cyclone"
|[[Kesari Chapter 2|''Kesari Chapter 2'']]
| colspan="2" |[[Shashwat Sachdev]], King
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kesari Chapter 2 {{!}} Song – Cyclone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/kesari-chapter-2-song-cyclone/videoshow/120704453.cms |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|"Bulletproof"
|''Lukkhe''
|King, Karan Kanchan, Amira Gill, Manreet Khara, UKato
|King, Manreet Khara
|Amira Gill, Manreet Khara
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-16 |title=‘Bulletproof’ from Rapper King-Raashii Khanna starrer Lukkhe is a power-packed hip hop anthem |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Apr/16/bulletproof-from-rapper-king-raashii-khanna-starrer-lukkhe-is-a-power-packed-hip-hop-anthem |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.reverbnation.com/realkingrocco King] at [[ReverbNation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:King}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century rappers]]

B. R. Gavai

2026-04-23T07:46:56Z

हिन्दू: info

{{Short description|52nd Chief Justice of India (from May to November 2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai
| image = B R Gavai.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Former [[Chief Justice of India]] BR Gavai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amravati]], Maharashtra, India
| order = 52nd
| status =
| office = Chief Justice of India
| term_start = 14 May 2025
| term_end = 23 November 2025
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = 24 May 2019
| term_end1 = 13 May 2025
| nominator1 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start2 = 14 November 2003
| term_end2 = 23 May 2019
| nominator2 = [[Vishweshwar Nath Khare]]
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| footnotes =
| alma_mater = [[Amravati University]], ([[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| parents = [[R. S. Gavai]] (father)
| successor = [[Surya Kant]]
}}

'''Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai''' (born 24 November 1960) is a retired Indian [[jurist]] who had served as the 52nd [[Chief Justice of India]] (CJI) from 14 May to 23 November 2025.<ref name="supreme court of india-2024" /> He is a former judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] and also served as the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of some [[National Law Universities|National Law Universities (NLUs)]]. He is the second-ever CJI to be from the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2019 |title=SC Collegium recommends four judges for elevation to the apex court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-collegium-recommends-four-judges-for-elevation-to-the-apex-court-5720117/ |accessdate=7 June 2019 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2019 |title=Justice Bhushan Gavai of Bombay HC recommended for elevation as SC Judge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/justice-bhushan-gavai-of-bombay-hc-recommended-for-elevation-as-sc-judge/articleshow/69250155.cms |accessdate=10 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MNLU ACT, 2014 |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/2014.06.pdf |access-date=11 September 2019 |publisher=Bombay High Court }}</ref> During his term as CJI, he also served as [[Ex officio member|''ex officio'']] patron-in-chief of the [[National Legal Services Authority]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Shrivastava | first=Amisha | title=Justice BR Gavai Appointed As Executive Chairman Of NALSA | website=Supreme Court News, Latest India Legal News, Supreme Court Updates, High Courts Updates, Judgments, Law Firms News, Law School News, Latest Legal News | date=13 November 2024 | url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/justice-br-gavai-appointed-as-executive-chairman-of-nalsa-275150 | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Gavai was born on 24 November 1960 in [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]], and studied at a primary municipal school in Amravati. He then studied at Chikitsak Samuha Shirolkar Madhyamik Shala and at Holy Name High School in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title="One Day You Will Be Chief Justice, But...": What Justice BR Gavai's Father Had Said |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/one-day-you-will-be-chief-justice-but-what-justice-br-gavais-father-had-said-8407257 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> After earning degrees in commerce and in law from [[Amravati University]], he joined the legal profession in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Justice BR Gavai? First Buddhist, second Dalit Chief Justice of India seasoned by crucial hearings & a political lineage |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/who-is-justice-br-gavai-first-buddhist-second-dalit-chief-justice-of-india-seasoned-by-top-cases-a-political-lineage/articleshow/121152942.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:52nd Chief Justice of India BR Gavai.jpg|thumb|left|
President [[Droupadi Murmu]] administering the oath of office to Justice BR Gavai as the [[Chief Justice of India]] on 14 May 2025.]]

Gavai worked with [[Bar (law)|Bar]] under Raja S. Bhonsale, former advocate general and judge of the High Court. He practiced independently at [[Bombay High Court]] (HC) from 1987 to 1990. After 1990, he practiced mainly before the [[Bombay High Court#Nagpur bench|Nagpur Bench]] of the Bombay HC. He also practiced [[constitutional law]] and [[administrative law]].<ref name="supreme court of india-2024">{{cite web | title=Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai | publisher=Supreme Court of India | date=20 June 2024 | url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-bhushan-ramkrishna-gavai/ | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

Gavai was standing counsel for the [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]], [[Amravati Municipal Corporation]], and [[Amravati University]]. He regularly represented as counsel various autonomous bodies and corporations like SICOM, DCVL, etc., and various municipal councils in the [[Vidarbha region]]. He was appointed as assistant government pleader and additional [[Prosecutor|public prosecutor]] in the Bombay HC's Nagpur Bench, from August 1992 to July 1993. Later, he was appointed as government pleader and public prosecutor for the Nagpur Bench on 17 January 2000. He was elevated as an additional judge of the High Court on 14 November 2003. On 12 November 2005, he became a permanent judge of the Bombay HC. After serving as a HC judge for 14 years, he was appointed as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 24 May 2019, a position he held until 13 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/bhushan-ramkrishna-gavai/|title=B.R. Gavai|website=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref>

On 14 May 2025, Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai was sworn in as the 52nd [[Chief Justice of India]] by [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]. He was the first Chief Justice of India from the [[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhist community]]. He was also the second [[Dalit]] ([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]]) to hold the office, following Justice [[K. G. Balakrishnan]], who previously served as Chief Justice from 2007 to 2010.<ref name="hiwale-2025">{{Cite web |last=Hiwale |first=Sandesh |date=2025-05-13 |title=भारताला मिळाला पहिला बौद्ध सरन्यायाधीश – न्या. भूषण गवई यांचे प्रेरणादायी जीवनचरित्र |url=https://dhammabharat.com/cji-bhushan-gavai-biography-in-marathi/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=धम्म भारत |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="deccan herald">{{Cite web |title=CJI-Designate B R Gavai Asserts Constitution's Supremacy, Refuses Post-Retirement Political Assignments |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/constitution-is-supreme-asserts-cji-designate-b-r-gavai-says-no-to-post-retirement-assignment-3535609 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rajagopal-2025">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2025-05-11 |title=No compromise if somebody hurts dignity of court, says Justice Gavai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/if-somebody-hurts-the-dignity-of-the-court-there-is-no-compromise-cji-designate-gavai/article69564639.ece |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="india today-2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title=Chief Justice-designate BR Gavai welcomes India-Pak's ceasefire amid tensions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/chief-justice-of-india-designate-justice-gavai-welcome-india-pakistan-ceasefire-2723283-2025-05-11 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As of January 2025, the Supreme Court of India had three sitting judges from the Scheduled Castes – Justice Gavai, Justice [[C. T. Ravikumar]], and Justice [[Prasanna B. Varale|Prasanna Varale]]. This marked the highest representation of the SC community in the history of the Supreme Court.<ref name="hiwale-2025" /><ref name="deccan herald" /><ref name="rajagopal-2025" /><ref name="india today-2025" /> Notably, both Justice B. R. Gavai and Justice [[Prasanna B. Varale]] belong to the [[Buddhism|Buddhist faith]], making it the first time in the Court's history that two Buddhist judges served simultaneously.<ref name="hiwale-2025" /><ref name="deccan herald" /><ref name="rajagopal-2025" /><ref name="india today-2025" /> Justice Gavai retired on 23 November 2025, and was succeeded by Justice [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]].<ref name="supreme court of india-2024" />

== Notable judgements ==
Justice B.R. Gavai has authored and contributed to several landmark decisions of the Supreme Court of India. His judgments span a wide range of constitutional, criminal, and administrative matters.

=== Article 370 abrogation ===
Justice Gavai was a member of the five-judge Constitution Bench that upheld the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]], which granted special status to the erstwhile [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The Court ruled unanimously that the Presidential orders and the subsequent changes by Parliament were constitutionally valid. The Bench also directed that statehood be restored and that elections be conducted by September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Deeksha |date=2023-12-11 |title=Live Report - Supreme Court Judgment on Article 370 |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/12/11/live-report-supreme-court-judgment-on-article-370-legal-updates/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Electoral bonds scheme struck down ===
In ''[[Association for Democratic Reforms v. Union of India]]'', Justice Gavai was part of the Constitution Bench that unanimously struck down the [[Electoral bonds|Electoral Bonds]] Scheme, holding it to be violative of citizens' right to information under Article 19(1)(a) of [[Constitution of India|the Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Apoorva |date=2024-02-15 |title=Supreme Court strikes down Electoral Bonds Scheme for being violative of right to information under Art. 19(1)(a) of Constitution |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/02/15/electoral-bonds-violative-right-to-information-art-191a-constitution-supreme-court-strikes-down-unconstitutional/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Bulldozer demolitions without due process ===
Justice Gavai co-authored a decision that condemned demolition of homes of accused persons by state authorities without following [[due process]]. The Court held that such actions violated the principles of the [[rule of law]] and separation of powers.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Deeksha |date=2024-11-13 |title=Bulldozer actions against properties for simply being an accused or convict, unconstitutional; Executive cannot be a Judge and demolish properties: SC |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/11/13/bulldozer-actions-demolishing-properties-merely-accused-convict-unconstitutional-supreme-court/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Sub-classification among scheduled castes ===
Justice Gavai was part of the seven-judge Constitution Bench in ''[[State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh]]'', which held that sub-classification among Scheduled Castes for more equitable affirmative action is permissible. He emphasized the need to identify and exclude the creamy layer within [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] categories to ensure substantive equality.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Deeksha |date=2024-08-02 |title='Indra Sawhney did not limit sub-classification to OBCs; Sub-classification of SC/STs permissible': A point wise breakdown of Majority Ruling in SC's 6:1 Verdict |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/08/02/supreme-court-61-verdict-holding-permissibility-of-sub-classification-of-sc-st/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Stay on conviction of Rahul Gandhi ===
In 2023, Justice Gavai was part of the Bench that stayed the conviction of [[Rahul Gandhi]] in a criminal defamation case. The Court noted that the conviction had far-reaching consequences, including disqualification from Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Modi Surname Defamation Case {{!}} Supreme Court stays Rahul Gandhi's conviction |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/08/04/sc-stays-rahul-gandhis-conviction-in-modi-surname-defamation-case-legal-news/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Presidential reference ===
The Supreme Court, in a unanimous advisory opinion on Presidential Reference No. 1 of 2025, held that courts cannot impose timelines on the [[President of India|President]] or Governors to act on bills, rejected the idea of deemed assent, and concluded that gubernatorial and presidential actions under Articles 200 and 201 are generally non-justiciable before a bill becomes law, subject to a narrow exception for prolonged constitutional inaction inviting limited directions to act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Parmod |date=2025-11-20 |title=Presidential Reference on Governor's Timelines: Supreme Court to Deliver Advisory Opinion today |url=https://theleaflet.in/leaflet-reports/presidential-reference-on-governors-timelines-supreme-court-to-deliver-advisory-opinion-today |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai was born to [[R. S. Gavai|Ramkrishna Suryabhan Gavai]] and Kamala on 24 November 1960. His father led the [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)]] faction and had been an [[Member of Parliament (India)|M.P.]] and [[Governor (India)|Governor]]. His daughter Karishma Gavai works as an assistant professor in [[Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur|National Law University, Nagpur]]. His brother [[Rajendra Gavai]] is also a politician. His family is inspired by [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and follows [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/former-kerala-bihar-governor-r-s-gavai-passes-away/|title=R S Gavai, veteran Ambedkarite leader, dies at 86|date=26 July 2015|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=petWCgAAQBAJ&q=r+s+gavai+religion&pg=PT170|title=Living with Religious Diversity|last1=Sikka|first1=Sonia|last2=Puri|first2=Bindu|last3=Beaman|first3=Lori G.|author3-link=Lori G. Beaman|date=11 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-37098-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 May 2019|title=Justice Gavai in line to become second Dalit CJI as govt clears names of four judges for Supreme Court|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-gavai-to-be-second-dalit-cji-govt-clears-names-of-four-judges-for-supreme-court-5742623/|access-date=14 June 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/sampadkiya/features/who-is-heir-of-babasaheb-ambedkar-gavai-or-ambedkar-mrj-95-4708849/|title=बाबासाहेबांचे वारसदार कोण? आंबेडकर की गवई?|date=14 November 2024}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In September 2025, CJI Gavai created controversy and received severe criticism on social media for his remarks<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |date=2025-09-17 |title=Go ask deity: Chief Justice Gavai's remark on plea to restore Vishnu idol stirs row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/supreme-court-cji-gavai-pray-lord-vishnu-khajuraho-idol-remark-controversy-impeachment-2788939-2025-09-17 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> in a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] (PIL) case concerning the restoration of an idol of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]] damaged during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasions at a temple in the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho complex]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Gavai mocked the petition by calling it a "Publicity Interest Litigation". He told the petitioner, "Go and ask the [[deity]] himself to do something. If you say that you are a staunch devotee of Lord Vishnu, then pray and meditate." However, CJI Gavai later clarified that he respects all religions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |date=2025-09-17 |title=Go ask deity: Chief Justice Gavai's remark on plea to restore Vishnu idol stirs row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/supreme-court-cji-gavai-pray-lord-vishnu-khajuraho-idol-remark-controversy-impeachment-2788939-2025-09-17 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='I respect all religions', CJI Gavai on social media posts on remarks over reconstruction of Lord Vishnu idol |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/i-respect-all-religions-cji-gavai-on-social-media-posts-on-remarks-over-reconstruction-of-lord-vishnu-idol-3734221 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 October 2025, advocate Rakesh Kishore [[Chief Justice of India shoe-throwing incident|attempted to attack Gavai with a shoe]], outraged over his remarks on Vishnu and "insult to [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatana Dharma]]". While being made to leave the court, Kishore made the statement, "''Sanatan Dharam Ka Apman, Nahi Sahega Hindustan''" (The insult of Hinduism must not be tolerated at all in India).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=Advocate throws shoe at Chief Justice BR Gavai during court proceedings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/advocate-throws-shoe-chief-justice-india-b-r-gavai-court-proceedings-10290523/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shoe thrown at India's top judge in religious row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80g4d5epm8o |website=BBC |access-date=8 October 2025 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?auth=amdldGlkPTQwNSZwYWdlbm89NDE= JUSTICE Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai Official Profile from Bombay High court website]
*[https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-bhushan-ramkrishna-gavai/ JUSTICE Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai Official Profile from Supreme court website]

{{Chief justices of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gavai, B. R.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Dalit people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Amravati]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]

Padua Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T06:17:03Z

हिन्दू: Made new article

{{Short description|Former legislative assembly constituency in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Padua
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1964
| electors = 67,470
}}

'''Padua''', also known as '''Padwa''', was a constituency of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] of the [[Koraput district]], Odisha state in India. It was established in 1951 and abolished in 1964.<ref name=dpaco1951>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951)|page=5 (210)}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1953-55>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3962-final-order-dc-1953-1955/ |title=S.R.O. 2827. Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=30 August 1954|place=New Delhi |page=354 (364)}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1956>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3956-dpaco-1956/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956 |page=528 (535)}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1961>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order (1961)|page=5 (406)}}</ref> It was replaced and subsumed by the constituencies of [[Nandapur Assembly constituency|Nandapur]], [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]] and [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad]].<ref name=dpaco1964>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3947-delimitation-commission-1964/ |title=S.O. 2813 Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=17 August 1964|place=New Delhi |page=705 (450)}}</ref>

==Historical Extent==
*1961: Padwa and Machkund police stations in Koraput sub-division; and Boipariguda police station in Nowrangpur sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1961/>
*1956: Padwa and Machkond police stations in Koraput sub-division; and Boipariguda police station in Nowrangpur sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1956/>
*1955: Padwa police station in Koraput sub-division; and Boipariguda police station in Nowrangpur sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1953-55/>
*1951: Kundra and Boipariguda police stations of Nowrangpur sub-division and Padua police station of Koraput sub-division.<ref name=dpaco1951/>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=270px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|1961|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.33}}
{{bar percent|1957|{{party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}|46.86}}
{{bar percent|1951|{{party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}|60.46}}
}}

3 elections were held between 1951 and 1964.

List of elected members:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Ganeswar Mohapatra
| {{full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Laxman Gouda
| {{full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Ganeswar Mohapatra
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===1961===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Padwa<ref name="OdishaECI1961">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3619-orissa-1961/ |pages=4, 17, 151|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1961 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahapatra Ganeswar
|votes = 3,434
|percentage = 43.33%
|change = {{increase}} 12.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Goudo Laxman
|votes = 2,819
|percentage = 35.57%
|change = {{decrease}} 11.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nayak Sadasibo
|votes = 1,672
|percentage = 21.10%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box total valid no change
|votes = 7,925
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box rejected
|votes = 544
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,469
|percentage = 12.55%
|change = {{decrease}} 3.65
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 67,470
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 615
|percentage = 7.76%
|change = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 8.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no change
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Ganatantra Parishad
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Padwa<ref name="OdishaECI1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3618-orissa-1957/ |pages=4, 15, 112|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Laxmana Goudo
|votes = 4,486
|percentage = 46.86%
|change = {{decrease}} 13.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohammad Kanna Saheb
|votes = 2,953
|percentage = 30.84%
|change = {{decrease}} 5.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bhagwan Khemundu Naiko
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 14.40%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Muddi Naik
|votes = 412
|percentage = 4.30%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Rajendra Dondasensa
|votes = 344
|percentage = 3.59%
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,574
|percentage = 16.20%
|change = {{decrease}} 11.3
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 59,088
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,533
|percentage = 16.01%
|change = {{decreaseNeutral}} 8.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|swing = {{decrease}} 13.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1951===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Padua<ref name="OdishaECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3617-orissa-1951/ |pages=4, 11, 117 |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change |
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Ganeswar Mahapatra
|votes = 9,982
|percentage = 60.46%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kailash Ch. Nanda
|votes = 5,970
|percentage = 36.16%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Raghunath Mohanty
|votes = 559
|percentage = 3.39%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
|votes = 16,511
|percentage = 27.57%
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change|
|reg. electors = 59,886
}}
{{Election box margin of victory no change
|votes = 4,012
|percentage = 24.30%
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Ganatantra Parishad
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|21.90|85.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Koraput district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 disestablishments in India]]

Billu Barber

2026-04-12T09:45:56Z

हिन्दू: new a entry w/ refs

{{short description|2009 Indian film by Priyadarshan}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Billu Barber
| image = Billu-poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = [[Gauri Khan]]
| screenplay = [[Mushtaq Shiekh]] {{infobox | decat=yes | child=yes
| label1= Dialogues by | data1= Manisha Korde
}}
| story = [[Sreenivasan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Katha Parayumpol]]''|Sreenivasan}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Irrfan Khan]]
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
*[[Lara Dutta]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Score:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cinematography = [[V. Manikandan]]
| editing = [[Arun Kumar Aravind|Arun Kumar]]
| studio = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2009|02|13|[[India]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹27 crore<ref name="BOI">{{cite web|title=Billu|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=151|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹47.45 crore<ref name="BOI" />
}}

'''''Billu Barber''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and produced by [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]. It stars [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and [[Lara Dutta]] in the lead roles. [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], and [[Deepika Padukone]] make special appearances in three songs.<ref name="Pre-production">{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan speaks about Billoo |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=26 April 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2008/04/26/11293/index.html |access-date=29 April 2008 |archive-date=5 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705162013/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2008/04/26/11293/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a remake of the 2007 Malayalam film ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' and is loosely based on the story of friendship between [[Krishna]] and [[Sudama]] in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name=":2" />

The film was released on 13 February 2009 and received positive reviews from critics. It was screened at the 2009 [[Hawaii International Film Festival]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://video.tvguide.com/Billu+Barber/Teaser+Trailer/2944468 |title=Watch Billu Barber Teaser Trailer {{!}} TVGuide.com |website=video.tvguide.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205833/http://video.tvguide.com/Billu+Barber/Teaser+Trailer/2944468 |archive-date=2014-08-12}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Billu is a poor [[barber]] who lives with his wife Bindiya and their two children, Gunja and Ronak, in the village of [[Bud Bud|Budbuda]]. He also spends time with his close friends Budbudiya and Naubat Chacha. Billu lives an uneventful life until [[Bollywood]] superstar Sahir Khan comes to the village for a film shoot.

Billu had mentioned to his family that he knows Sahir from the past but has never elaborated on how he knows the star. When his children talk about their father's friendship with the star, word spreads throughout the village. Virtually overnight, Billu, who had previously been scorned by most due to his lowly state, becomes the center of attention. People who had spurned him only the week before now call him a close friend so that he will introduce them to Sahir. Billu refuses and downplays the friendship. Even so, the powerful businessman Sahukaar Daamchand demands to see Sahir and offers Billu expensive gifts in order to gain such a meeting. When Billu consistently fails to introduce the people of the village to Sahir, his situation changes once again. He is accused of lying about his friendship, and everyone – including his wife and children – begins to doubt his character and integrity. Rather than defend himself, Billu remains quiet about the nature of his and Sahir's friendship.

On Sahir's last day in the village, the star speaks at Gunja and Ronak's school function. He tells the children about his impoverished childhood, when he had nothing but a special bond of friendship with another young boy, named Billu. It was Billu who had taken care of Sahir and eventually helped him travel to [[Seven Islands of Bombay|Mumbai]] by giving him his gold earring, where Sahir became a movie star. Billu, who is standing at the back of the event, leaves during the talk without revealing to Sahir that he is there. However, the townspeople, realizing their fault in ostracizing Billu, take Sahir to Billu's house. Billu's children come home and apologize to their father for the trouble they caused him. All of a sudden, Sahir enters Billu's home, reuniting with his best friend. They hug and embrace each other, with the whole village and Billu's family happily watching. In the end, Sahir must leave for another shoot but promises that his and Billu's friendship is reignited and will remain friends.

== Cast ==
*[[Irrfan Khan]] as Bilas Rao “Billu” Pardesi, a barber
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Sahir Khan, a film star and Billu's childhood friend
*[[Lara Dutta|Lara Dutta Bhupathi]] as Bindiya Pardesi, Billu's wife
*[[Om Puri]] as Sahukaar Daamchand
*[[Atul Parchure]] as Charandas Chaube, a caretaker who wants to act in Sahir's film.
*[[Asrani]] as Naubat Chacha
*[[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Pawan Sharma
*[[Rajpal Yadav]] as Zallan Kumar / Budbudiya
*[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Damodar Dubey
*[[Jagadish]] as 'Modern' Madan
*[[Rasika Joshi]] as Principal Gahalot
*[[Mitali Mayekar]] as Gunja, Billu's daughter
*Pratik Dalvi as Ronak / Duggu, Billu's son
=== Special appearances ===
*[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] in "Marjaani" as Sahir Khan's heroine
*[[Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra Jonas]] in "You Get Me Rockin & Reeling" as Sahir Khan's heroine
*[[Deepika Padukone]] in "Love Mera Hit Hit" as Sahir Khan's heroine

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
Director [[Priyadarshan]] cast [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Lara Dutta|Lara Dutta Bhupathi]] in pivotal roles in the film. While these roles were initially offered to [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], Kumar eventually opted out of the project due to date clashes,<ref>{{cite web |title=Shahrukh picks what Akshay dumps |work=Kumar opts out of Billo Barber |url=http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/shahrukh-picks-what-akshay-dumps/2597/ |access-date=29 April 2008 |archive-date=30 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030063531/http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/shahrukh-picks-what-akshay-dumps/2597/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> as did Tabu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hotbed of problems |work=Tabu opts out of Billu Barber |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article&sectid=30&contentid=200803272008032702260113946296127 |access-date=29 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024183614/http://mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article|archive-date=24 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Priyadarshan then offered Kumar's and Tabu's role to [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Ameesha Patel]] respectively, and both of them agreed to do the film.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=SRK mil gaya! |work=Shahrukh Khan & Amisha Patel signed on |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article&sectid=30&contentid=2008032520080325021221920fa868c2f |access-date=29 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024183614/http://mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article|archive-date=24 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Patel also opted out of the film<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Yeh dil maange more! |work=Patel opts out of Billoo Barber |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article&sectid=30&contentid=20080401200804010207191839f60c64d |access-date=29 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024183614/http://mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article|archive-date=24 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> with sources indicating that [[Juhi Chawla]] was signed on for the role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Juhi to replace Amisha in Billoo Barbar? |work=Juhi Chawla to essay the roles of the barber's wife |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/02juhi.htm |access-date=29 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405195623/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/02juhi.htm  |archive-date=5 April 2008}}</ref>

In April 2008, the director announced that he had cast [[Lara Dutta]] as Billu's wife.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Barber gets a wife |work=Priyadarshan signs Lara Dutta |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article&sectid=30&contentid=20080413200804130331524258edf724 |access-date=29 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024183614/http://mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article|archive-date=24 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The cast began filming for the project on 8 April 2008<ref>{{cite web |title=SRK shoots for Priyadarshan's BILLOO BARBER! |work=Billoo Barber begins filming |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/apr/14-srk-shoots-for-priyadarshans-billo-barber-040805.asp |access-date=29 April 2008 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415151648/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/08/apr/14-srk-shoots-for-priyadarshans-billo-barber-040805.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> and according to Shahrukh Khan, "the film is a sweet story of friendship...quite similar to the bond shared between [[Krishna]] and [[Sudama]]".<ref name="Pre-production"/> The film also features [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra Jonas]] and [[Deepika Padukone|Deepika Padukone Singh]] in [[item number]]s with [[Shah Rukh Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tanwar |first=Sarita |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/oct/271008-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-superstars-interviews-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-tiff1.htm |title=It's silly and embarrassing |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=12 August 2011 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403013917/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/oct/271008-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-superstars-interviews-salman-khan-akshay-kumar-tiff1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming took place in [[Pollachi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in [[Goregaon]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-08-17 |title=SRK rocks Pollachi! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/srk-rocks-pollachi/articleshow/3371031.cms |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Billu Barber'' opened to positive reviews. In reviewing the film, Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' stated: "Bigtime Bollywood meets small-town India with quietly entertaining, finally moving results in ''Billu Barber''. A simple tale of friendship cleverly manages to bring together superstar Shah Rukh Khan, in full-on pin-up mode, with Irfan Khan, who's developed into one of the industry's best character actors, in a movie that straddles both mainstream Hindi cinema and more specialty fare. Mid-February release, produced by Khan's own company, ''[[Red Chillies Entertainment|Red Chillies]]'', won't approach the grosses of his last starrer, ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'', but is way more engaging on an emotional level".<ref>Elley, Derek,[http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939712.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 ''Billu Barber''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223042026/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939712.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |date=23 February 2009 }} (review), ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''</ref> Lisa Tsering of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' states that ''Billu '' is a "Bollywood comedy about an unlikely friendship [that] is full of unexpected pleasures".<ref name=thr>Tsering, Lisa, [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/film-review-billu-barber-1003943121.story "Film Review: ''Billu Barber''"], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224160817/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/film-review-billu-barber-1003943121.story |date=24 February 2009 }}</ref> [[Frank Lovece]] of ''[[Film Journal International]]'' describes the film as a "delight" and states, "What makes it work ... is that neither Billu nor his situation is played for laughs—his hardscrabble poverty isn't glossed over, and neither is his wife's longing for acceptance in the class-conscious village. And a climactic speech by Khan at a school gathering works fully well emotionally, despite a huge potential for hokiness—and incidentally provides concrete reason why real-life Khan, who's often starred in glowering action-hero roles, is a genuinely top-notch actor in addition to being a popular star".<ref name=fji>Lovece, Frank, [http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/reviews/specialty-releases/e3i83b3be812614cf9914f15c8b1f8ec0c9 "Film Review: ''Billu Barber''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227091403/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/reviews/specialty-releases/e3i83b3be812614cf9914f15c8b1f8ec0c9 |date=27 February 2009 }}, ''[[Film Journal International]]''</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film three stars and describes it as "a moving ode to friendship and ordinariness".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025093617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-12/news-interviews/28007940_1_irrfan-khan-billu-sahir-khan "Movie Review: ''Billu''"], ''[[Times of India]]''</ref> While [[CNN-IBN]]'s Rajeev Masand gave the film two out of five stars, he stated that it "works smoothly as a simple, moral tale, its charm interrupted every time the director goes for broader, more 'commercial' appeal. But it's enjoyable and heart-felt too, and for that reason deserves to be watched".<ref>{{cite web |title=Billu (Movie Review) – CNN-IBN (Rajeev Masand) |work=movie review |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-billu-barber-a-simple-moral-tale/85289-8-17.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215104241/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-billu-barber-a-simple-moral-tale/85289-8-17.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=16 February 2009}}</ref> Shashi Baliga of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that, "Though the film has its share of stock characters, maudlin and over-the-top moments and sags in the latter half, there's also good story-telling, some great acting, and a healthy dose of masala in the item numbers".<ref>Baliga, Shashi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416185423/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=115ef2b3-bf5a-4664-a4f8-6e32174de899&Headline=STRONGReview%2FSTRONG%3A+EMBillu+Barber%2FEM "Yes, they Khan"], ''[[Hindustan Times]]''</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Billu Barber
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|1|5}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Gauri Khan]]
| prev_title = [[Golmaal Returns]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Ek: The Power of One]]
| next_year = 2009
}}
The soundtrack was composed [[Pritam]] with lyrics written by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Sayeed Quadri]], Ashish Pandit, and [[Mayur Puri]].

The song "Khudaya Khair" was recorded by playback singer [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] who has rendered his voice for Shah Rukh Khan in several of his films. However, the song was withdrawn and was only used as a reprised version.

The song "Love Mera Hit Hit" was sampled by [[Serbia]]n pop singer [[Anabela Đogani|Anabela]] in her song "Igra Istine", by Serbian singer Dejan Stanković in his song "Kaligula" and by [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] singer [[Boki 13]] in his song "Kaligula".
{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Marjaani
| lyrics1 = [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]
| extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length1 = 5:24
| title2 = Love Mera Hit Hit
| lyrics2 = Ashish Pandit, [[Mayur Puri]]
| extra2 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]] & [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| length2 = 4:46
| title3 = You Get Me Rocking & Reeling
| lyrics3 = [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| extra3 = Neeraj Shridhar & [[Dominique Cerejo]]
| length3 = 4:46
| title4 = Ae Aa O
| lyrics4 = Neeraj Shridhar
| extra4 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|K.K.]], [[Suraj Jagan]] & Rana Mazumder
| length4 = 4:59
| title5 = Jaaun Kahan
| lyrics5 = Sayeed Quadri
| extra5 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| length5 = 5:32
| title6 = Billu Bhayankar
| lyrics6 = Gulzar
| extra6 = Ajay Jhingran, [[Kalpana Patowary]] & [[Raghubir Yadav|Raghuveer]]
| length6 = 5:52
| title7 = Khudaya Khair
| lyrics7 = Gulzar
| extra7 = [[Soham Chakrabarty]], [[Monali Thakur]] & [[Akriti Kakar]]
| length7 = 4:41
| title8 = You Get Me Rocking & Reeling (Video Edit)
| lyrics8 = Sayeed Quadri
| extra8 = Neeraj Shridhar & Dominique Cerejo
| length8 = 4:46
| title9 = Love Mera Hit Hit
| note9 = House Mix
| lyrics9 = Ashish Pandit, Mayur Puri
| extra9 = Neeraj Shridhar & Tulsi Kumar
| length9 = 4:59
| title10 = Marjaani (Kilogram's Balkan Mix)
| lyrics10 = Gulzar
| extra10 = K.K.& Akriti Kakar
| length10 = 4:13
| title11 = Khudaya Khair (Reprise)
| lyrics11 = Gulzar
| extra11 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], Akriti Kakar
| length11 = 4:25
| title12 = You Get Me Rocking & Reeling (Remix)
| lyrics12 = Sayeed Quadri
| extra12 = Neeraj Shridhar & Dominique Cerejo
| length12 = 4:03
| title13 = Ae Aa O (Remix)
| lyrics13 = Neeraj Shridhar
| extra13 = K.K., Suraj Jagan & Rana Mazumder
| length13 = 5:31
| title14 = Marjaani (Electro Mix)
| lyrics14 = Gulzar
| extra14 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length14 = 4:46
| title15 = Love Mera Hit Hit (Remix)
| lyrics15 = Ashish Pandit, Mayur Puri
| extra15 = Neeraj Shridhar & Tulsi Kumar
| length15 = 4:38
}}

== Controversy ==
The film was originally titled ''Billu Barber'', but salon and beauty parlour associations of [[Bandra]] raised objections by finding the word "Barber" derogatory.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2009 |title=Barbers up in arms over SRK's Billu Barber |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barbers-up-in-arms-over-srks-billu-barber/84800-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211092438/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barbers-up-in-arms-over-srks-billu-barber/84800-8.html |archive-date=11 February 2009 |access-date=13 February 2009 |website=IBNLive}}</ref> As head of the film's production company, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] eventually removed the word from the movie title and promotions,<ref>{{cite web |title=Coming soon: Billu, not Barber |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213094223/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=13 February 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> renaming the film ''Billu''. He also invited 'The Hairdressers' Association of Mumbai' members to the premier of the movie in order to assuage their protests.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2009 |title=SRK to invite barbers, hairstylists for Billu premiere |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/srk-to-invite-barbers-hairstylists-for-billu-premiere/85082-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216183723/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/srk-to-invite-barbers-hairstylists-for-billu-premiere/85082-8.html |archive-date=16 February 2009 |access-date=13 February 2009 |website=IBNLive}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Netflix title}}
*{{IMDb title|1230448}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|billu}}

{{Priyadarshan}}
{{Red Chillies Entertainment}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2009 controversies]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]

S. Krishnan

2026-04-11T23:37:33Z

हिन्दू: Made pg

{{Short description|Indian bureaucrat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Krishnan
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| image = S Krishnan.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary in]] [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]]
| minister1 = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| predecessor1 = Alkesh Kumar Sharma
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 11 September 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Two senior IAS officers serving in T.N. headed to Centre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/two-senior-ias-officers-serving-in-tn-headed-to-centre/article67260602.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 September 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| office2 = [[Chief Secretary (India)#Additional Chief Secretary|Additional Chief Secretary of]] [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Industries, Tamil Nadu]]
| appointer2 = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 31 March 2020
| term_end2 = 31 August 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|06|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]) [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]]<ref name="a">{{cite news |title='PPPs are not a panacea': S. Krishnan, IAS |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/ppp-are-not-panacea-krishan-ias |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=www.iimb.ac.in |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] |date=30 September 2020}}</ref>
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
| native_name =
| awards =
}}
'''S. Krishnan''' is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] cadre who is serving as the [[Secretary to the Government of India]] since August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aryan |first1=Aashish |title=S Krishnan appointed as new MeitY secretary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/s-krishnan-appointed-as-the-new-it-secretary/articleshow/103265948.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=1 September 2023}}</ref> He has previously worked as [[Chief Secretary (India)#Additional Chief Secretary|Additional Chief Secretary]], [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Industries in Tamil Nadu Government]] from March, 2020 to August, 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=T.N. committed to creating 1.5 lakh new job opportunities in EV sector in five years: Industries Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-committed-to-creating-15-lakh-new-job-opportunities-in-ev-sector-in-five-years-industries-minister/article66977232.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Prior to his present assignment, Krishnan held some key positions in the Government of Tamil Nadu, such as, Additional Chief Secretary, [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)]] and Principal Secretary in [[Department of Housing and Urban Development (Tamil Nadu)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu government likely to implement Bus Rapid Transit System |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Feb/16/tamil-nadu-government-likely-to-implement-bus-rapid-transit-system-1774154.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Fund Management company plans to raise $1 billion |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tamil-nadu-infrastructure-fund-management-company-plans-to-raise-1-billion-115082400377_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=24 August 2015}}</ref> He was also the inaugural CEO of Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Development Board and chairman of the Fifth Tamil Nadu State Finance Commission.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fifth State Finance Commission constituted |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fifth-state-finance-commission-constituted/article6660812.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 December 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="a"/>

==Activities undertaken as secretary==

He oversees critical initiatives such as:

*The India Semiconductor Mission and enactment of the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023|Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act]] and the [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|Digital India Act]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anoop |first1=Verma |title=S Krishnan, named MeitY secy, will oversee implementation of semiconductor mission, DPDP Act |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital-india/s-krishnan-named-meity-secy-will-oversee-implementation-of-semiconductor-mission-dpdp-act/103286359 |work=ETGovernment.com |date=1 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*Scaling up indigenous electronics production and the [[Artificial intelligence in India#IndiaAI Mission and compute facility|India AI Mission]] to create a scalable AI-compute ecosystem.<ref>{{cite news |title=India open to sharing AI models with Global South, says MeitY secretary S Krishnan |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/india-open-to-sharing-ai-models-with-global-south-says-meity-secretary-s-krishnan-article-13327141.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=moneycontrol.com |date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
* Increasing value addition in electronics within India. (mobile phones domestic value addition, targeting growth from ~20% to 35–40%)<ref>{{cite news |title=India should go up the value chain in electronics components manufacturing: MeitY Secy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/india-should-go-up-the-value-chain-in-electronics-components-manufacturing-meity-secy/articleshow/106127439.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=19 December 2023}}</ref>
* Launch of silicon photonics R&D and products at [[IIT Madras]], including the [[Centre of Excellence]] for [[Silicon Photonics]] (CoE‑CPPICS), Fiber-Array Unit attachment tools, and a [[quantum random number generator]] (QRNG) module deployed at SETS Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Silicon photonics products indigenously developed at CoE-CPPICS IIT Madras launched |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/silicon-photonics-products-indigenously-developed-at-coe-cppics-iit-madras-launched/article69533930.ece |work=BusinessLine |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
*Commissioning of the NIELIT Centre of Excellence in Chip Design at Noida to conduct VLSI & chip-design research and training.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shri. S. Krishnan, Secretary, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, inaugurates NIELIT Centre of Excellence in Chip Design at Noida |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2099967 |work=pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=5 February 2025}}</ref>
*Encouraging accessible digital opportunity through multilingual technologies such as [[Bhashini]] and [[internationalized domain names]] (IDNs).<ref>{{cite news |title=Inclusion in technology access must be prioritised: MeitY secy S Krishnan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/inclusion-in-technology-access-must-be-prioritised-meity-secy-s-krishnan/articleshow/119643728.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=28 March 2025}}</ref>
* Emphasizing collaboration among government, industry, and academia to accelerate India’s tech progress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meity secretary calls for greater collaboration among govt, industry, academia |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/meity-secretary-calls-for-greater-collaboration-among-govt-industry-academia/articleshow/122119542.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Amansher Singh

2026-04-05T18:41:49Z

हिन्दू: creating

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amansher Singh Shery Kalsi
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Batala Assembly constituency|Batala]]
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Lakhbir Singh Lodhinangal]]
| successor =
| order2 =
| office2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab#Organisation|Co-convener of AAP, Punjab]]
| term_start2 = 22 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Ruchika |title=Aman Arora made Punjab AAP president, replaces Bhagwant Mann |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aman-arora-made-punjab-aap-president-replaces-bhagwant-mann/amp |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en |quote=Senior Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) leader Aman Arora has been named the new president the party's Punjab unit, replacing Chief Bhagwant Mann on the post. Amansher Singh Sherry Kalsi has been announced the state working president.}}</ref>
| term_end2 =
| leader2 = [[Aman Arora]]
| predecessor2 = Aman Arora

| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Amansher Singh Kalsi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Batala]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education = 12th pass
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname = Sherry Kalsi
}}
'''Amansher Singh (Shery Kalsi)''' is an Indian politician and MLA from [[Batala Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Batala Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Estimates|Committee on Estimates]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions|Committee on Petitions]]<ref name="Committee on Petitions">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=33&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 3,89,94,784 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 11,61,530 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amansher Singh (Shery Kalsi)(AAP):Constituency- BATALA(GURDASPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=490 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Batala Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Batala Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Batala
| before =[[Lakhbir Singh Lodhinangal]] (SAD)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Amansher}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

R. K. Anand (Manipur politician)

2026-04-04T22:16:34Z

हिन्दू: Made data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the former National MP|R. K. Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R.K. Anand
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2017
| constituency =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|02|01}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| party = BJP
| spouse = N. Usharani Devi
| parents = Late Shri R.K. Tombi
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| footnotes =
}}
'''R.K. Anand''' (born 1 February 1961) is a politician from the Indian state of [[Manipur]]. He represented the [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency|Naoriya]] assembly constituency for two terms from 2007–2012 and from 2012–2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://manipurassembly.net/10th-manipur-legislative-assembly/bio-data/133-shri-rk-k-anand|title=SHRI RK.K. ANAND - Manipur Legislative Assembly|website=manipurassembly.net|accessdate=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322071908/https://manipurassembly.net/10th-manipur-legislative-assembly/bio-data/133-shri-rk-k-anand/|archive-date=22 March 2019|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, R. K.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur Peoples Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2012–2017]]

{{Manipur-INC-politician-stub}}

Rakhwala (2013 film)

2026-04-02T21:48:54Z

हिन्दू:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakhwala
| image = Rakhwala dvd cover.jpg
| caption =
| director = Aslam Sheikh
| producer = Ishtiyaque Sheikh Ritu Sharma
| writer = Pyare Lal Yadav Shyam Dehati
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] [[Rinku Ghosh]] Maya Yadav Avdesh Mishra
| music = Dhananjay Mishra
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = Venus films
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|2|1}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rakhwala''''' is an Indian [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] [[action film]] directed by Aslam Sheikh.<ref name=movie>{{cite web|title=Bhojpuri movie introduction|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFUNTDdtEa8|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> It stars [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] and [[Rinku Ghosh]] in lead roles along with Avdesh Mishra, Brijesh Tripathi, Santosh Srivastav and Maya Yadav. The film was released in Varanasi and Patna, on 1 February 2013 and [[Mumbai]] 24 February 2013.<ref name=cast>{{cite web|title=Cast and crew|url=http://www.asklaila.com/movie/Mumbai/Rakhwala/8669/|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> It received favorable response from audiences.<ref name=nirahua>{{cite news|title=Nirahua is playing police inspector in Rakhwala|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news-interviews/Nirahua-is-playing-police-inspector-in-Rakhwala/articleshow/15076833.cms|accessdate=26 February 2014|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dharam Singh is a retired army officer. His elder son is a martyr and younger son Satyaprakash has completed his studies, Dharam Singh wishes Satyaprakash to join the army or police force. But Satyaprakash wants to earn and live a simple family life with Shraddha. But his entire life changes after a sudden accident in his life. Satyaprakash's father challenges the strongman Jagdamba Singh, who is the ruffian of that place and is supported by politicians and higher officers, due to which he does all illegal activities like robbery, kidnapping. Once, Dharam Singh was beaten by Jagdamba Singh's mobsters, due to which Satyaprakash is angered and seeks vengeance for his father's mistreatment He decides to become a police officer and battle corruption. After a few years, he becomes an honest police officer. He announces a legal call for all the ruffians like Jabdamba Singh. Police Officer Satyaprakash discovers the evil schemes of the Ministers and higher officers and all the links of terrorists. Before Satyaprakash could catch them red-handed, he was injured by them and is hospitalized in I.C.U. Police vow to complete Satyaprakash's incomplete mission. After a few months, Satyaprakash's health improves, and he resumes his mission. The fact is that Satyaprakash's wife Shraddha and other police officers have replaced one terrorist, Sarfaraj, who looks alike of Satyaprakash. Satyaprakash (Sarfaraj) completes the mission (Rakhwala) and salutes the national flag.

==Cast==
* [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] as Satyaprakash (Sarfaraj)
* [[Rinku Ghosh]] as Shraddha
* [[Manoj Bhawuk]] as Satyaprakash's best friend
* Avdesh Mishra as Jagdamba Singh
* Shailesh Pandey as the alcoholic man
* [[Sambhavna Seth]] in the [[item number]] "Dori Khul Gayeel"
* Maya Yadav in the item number "Devar ho Daba Na Mor Karihaiya"
* Nityanand Shetty as Satyaprakash's father

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Saiya Laika Niyan Sut Jala Kora Mein"
| [[Kalpana Patowary]]
|-
| 2
| "Maal Ha Bengal Ke"
| [[Indu Sonali]]
|-
| 3
| "Goriya Chale Machar Machar"
| Mohan Rathod
|-
| 4
| "Devar ho Daba Na Mor Karihaiya"
| [[Indu Sonali]]
|-
| 5
| "Dehiya Pa Raid Padal Ba"
| Poornima, Mohan Rathod
|-
| 6
| "Dori Khul Gayeel"
| Indu Sonali
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Manoj-Bhawuks-unique-journey/articleshow/18572110.cms Manoj Bhawuk’s unique journey]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/I-am-not-new-to-this-industry-Manoj-Bhawuk/articleshow/17675696.cms I am not new to this industry: Manoj Bhawuk]
* {{IMDb title|7181484}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2013 action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Bihar Police]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]

Punnami Naagu (1980 film)

2026-04-01T05:48:56Z

हिन्दू: Made stub

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Punnami Naagu
| image = Punnami Naagu.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| producer = M. Kumaran [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramaniam
| writer = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| starring = [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] [[Rati Agnihotri]] [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = V. Ranga
| editing = M. Vellai Swamy
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1980|6|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Punnami Naagu''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror drama]] film directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]] and produced by [[AVM Productions]]. The film brought recognition to [[Chiranjeevi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idreampost.com/love-in-singapore-movie-analysis/|title=Love In Singapore : మెగాస్టార్ నటించిన ఫారిన్ లవ్ స్టోరీ – Nostalgia|language=te|work=iDreamPost|date=5 November 2021|access-date=20 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319192245/https://idreampost.com/love-in-singapore-movie-analysis/|url-status=live}}</ref> and his first Filmfare nomination. The other leads in the film, including [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] and [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] played important roles. The film was released on 13 June 1980. It is a remake of the director's own Kannada film ''[[Hunnimeya Rathriyalli]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Naresh |date=2020-06-22 |title=He wrote the script for Chiru hit ' Punnami Nagu' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/he-wrote-the-script-for-chiru-hit-punnami-nagu-629502 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815041944/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/he-wrote-the-script-for-chiru-hit-punnami-nagu-629502 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also marked the Telugu debut for [[Malayalam]] actress, [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka G. Suresh]].

== Plot ==
Naagulu, a snake charmer, falls in love with Poorna, whose adopted brother Ravi is in love with Naagulu's cousin Lakshmi. Naagulu's father has been mixing snake venom into his food since childhood, making Naagulu immune to any snake bite. Every full moon, Naagulu behaves like a cobra and searches for a woman and every woman he meets dies from his poison. On one such full moon, he kills Poorna and Ravi gets suspicious about this, as there are no marks of a snake bite on her body. A young teacher comes to the village and becomes Naagulu's victim. Ravi investigates with the help of film in her still camera and discovers that Naagulu appears as a snake in a photo she took of him. Naagulu's father reveals his secret before dying and Naagulu tries to find a remedy, but it's too late for that. His skin starts peeling off like a snake and Ravi advises him to leave the village before villagers find and kill him. Naagulu prefers death to the life of a snake and commits suicide from a hilltop.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Naagulu
* [[Narasimharaju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Ravi
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Lakshmi
* [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Poorna
* [[Jayamalini]] as Servant maid and accomplice of Musalayya
* Sumangali
* [[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanabham]] as Mungisa Musalayya the Snake Charmer
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Zamindar
* [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as Sastry, Temple Priest
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Mungisa Musalayya's brother-in-law
*[[S. V. Ramadas|Ramadas]] as Pamula Pappanna
}}

== Production ==
Chiranjeevi agreed to act in the film despite limited availability. Due to this, he would shoot his scenes only in the evenings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-06-01 |title=AVM Productions new generation producer shares a truth about Chiranjeevi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/avm-productions-new-generation-producer-shares-a-truth-about-chiranjeevi-800220 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926115237/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/avm-productions-new-generation-producer-shares-a-truth-about-chiranjeevi-800220 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246177}}

{{AVM Productions}}
{{Rajasekhar (director)}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasekhar (director)]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

List of current Indian opposition leaders

2026-03-29T06:05:30Z

हिन्दू: further add section based on references also and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Leaders of Official Opposition in state legislatures}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{For|definition|Leader of the Opposition (India)}} The official opposition in India includes the [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]], the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]] and the current opposition leaders in the [[State legislative councils of India|legislative councils]] and [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assemblies]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states and union territories]]. Bhupendra Hooda & Rabri Devi are longest serving. Five incumbents belong to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and nine to the [[Indian National Congress]], No other party has more than one opposition leader in office. At present seven states's assembly and one state's council is under Vacancy.

==Parliament of India==
This is the list of current [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|opposition leaders]] in the [[Parliament of India]]:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term of office
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!colspan=8|[[Rajya Sabha|RAJYA SABHA]]
|-
|[[File:Mallikarjun Kharge briefing the media after presenting the Interim Railway Budget 2014-15 in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|107x107px]]
|[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|16 February 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|02|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!colspan=8|[[Lok Sabha|LOK SABHA]]
|-
|[[File:Rahul Gandhi.png|frameless|82x82px]]
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|[[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
|9 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2024|06|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Legislatures of the States and Union territories==
===State Legislative Councils===
This is the list of current opposition leaders in the [[State legislative councils of India|legislative councils]] of the [[States of India|Indian states]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! State
!Portrait
! Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[File:Botsa Satyanarayana.png|75x75px]]
| [[Botsa Satyanarayana]]
| [[YSR Congress Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar]]
| [[File:Rabri Devi presenting a cheque for Rs. 10 crore on behalf of the State Government to the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh for the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund, in New Delhi on January 04, 2005 (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Rabri Devi]]
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council|Karnataka]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|90x90px]]
| [[Chalavadi Narayanaswamy]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Maharashtra]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|90x90px]]
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Vacant {{small|(no opposition with at least 10% seats)}}''}}
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]]
| [[File:Madhusudhanachary.jpg|113x113px]]
| [[S. Madhusudhana Chary]]
| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]
|
| [[Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Lal Bihari Yadav]]
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color| Samajwadi Party}}"|
|}

===State Legislative Assemblies===
[[File:Map of leaders of opposition in state legislative assemblies of India.png|thumb|Map shows the parties of the Leader of Opposition in States Legislative Assemblies of India]]
This is the list of current opposition leaders in the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assemblies]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states and union territories]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/|title=Digital Sansad|website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! State/UT
!Portrait
! Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
|rowspan=2 colspan="4" |{{center|''Vacant {{small|(no opposition with at least 10% seats)}}''}}
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
| [[File:Leader of the Opposition, Shri Debabrata Saikia in Prime Minister’s Office.jpg|75px]]
| [[Debabrata Saikia]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
| [[File:Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg|75px]]
| [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
| [[File:Charan Das Mahant.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Charan Das Mahant]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
| [[File:Atishi.jpg|75px]]
| [[Atishi]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
| [[File:Yuri Alemao during Chieftains Martyrs Day at Cuncolim.jpg|75px]]
| [[Yuri Alemao]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Vacant {{small|(no opposition with at least 10% seats)}}''}}
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
| [[File:Bhupinder Singh Hooda in WEF, 2010.jpg|75 px]]
| [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, Shri Jai Ram Thakur calling on the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar, in New Delhi on September 06, 2018.JPG (1).jpg|90x90px]]
| [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[File:Sunil Sharma.jpg|90x90px]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|
| [[Babulal Marandi]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
| [[File:R. Ashoka.jpg|75px]]
| [[R. Ashoka]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]
| [[File:VD SATHEESAN.jpg|75px]]
| [[V. D. Satheesan]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[File:Umang Singhar.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Umang Singhar]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|rowspan="2" colspan="4" |{{center|''Vacant {{small|(no opposition with at least 10% seats)}}''}}
|-
|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
| [[File:Mukul Sangma 2014.jpg|75px]]
| |[[Mukul Sangma]]
| [[Trinamool Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]
| [[File:Lalchhandama Ralte (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| [[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Vacant {{small|(no opposition with at least 10% seats)}}''}}
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
| [[File:Naveen Patnaik.png|90x90px]]
| [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|90x90px]]
| [[R. Siva]]
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|[[File:Pratap Singh Bajwa.jpg|90x90px]]
| [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
| [[File:Tika Ram Jully.jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Tika Ram Jully]]
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Vacant {{small|(no opposition with at least 10% seats)}}''}}
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
| [[File:Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|92x92px]]
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
| [[File:A delegation from Tripura led by Shri Jitendra Chaudhury, MP (Lok Sabha), calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on Thursday, November 24, 2016 (cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
| [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|[[File:Yashpal Arya LOP Uttarakhand Assembly.jpg|75x75px]]
| [[Yashpal Arya]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|
| [[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
|[[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|89x89px]]
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of current Indian governors]]
* [[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators]]
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian chief justices]]
* [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons]]
* [[List of current Indian ruling and opposition parties]]
* [[List of female opposition leaders in India]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition (India)]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}

[[Category:Lists of current office-holders in India|O]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (India)| ]]
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories| ]]

Sarvam

2026-03-27T21:26:00Z

हिन्दू:

{{short description|2009 film by Vishnuvardhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarvam
| image = Sarvam Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| producer = [[Ayngaran International|K. Karunamoorthy]] [[C. Arunpandian]]
| screenplay = Vishnuvardhan A. Gokul Krishna
| story = [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| starring = [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] Rohan Shiva
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Ayngaran International]]
| distributor = Ayngaran International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|5|15}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sarvam''''' ({{translation|Everything}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[hyperlink film|hyperlink]] [[action thriller]] film co-written and directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]. The film stars [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], and Rohan Shiva.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the villain of Kandaswamy|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/15ssi.htm|work=[[Rediff]].com|access-date=15 May 2008|archive-date=18 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518161012/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/15ssi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, which had been under production since late 2006, was produced and distributed by K. Karunamoorthy and C. Arunpandian under the banner of [[Ayngaran International]] Films. It was filmed by [[Nirav Shah]] and edited by [[Sreekar Prasad]]. The film's soundtrack, composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], was released on 14 February 2009, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]].

The film revolves around five individual characters and the events that change everything in their lives, which the film's title refers to, and also brings them together. It contains two parallel stories that are connected by a freak accident in [[Chennai]]. A young architect falls in love with a young, beautiful pediatric doctor, runs after her, and tries to convince her to marry her. Simultaneously, a morose ex-football coach troubles a software engineer by vowing to kill his eight-year-old son. How these characters get connected and confronted through the accident forms the crux of the story.

After several postponements, the film was released worldwide on 15 May 2009 to mixed reviews and became an average grosser.

== Plot ==
The film opens with a fight between two individuals on a rainy night in a deep, dark forest. In the opening scene, a title card is presented with an [[Upanishads|Upanishad quote]]: "Death is just the beginning of another life".

Karthik is a carefree architect who comes across Sandhya, a pediatrician, in a [[kart racing|go-kart race]]. Karthik immediately falls in love with Sandhya and wants to convince her to marry him. Karthik finds out several facts about Sandhya and arranges a meeting by pretending that she caused a car accident and damaged his car. When that approach fails, he goes to the hospital where Sandhya works, becoming a regular visitor and making efforts to woo her. Sandhya, however, has other interests and shows no signs of reciprocating his love. She believes that Karthik is too carefree and not serious about life. One day, Sandhya's parents tell her about her to-be-fixed marriage. She finally recognizes that Karthik is the right match and slowly develops a deep love for him. She wholeheartedly agrees with the marriage.

Simultaneously, a morose, mysterious man, Eashwar, who always moves around with his [[Rottweiler]], goes to see Naushad, a software engineer who happily lives with his eight-year-old son Imaan. A few months ago, Naushad had accidentally hit and killed Eashwar's wife Geetha and son Naveen in a car crash. Eashwar, apparently mentally disturbed, keeps murmuring that Naushad was solely responsible for their deaths. Eashwar keeps following Naushad, telling him that he will feel the same pain only when his own son dies. A workmate of Naushad informs him that Eashwar had visited him and requested information about Naushad, and tells him to be aware. He and his son escape to his friend's place near [[Edward Elliot's Beach|Elliot's Beach]], [[Chennai]].

Meanwhile, Karthik and Sandhya, who happily spend time together, are ready for marriage and make plans for the future. Karthik then suddenly asks Sandhya to postpone their marriage for a year. However, Sandhya insists on marrying at the earliest possible date. To solve this problem, they decide to hold a cycling race across a road on Elliot's Beach so that the winner makes the decision, which the loser must accept. At the same time, Imaan and his friend fly a kite on the terrace of Naushad's friend. Suddenly, Imaan faints and falls, which distracts the boys, and they let the kite fly away. Sandhya, who is ahead of Karthik and leading the race, rides straight into the kite thread, which cuts her neck, fatally injuring her. She dies in the hospital from [[exsanguination|blood loss]].

Six months later, Sandhya's father visits Karthik, who is under depression following her death, and informs him that even after death, Sandhya has saved the life of a child, since her heart has been transplanted into a boy, who happens to be Imaan. Karthik becomes emotional and overjoyed that at least one part of his love is alive, and goes to meet Naushad and Imaan. He finds out that they have left their home in Chennai and moved to [[Munnar]] in [[Kerala]]. He travels to Munnar to see them and feels happy again, while learning from a grateful Naushad that Imaan suffered from [[cardiomyopathy]] and Sandhya's heart had saved his life. Meanwhile, Eashwar, who had followed Karthik, also arrives in Munnar, where he meets a car mechanic Syed (who used to play professional football with Eashwar), and allows Eashwar to stay at his home.

Karthik goes to see the father and son one last time before returning to Chennai, when suddenly, a car hits Imaan. Karthik, who was just ready to go home, comes back and saves Imaan. Shocked by that incident, Karthik does not believe that it was merely an accident and wants the truth from Naushad, who has been admitted to the hospital after having been injured in the accident. Karthik then learns about Eashwar, who was the man in the car, and his intentions. Eashwar has bought the same car that killed his family and seeks revenge for their death by killing Imaan in return. Karthik decides to take Imaan to a nearby place where he had stayed before, promising Naushad that he will protect and look after Imaan.

Subsequently, Karthik tries to befriend Imaan, who dislikes him and wants to stay with his father. When they later travel by car, Karthik and Eashwar encounter each other, and Eashwar threatens Karthik. A cat-and-mouse chase follows, where Eashwar wants to dispose of Karthik to get to Imaan and kill him. Syed sees Eashwar chasing Karthik and offers to help after hiring some local goons, who will kill both silently without mentioning Eashwar's and Syed's names. One night, after mixing snake venom in their knife, the goons reach Imaan's house, scratch Karthik's waist with that knife, and Karthik slightly faints due to the snake poison; however, he summons his strength, fights the goons back, and protects Imaan.

However, Eashwar finds the still-alive Karthik and Imman in the heart of the forest. A fight ensues, with Eashwar initially gaining the upper hand and beating Karthik, who becomes unconscious due to the snake venom and falls into a grave, which Eashwar then fills after to kill him, and hunts Imaan down in a derelict church. However, Karthik reemerges from the grave and attacks Eashwar, overpowering him and breaking his arm and leg, paralyzing him for life, albeit sparing him alive.

A now-paralyzed Eashwar is admitted to the hospital and treated for his condition. Karthik escorts Imaan and Naushad back to Chennai from Munnar and makes them stay with him in his new house, which he had constructed for Sandhya.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Karthik
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Dr. Sandhya
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Eashwar
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] as Naushad
* Rohan Shiva as Imaan, Naushad's son
* [[Five Star Krishna|Krishna]] as Krishna, Karthik's friend
* Wasim as Syed
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Naren
* Ravi Prakash as Sandhya's father
*[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Sandhya's mother
* Ramanathan as Naushad's friend
* Sachin as Sachin
* [[Anu Haasan]] as Geetha, Eashwar's wife (cameo role)
* [[Prathap Pothan]] as a psychiatrist (cameo role)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In June 2006, [[B Studios]] and [[Studio Green]] announced that they would co-produce the production of [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s ''Sarvam'', which would have [[Suriya]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/june-06-04/29-06-06-ajith.html |title=Tamil movies : Vishnuvardhan and Ajith – 'Not now', says Vishnu! |access-date=7 February 2018 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123439/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/june-06-04/29-06-06-ajith.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the film was supposedly dropped, though it was already started in October 2006 with a photo shoot for the film,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-04/03-10-06-surya.html|title=Surya's Sarvam kicks off with photo session|website=Behindwoods|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=7 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507093643/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-04/03-10-06-surya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the project was revived just one week later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/26513.html|title=Sarvam revived|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=22 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622040812/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/26513.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The restarted film was first to be produced by Surya's cousin, K. E. Gnanavelraja, who earlier produced the Surya-starring ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' and was producing the award-winning film ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'', starring Surya's brother, [[Karthik Sivakumar|Karthi]], at that time. However, he suddenly backed out of the project for unknown reasons and Vishnuvardhan, looking for another producer, approached [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|'Aascar' Ravichandran]] and the Malaysian RJ, [['Punnagai Poo' Gheetha]], who produced Vishnuvardhan's ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' and ''Pattiyal'' as well, and director [[Saran (director)|Saran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/26881.html|title=Sarvam to be produced by Saran?|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=30 April 2009|archive-date=20 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220201604/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/26881.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/nov-06-02/06-11-06-sarvam.html|title='Sarvam' on the hunt for producers|website=Behindwoods|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=4 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404133332/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/nov-06-02/06-11-06-sarvam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/mar-06-04/25-03-06-vishnuvardhan.html|title=Vishnuvardhan won't be there in Punnagai Poo Geetha's next venture|website=Behindwoods|access-date=30 April 2009|archive-date=27 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227033423/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/mar-06-04/25-03-06-vishnuvardhan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to produce the film, who all opted out. Later, Surya also opted out of the project, and after Vishnuvardhan tried to cast [[R. Madhavan]] in his film, which also failed for unknown reasons, the film was finally shelved in December 2006 and Vishnuvardhan instead started to film the remake of the 1980 [[Rajinikanth]]-starring ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'', titled ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' as well, starring [[Ajith Kumar]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/26294.html|title=Sarvam dropped|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=27 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227065647/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/26294.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2007, when Vishnuvardhan was still working on ''Billa'', it was reported, that he had not given up on ''Sarvam'' and wanted to restart the film once ''Billa'' is finished and released, with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|work=indiaglitz.com|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33278.html|title=Vishnu, Arya to team up next|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=4 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604154918/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33278.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=kollywoodtoday.com|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/sarvam-to-restart/|title=Sarvam to restart|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=7 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407035554/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/sarvam-to-restart/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=kollywoodtoday.com|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/aug-07-03/14-08-07-arya.html|title=After Billa Vishnuvardhan to start Sarvam?|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=30 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230185905/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/aug-07-03/14-08-07-arya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also rumored that composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] would produce the film,<ref>{{cite web|work=cinesouth.com|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/05112007-5.shtml|title='Sarvam' produced by Yuvan?|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=24 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224074509/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/05112007-5.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/yuvan-shankar-raja-production-061107.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708212929/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/yuvan-shankar-raja-production-061107.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|title=Yuvan foray into production|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=30 April 2009}}</ref> which turned out be wrong, with K. Karunamoorthy and C. Arunpandian taking over the project and producing it under the banner of [[Ayngaran International]]. Filming began in May 2008 with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] .

The film was first reported to be a remake of the 1986 Hollywood thriller ''[[The Hitcher (1986 film)|The Hitcher]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/is-sarvam-a-remake-of-hitcher/|title=Is Sarvam a remake of Hitcher|publisher=kollywoodtoday.com|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=3 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203041230/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/is-sarvam-a-remake-of-hitcher/|url-status=live}}</ref> and later to be a remake of another Hollywood film, the 2003 drama ''[[21 Grams]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fresh.cinesnacks.in/special-is-sarvam-remake-of-21-grams.html|title=Special : Is Sarvam remake of 21 Grams?|publisher=cinesnacks.com|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=27 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327110918/http://fresh.cinesnacks.in/special-is-sarvam-remake-of-21-grams.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Initially, when Vishnuvardhan started the project in September 2006, he had signed up Surya to play the lead role, pairing up with the [[Mumbai]] [[model (person)|model]] and former [[child actress]] [[Hansika Motwani]], who was to make her debut in the [[Tamil film industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/25521.html|title=Anshika opposite Suriya|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=30 April 2009|archive-date=4 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604154333/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/25521.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hansika Motwani was chosen after Vishnuvardhan had approached several actresses for that role, who ultimately refused to accept the offer for various reasons. First he tried to rope in Telugu actress [[Ileana D'Cruz|Ileana]], who reportedly demanded a remuneration of Rs 1 crore 75 lakhs, so she was dropped and [[Meera Chopra|Nila]] and [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]] were approached and the latter got the role, since Nila demanded too much as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/21092006-3.shtml|title=Change in heroine for Surya's film|website=Cinesouth|access-date=11 January 2009|archive-date=16 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216133353/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/21092006-3.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The project started and even a photo shooting featuring both the actors was held, before Surya had to opt out of the project, because he had earlier signed to star in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/26102006-5.shtml|title=Surya out of 'Sarvam'- beard problem!|website=Cinesouth|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929195634/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/26102006-5.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> By November 2006, [[R. Madhavan]] was announced as the hero of the film, before the film was finally shelved in December 2006.

In November 2007, after Vishnuvardhan had finished his ''Billa'', which was due to release, he restarted his shelved project ''Sarvam'' and started to scout his cast for the film again and reports say that again Surya was considered for the role, before supposedly [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] was confirmed for the leading role with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] playing the second lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-08-02/sarvam-08-04-08.html|title=Arjun not Surya – Vishnuvardhan's next hero|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429090457/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-08-02/sarvam-08-04-08.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Reports indicated that the script has been changed several times to suit the lead actors;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2008/04/08/will-vishnu-arya-and-yuvan-combo-work-this-time-too|title=Will Vishnu Arya Yuvan combo work this time too?|publisher=cinefundas.com|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429015210/http://www.cinefundas.com/2008/04/08/will-vishnu-arya-and-yuvan-combo-work-this-time-too|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan, however, confirmed that the script did not change, stating that there are similarities between Surya and Arya and the script suited both and therefore change was not necessary. ''Sarvam'' was Arya's first film after ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'', with which he was engaged for more than two years and for which he had grown a long, thick beard.<ref name="MISSING-Arya's beard">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39824.html|title=MISSING-Arya's beard|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=25 May 2009|archive-date=25 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225120425/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39824.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast to that, ''Sarvam'' features him as a romantic lover hero, whereby he had to remove the beard and, hence, the "Old Arya returned".<ref name="MISSING-Arya's beard" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-08-04/arya-26-04-08.html|title=Arya to lose his trademark!|website=Behindwoods|access-date=25 May 2009|archive-date=13 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313034420/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-08-04/arya-26-04-08.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Actually, Vishnuvardhan said, Arya's transition from ''Naan Kadavul'' to ''Sarvam'' was very difficult, since Naan Kadavul was a "lengthy process", where Arya had "forgotten the real in him".<ref name="Director Vishnuvardhan – Interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/vishnuvardhan-1.html|title=Director Vishnuvardhan – Interview|website=Behindwoods|access-date=25 May 2009|archive-date=13 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513201116/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/vishnuvardhan-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the third film in which Vishnuvardhan and Arya worked together after ''Arinthum Ariyamalum'' and ''Pattiyal'', with Arya stating that Vishnuvardhan knows him "in and out" and that he was able to bring out the "best and finer aspects" of him, knowing his strengths and weaknesses,<ref name="Actor Arya – Interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/actor/arya.html|title=Actor Arya – Interview|website=Behindwoods|access-date=25 May 2009|archive-date=27 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527070806/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/actor/arya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while Vishnuvardhan confessed that working with Arya was comfortable.<ref name="Director Vishnuvardhan – Interview" /> Arya later also mentioned that the role of Karthik was the best role he had ever played in his film career, since the character had "many shades" as romantic, serious and emotional and there was "so much of variation".<ref name="Actor Arya – Interview" />

Trisha eventually got the role of Sandhya after several actresses, including [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Meera Chopra|Nila]], and [[Ileana D'Cruz|Ileana]], were considered and opted out. This marked her first collaboration with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugu.nkut.com/trisha/trisha-pairs-with-arya-for-sarvam.html|title=Trisha pairs with Arya for Sarvam|publisher=telugu.nkut.com|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303195526/http://telugu.nkut.com/trisha/trisha-pairs-with-arya-for-sarvam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmysouth.com/admin/Tamil/News/202X140/TaNe_27012008_043016.htm|title=Trisha and Arya pair up for the first time|publisher=filmysouth.com|access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521182409/http://filmysouth.com/admin/Tamil/News/202X140/TaNe_27012008_043016.htm |archive-date=21 May 2008}}</ref> According to Vishnuvardhan, Trisha, though she is not a new entrant, looks "very fresh" in the film, which, he believes, is because of her co-star Arya.<ref name="Director Vishnuvardhan – Interview" /> Besides, she has an "interesting quality", which is her "innocent smile irrespective of her mischievousness", Vishnuvardhan states, which was "very essential" for the character and the reason for giving her the role.<ref name="Director Vishnuvardhan – Interview" />

The antagonist role was first offered to [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], who, fearing of his image, rejected the role, as later did "two leading actors" as well as Malayalam actor [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/upendra-in-sarvam/|title=Upendra in Sarvam|publisher=kollywoodtoday.com|access-date=11 January 2009|archive-date=20 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220062043/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/upendra-in-sarvam/|url-status=live}}</ref> Popular Hindi actor [[Nana Patekar]] was also considered for the role, who, however, rejected as well, after which the role went to [[Kannada]] actor [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], who did a negative role in the [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil film]] ''[[Sathyam (2008 film)|Sathyam]]'' at the same time. Eventually Vishnuvardhan roped in Telugu actor [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] for the same role, replacing Upendra. Through ''Sarvam'', Chakravarthy came back to the [[Tamil film industry]] nearly seven years after having starred in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s 2002 film ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''. He got the role of Eashwar, replacing [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], who again was signed after [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Mohanlal]], and [[Nana Patekar]] had refused the offer. Vishnuvardhan once mentioned that Chakravarthy has a "spaced out look about him" which was needed for his character in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article46566.ece|title=Sarvam looks better than Billa|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=30 April 2009|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080305/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article46566.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Apart from these three actors, Malayalam actor [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], brother of well-known actor [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], who acts in his second direct Tamil film after ''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' (2002); a [[child actor]], Rohan Shiva, playing the 8-year-old Imaan; and a [[Rottweiler]] dog play important roles in the film. Rohan Shiva was signed for the role of Imaan after 100–150 boys were tested for eight months. Vishnuvardhan finally chose Imaan, citing that "he is not handsome, but there is something very cute about him".<ref name="Director Vishnuvardhan – Interview" /> Wasim was introduced by Vishnuvardhan in this film, who he cites as "so natural" as the other actors as well that you "tend to forget that it is cinema".<ref name="Director Vishnuvardhan – Interview" />

For the technical crew, Vishnuvardhan roped in mostly "his usual members", who had worked with the director on his earlier projects, including [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] as the [[music director]], [[Nirav Shah]] as the [[cinematographer]], [[Sreekar Prasad]] as the [[film editor|editor]], [[Pa. Vijay]] as the [[lyricist]], Thiyagarajan as the [[stunt co-ordinator]] and Vishnuvardhan's wife, [[Anu Vardhan]], as the [[costume designer]]. For ''Sarvam'', [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] and Geetha joined Kalyan as the [[choreographer]] and Manu Jagadh replaced as Remiyan as the [[art director]].

=== Filming ===
Shooting for ''Sarvam'' was held for nearly nine months in various locations, including exotic places never before seen on film. It started in June 2008 after Vishnuvardhan returned from the [[Cannes Film Festival]], where his film ''Billa'' was screened, and after Arya had completed ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'', for which filming was held for nearly one and a half years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2008/05/14/aryas-sarvam-ready-to-roll|title=Arya's Sarvam ready to roll|publisher=cinefundas.com|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=29 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429015221/http://www.cinefundas.com/2008/05/14/aryas-sarvam-ready-to-roll|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The first half of the film was shot in and around [[Chennai]], while the second half was shot in [[Kerala]], mostly in deep forests,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/nach-baliye-6-top-4-jodis-revealed-kiku-priyanka-eliminated-130309.html|title=Sarvam – Preview|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804152508/https://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2014/nach-baliye-6-top-4-jodis-revealed-kiku-priyanka-eliminated-130309.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicplug.in/blog.php?blogid=8335|title=Sarvam's shooting in Deep Forests|publisher=musicplug.in|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=1 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201133635/http://www.musicplug.in/blog.php?blogid=8335|url-status=live}}</ref> hence, the first half would be very "colourful", while the mood in the second half completely changes, getting "rainy, misty and completely green and dark".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article46566.ece|title=Sarvam looks better than Billa|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080305/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article46566.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Before Vishnuvardhan left for Cannes, he had already shot a few scenes at [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai that did not involve Arya, who was still busy with ''Naan Kadavul''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38503.html|title=All set for 'Sarvam' to begin|website=IndiaGlitz|date=13 May 2008|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=16 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216210458/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38503.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Afterwards, shooting was held at various places in and around the city, including the "Gemini Parsn Apartment" near the [[Anna Flyover|Gemini flyover]], [[Elliot's beach|Elliot's Beach]] in [[Besant Nagar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/no-day-only-night-for-sarvam/|title=No day, only night for Sarvam|publisher=kollywoodtoday.com|date=7 August 2008|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=22 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522212618/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/no-day-only-night-for-sarvam/|url-status=live}}</ref> the flyover at [[Kathipara Junction]] and at the [[San Thome Basilica]] in [[Santhome]] in Chennai,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=111|title=Sarvam – Photo shoot today|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=11 October 2008|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150442/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=111|url-status=live}}</ref> where scenes for the first half of the film as well as some song sequences were filmed.

In August 2008, the crew shifted its base to [[Kerala]], where major parts of the second half were filmed. In [[Munnar]] a romantic duet between Arya and Trisha was shot for which grand sets had been erected by art director Manu Jagadh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=37|title=Sarvam team shifting bases to Munnar|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=13 August 2008|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150604/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=37|url-status=live}}</ref> The team then moved to the "Dhoni forest" in [[Palakkad district]] in Kerala, where several crucial scenes, including the [[climax (narrative)|climax]], were shot. For the climax scene, a 90-foot-tall [[dilapidated]] church was built and made to look 150 years old,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/18022009-1.shtml|title=Vishnuvardhan tells all about 'Sarvam'|website=Cinesouth|date=18 February 2009|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=1 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501214044/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/18022009-1.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=233|title=Sarvam Climax- An exclusive report from Ayngaran|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=25 November 2008|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150554/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=233|url-status=live}}</ref> while the remaining part of the climax was shot back in Chennai at Prasad Studio, where again a huge set was erected by Manu Jagadh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=364|title=Huge set erected for Sarvam Climax|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=10 January 2009|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=3 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503215522/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=364|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-09-02/arya-10-01-09.html|title=Arya's Palghat climax|website=Behindwoods|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315054353/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-09-02/arya-10-01-09.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other filming locations in Kerala include [[Cochin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=130|title=Cruise in Cochin with Aarya and Trisha|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=18 October 2008|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150453/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=130|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kannoor]] and [[Chalakudy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=170|title=Aarya in Kerala|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=4 November 2008|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150511/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=170|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2008, two people were killed in an accident at the shooting spot, which was located at an under-construction building near the [[Anna flyover|Gemini flyover]] in [[Chennai]]. A lift, which was installed to carry materials to the eighth floor of the building, where filming was to be held, collapsed suddenly, killing two technicians, who were working on the lift.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39507.html|title=Tragedy at 'Sarvam', 'Anthony Yaar' shooting|website=IndiaGlitz|date=23 June 2008|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108011355/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39507.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-04/sarvam-23-06-08.html|title=Accident kills two @ Sarvam shooting|website=Behindwoods|date=23 June 2008|access-date=1 May 2009|archive-date=27 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427000825/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-08-04/sarvam-23-06-08.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After actor J. D. Chakravarthy, too, was injured in a stunt sequence, it was reported that Vishnuvardhan had decided to change the film title,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/arya-trisha-sarvam-title-130908.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709172448/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/arya-trisha-sarvam-title-130908.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=Vishnuvardhan to change title|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=13 September 2008|access-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> but this did not happen.

The songs were filmed at several places around India, including in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Goa]], [[Kerala]] and [[Gujarat]]. A [[folk song]] ("Sutta Suriyana") was shot in a Chennai studio, choreographed by Dinesh and focusing on the lead couple, Arya and Trisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=15|title=Sarvam third schedule|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=16 July 2008|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150459/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=15|url-status=live}}</ref> Another song ("Neethane"), which was choreographed by Kalyan, was filmed on the new bridge at the [[Kathipara Junction]], [[Chennai]], and the [[Indian Air Force]] base at Cholavaram.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=23|title=Sarvam at kathipara junction|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=1 August 2008|access-date=29 April 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150552/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=23|url-status=live}}</ref> A fourth song ("Kaatrukulle"), focusing again on Arya and Trisha, was shot in late September and October at the beaches in [[Goa]] and a lake in [[Ladakh]] and was choreographed by Geetha, a student of the choreographer [[Farah Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=94|title=Sarvam team sails on a Romantic Voyage|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150753/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=94|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vishnuvardhan's 'Sarvam' on the go">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/42327.html|title=Vishnuvardhan's 'Sarvam' on the go|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=16 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016021253/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/42327.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first weeks of February, the last song, a romantic duet, choreographed by Dinesh, involving the lead couple once more ("Siragugal"), was shot at the [[Rann of Kutch]], a saline clay desert in [[Gujarat]], close to the [[Pakistan]] border,<ref name="Vishnuvardhan's 'Sarvam' on the go" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=438|title=Sarvvam final touch|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150624/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=438|url-status=live}}</ref> according to Vishnuvardhan, a location that was never before used or seen in a Tamil film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/20/stories/2009032050010100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325103558/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/20/stories/2009032050010100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2009|title=The wait is over|access-date=4 May 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 March 2009}}</ref>

With this song, the shooting was wrapped up in February 2009 and post-production works began.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=453|title=The end of shooting for Sarvam|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515150630/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=453|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Sarvam (soundtrack)}}

The album comprises five tracks, lyrics for which were written by Vishnuvardhan's "usual lyricist", [[Pa. Vijay]]. Out of the five tracks, two were sung by composer Yuvan Shankar Raja himself and one by his father [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. According to the director, two of the songs ("Neethane" and "Sutta Suriyana") were composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja even before Vishnuvardhan's previous venture, ''Billa'', had started, when ''Sarvam'' was first announced in October 2006, nearly two years earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-11/news-interviews/28048403_1_rann-film-kutch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023194736/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-11/news-interviews/28048403_1_rann-film-kutch|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=A smart move!|access-date=28 April 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 March 2009}}</ref> The song "Adada Vaa" was originally composed for the film ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', for which Yuvan Shankar Raja was first signed to score the music, but which he left in the midst, after he had a fall out with director [[Selvaraghavan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Selvaraghavan-talks-music/articleshow/4640077.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811032832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-11/news-interviews/28163032_1_songs-selva-music|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Selvaraghavan talks music|access-date=13 June 2009|first1=Sreedhar|last1=Pillai|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2009}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film's release had been postponed several times due to various reasons, before it was eventually released on 15 May 2009 worldwide by [[Ayngaran International]] Films along with [[Lawrence Raghavendra|Raghava Lawrence's]] ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'', another Ayngaran production,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurry, hit theatres before school begins|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/46959.html|access-date=15 May 2009|website=IndiaGlitz|archive-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516192155/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/46959.html|url-status=live}}</ref> following the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Indian election]], though it was reported that the film would not release until June 2009, following the [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009 IPL Cricket season]], which would end on 24 May 2009.<ref name="Sarvvam gets U’ certificate">{{cite web|title=Sarvvam gets 'U' certificate|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14882720|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425143853/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14882720|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2009|access-date=15 May 2009|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification|Indian censor board]] had certified the film on 21 April 2009, giving it a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] without any cuts. The film had an average gross in the box office but was praised by some critics. Nearly one year later, the film was dubbed to be released in Telugu under the same title and was also dubbed in Hindi as Wardaat – The Revenge.<ref name="Sarvvam gets U’ certificate" /><ref>{{cite web|title='Sarvam' faces the scissor, all set for a release|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/46469.html|access-date=15 May 2009|website=IndiaGlitz|archive-date=13 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613204724/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/46469.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sarvvam censored with clear 'U'|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=874|access-date=15 May 2009|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|archive-date=27 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527172124/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=874|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2009|title=After big flops, K'wood bets on low-budget films-Entertainment-Media/Entertainment -News By Industry-News-The Economic Times|work=The Times Of India|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Media-Entertainment-/Entertainment/After-big-flops-Kwood-bets-on-low-budget-films/articleshow/4865758.cms|access-date=15 October 2009|archive-date=7 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107060026/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Media-Entertainment-/Entertainment/After-big-flops-Kwood-bets-on-low-budget-films/articleshow/4865758.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
After a muted publicity campaign, [[Ayngaran International]] Films finally released a [[teaser poster]] in January 2009 that showed the five main characters, Karthik, Sandhya, Imaan, Naushad and Eashwar, on their website along with some other images.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=367|title=Sarvvam – First look|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152701/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=367|url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer of the film was screened during the [[Intermission|interval]] of the [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]-starring ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'', which was released during [[Thai Pongal|Pongal 2009]] on 12 January 2009 and was an ''Ayngaran International'' production as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-12/news-interviews/28024304_1_piggyback-film-villu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023220046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-12/news-interviews/28024304_1_piggyback-film-villu|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Sarvam to piggyback on Villu|access-date=12 May 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/first-look-on-sarvam-trailer-today/|title=First Look on Sarvam Trailer today|publisher=kollywoodtoday.com|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=17 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217144155/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/first-look-on-sarvam-trailer-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 January Ayngaran released the trailer exclusively on their website,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=394|title=Sarvvam trailer exclusive on Ayngaran|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152711/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=394|url-status=live}}</ref> after which the trailer was screened on various Tamil [[television channels]]. In February 2009, an official website was launched by Ayngaran International<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=461|title=Visit Sarvvam official website from now on|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=3 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503115624/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=461|url-status=live}}</ref> and later [[Sify]] launched a special site about the film on their respective website. Just before the Sarvam soundtrack was launched, Ayngaran released promotional audio clips of the songs of a duration of nearly four minutes overall,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=473|title=Sarvvam Audio Promo|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152740/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=473|url-status=live}}</ref> following which another one-minute [[teaser trailer]] that features video clippings of three of the songs ("Adada Vaa", "Siragugal" and "Sutta Suriyana") was released by Ayngaran one month after the audio launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=660|title=Strictly for music lovers –Sarvvam songs clippings|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=22 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522064359/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=660|url-status=live}}</ref> A few days before the film was released, the ''Galatta Cinema Magazine'' delivered a "Sarvam special edition", dedicating its [[Article (publishing)|cover story]] to ''Sarvam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=1013|title=Sarvvam special on Galatta cinema magazine|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|access-date=12 May 2009|archive-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516024828/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=1013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Upon release, ''Sarvam'' gained mixed reviews by critics, with the majority claiming that the film failed to live up to the expectations. Generally, the film was described as "stylish" and "visually attractive" and its (snail-paced) screenplay as the sore point. ''[[Sify]]'' labelled the film as a "visual treat", stating that the film is good in parts, has a "wafer thin storyline" and "banks heavily on style and gloss".<ref name="Movie review: Sarvvam">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14888033&ctid=5&cid=2429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517051255/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14888033&ctid=5&cid=2429|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 May 2009|title=Movie review: Sarvvam|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> Praise was addressed to director [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] for trying to make a "different film" and for reworking the "Kollywood commercial formula".<ref name="Movie review: Sarvvam" /> Technical aspects of the film were immensely lauded, especially [[Nirav Shah]]'s cinematography, which "works big-time for the film", as well as [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]'s music and background score, and Manu Jagadh's art work, while Thyagaran's "close combat action scenes" were cited as "spellbinding".<ref name="Movie review: Sarvvam" /> Overall, the film was described as a "decent thriller".<ref name="Movie review: Sarvvam" />

Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film an average review, stating that "the recipe is perfect but the dish isn’t wholly delicious" and that the film has "the ingredients of a potential hit except the most essential, a gripping screenplay".<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/29/stories/2009052950320200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601112931/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/05/29/stories/2009052950320200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 June 2009|title=Taking its own sweet time! -- Sarvam|access-date=1 June 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 May 2009}}</ref> Like ''Sify'', Rangarajan, too, praised the technicians, describing Nirav Shah's camera works as "excellent" and Yuvan Shankar Raja's melodies as "lilting" and the score as "foot-tapping", while the lead pair, consisting of [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], was cited as "attractive".<ref name="The Hindu" /> Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, citing ''Sarvam'' to be "lacklustre" and that "it does not stand up to the hype".<ref name="Sarvvam is lacklustre">{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/may/15/sarvvam-is-lacklustre.htm|title=Sarvvam is lacklustre|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=2 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602065043/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/may/15/sarvvam-is-lacklustre.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Srinivasan, the first half of the film is the "best part", criticizing the screenplay, which takes a "nosedive post the intermission", and claiming that the second half has "lacklustre performances" and "logicless scenes".<ref name="Sarvvam is lacklustre" /> She, too, praised the technical crew of the film, labelling Yuvan Shankar Raja's background score as "marvellous", which "just proves how good he can be", Nirav Shah's cinematography as "scintillating", the visuals as "astonishing" and Anu Vardhan's costumes as "excellent", while Manu Jagadh has done "wonders with his sets" and [[Sreekar Prasad]]'s editing "fits the bill".<ref name="Sarvvam is lacklustre" /> Overall, she states that the film is worth a watch for the "stunning visuals", "musical score" and "Trisha's sequence", who she says is "perhaps the only shining part of the movie itself".<ref name="Sarvvam is lacklustre" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.sarvvamthefilm.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vishnuvardhan (director)}}
{{Ayngaran International films}}

[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishnuvardhan (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about organ transplantation]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Churachand Singh

2026-03-25T19:42:07Z

हिन्दू: new basic biography from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Churachand Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| titletext =
| more =
| image = File:Sir Churachand Maharaj.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sir Churachand Singh
| succession =
| moretext =
| reign = 1892–1941 AD
| reign-type =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| investiture =
| predecessor = [[Kulachandra Singh]]
| pre-type =
| successor = [[Bodhchandra Singh]]
| suc-type =
| regent =
| reg-type =
| succession1 =
| moretext1 =
| reign1 =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = April 15, 1885 
| birth_place = [[Kangleipak]]
| death_date = November 6, 1941 
| death_place = [[Nabadwip]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Nabadwip]]
| queen =
| spouse = 
| spouse-type = 
| consort = Maharani Dhanamanjuri 
| issue = [[M. K. Binodini Devi]] [[Bodhchandra Singh]]
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-type =
| full name =
| temple name =
| native_lang1 = 
| native_lang1_name1 = 
| royal house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| father = Chowbi Yaima
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}

[[Maharaja]] Sir '''Churachand Singh''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CBE}}, also known as '''Churachandra''' or '''Chura Chand'''<ref name="IGI">{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_192.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 186. |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507160645/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_192.gif |url-status=live }}</ref> (15 April 1885 – 6 November 1941), was a ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] under the [[British Raj]]. He was a great-grandson of Raja [[Nara Singh]] who had ruled up to 1850 prior to Raja [[Chandrakirti Singh]]. Churachand Singh's investiture followed the quelling of the [[Manipur Rebellion of 1891]], when the entire ruling family was convicted. Churachand Singh enjoyed a long reign until 1941, but his power was nominal.

== Investiture ==
After quelling the [[Manipur Rebellion of 1891]], the British imprisoned Raja [[Kulachandra Singh]] and took full control of Manipur, but eventually decided to "regrant" it to the Manipuri as an "act of mercy".{{sfnp|Moyon, Insights of the Western Missionaries Legacy in Manipur|2021|pp=24–25}} Churachand Singh, who was the youngest son of Chowbi Yaima, in turn a grandson of Raja [[Nara Singh]], was selected to be the next Raja.{{sfnp|Moyon, Insights of the Western Missionaries Legacy in Manipur|2021|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley|1998|pp=36–37}} He succeeded to the throne on 18 September 1891,<ref>The India Office and Burma Office List, Harrison and sons, Limited, 1928 , p. 243</ref> and his investiture ceremony took place on 28 April 1892. Churachand Singh was seven years old at that time. During his minority, the British [[political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] to Manipur acted as the Superintendent and administered the state.{{sfnp|Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley|1998|pp=36–37}}

Singh was sent [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]] for education in 1895. He returned in 1901.{{sfnp|Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley|1998|pp=38–39}} The administration of the state was handed over to him in 1907.{{sfnp|Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley|1998|pp=38–39}}

== Rule ==
Churachand Singh ruled the state between 1907 and 1941, under British supervision exercised by the Lieutenant Governor of [[East Bengal and Assam]]. A Darbar was established with three Ordinary Members (who held government departments) and three Additional Members (as councillors).{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=49–50}}{{sfnp|Singh, History of the Christian Missions in Manipur|1991|p=9}} Initially, Churachand Singh served as the President of the Darbar, and a British-appointed [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer served as the vice-president.{{sfnp|Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley|1998|pp=38–39}} This arrangement was terminated in 1916, when the British officer became the President of the Darbar.{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=pp. 49–50: "He was just outwardly decorated to exercise veto to any Durbar resolution, but, if so, reasons thereof of his veto should be furnished to the Assam Governor. It was a clear indicative of decorated 'hollow crown'. In the next step, he was removed from the Durbar presidentship. The Governor of Assam, as an agent of the Crown, [had] the final say and his decision was binding on both the Durbar and the Maharaja."}}{{sfnp|Sinha, The Politics and Government of Manipur|1987|p=487}}{{sfnp|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985|p=146}}

Irrespective of the arrangement, the administration of the state was to be conducted according to the 'Rules for the Management of the State of Manipur', which were in force until 1947. The real executive power rested with the Political Agent.{{sfnp|Sanatomba, Interrogation into the political status of Manipur|2015|p=164}}{{sfnp|Singh, History of the Christian Missions in Manipur|1991|pp=9–10}}{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=113–114}}

Churachand Singh received the title of [[Maharaja]] in 1918 and was knighted as a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] in the [[1934 New Year Honours]], becoming Sir Churachandra Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html |title=Manipur Princely State - (11 gun salute) |access-date=25 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112924/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

In September 1941, after 50 year's reign, Singh announced his intention to abdicate as he was suffering from tuberculosis, but before this could be arranged, he died on 6 November 1941 in Nabadwip.<ref>Administration Report of Manipur State For The Year 1943-44, p.7</ref>

== Personal life ==
Churachand Singh had six wives. He had six daughters and five sons from them. In addition, one son was adopted by the Maharani.{{sfnp|Moyon, Insights of the Western Missionaries Legacy in Manipur|2021|pp=22–23}}

==See also==
*[[List of Manipuri kings]]
*[[Manipur (princely state)]]
*[[Churachand Singh Trophy]], football tournament named after him<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Sir Churachand Singh KCSI CBE Memorial Football Tournament|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.59th_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2015.History_of_Sir_Churachand_Singh_KCSI_CBE_Memorial_Football_Tournament|access-date=28 December 2021|website=www.e-pao.net|publisher=E-PAO|archive-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131064437/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.59th_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2015.History_of_Sir_Churachand_Singh_KCSI_CBE_Memorial_Football_Tournament}}</ref><ref name="ccdt">{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Churachand Singh Invitation Football Trophy|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024220913/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html|archive-date=24 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinlung|title=Seven Sisters Love Football: Churachand Singh Trophy: A Historic perspective|url=http://footballsisters.blogspot.com/2009/05/churachand-singh-trophy-historic.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Seven Sisters Love Football|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228034519/http://footballsisters.blogspot.com/2009/05/churachand-singh-trophy-historic.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite thesis |last=Ibochou Singh |first=Khwairakpam |title=British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 |publisher=Gauhati University |via=Shodhganga |degree=PhD |year=1985 |hdl=10603/66697 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66697 |ref={{sfnref|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lokendra |first=N. |title=The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1950) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FXEEd2muZoC |year=1998 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-696-5 |ref={{sfnref|Lokendra, The Unquiet Valley|1998}}}}
* {{citation |first=Rev. Dr. Koningthung Ngoru |last=Moyon |title=Insights of the Western Missionaries Legacy in Manipur |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YUoEAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Moyon, Insights of the Western Missionaries Legacy in Manipur|2021}}}}
* {{citation |first=Kangujam |last=Sanatomba |chapter=Interrogation into the political status of Manipur |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=159–180 |ref={{sfnref|Sanatomba, Interrogation into the political status of Manipur|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Karam Manimohan |title=History of the Christian Missions in Manipur and Neighbouring States |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1991 |isbn=81-7099-285-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000sing |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Singh, History of the Christian Missions in Manipur|1991}}}}
* {{citation |first=L. P. |last=Sinha |title=The Politics and Government of Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=1987 |volume=48 |number=4 |pages=487–493 |jstor=41855332 |ref={{sfnref|Sinha, The Politics and Government of Manipur|1987}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Sudhirkumar Singh |first=Haorongbam |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |via=Shodhganga |degree=PhD |year=2011 |hdl=10603/121665 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011}}}}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Kulachandra]]|
title=[[Monarch|King]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] |
years=1892–1941 |
after=[[Bodhchandra Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]

Ṅa

2026-03-25T12:55:38Z

हिन्दू:

{{for|the video game with characters that resemble this letter|Among Us{{!}}''Among Us''}}
{{short description|Letter "Ṅa" in Indic scripts}}
{{cleanup lang|date=April 2021}}
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|bengcp = 0999 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Nga.svg
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|ipa = ŋ |iast = nga |iscii = B7
}}

'''Ṅa''' is the fifth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, It is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|class=skin-invert-image|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|class=skin-invert-image|13px]].

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]].
The values of the different forms of ङ are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>
*ङ {{IPA|hi|ŋə|}} = 5 (५)
*ङि {{IPA|hi|ŋɪ|}} = 500 (५००)
*ङु {{IPA|hi|ŋʊ|}} = 50,000 (५० ०००)
*ङृ {{IPA|hi|ŋri|}} = 5,000,000 (५० ०० ०००)
*ङॢ {{IPA|hi|ŋlə|}} = 5{{e|8}} (५०८)
*ङे {{IPA|hi|ŋe|}} = 5{{e|10}} (५०१०)
*ङै {{IPA|hi|ŋɛː|}} = 5{{e|12}} (५०१२)
*ङो {{IPA|hi|ŋoː|}} = 5{{e|14}} (५०१४)
*ङौ {{IPA|hi|ŋɔː|}} = 5{{e|16}} (५०१६)

==Historic Nga==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Nga as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|13px|Nga]]. The Tocharian Nga [[Image:Tocharian letter nga.gif|18px|Nga]] did not have an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. Unlike the other early Brahmic scripts, Kharoṣṭhī did not have a letter Nga.

===Brahmi Nga===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]], Nga, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Nun (letter)|Nun]] [[File:Nun.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[N]] and Greek [[Nu (letter)]]. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Nga can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Nga historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi ng.svg|37px]] || No sample || [[Image:Gupta ashoka ng.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ng.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Nga===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter nga.gif|25px|Nga]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Nga with vowel marks
|-
! Nga !! Ngā !! Ngi !! Ngī !! Ngu !! Ngū !! Ngr !! Ngr̄ !! Nge !! Ngai !! Ngo !! Ngau !! Ngä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter nga.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nguu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter nge.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngo.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngä.gif|37px]]
|}

==Devanagari script==
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Ṅa''' ('''ङ''') is the fifth consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter ઙ and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘒.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, ङ is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|ŋə|}} or {{IPAblink|ŋ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent {{IPA|/ə/}} vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari ङ with vowel marks
|-
! Ṅa !! Ṅā !! Ṅi !! Ṅī !! Ṅu !! Ṅū !! Ṅr !! Ṅr̄ !! Ṅl !! Ṅl̄ !! Ṅe !! Ṅai !! Ṅo !! Ṅau !! Ṅ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ङ
|ङा
|ङि
|ङी
|ङु
|ङू
|ङृ
|ङॄ
|ङॢ
|ङॣ
|ङे
|ङै
|ङो
|ङौ
|ङ्
|}


===Conjuncts with ङ===
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṅa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with [[Virama]]. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular avoiding their use where texts in other languages would use them.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |accessdate=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of ङ====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RNga.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RNga.svg|125px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgRa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgYa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of ङ====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* भ্ (bʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BhNga.svg|100px]]
* ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BNga.svg|100px]]
* छ্ (cʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChNga.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CNga.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍʱŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhNga.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdNga.svg|100px]]
* ध্ (dʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dʱŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DhNga.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DNga.svg|100px]]
* घ্ (ɡʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ɡʱŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct GhNga.svg|100px]]
* झ্ (jʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JhNga.svg|100px]]
* ज্ (j) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JNga.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhNga.svg|100px]]
* क্ (k) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KNga.svg|100px]]
* ळ্ (ḷ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḷŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct LlNga.svg|100px]]
* म্ (m) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature mŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct MNga.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgBa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ŋbʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgBha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ŋca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgCa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ŋcʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgCha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ŋḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDda.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ŋḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDdha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ŋdʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgGa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgGha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ŋha:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgHa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ŋja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ŋjʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJNya.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKRa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKSsYa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋkta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKTa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ŋla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgLa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ŋḷa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgLla.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgMa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + न (na) gives the ligature ŋna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNga.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ŋṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNna.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNya.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgPa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ŋpʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgPha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ŋsa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSsa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ŋtʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ŋṭa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTta.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ŋṭʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTtha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + व (va) gives the ligature ŋva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgVa.svg|100px]]
* फ্ (pʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PhNga.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PNga.svg|100px]]
* Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RNgGa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṣŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsNga.svg|100px]]
* थ্ (tʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature tʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ThNga.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthNga.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtNga.svg|100px]]
* व্ (v) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature vŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct VNga.svg|100px]]
* य্ (y) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature yŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct YNga.svg|100px]]

==Bengali script==
The Bengali script ঙ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham ng.svg|13px]], and has no horizontal head line, and a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ङ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঙ will sometimes be transliterated as "ngo" instead of "nga". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ŋo/.
Like all Indic consonants, ঙ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali ঙ with vowel marks
|-
! nga !! ngā !! ngi !! ngī !! ngu !! ngū !! ngr !! ngr̄ !! nge !! ngai !! ngo !! ngau !! ng
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ঙ
|ঙা
|ঙি
|ঙী
|ঙু
|ঙূ
|ঙৃ
|ঙৄ
|ঙে
|ঙৈ
|ঙো
|ঙৌ
|ঙ্
|}

===ঙ in Bengali-using languages===
ঙ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with ঙ===
Bengali ঙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked and unstacked ligatures being common.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGga.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGgha.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGghra.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋɡʱya, with the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGghya.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGgya.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGka.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + খ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGkha.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGkta.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋkʃa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGksha.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋkya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGkya.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGma.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Ṅa==
[[File:Gujarati letter Nga.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Ṅa.]]
'''Ṅa''' ('''ઙ''') is the fifth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Ṅa [[Image:Devanagari ng.svg|13px|Nga]] with the top bar (shirorekha) removed, and ultimately from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઙ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ŋə|}} or {{IPAblink|ŋ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Ṅa !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Ṅi !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅu !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅr !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅl !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅe !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅai !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅo !! style="width:6%;"| Ṅau !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅ
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Nga Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Ṅa syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ઙ===
Gujarati ઙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṅa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṅa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RNga.svg|100px]]
* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NgRa.svg|100px]]
* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) gives the ligature ṄKa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NgKa.svg|100px]]
* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NgKSsa.svg|100px]]

== Gurmukhi script ==
'''Ṅaṅā ''' {{IPA|pa|ŋɑŋːɑ̃|}} ('''ਙ''') is the tenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [ŋɑŋːɑ̃] and is pronounced as /ŋ/ when used in words. It is derived from the [[Laṇḍā]] letter ''ṅa'', and ultimately from the Brahmi ''ṅa''. Gurmukhi ṅaṅā does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /ŋ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant. Ṅaṅā is rarely used. It cannot begin a syllable or be placed between two consonants, and occurs most often as an allophone of /n/ before specific consonant phonemes.

==Burmese script==
'''Nga'''('''င''') is the fifth letter of the [[Burmese script]].

== Thai script ==
'''Ngo ngu''' ('''ง''') is the seventh letter of the [[Thai script]]. It falls under the low class of Thai consonants. In [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], ''ngo ngu'' is pronounced as [ŋ] at the beginning of a syllable and at the end of a syllable. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the [[Thai alphabet#Pinthu|pinthu]]''—''an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ''ngu'' (งู) means ‘snake’. ''Ngo ngu'' corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ङ’.

==Javanese script==
{{main|Nga (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ṅa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Nga.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Ṅa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Nga.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ṅa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ṅa.
}}
'''Ṅa''' ('''ఙ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಙ'''. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఙ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Ṅa==
[[File:Malayalam letter Nga.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Ṅa]]
'''Ṅa''' ('''ങ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Nga.svg|x15px|Ṅa]] ''Nga''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Nga matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Nga matras: Nga, Ngā, Ngi, Ngī, Ngu, Ngū, Ngr̥, Ngr̥̄, Ngl̥, Ngl̥̄, Nge, Ngē, Ngai, Ngo, Ngō, Ngau, and Ng.]]

===Conjuncts of ങ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ങ് (ŋ) + ക (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NgKa.svg]]
* ങ് (ŋ) + ങ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NgNga.svg]]

==Odia Ṅa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Nga.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ṅa
| image2 = Odia subjoined Nga.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ṅa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṅa.
}}
'''Ṅa''' ('''ଙ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ng.svg|x15px|Ṅa]] ''Nga''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Nga with vowel matras
|-
! Ṅa !! Ṅā !! Ṅi !! Ṅī !! Ṅu !! Ṅū !! Ṅr̥ !! Ṅr̥̄ !! Ṅl̥ !! Ṅl̥̄ !! Ṅe !! Ṅai !! Ṅo !! Ṅau !! Ṅ
|-
| {{big|ଙ}} || {{big|ଙା}} || {{big|ଙି}} || {{big|ଙୀ}} || {{big|ଙୁ}} || {{big|ଙୂ}} || {{big|ଙୃ}} || {{big|ଙୄ}} || {{big|ଙୢ}} || {{big|ଙୣ}} || {{big|ଙେ}} || {{big|ଙୈ}} || {{big|ଙୋ}} || {{big|ଙୌ}} || {{big|ଙ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ଙ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + କ (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgKa.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଖ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgKha.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgGa.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgGha.svg]]
* ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:
[[File:Odia conjunct RNga.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgRa.svg]]

==Kaithi Ṅa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Nga.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ṅa
| footer = Kaithi consonant Ṅa.
}}

'''Ṅa''' ('''𑂑''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ng.svg|x15px|Ṅa]] ''Nga''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Nga with vowel matras
|-
! Nga !! Ngā !! Ngi !! Ngī !! Ngu !! Ngū !! Nge !! Ngai !! Ngo !! Ngau !! Ng
|-
| {{big|𑂑}} || {{big|𑂑𑂰}} || {{big|𑂑𑂱}} || {{big|𑂑𑂲}} || {{big|𑂑𑂳}} || {{big|𑂑𑂴}} || {{big|𑂑𑂵}} || {{big|𑂑𑂶}} || {{big|𑂑𑂷}} || {{big|𑂑𑂸}} || {{big|𑂑𑂹}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑂑 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂑 (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RNga.svg|100px]]

==Tirhuta Ṅa==
[[File:TIRHUTA LETTER NGA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Ṅa]]

'''Ṅa''' ('''𑒓''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ng.svg|x15px|Ṅa]] ''Nga''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Tirhuta Ṅa with vowel matras
|-
! Ṅa !! Ṅā !! Ṅi !! Ṅī !! Ṅu !! Ṅū !! Ṅṛ !! Ṅṝ !! Ṅḷ !! Ṅḹ !! Ṅē !! Ṅe !! Ṅai !! Ṅō !! Ṅo !! Ṅau !! Ṅ
|-
| {{big|𑒓}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒰}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒱}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒲}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒳}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒴}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒵}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒶}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒷}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒸}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒹}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒺}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒻}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒼}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒽}}
| {{big|𑒓𑒾}}
| {{big|𑒓𑓂}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑒓 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NgGa.svg]]
* 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒒 (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NgGha.svg]]
* 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒏 (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NgKa.svg]]
* 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒐 (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NgKha.svg]]
* 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NgRa.svg]]
* 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature ŋva:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NgVa.svg]]
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒓 (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct RNga.svg]]
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒓 (ŋa) gives the ligature tŋa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct TNga.svg]]


==Comparison of Ṅa==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṅa, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ṅa
|devacp = 0919 |devaimg = Devanagari ng.svg
|bengcp = 0999 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Nga.svg
|tamlcp = 0B99 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ஙங.svg
|telucp = 0C19
|oryacp = 0B19
|kndacp = 0C99
|mlymcp = 0D19
|gujrcp = 0A99
|gurucp = 0A19

|brahcp = 11017 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ng.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ng.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ng.svg
|siddcp = 11592 |siddimg = Siddham ng.svg
|grancp = 11319
|tibtcp = 0F44 |tibtimg = Tibetan Nga.svg
|phagcp = A843
|zanbcp = 11A0F
|newacp = 11412
|bhkscp = 11C12
|shrdcp = 11195
|mymrcp = 1004
|lanacp = 1A26
|talucp = 1987
|talu2cp = 1984
|khmrcp = 1784
|laoocp = 0E87
|thaicp = 0E07
|tavtcp = AA89
|tavt2cp = AA88
|sinhcp = 0D9E
|kalicp = A90D
|cakmcp = 1110B
|talecp = 1952
|ahomcp = 11702
|diakcp = 11910
|saurcp = A896
|chamcp = AA0B
|modicp = 11612
|nandcp = 119B2
|soyocp = 11A60
|gongcp = 11D84
|kthiimg = Kaithi Nga.svg | kthicp = 11091
|tirhcp = 11493
|lepccp = 1C05
|limbcp = 1905
|mteicp = ABE1
|marccp = 11C75
|takrcp = 1168E
|dogrcp = 1180E
|khojcp = 1120D
|sindcp = 112BF
|balicp = 1B17
|batkcp = 1BDD
|bugicp = 1A02
|javacp = A994
|makacp = 11EE2
|rjngcp = A932
|sundcp = 1B8D
|tglgcp = 1705
|tagbcp = 1765
|buhdcp = 1745
|hanocp = 1725
|gonmcp = 11D10
|tochimg = Tocharian letter nga.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi nga.svg
| armiimg = Nun.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Nga.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana ng.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ṅa==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ṅa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṅa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ṅa
|devacp = 0919 |devaimg = Devanagari ng.svg
|bengcp = 0999 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Nga.svg
|tamlcp = 0B99 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ஙங.svg
|telucp = 0D9E
|oryacp = 0B19
|kndacp = 0C19
|mlymcp = 0D19
|gujrcp = 0A99
|gurucp = 0A19
|iscii = B7

|brahcp = 11017 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ng.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ng.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ng.svg
|siddcp = 11592 |siddimg = Siddham ng.svg
|grancp = 11319
|tibtcp = 0F44 |tibtimg = Tibetan Nga.svg
|tibtaltcp = 0F94
|phagcp = A843
|zanbcp = 11A0F
|newacp = 11412
|bhkscp = 11C12
|shrdcp = 11195
|burmese notes = See further [[#charmap bottom|below]] for Burmese and Tai Tham codepoints.

|talucp = 1987
|talu2cp = 1984
|talu3cp = 19C2
|khmrcp = 1784
|laoocp = 0E87
|thaicp = 0E07
|tavtcp = AA89
|tavt2cp = AA88
|sinhcp = 0C99
|kalicp = A90D
|cakmcp = 1110B
|talecp = 1952
|ahomcp = 11702
|diakcp = 11910
|saurcp = A896
|chamcp = AA0B
|modicp = 11612
|nandcp = 119B2
|soyocp = 11A60
|gongcp = 11D84
|kthiimg = Kaithi Nga.svg | kthicp = 11091
|tirhcp = 11493
|lepccp = 1C05
|limbcp = 1905
|mteicp = ABE1
|marccp = 11C75
|takrcp = 1168E
|dogrcp = 1180E
|khojcp = 1120D
|sindcp = 112BF
|balicp = 1B17
|batkcp = 1BDD
|bugicp = 1A02
|javacp = A994
|makacp = 11EE2
|rjngcp = A932
|sundcp = 1B8D
|tglgcp = 1705
|tagbcp = 1765
|buhdcp = 1745
|hanocp = 1725
|gonmcp = 11D10
}}

{{charmap
| 1 = 1004 
| image1dead =
| name1 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1004}}
| 2 = 1004 103A 1039 
| image2dead =
| name2 = <nowiki>Myanmar superscript NGA</nowiki>
| 3 = 1A26 
| image3dead =
| name3 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A26}}
| 4 = 1A59 
| image4dead =
| name4 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A59}}
| 5 = 1A58 
| image5dead =
| name5 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A58}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Kurt Elfering: ''Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar''. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, {{ISBN|3-7705-1326-6}}
* Georges Ifrah: ''The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer''. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, {{ISBN|0-471-39340-1}}.
* B. L. van der Waerden: ''Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik''. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, {{ISBN|3-7643-0399-9}}
* {{Cite journal
| issn = 0035-869X
| pages = 109–126
| last = Fleet
| first = J. F.
| title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers
| journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
| date = January 1911
| volume = 43
| doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995
| jstor = 25189823
}}
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995| jstor = 25189823 | pages = 109–126 | volume = 43 | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1911| last1 = Fleet | first1 = J. F.}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

[[Category:Indic letters]]

Maryam Nawaz

2026-03-24T05:59:18Z

हिन्दू: minor cleanup page after review additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Chief Minister of Punjab (born 1973)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Pakistani name|Maryam|Nawaz Sharif}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Maryam Nawaz Sharif
| native_name = {{nobold|{{nq|مریم نواز}}}}
| image = Maryam Nawaz Sharif.jpg
| caption = Sharif in 2019
| office = 19th [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| term_start = 26 February 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Mohsin Naqvi]]
| successor =
| governor = [[Baligh Ur Rehman]] [[Sardar Saleem Haider Khan]]
| office1 = [[List of members of the 18th Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start1 = 23 February 2024
| term end1 =
| constituency1 = [[PP-159 Lahore-XV]]
| office2 = [[Vice President]] of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]
| term_start2 = 3 January 2023
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]]
| office3 = [[Chairperson]] of the [[Prime Minister's Youth Programme]]
| term_start3 = 22 November 2013
| term_end3 = 13 November 2014
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 = [[Leila Khan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|10|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] (since 2007)
| alma_mater = [[University of the Punjab]]
| children = 3
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Muhammad Safdar Awan]]|1992}}
| relatives = [[Sharif family]]
| parents = [[Nawaz Sharif]] (father) [[Kalsoom Nawaz]] (mother)
| signature = Maryam Nawaz Signature.png
| predecessor1 = [[Murad Raas]]
| majority1 = 2,106 (3.45%)
}}

'''Maryam Nawaz Sharif'''{{Efn|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]/{{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|مریم نواز شریف}}}}}} (born 28 October 1973) is a Pakistani politician who has served as the 19th [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|chief minister of Punjab]] since 26 February 2024. She is the first woman to hold the position of [[Chief minister (Pakistan)|chief minister]] in Pakistan.

Born to former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] in [[Lahore|Lahore, Punjab]] in 1973, she began her political career in 2012 when she took charge of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]]'s election campaign for the [[2013 Pakistani general election]]. Following the election, she was appointed the [[chairperson]] of the [[Prime Minister's Youth Programme]] in 2013. In 2014, she resigned from the position after her appointment was challenged in the [[Lahore High Court]]. After her election to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] in the [[2024 Pakistani general election]], Maryam was appointed chief minister of Punjab.

She is a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Provincial Assembly of Punjab]], elected from [[Lahore]] since February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Assembly {{!}} Members - Members' Directory |url=https://www.pap.gov.pk/members/profile/en/22/1675 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.pap.gov.pk |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716084525/https://pap.gov.pk/members/profile/en/22/1675 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Maryam Nawaz wins PP-159 election |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/maryam-nawaz-wins-pp-159-election/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Maryam Nawaz Sharif was born on 28 October 1973 in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]], to [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Kulsoom Nawaz Sharif|Kulsoom Butt]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Scions of Sharif, Bhutto dynasties debuting in electoral politics |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/327369-scions-of-sharif-bhutto-dynasties-debuting-in-electoral-politics |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dawn/19jan2018">{{cite news|last1=Malik|first1=Arif|title=Maryam Nawaz to take part in 2018 General Election: sources|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1383943/maryam-nawaz-to-take-part-in-2018-general-election-sources|access-date=19 January 2018|work=DAWN.COM|date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="dawn/11march2018">{{cite news |last1=Rehman |first1=Asha’ar |title=The rise and rise of Maryam Nawaz |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394406 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=11 March 2018}}</ref> She is of [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi Kashmiri]] descent and is the eldest of four siblings, including her sister Asma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hUBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA244 |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |date=2011-04-12 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-61039-021-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thenews/5jul17">{{cite news |title=Maryam not the first noted Pakistani woman to face darker side of politics |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/214512-Maryam-not-the-first-noted-Pakistani-woman-to-face-darker-side-of-politics |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |date=5 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

She received her early education at the [[Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore]], completing pre-nursery through the 10th grade.<ref name="nytimes/27oct2017">{{cite news|last1=Zahra-Malik|first1=Mehreen|title=In Pakistani Fray, Maryam Sharif Is on the Edge of Power, or Prison|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/world/asia/maryam-sharif-pakistan.html|access-date=28 October 2017|work=The New York Times|date=27 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia/15dec2013">{{cite news|title=Maryam Nawaz Sharif: Rising star on Pakistan's political firmament |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-maryam-nawaz-sharif-rising-star-on-pakistan-s-political-firmament-1935513|access-date=21 April 2017|work=DNA India|date=15 December 2013}}</ref> She then completed her [[Education in Pakistan#Secondary education|FSc]] at [[Lahore College for Women University|Lahore College for Women]], graduating in 1991.<ref name="thenews/25feb24" />

After being rejected by [[Kinnaird College]] due to academic performance,{{Disputed inline|reason=Reliable sourcing needed|date=June 2024}} her father, Nawaz Sharif, then-[[chief minister of Punjab, Pakistan|chief minister of Punjab]], intervened by suspending the principal. However, a strike organized by college students and staff led to the principal's reinstatement.<ref name="arabnews/21feb24">{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz Sharif to make history as Pakistan's first female chief minister |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2464061/amp |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=Arab News |date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Maryam subsequently enrolled in [[King Edward Medical College]] (KEMC) in the late 1980s through transfer of certificate with the intention of becoming a [[medical doctor]].<ref name="dawn/11march2018" /><ref name="dawn/6jul18">{{cite news |last1=Rehman |first1=Asha’ar |title=Maryam's journey into the spotlight |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1418349 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=6 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Maryam later enrolled at [[Fatima Jinnah Medical College]] in Lahore, but did not complete her medical education, leaving her studies in 1992 after her marriage to Capt. Safdar Awan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1160736-peoples-choice |title=People's Choice |work=The News |date=12 June 2024}}</ref> She married Safdar Awan at the age of 19.<ref name="tribune/17jan2017">{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1297701/pm-seeks-immunity-article-248-panamagate-case/ |title=Not dependent on PM since 1992, Maryam tells SC |work=The Express Tribune |date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Maryam has three children with Safdar: a son, Junaid, and two daughters, Mahnoor and Mehr-un-Nisa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elections were stolen in favour of PTI, says Nawaz |url=https://nation.com.pk/27-Jul-2018/elections-were-stolen-in-favour-of-pti-says-nawaz |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=The Nation |date=27 July 2018}}</ref>

Maryam completed her undergraduate studies at the [[University of the Punjab]], where she earned a [[master's degree]] in [[English literature]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/201325-education-backgrounds-and-professions-of-politicians-revealed |title=Educational backgrounds... |work=GEO TV |date=30 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="thenews/25feb24" /><ref name="nytimes/27oct2017"/> In 2012, it was reported that she was doing her PhD degree on post-9/11 radicalization in Pakistan and was described as being fond of [[Postcolonial literature|postcolonial writers]] such as [[Chinua Achebe]] and [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]].<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012">{{cite news|title=The Rebirth of Maryam Nawaz Sharif|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/the-rebirth-of-maryam-nawaz-sharif/|access-date=21 April 2017|work=Newsweek Pakistan|date=23 March 2012|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409111905/https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/the-rebirth-of-maryam-nawaz-sharif/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Lahore High Court]] questioned the validity of her [[master's degree]] in English literature and her PhD in [[political science]], raising doubts about whether her PhD was earned or honorary.<ref name="dawn/12nov2014">{{cite news|last1=Sheikh|first1=Wajih Ahmad|title=LHC asks govt to remove Maryam from loan scheme|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1143921|access-date=21 April 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=12 November 2014|language=en}}</ref><ref name="dawn/13nov14">{{cite news |last1=Ghumman |first1=Khawar |title=Maryam Nawaz resigns as head of youth loan programme |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1144186 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 November 2014 |language=en|quote=The daughter of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif took the decision on Wednesday following a Lahore High Court order which asked the federal government to replace her and devise a transparent mechanism for fresh appointment by Friday.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam to 'voluntarily' resign from PM loan scheme |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1144010 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 November 2014 |language=en}}</ref> By 2018, when submitting records to the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]], Maryam declared only her master's degree in English literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Educational backgrounds and professions of politicians revealed |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/201325-education-backgrounds-and-professions-of-politicians-revealed |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=Geo Nwes |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
=== Early political career ===
Maryam was detained for the first time on 12 October 1999, following the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état]] led by Gen [[Pervez Musharraf]], which ousted her father, then Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]]. Arrested by female members of the Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police, she along with her mother [[Kulsoom Nawaz]] and other female members of the Sharif family was promptly transferred to her residence where they were placed under house arrest, in contrast to her father, who was taken to [[Adiala Jail]]. In November 1999, she, along with other female members of the Sharif family, was granted release on "humanitarian grounds" at the request of a Arab ruler.<ref name="thenews/5jul17" /> Maryam's first notable appearance was in a BBC interview, where she recounted her father's imprisonment by General [[Pervez Musharraf]] and appealed for public support for her father Nawaz.<ref name="theprint/1mar24">{{cite news |last1=Inayat |first1=Naila |title=Maryam Nawaz's journey to 'Takht-e-Lahore' no small feat. She will restore PML-N's lost glory |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/letter-from-pakistan/maryam-nawazs-journey-to-takht-e-lahore-no-small-feat-she-will-restore-pml-ns-lost-glory/1984585/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=ThePrint |date=1 March 2024}}</ref> She and her mother gained prominence during this period. After being released from a four-month house arrest, she found herself shuttling between prisons, as she listened to the charges of corruption, terrorism, and tax evasion against her father. Later, she, along with 22 members of the Sharif family, was sent into exile in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Blessed to be standing beside my father: Maryam Nawaz |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1756377/1-blessed-standing-beside-father-maryam/ |access-date=14 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=12 July 2018}}</ref> During her long exile, she prioritized her role in raising her children during<ref name="thenews/25feb24">{{cite news |title=People's choice |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1160736-peoples-choice |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |date=25 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and also became fluent in [[Arabic]].<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012" />

Prior to entering politics, she remained involved in the family's philanthropic organisation<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012" /><ref name="tribune/22march2017">{{cite news|title=Maryam Nawaz makes it to BBC's '100 Women' list of political scions |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1362791/maryam-nawaz-makes-bbcs-100-women-list-political-scions/|access-date=22 April 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=22 March 2017}}</ref> and served as the chairperson of Sharif Trust, Sharif Medical City, and Sharif Education Institutes<ref name="tribune/22nov2013">{{cite news|title=Maryam Nawaz appointed chairperson of PM's Youth Programme |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/635497/maryam-nawaz-appointed-chairperson-of-pms-youth-programme/|access-date=21 April 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=22 November 2013}}</ref> since 1997.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam to head PM's Youth Programme |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Nov-2013/maryam-to-head-pm-s-youth-programme |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=The Nation |date=23 November 2013}}</ref> All of these were established by her grandfather, [[Muhammad Sharif]].<ref name="thenews/29dec13">{{cite news |title=Newsmakers 2013 |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/554438-newsmakers-2013 |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |date=29 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2011, [[Nawaz Sharif]] granted her permission to enter politics after she expressed her intention to do so. In 2012, Maryam collaborated with PML-N leaders to prepare the Punjab Women Empowerment Package, initiated by her uncle [[Shehbaz Sharif]], then chief minister of Punjab, in addition to playing a role in the implementation of the women-only Pink Bus scheme in Punjab during the same year. Reportedly, Maryam also contributed to various initiatives aimed at women's welfare in Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enter: Maryam Nawaz |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/11/20/enter-maryam-nawaz/ |access-date=14 September 2018 |work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> During her political debut, she began visiting educational institutes to give speeches on education and women's rights.<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012"/>

She largely remained out of the spotlight till 2013 when she was put in charge of Nawaz Sharif's successful election campaign during the [[2013 Pakistani general election]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rehman|first1=Asha'ar|title=Daughter's day|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1303937|access-date=22 April 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=23 December 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> where she reportedly played a prominent role.<ref name="tribune/22march2017"/><ref name="bbc/21march2017">{{cite news|last1=Perasso|first1=Valeria|title=100 Women: Presidential daughters around the world|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38654766|access-date=22 April 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 March 2017}}</ref> She was credited for her efforts in galvanizing public sentiment through social media prior to and after the 2013 election.<ref name="thenews/25feb24" /> At one point during the 2013 election campaign, she was considered a potential candidate for the chief minister of Punjab, although she ultimately did not run in the general election.<ref name="thenews/29dec13" /> Maryam was positioned by the PML-N as a counterbalance to the youth following enjoyed by PTI's Imran Khan.<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> At one point, she was seen distributing laptops to students on behalf of the Punjab government, despite holding no public office either in the Punjab or in the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam distributes laptops |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/27-Mar-2012/maryam-distributes-laptops |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=The Nation |date=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="dawn/26feb24">{{cite news |title=Can CM Maryam Nawaz finally evolve from 'Nawaz ki beti' to 'Qoum ki beti'? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1817259/can-cm-maryam-nawaz-finally-evolve-from-nawaz-ki-beti-to-qoum-ki-beti |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2013–2014: Chairperson of the Prime Minister's Youth Programme===
After her father assumed power and became prime minister, she was appointed the chairperson of the Prime Minister's Youth Programme on 22 November 2013.<ref name="tribune/22nov2013"/> However, her appointment was called into question by the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI) which termed the appointment a case of nepotism and moved the [[Lahore High Court]] in October 2014. The PTI also accused her of misusing government funds for her own image-building. Questions were also raised regarding her academic credentials, including her degrees in M.A. (English Literature) and Ph.D. in Political Science.<ref name="dawn/13nov14" /> The Attorney General, representing Maryam, presented information from her Bharatpedia biography page to prove her academic credentials.<ref>{{cite news |title=The curious case of Maryam Nawaz |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116155/the-curious-case-of-maryam-nawaz/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=Daily Times |date=20 September 2017}}</ref> On 12 November 2014, the Lahore High Court ordered the federal government to remove her.<ref name="dawn/12nov2014" /> The next day, Maryam resigned from the chairpersonship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/790392/pm-youth-loan-programme-facing-court-challenges-maryam-calls-it-quits/|title=PM Youth Loan Programme: Facing court challenges, Maryam calls it quits – The Express Tribune|date=2014-11-13|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref name="dawn/13nov14" />

=== Initial controversies and challenges ===
Afterwards, Maryam established a Strategic Media Communications Cell within the Prime Minister’s Office<ref name="theprint/1mar24" /> and also assumed control of PML-N social media to address the challenges posed by PTI.<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> In 2016, she garnered significant media attention when the then Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, underwent open-heart surgery in the UK. Rather than accompanying her father to the UK, Maryam remained in Prime Minister House and assumed responsibility for media management. She provided updates on her father's medical condition to the press through her Twitter account. However her permanent residence in the Prime Minister House as a "dependent" of the prime minister also raised questions. Additionally, her alleged involvement with the strategic media cell had been a subject of media discourse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghumman |first1=Khawar |title=Parliament Watch: 'First daughter' leads nation's prayers, govt affairs in PM's absence |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1262466/parliament-watch-first-daughter-leads-nations-prayers-govt-affairs-in-pms-absence |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=3 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dawn/26feb24" /> During Nawaz Sharif's absence from the country, she was proved to be an effective leader of PML-N.<ref name="thenews/25feb24" />

In 2017, she faced accusations of supporting blasphemous content after a group of dissenting bloggers was abducted by Pakistani intelligence agencies. After release of bloggers, they disclosed that they had resisted giving a forced confession. The confession they were pressured to make implicated Maryam in allegedly operating a blasphemous Facebook page called ‘Bhensa’ under the direction of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW).<ref name="theprint/1mar24" />

She became involved in electoral politics in 2017 following her father Nawaz Sharif's disqualification from holding the prime ministership and his conviction by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] in connection with the [[Panama Papers case]]. Maryam campaigned for her mother, Kulsoom Nawaz, during the by-elections in Constituency [[Constituency NA-120|NA-120 (Lahore-III)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NA-120 by-polls: Kulsoom Nawaz victorious according to unofficial results |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1358275/na-120-by-polls-kulsoom-nawaz-victorious-according-to-unofficial-results |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=17 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dawn/19jan2018"/> Although her mother won the seat, the victory margin notably decreased.<ref name="dawn/26feb24" /> There was significant discussion surrounding Maryam's role in the election campaign. Many observers interpreted her involvement in the campaign as a significant step in her formal entry into the succession and party leadership race.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Zahid |title=The Maryam factor |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1358843/the-maryam-factor |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=20 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> After Nawaz Sharif's removal, Maryam was regarded as the party's anti-establishment figurehead.<ref name="dawn/26feb24" />

=== Trial and conviction ===
Reportedly, the [[Judiciary of Pakistan]] also played a crucial role in attempting to sideline her from Pakistani politics and a systematic propaganda campaign was orchestrated by an officer of the ISI and over ten thousand paid interns of an organization tasked with conducting a social media campaign against Nawaz Sharif and Maryam Nawaz Sharif.<ref name="thefridaytimes/7may23" /> In June 2018, when she was allocated a PML-N ticket to contest the 2018 general election from Constituency [[NA-127 (Lahore-V)]] and Constituency [[PP-173 Lahore-XXX]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz allotted 'pencil' symbol in NA-125 as independent candidate |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/maryam-nawaz-allotted-pencil-symbol-in-na-125-as-independent-candidate/ |access-date=6 July 2018 |work=Daily Pakistan Global |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706164037/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/maryam-nawaz-allotted-pencil-symbol-in-na-125-as-independent-candidate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> she was sentenced to 7 years in jail on corruption charges in the Avenfield case filed by the [[National Accountability Bureau]] (NAB), while her father Nawaz Sharif received a 10-year sentence in a 9-month-long trial. She received a 7-year sentence for abetment after being found "instrumental in concealing her father's properties," which also included 1 year for non-cooperation with the NAB. According to the verdict, she "aided, assisted, abetted, attempted and acted in conspiracy with her father".<ref name="dawn/6july2018">{{cite news |title=Avenfield verdict: Nawaz to serve 10 years in jail for owning assets beyond income, Maryam 7 for abetment |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1418326/avenfield-reference-verdict-announced |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=6 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

As a result, she was disqualified from politics for 10 years following which PML-N nominated [[Ali Pervaiz Malik]] and Irfan Shafi Khokhar to contest the 2018 elections in Constituencies NA-127 (Lahore-V) and PP-173 Lahore-XXX, respectively.<ref name="dawn/7july2018">{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Arif |title=Nawaz, Maryam will return to Pakistan within 10 days to appeal against court verdict |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1418559/nawaz-maryam-will-return-to-pakistan-within-10-days-to-appeal-against-court-verdict |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="nation/6july2018">{{cite news |title=AC announces 10 years imprisonment to Nawaz |url=https://nation.com.pk/06-Jul-2018/avenfield-verdict-10-years-in-jail-for-nawaz-7-for-maryam |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Nation |date=6 July 2018}}</ref> On 13 July 2018, Maryam along with her father Nawaz were arrested by NAB officials upon their arrival in Pakistan and subsequently transferred to [[Adiala Jail]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif, Maryam arrested by NAB, shifted to Adiala jail |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1419756 |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> After her mother [[Kulsoom Nawaz]] died in London on 11 September 2018 after suffering cardiac arrest,<ref>{{cite news |title=Begum Kulsoom Nawaz passes away in London |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/367124-begum-kulssom-nawaz-passes-away |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Begum Kulsoom Nawaz passes away in London after battle with cancer |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1414337/begum-kulsoom-nawaz-passes-away-in-london-after-battle-with-cancer |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=11 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> both Maryam and Nawaz were granted timed-parole in order to attend her funeral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Begum Kulsoom dies; Nawaz Sharif, Maryam to get parole for funeral |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/begum-kulsoom-dies-nawaz-sharif-maryam-to-get-parole-for-funeral |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2018, Islamabad High Court judge [[Shaukat Aziz Siddiqui]] accused ISI officials and then Chief Justice of Pakistan Saqib Nisar of pressuring him to ensure the conviction of Maryam and Nawaz and keep them out of politics.<ref name="thefridaytimes/30sept22">{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz's Acquittal: Has The 2018 Political Engineering Project Run Its Course? |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/30-Sep-2022/maryam-nawaz-s-acquittal-has-the-2018-political-engineering-project-run-its-course |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=30 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan: Judge accuses ISI of manipulating proceedings |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-judge-accuses-isi-of-manipulating-proceedings/1210229 |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> She later appealed against her conviction in the Islamabad High Court,<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> after which she and her father were released from Adiala Jail on 19 September 2018 after the Islamabad High Court granted them bail and suspended their respective prison terms in the Avenfield corruption case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz, Maryam and Safdar released from Adiala jail after IHC suspends Avenfield sentences |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433868 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Following Maryam’s repeated tirades against [[Imran Khan]] and [[Bushra Bibi|his wife]], at one point during a rally, Khan made a remark which was criticized for being misogynistic and sexist against Maryam, cautioning her to be careful, suggesting that her husband, Safdar, might become upset over her "passionately" mentions of Imran during her speeches. The remark was criticized by some of Khan’s own supporters and was widely condemned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imran Khan's Sexist Comments Against Maryam Nawaz Widely Condemned |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/20-May-2022/imran-khan-s-sexist-comments-against-maryam-nawaz-widely-condemned |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=20 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title=Imran Khan called out for 'sexist comments' on Maryam Nawaz |url=https://theprint.in/world/imran-khan-called-out-for-sexist-comments-on-maryam-nawaz/965000/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Print}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jajja |first=Sumaira |date=2022-05-21 |title='No defence' for Imran's misogynistic remark about Maryam Nawaz |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1690700 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Social media also remained buzzed with discussions about Maryam's age, clothing, and accessories<ref name="dawn/26feb24" /> At one point, the then Federal Minister for Kashmir Affairs, [[Ali Amin Gandapur]], claimed that Maryam had spent Rs 80 million on surgery and vowed to reveal her true appearance to the public by undoing the effects of cosmetic surgery.<ref name="thefridaytimes/13dec21">{{cite news |title=Did Maryam Nawaz 'Steal The Bride's Thunder' By Looking Too Good At Son's Wedding Events? |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/13-Dec-2021/did-maryam-nawaz-steal-the-bride-s-thunder-by-looking-too-good-at-son-s-wedding-events |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In a July 2019 interview with [[Voice of America]], she acknowledged her political journey was more challenging than expected and admitted facing resistance from within her father's party, PML-N. Dawn wrote PML-N stalwarts were not particularly impressed by how rapidly she ascended through the ranks, especially in a party largely dominated by men and with minimal women in leadership positions.<ref name="dawn/26feb24" /> Throughout Imran Khan's four-year administration, Maryam continued to faced threats and intimidation from the government. On one occasion, her father Nawaz Sharif cautioned that if any harm befell his daughter, individuals including PM Imran Khan, COAS General Qamar Javed Bajwa, and DG ISI Lt Gen Faiz Hameed, would bear responsibility.<ref name="theprint/1mar24" />

In July 2019, Maryam released a secretly recorded video in which Accountability Judge [[Arshad Malik (judge)|Arshad Malik]], who had sentenced Nawaz to seven years in jail in the Al-Azizia Steel Mills corruption reference in December 2018, "confessed" he had been “pressurised and blackmailed” to convict Nawaz.<ref>{{cite news |title=Accountability judge 'blackmailed' into issuing verdict against Nawaz: Maryam |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1492479/accountability-judge-blackmailed-into-issuing-verdict-against-nawaz-maryam |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=6 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Islamabad High Court]] removed Malik from his post.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asad |first1=Malik |title=IHC decides to remove judge Arshad Malik after video leak controversy |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1493628 |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

She faced another arrest by the NAB Lahore on 8 August 2019, this time in connection with the Chaudhry Sugar Mills corruption case. She was taken into custody at Kot Lakhpat Jail where she was on her weekly visit to meet her father, Nawaz Sharif.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tahir |first1=Zulqernain |title=NAB arrests Maryam at Kot Lakhpat jail |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1498891 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=9 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam nabbed in sugar mill case |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2030907/1-maryam-nawaz-taken-custody-nab |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=8 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She then approached the Lahore High Court<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> which on 6 November 2019, granted her bail and ordered to release her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz released on bail |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/551675-maryam-nawazs-release-orders-issued |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=The News International |date=6 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bilal |first1=Rana |title=LHC grants bail to Maryam Nawaz in Chaudhry Sugar Mills case, orders release |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1514836 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She alleged that authorities had installed cameras in her jail cell and bathroom.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cameras were installed in my jail cell, bathroom: Maryam Nawaz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/cameras-were-installed-in-my-jail-cell-bathroom-maryam-nawaz/articleshow/79205597.cms |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cameras were installed in my cell, bathroom during detention, claims Maryam Nawaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/742789-cameras-were-installed-in-my-cell-bathroom-during-detention-claims-maryam-nawaz |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

=== Prominence during father's exile ===
On 19 November 2019, her father Nawaz Sharif departed for the United Kingdom just 20 days after being released on bail.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif travels to London from Lahore in air ambulance |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1517603 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Convicted Ex-PM Flown to London for Medical Treatment |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_pakistans-convicted-ex-pm-flown-london-medical-treatment/6179666.html |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=Voice of America |date=19 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Maryam became increasingly involved in politics during her father's four-year self-imposed exile in the United Kingdom. In 2019, she was appointed as vice president of PML-N.<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> She then led anti-government rallies throughout the country, fiercely denouncing Imran Khan, the PTI, as well the military and judiciary for her father's ousting and allegedly facilitating the rise of the then-PTI chairman to power.<ref name="dawn/26jan24" />

In 2020, during an interview with BBC Urdu, Maryam hinted at the potential for dialogue between her party and the then army leadership, whom her father, Nawaz Sharif, has accused of orchestrating his removal as prime minister. However, she suggested that such discussions would only take place after the PTI government had been removed from power.<ref name="dawn/12nov20">{{cite news |title=Maryam says open to dialogue with security establishment, but not behind closed doors |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1590004 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 October 2020, Maryam, along with the senior leadership of the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]] (PDM) and numerous workers, entered the hallway in [[Mazar-e-Quaid]] in Karachi to offer fateha. After the fateha concluded, PML-N workers began chanting slogans in support of Maryam. Her husband Safdar also started chanting slogans, which went against the protocol of the mausoleum. Many social media users regarded the incident as disrespectful and expressed their anger towards Safdar and Maryam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slogan-mongering by Capt Safdar inside Quaid's mausoleum raises eyebrows |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1585833/slogan-mongering-by-capt-safdar-inside-quaids-mausoleum-raises-eyebrows |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Capt Safdar released on bail hours after arrest in Karachi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1585873/capt-safdar-arrested-from-karachi-hotel-for-violating-sanctity-of-quaids-mausoleum |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Later that night, personnel from the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) and [[Sindh Rangers]] raided the hotel room where Maryam and her husband Safdar were staying, purportedly due to accusations of "violating the sanctity of Mazar-e-Quaid. Following Safdar's arrest, there were allegations that the Inspector General of [[Sindh Police]] was also kidnapped and coerced by officials of the ISI and Sindh Rangers into registering the First Information Report (FIR) against Maryam, and her husband Safdar for the violating the sanctity of Mazar-e-Quaid. Maryam also claimed that the Sindh police chief was forcibly taken to the ISI sector commander's office and pressured to sign her arrest warrants,<ref>{{cite news |title=ISI, Rangers officials involved in Sindh IG incident removed pending further proceedings: ISPR |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1589651 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=10 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> however, when the IG Police showed reluctance, it was decided that the arrest would be conducted by the Sindh Rangers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Never thought for a moment that PPP was behind Safdar's arrest: Maryam |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1585899/never-thought-for-a-moment-that-ppp-was-behind-safdars-arrest-maryam |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Then Army Chief Gen [[Qamar Javed Bajwa]] also took notice of the incident and instructed the Karachi Corps Commander to conduct an immediate inquiry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army chief orders immediate inquiry into 'Karachi incident': ISPR |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1586087 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=20 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 August, her son Junaid got married in the London. However, Maryam and her husband Safdar were unable to attend the nikkah ceremony as their passports had been confiscated by the government due to ongoing legal proceedings against them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif's Grandson Confirms Reports Of Divorce |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/12-Oct-2023/nawaz-sharif-s-grandson-confirms-reports-of-divorce |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 September 2022, soon after Maryam's uncle Shehbaz Sharif came into power, the Islamabad High Court overturned her corruption conviction in the Avenfield case and refused to pursue many of the cases against her relatives, and she then became eligible to contest elections again.<ref name="aljazeera/29sept22">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Abid |title=Pakistani court acquits Maryam Nawaz in corruption case |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/29/pakistani-court-acquits-maryam-nawaz-in-corruption-case |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> However, she seemed to step back as the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement]], a coalition of political parties, gained momentum, and her uncle Shehbaz Sharif emerged as the opposition's candidate for the next prime minister.<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> Following Shehbaz Sharif's election as the country's prime minister, her influence within the party waned, and her political presence became sporadic.<ref name="thefridaytimes/4jan23" />

In October 2022, the Lahore High Court directed officials to return Maryam's passport, which she had surrendered since November 2019 when LHC had granted her post-arrest bail in the Chaudhry Sugar Mills case but asked her to submit her passport as they feared she might flee the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheikh |first1=Wajih Ahmad |title=After three years, high court returns Maryam's passport |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1713389 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Following the retrieval of her passport, she traveled to London to reunite with her father, who had been there since November 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rehman |first1=Atika |title=Maryam, Nawaz reunite in London |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1713887 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam meets Nawaz in London after three years |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2380599/maryam-meets-nawaz-in-london-after-three-years |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Party leadership role ===

On 3 January 2023, Maryam was appointed as senior vice president of the PML-N, making her one of the PML-N’s senior-most leaders. The decision was approved by the Shehbaz Sharif, who was also the party's president. She was also appointed as the "Chief Organizer" of the party with the mandate to restructuring and reorganizing the party at all levels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Maryam Nawaz appointed PML-N senior vice president |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2393977/maryam-nawaz-appointed-pml-n-senior-vice-president |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Numerous senior leaders within the PML-N expressed regret and displeasure over the lack of consultation preceding Maryam's appointment, which positioned her as the second most senior figure in the party, following her uncle Shehbaz.<ref name="thefridaytimes/28jan23" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz New Role In PMLN Irks Top Party Cadre |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/07-Jan-2023/maryam-nawaz-new-role-in-pmln-irks-top-party-cadre |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=7 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam's elevation furthers Sharif political dynasty |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1028027-maryam-s-elevation-furthers-sharif-political-dynasty |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> A leader from the PML-N described Maryam's rise within the party as a direct indication from Nawaz Sharif to the Shehbaz that she, rather than Shehbaz, would be his successor. He further stated that any senior leader who dared to challenge her authority would face a fate similar to that of [[Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan]] who gradually withdrew from politics after 2018 general election. Some sources suggested that Nisar Ali Khan discontent stemmed from the increasing prominence given to Maryam within the party hierarchy.<ref name="dawn/4jan23">{{cite news |last1=Tahir |first1=Zulqernain |title=Maryam gets top role in PML-N hierarchy |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1729840 |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Former Prime Minister [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]], resigned as senior vice president of PML-N within an hour of the announcement of Maryam's promotion<ref>{{cite news |title=Khaqan quits as PML-N senior vice president |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1036315-khaqan-quits-as-pmln-senior-vice-president |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dawn/26feb24" /><ref>{{cite news |title=PML-N's Abbasi confirms he resigned from party post, says chief organiser Maryam should get 'open field' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1734750 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=Dawn |date=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PML-N Not My Property: Maryam Reassures Abbasi In Model Town Meeting |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/17-Feb-2023/pml-n-not-my-property-maryam-reassures-abbasi-in-model-town-meeting |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=17 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He later quit PML-N in December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butt |first1=Naeem Ashraf |title=Shahid Khaqan Abbasi decides to 'quit' PML-N |url=https://arynews.tv/shahid-khaqan-abbasi-decides-to-quit-pml-n/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=ARY NEWS |date=16 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Shahid Abbasi decides to 'quit' PML-N |url=https://pakobserver.net/shahid-abbasi-decides-to-quit-pml-n/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=Pakistan Observer |date=17 December 2023}}</ref> He characterized Maryam's approach to politics as more aggressive and less inclined to consider opinions from individuals she may not favor.<ref name="thefridaytimes/12feb23">{{cite news |title=If Maryam Nawaz Is Not Shahid Khaqan Abbasi's Leader, Who Is? |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/12-Feb-2023/if-maryam-nawaz-is-not-shahid-khaqan-abbasi-s-leader-who-is-news-analysis |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=12 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, [[Miftah Ismail]], also decided to quit PML-N following his removal from his position as Federal Minister for Finance by her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former finance minister Miftah quits PML-N |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40249655 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=brecorder |date=25 June 2023}}</ref>

She was considered a challenger to her cousin, [[Hamza Shahbaz Sharif]]<ref name="thenews/29dec13" /> as the emergence of Maryam as a prominent figure within the PML-N dealt a ]blow to Hamza, who had been previously positioned as the natural successor to the Sharif brothers.<ref name="dawn/26feb24" /> However some political analysts viewed her appointment as a token gesture with little significance. They believed that her role would not have a substantial impact within the party, especially since she was not appointed as the party president, a position that holds absolute authority.<ref name="thefridaytimes/4jan23">{{cite news |title=News Analysis: Will Maryam's Elevation Within PML-N Save The Party's Dwindling Capital? |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/04-Jan-2023/news-analysis-will-maryam-s-elevation-within-pml-n-save-the-party-s-dwindling-capital |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=4 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

She underwent throat surgery in Geneva in early January<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam undergoes 'successful throat surgery' in Geneva |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2394563/maryam-nawaz-undergoes-successful-throat-surgery-in-geneva |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=6 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> before returning to Pakistan after spending three months in London on 28 January 2023.<ref name="thefridaytimes/28jan23">{{cite news |title=PML-N Workers Swarm Airport As Maryam Nawaz Lands In Lahore |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/28-Jan-2023/pml-n-workers-swarm-airport-as-maryam-nawaz-lands-in-lahore |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=28 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

While Nawaz Sharif was in London and ahead of the [[2024 Pakistani general election]], she conducted rallies and traversed across the country to garner support for her party. Despite skepticism regarding her leadership capabilities due to limited political experience, she managed to carry out organized rallies against the PTI government. Her mobilization of party workers at various venues, media appearances, and hosting of workers’ conventions contributed to sustaining the party's momentum.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Evolution Of PML-N With Maryam Nawaz's Leadership |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/20-Feb-2023/the-evolution-of-pml-n-with-maryam-nawaz-s-leadership |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=20 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In a February 2023 interview, she expressed that she had never considered joining politics at any point in her life. However, upon witnessing what she perceived as her father being oppressed by the powers that be, she decided to enter politics.<ref name="thefridaytimes/22feb23">{{cite news |title=The Political Acumen of Maryam Nawaz |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/22-Feb-2023/the-political-acumen-of-maryam-nawaz |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=22 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After it was revealed that Nawaz Sharif is returning to Pakistan in October after ending his four-year self-imposed exile in the United Kingdom,<ref name="dawn/12sept23">{{cite news |last1=agencies |first1=Nadir Guramani |title=Nawaz to return to Pakistan on Oct 21: Shehbaz |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1775482 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Maryam became active again rallying support and emphasizing Nawaz Sharif's plans to revive the economy that had suffered under the PTI's rule.<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> She began mobilizing party workers ahead of his father's return saying that "It will not be the return of an individual to the country. There will be the return of prosperity and hope for the country."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahmood |first1=Amjad |title=Maryam whips up enthusiasm for Nawaz's return |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1778873 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=2 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> A large rally was organized to welcome Nawaz upon his return to Pakistan on 21 October, marking the end of his four-year self-imposed exile in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=PML-N makes history with massive rally |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2442215/pml-n-makes-history-with-massive-rally |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=21 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Parliamentary debut ===
Ahead of the [[2024 Pakistani general election]], when the Supreme Court withdrew PTI's electoral symbol, the"cricket bat," Maryam welcomed the decision, stating that terrorists should not be allotted party symbols during a speech as she kicked off PML-N election campaign from Okara in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Elections Or Retribution? Terrorists Cannot Be Granted Electoral Symbols, Says Maryam Nawaz |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/15-Jan-2024/elections-or-retribution-terrorists-cannot-be-granted-electoral-symbols-says-maryam-nawaz |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=15 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 January 2024, she filed nomination papers as a candidate of PML-N to contest the general election from constituencies [[NA-119 Lahore-III|NA-119 (Lahore-III)]] and [[PP-159 Lahore-XV|PP-159 (Lahore-XV)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz submits party tickets from NA-119, PP-159 |url=https://www.samaa.tv/208737912-maryam-nawaz-submits-party-tickets-from-na-119-pp-159 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=samaa |date=12 January 2024}}</ref> This was her first time contesting in the general elections.<ref name="dawn/26jan24">{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz — PML-N's heir apparent |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1807759 |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=26 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> On 21 January, reports emerged suggesting that PTI-backed candidate Mehr Muhammad Waseem declared his withdrawal in favor of Maryam from NA-119.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fact-Check: Did PTI's Mehar Waseem Withdraw Candidacy For NA-119 In Favour Of PML-N's Maryam Nawaz? |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/22-Jan-2024/fact-check-did-pti-s-mehar-waseem-withdraw-candidacy-for-na-119-in-favour-of-pml-n-s-maryam-nawaz |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=22 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> However, this claim was debunked as fake news, as PTI had not awarded a ticket to anyone named Waseem in NA-119.<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI NA-119 candidate withdraws in Maryam's favour |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2453973/pti-na-119-candidate-withdraws-in-maryams-favour |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

On the election day, she was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] on form 47 representing Constituency NA-119 (Lahore-III) and to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, representing Constituency PP-159 (Lahore-XV) as a PML-N candidate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amin |first1=Muzhira |title=10 questions you may have now that elections are over |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1813586 |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=15 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> For the national assembly seat, she secured 83,855 votes and defeated PTI-backed candidate Shehzad Farooq, who received 68,376.<ref>{{cite web |title=NA-119 Election Result 2024 Lahore-III, Candidates List |url=https://elections.arynews.tv/constituency/NA-119/2024 |website=ARYNEWS |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Whereas for the provincial assembly seat, she secured 23,598 votes, with PTI-backed candidate Mehar Sharafat Ali receiving 21,491 votes,<ref>{{cite web |title=PP-159 Election Result 2024 Lahore-XV, Candidates List |url=https://elections.arynews.tv/constituency/PP-159/2024 |website=ARYNEWS |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PP-159 Election Result 2024 Lahore 15 |url=https://www.geo.tv/election/PP-159 |website=www.geo.tv |publisher=Geo News |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> narrowly defeating him.<ref name="thenews/26feb24">{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz takes oath as first female Punjab CM |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1161693-punjab-assembly-to-elect-new-chief-minister-with-prospect-high-for-maryam |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> PTI claimed that she was defeated from constituency Lahore’s PP-159 by Mehar Sharafat Ali.<ref name="dawn/27feb24">{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Mansoor |title=PTI to call 'parallel' Punjab Assembly session to elect CM, speaker |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1817410 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=27 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> PTI-backed Shahzad Farooq filed a petition in Lahore High Court against the NA-119 returning officer, alleging result manipulation however the court dismissed the petition and, advised the matter be taken to the ECP.<ref>{{cite news |title=Take It Up With ECP: LHC Deems PTI's Petitions Against Victories Of PML-N, IPP Unmaintainable |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/13-Feb-2024/take-it-up-with-ecp-lhc-deems-pti-s-petitions-against-victories-of-pml-n-ipp-unmaintainable |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Whereas in June, Mehar Sharafat Ali also contested Maryam's victory from PP-159 by filing an election petition, accusing her of rigging.<ref>{{cite news |title=Election pleas filed by runners-up: Tribunal summons complete record of seven constituencies |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1841113 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=22 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Following the election, she became the sixth member of the Sharif family to be elected to parliament.<ref name="thenews/26feb24" /> Later she was nominated by the PML-N as its candidate for [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=Maryam tapped for Punjab leadership |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2456416/maryam-tapped-for-punjab-leadership |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Consequently, she relinquishes her seat in NA-119 (Lahore-III) and retaining her seat in PP-159 (Lahore-XV) to assume the role of Punjab's chief minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz vacates NA-119 seat, retains PP-159 |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/793547-PML-N-leaders,-except-Maryam-Nawaz,-to-vacate-provincial-seats |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=Dunya News |date=23 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 February 2024, it was reported that she had already begun fulfilling the duties of chief minister, receiving briefings from the Punjab chief secretary and Inspector General of Police at her residence. Additionally, she was provided with security measures typical of the chief minister's protocol, including two bulletproof cars, four police squad vehicles, a traffic wardens' pilot, and a signal jammer vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tahir |first1=Zulqernain |title=Maryam provided Punjab CM's security |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1815107/maryam-provided-punjab-cms-security |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=18 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> On 23 February 2024, she was sworn in as a member of the Punjab Assembly for the first time, marking her parliamentary debut.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Shoaib |title=Punjab MPAs take oath; election for speaker, deputy speaker to be held tomorrow |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1816538/punjab-mpas-take-oath-election-for-speaker-deputy-speaker-to-be-held-tomorrow |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=23 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Chief Minister of Punjab (2024–present) ==
{{see also|Maryam Nawaz provincial government}}
On 25 February 2024, Maryam submitted her nomination papers for the office of Punjab Chief Minister, competing against PTI-backed [[Rana Aftab Ahmad Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=High stakes as Punjab readies for CM vote today |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2457588/1 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Maryam was backed by PML-N, and its allies such as [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP), [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q), and the [[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party]] (IPP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz becomes first-ever woman Chief Minister of a province in Pakistan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/maryam-nawaz-becomes-first-ever-woman-chief-minister-of-a-province-in-pakistan/article67887760.ece |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The next day, she was elected unopposed as the 20th Chief Minister of Punjab after securing 220 votes. This occurred after PTI decided to boycott the elections following Rana Aftab's request to address the House was denied by the speaker, [[Malik Ahmad Khan]]. As a result, 103 MPs of PTI walked out in protest and Rana Aftab did not receive any votes.<ref name="tribune/26feb24">{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz elected chief minister Punjab |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2457646/doors-to-heart-office-open-to-opp-just-as-much-as-for-allies-says-maryam-in-maiden-pa-speech |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Later the same day, she took the oath as Punjab Chief Minister, thus becoming first female chief minister in the history of Pakistan, and also becoming the fourth member of the Sharif family to be elected to the position.<ref name="thenews/26feb24" /><ref name="thefridaytimes/22feb24">{{cite news |title=Transforming Gender Equality In Pakistani Politics |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/22-Feb-2024/transforming-gender-equality-in-pakistani-politics |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=22 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Due to Maryam's lack of parliamentary experience, former federal minister of Information, [[Marriyum Aurangzeb]] who instead of being assigned to the federal government, was transferred to the Punjab government to assist Maryam in handling the provincial government’s affairs. This caused a stir among the PML-N MPs in Punjab Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |title=PML-N lines up bigwigs to aid CM Maryam |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2458526/pml-n-lines-up-bigwigs-to-aid-cm-maryam |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tahir |first1=Zulqernain |title=Nawaz attaches Marriyum Aurangzeb with daughter for assistance |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1816622 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> She was appointed as a senior minister in the Maryam's provincial cabinet on 6 March.<ref name="thenews/6mar24">{{cite news |title=New 17-member Punjab cabinet takes oath |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1165133-new-17-member-punjab-cabinet-takes-oath |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Former Federal Minister for Information, [[Pervaiz Rashid]] was also attached as a senior advisor to Maryam, to provide guidance on political matters in the government due to her limited experience.<ref>{{cite news |title=PMLN finalises 15-member Punjab cabinet |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1164627-pmln-finalises-15-member-punjab-cabinet |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> He actively participated in all administrative meetings chaired by Maryam since she assumed the role of Chief Minister of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tahir |first1=Zulqernain |title=20-member cabinet 'sans allies' likely in Punjab |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1817677 |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Shortly after assuming office as Chief Minister, she announced the establishment of first public cancer hospital to be built in Lahore.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM announces establishment of first public cancer hospital in Punjab |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Mar-2024/cm-announces-establishment-of-first-public-cancer-hospital-in-punjab |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=The Nation |date=4 March 2024}}</ref> On 6 March, an 18-member [[First Maryam Nawaz provincial cabinet|provincial cabinet]] of Chief Minister Maryam, was sworn in.<ref>{{cite news |title=18-member Punjab cabinet takes oath |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2458564/18-member-punjab-cabinet-takes-oath |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2024, following Maryam's accusation that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was supplying metal kite strings to Punjab, PTI leaders condemned Maryam's remarks about Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and suggested that the Sharif family had a history of animosity towards the province.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Junaidi |first1=Ikram |title=PTI hits out at CM Maryam for remarks against KP |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1826121/pti-hits-out-at-cm-maryam-for-remarks-against-kp |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=7 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, her government introduced the controversial [[Punjab Defamation Bill 2024|Punjab Defamation Bill]], aiming to "stop fake news". The opposition in the Punjab Assembly argued that the PML-N government intended to restrict freedom of speech under the guise of defamation. The President of the Lahore Press Club criticized the bill in a press conference, stating, "The Maryam administration is on a dictatorial path to shut the eyes and mouths of journalists."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tahir |first1=Zulqernain |title=Punjab 'allays' fears over defamation law |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1833765 |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=16 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debdutta |title=Pakistani journalists call Maryam Nawaz govt dictatorial after Punjab passes Defamation Bill |url=https://theprint.in/go-to-pakistan/pakistani-journalists-call-maryam-nawaz-govt-dictatorial-after-punjab-passes-defamation-bill/2095276/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=ThePrint |date=21 May 2024}}</ref> Nevertheless, Maryam supported the bill, asserting that it was essential to put an end to "mud-slinging" online.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tahir |first1=Zulqernain |title=Maryam vows no quarter for 'vigilantism' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1843877 |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=5 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 June 2024, her government completed its first 100 days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Hassan |title=First one hundred days: Maryam spells out govt's accomplishments |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40310374 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=Brecorder |date=29 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Several Pakistani celebrities praised her government's initial achievements, but the endorsements were also met with accusations of paid promotion, prompting backlash from the public.<ref name="theprint/5july24" /><ref>{{cite news |title=مریم نواز کی '100 روزہ کارکردگی' کے متعلق ویڈیوز پنجاب حکومت کی 'تشہیری مہم' یا فنکاروں اور انفلوئنسر کی 'ذاتی رائے'؟ |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/cx92gyydg0wo |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=BBC News اردو |date=6 July 2024 |language=ur}}</ref> According to [[ThePrint]], Maryam's administration faced criticism for alleged corruption and inefficiencies, notably with farmers protesting against the "wheat scam" and incidents of blasphemy-related violence in the province.<ref name="theprint/5july24">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debdutta |title=Pakistani celebs celebrate PML(N)'s 100 days in power. People call it 'paid promotion' |url=https://theprint.in/go-to-pakistan/pakistani-celebs-celebrate-pmlns-100-days-in-power-people-call-it-paid-promotion/2161909/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=ThePrint |date=5 July 2024}}</ref> However, according to a survey conducted by the Institute for Public Opinion Research, 55% of respondents in Punjab expressed satisfaction with the performance of the Maryam-led government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam's approval climbs in 100 days |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2472121/maryams-approval-climbs-in-100-days |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=16 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2024, she ordered the distribution of 13th generation laptops to students within 90 days as part of a laptop and scholarship program. The program received 68,329 applications and aims to give laptops to 20,000 university students and 14,000 college students, with 32% from [[South Punjab Province|South Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-20 |title=CM Punjab Maryam Nawaz launches laptop scheme for students |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2510810/cm-maryam-nawaz-orders-to-distribute-laptops-with-90-days |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Maryam has given formal approval for the launch of ‘Air Punjab’, the province’s first-ever airline project, marking a major milestone in Punjab’s transport and aviation ambitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Monitoring |date=2025-04-26 |title=Maryam Nawaz approves launch of 'Air Punjab' airline, high-speed rail projects across province |url=https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/04/26/maryam-nawaz-approves-launch-of-air-punjab-airline-high-speed-rail-projects-across-province/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Profit by Pakistan Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-26 |title=CM Maryam gives nod to Air Punjab, set to launch in 'a year': Azma Bokhari |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1906708 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2025-04-26 |title=Punjab to launch Air Punjab and Pakistan's first bullet train: Azma Bokhari |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2542415/punjab-to-launch-air-punjab-and-pakistans-first-bullet-train-azma-bokhari |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor) |first=Ashfaq Ahmed (Senior Assistant |date=2025-04-27 |title=Pakistan: Bullet train and Air Punjab plans approved |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-bullet-train-and-air-punjab-plans-approved-1.500107421 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2025-04-26 |title=Azma Bukhari announces launch of 'Air Punjab' airline |url=https://arynews.tv/air-punjab-airlines-bullet-train-service-coming-soon-azma-bukhari/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam directs launching Punjab Air project |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1305649-maryam-directs-launching-punjab-air-project |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2025, her government established the [[Crime Control Department]] (CCD) with vision of a "safe Punjab." However, by December 2025, the department was suspected of 900 extrajudicial killings. Within weeks of the CCD's formation, increased police encounters were recorded across Punjab. Asad Jamal, a Lahore-based human rights lawyer, said that Maryam has repeatedly asserted that crime in the province has declined, which he suggested indicates that the approach was supported at the highest political level. Speaking to ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]'', he expressed doubt that there would be accountability, adding that authorities appeared to justify alleged "extrajudicial killings" as a means of reducing crime rather than investing in improved investigations, better-resourced law enforcement, and stronger intelligence systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Pakistan’s Punjab police kill 900 people in eight months: What’s going on? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/18/pakistans-punjab-police-kill-900-people-in-eight-months-whats-going-on |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
=== Minority rights ===
Maryam's father Nawaz Sharif ended his exile and returned to Pakistan in 2007 prior to the [[2008 Pakistani general election]] in which her father's party, [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N), emerged as one of the two largest parties.<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012" /> During PML-N's government in Punjab, criticisms were leveled against the party for being perceived as soft on terrorism and sectarian groups, and for its inability to improve Punjab's economy. However, Maryam was noted for advocating minority rights and opposing political alliances with banned militant outfits.<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012" /> Maryam expressed regret over the inability of her father's party, PML-N, and the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) to maintain their short-lived coalition following the election.<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012" /> However Maryam largely refrained from active involvement in politics.<ref name="thenews/25feb24" />

===Civil-military relations===
In 2016, Maryam was suspected of being involved in the leak of a story to ''Dawn'', later dubbed as "[[Dawn leaks]]", regarding a confrontation between Pakistan's civilian government and military officials during a top-secret national security meeting regarding countering militancy.<ref name="theprint/1mar24" /><ref name="dawn/26feb24" /><ref name="tribune/11may17">{{cite news |title=Dawn Leaks: Army's misgivings taken care of, says Nisar |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1407117/dawn-leaks-issue-blown-proportion-nisar |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=11 May 2017}}</ref> After the publication of the news story, both Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Punjab Chief Minister Shehbaz Sharif denied the events and termed the article as fabricated. Sharif ordered action against those responsible for the publication of what he called a "fabricated" story.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dawn journalist Cyril Almeida banned from leaving Pakistan after report on civilian govt-military meet |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/dawn-journalist-cyril-almeida-banned-from-leaving-pakistan-after-report-on-civilian-govt-military-meet/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dawn's Almeida placed on ECL |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/11-Oct-2016/dawn-s-almeida-placed-on-ecl |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Nation |date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Later, the government held Pervez Rasheed, the Information Minister, responsible for the leak and he was subsequently made to resign from his position.<ref>{{cite news |title=Information Minister Pervaiz Rasheed asked to step down amid Dawn story probe |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1293026 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=29 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> After an inquiry, Maryam was identified among the 12 individuals who were found to be in contact with Cyril Almeida, the author of the news story. However, Nawaz Sharif only dismissed Fatemi and Rao Tehseen for their alleged involvement in "Dawn leaks", stating that a notification regarding this matter would be issued soon.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM House notification rejected by army |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/4500694/pm-house-notification-rejected-by-army-20170430174164 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=brecorder |date=30 April 2017}}</ref> Subsequently, the ISPR tweeted saying, "Notification on "Dawn leaks" is incomplete and not in line with recommendations by the Inquiry Board. Notification is rejected."<ref>{{cite news |title=Army withdraws tweet 'rejecting' PM Office's directives on Dawn story probe |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1332244 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN |date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tariq Fatemi removed from post by PM following inquiry into Dawn story |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1330010/tariq-fatemi-removed-from-post-by-pm-following-inquiry-into-dawn-story |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=DAWN |date=29 April 2017}}</ref> In an apparent reference to Maryam's alleged involvement in the "Dawn leaks", then federal interior minister [[Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan]] remarked that the government should not have formed two committees on the issue if its intention was to shield someone. He emphasized that if the government sought to conceal information, it would not have established such committees.<ref name="tribune/11may17" />

In 2018, she confirmed that the "Dawn leaks" news was accurate and grounded in facts<ref>{{cite news |title=Dawn leaks news regarding NSC meeting was accurate, confirms Maryam Nawaz - Pakistan |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/439649-Dawn-leaks-news-NSC-meeting-accurate-Maryam-Nawaz |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=Dunya News |date=14 February 2008 |language=en}}</ref> and expressed regret over the Nawaz Sharif's decision to sack Pervaiz Rasheed during the 'Dawn leaks' controversy.<ref>{{cite news |title='Shouldn't have done that,' Maryam responds to Rashid sacking over Dawn Leaks |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/15-May-2018/shouldnt-have-done-that--maryam-responds-to-rashid-sacking-over-dawn-leaks |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Nation |date=15 May 2018}}</ref> It is believed efforts were made by Nisar Ali Khan to implicate Maryam in the "Dawn leaks" controversy, but General Bajwa refrained from mentioning her name despite Nisar Ali Khan's insistence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz's political prospects |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/26-Feb-2024/maryam-nawaz-s-political-prospects |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Nation |date=26 February 2024}}</ref> "Dawn leaks" inevitably altered Pakistan's political landscape leading to a confrontation between the country's civil and powerful military leadership.<ref name="thefridaytimes/7may23">{{cite news |title=The Challenge For Maryam Nawaz Sharif |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/07-May-2023/the-challenge-for-maryam-nawaz-sharif |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=7 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Some within and outside the PML-N attribute party's misfortunes directly to Maryam's rise to prominence, since the "Dawn leaks" controversy emerged.<ref>{{cite news |title=The litmus test |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/18-Sep-2017/the-litmus-test?show=744 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Nation |date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

In March 2023, Maryam called for the court martial of former DG ISI [[Faiz Hameed]], asserting that he should be held accountable for playing an unconstitutional role. She alleged Hameed had played a part in the downfall of the Nawaz Sharif government in 2017 and supported the Imran Khan government for four years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz Demands Faiz Hameed's Court Martial |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/08-Mar-2023/maryam-nawaz-demands-faiz-hameed-s-court-martial |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=8 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She also claimed that Hameed confessed to his role and emphasized that it was time for institutions to take action against him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gen Faiz Confessed To Crimes, Institution Must Act Now: Maryam |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/09-Mar-2023/gen-faiz-confessed-to-crimes-institution-must-act-now-maryam |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=9 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In response, Hameed stated that he held the rank of major general in 2017 and 2018, and indicated that he did not have the authority to single-handedly overthrow the entire government as the army chief has the final say in such matters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imran Khan's Facilitators Are 'On The Run', Says Maryam |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/11-Mar-2023/imran-khan-s-facilitators-are-on-the-run-says-maryam |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Lt Gen (retd) Faiz Hamid's defence defensible? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1048033-is-gen-faiz-hameed-s-defence-defensible |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

===Judiciary===
She also criticized [[Saqib Nisar]], who served as [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]] during Nawaz Sharif's ouster, accusing him of "facilitating" Imran Khan during his tenure as the country's prime minister, and called him a "liar".<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Lashes Out At Ex-CJP Saqib Nisar For 'Facilitating' Imran Khan |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/08-Mar-2023/maryam-lashes-out-at-ex-cjp-saqib-nisar-for-facilitating-imran-khan |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=8 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Following Maryam's criticism, an audio leak surfaced in which Saqib Nisar was allegedly heard using derogatory language against Maryam<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-CJP Saqib Nisar Allegedly Abuses Maryam In 'Leaked' Audio |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/21-Mar-2023/ex-cjp-saqib-nisar-allegedly-abuses-maryam-in-leaked-audio |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=21 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> to which Saqib Nisar claimed that his [[WhatsApp]] had been hacked.<ref>{{cite news |title=My WhatsApp Has Been Hacked: Ex-CJ Saqib Nisar |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/06-Mar-2023/my-whatsapp-has-been-hacked-ex-cj-saqib-nisar |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=6 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It was noted that during the period from 2018 to 2020, then Chief Justice Saqib Nisar prioritized every case filed against Maryam and her father Nawaz Sharif.<ref name="thefridaytimes/7may23" />

===Party policy===
In 2012, when Nawaz Sharif suspended Maryam's husband, Safdar, from the PML-N due to suspicions of Safdar's involvement in planning to establish his own separate party. Maryam publicly supported her father's decision and criticized her husband's actions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz proud of father's decision to suspend husband Capt Safdar |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/414631/maryam-nawaz-proud-of-fathers-decision-to-suspend-husband-capt-safdar |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=29 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes/27aug2012" /> The same year, she tweeted "I'm only assisting Nawaz Sharif to monitor their cyber cell. No intentions of getting into electoral or practical politics".<ref name="herald/24july2018">{{cite news |last1=Jahangir |first1=Ramsha |title=How political parties manipulate cyberspace for electioneering |url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1398599/how-political-parties-manipulate-cyberspace-for-electioneering |access-date=21 August 2018 |work=Herald Magazine |date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

In February 2023, Maryam's husband, Safdar, criticized the party's decision to extend the tenure of army chief Qamar Javed Bajwa and expressed skepticism about Maryam's potential to become prime minister in the near future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Unlikely To Be In Power Anytime Soon: Captain Safdar |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/10-Feb-2023/maryam-unlikely-to-be-in-power-anytime-soon-captain-safdar |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In response, Maryam reportedly rebuked Safdar for deviating from the party's policy, emphasizing that no party leader, including her husband, should make statements contradicting the party's stance. She also warned of strict action against any such deviations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz Asserts Control, 'Disciplines' Safdar For 'Deviating From Party Line': PMLN Sources |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/11-Feb-2023/maryam-nawaz-asserts-control-disciplines-safdar-for-deviating-from-party-line-pmln-sources |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=11 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Public image==
Maryam is regarded as heir apparent of Nawaz Sharif<ref>{{cite news |title=A corruption probe threatens to undo Pakistan's prime minister |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21725021-court-appointed-investigators-say-nawaz-sharif-cannot-adequately-explain-his-wealth-corruption |access-date=25 February 2024 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Sophia Saifi |author2=Judith Vonberg |title=Former Pakistan PM sentenced to ten years in prison |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/06/asia/nawaz-sharif-former-pakistan-prime-minister-sentenced-intl/index.html |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's former PM sentenced to 10 years in prison ahead of elections |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ousted-pakistani-pm-sharif-sentenced-to-10-years-in-prison/ |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=The Globe and Mail |date=6 July 2018 |language=en-CA}}</ref> and the "presumed future leader" of the PML-N.<ref name="ibtimes/27aug2012">{{cite news|title=Maryam Nawaz Sharif: A Budding New Political Dynasty In Pakistan?|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/maryam-nawaz-sharif-budding-new-political-dynasty-pakistan-1399631|access-date=21 April 2017|work=International Business Times|date=27 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012"/>

''Dawn'' wrote she's "known for her biting rhetoric and ability to both pull and rouse a crowd" saying that she has established herself in a political arena largely dominated by men.<ref name="dawn/26jan24" /> Experts suggest that Maryam's assertive demeanor could potentially undermine the party's strength, expressing concerns that while she may attract crowds, she might not be suited to lead the party effectively.<ref name="thefridaytimes/12feb23" />

In a 2012 interview, Maryam expressed her empathy for the children of [[Benazir Bhutto]] and recalled meeting Benazir Bhutto only once, on 14 May 2006 in London, when her father Nawaz and Benazir signed the [[Charter of Democracy]], aimed at ending Musharraf rule in Pakistan. Describing their meeting, Maryam stated that they spoke candidly for three hours, and noted that the Sharif family was deeply saddened by Benazir's assassination in December 2007, shedding tears upon hearing the news of her assassination.<ref name="newsweekpakistan/23mar2012" />

Following Dawn Leaks controversy, during an interview on [[Geo News]] program [[Jirga with Saleem Safi]], Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan a senior leader of PML-N and then federal interior minister criticized the comparisons drawn between former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] and Maryam. On a number of occasions Khan dubbed Maryam as a kid, stated that he does not view Maryam as a leader and suggested that she must demonstrate her capabilities through active participation in real politics.<ref name="nation/17jan18">{{cite news |title=Nisar-Pervaiz war of words turns ugly |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/17-Jan-2018/nisar-pervaiz-war-of-words-turns-ugly?show=previewutm_medium=PoliticsNewz |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Nation |date=17 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Comparing Maryam Nawaz to Benazir Bhutto wrong: Nisar |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/157092-maryam-nawaz-needs-to-prove-herself-as-a-leader-first-chaudhry-nisar |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> Even those within party who didn't object to the Maryam's anti-establishment stance, were seen discontent with how Maryam had been given control of the party by her father.<ref name="dawn/26feb24" /> As a result, the division between the Shehbaz Sharif faction and the Maryam Nawaz faction within the party became evident to all,<ref name="dawn/26feb24" /> especially given the close association of both Shehbaz and Nisar Ali Khan.<ref name="nation/17jan18" />

In 2018, Nisar Ali Khan distanced himself from the PML-N, citing his inability to work under Maryam's command. He stated he wouldn't serve under any junior leader, particularly Maryam, and expressed concerns over the party's management. Furthermore, he warned of his intention to make the Dawn Leaks report public.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nisar says can't work under Maryam Nawaz |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/11-Feb-2018/nisar-says-can-t-work-under-maryam-nawaz |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=The Nation |date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

In a public opinion poll conducted by [[Gallup Pakistan]] in October 2023 regarding which leader could lead Pakistan out of the current economic crisis, 30% of respondents named Nawaz Sharif, followed by Imran Khan, who was recommended by 22% of respondents while Maryam received less than 1% of the votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif Edges Imran Khan In Polls On Who Could Save Pakistan |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/23-Oct-2023/nawaz-sharif-edges-imran-khan-in-polls-on-who-could-save-pakistan |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=23 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly a public perception survey conducted by the [[Centre for Public Opinion Research]] in December 2023 across various districts of Lahore revealed that when asked about their preference for the next chief minister of Punjab after the forthcoming elections, 34% of respondents favored Shehbaz Sharif, while only 3% mentioned Maryam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif, PML-N Most Popular In Lahore: Survey |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/20-Dec-2023/nawaz-sharif-pml-n-most-popular-in-lahore-survey |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=20 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Shortly after her appointment as Chief Minister, Maryam visited the [[Punjab Safe Cities Authority]] headquarters. During this visit, Maryam adjusted the scarf of a female police officer that had slipped from her head. The incident sparked a debate on social media. Some individuals praised Maryam’s actions, interpreting them as a display of humility and empathy, and a sign of respect towards the police officer. However, some argued that her intervention could be perceived as an intrusion into the personal space of the police officer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz divides internet with viral video of her fixing police officer's headscarf |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/maryam-nawaz-divides-internet-with-viral-video-of-her-fixing-police-officers-headscarf/articleshow/108108338.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Video: CM Maryam fixes police officer's head scarf goes viral |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/28-Feb-2024/video-cm-maryam-fixes-police-officer-s-head-scarf-goes-viral |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=The Nation |date=28 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bakhsh |first1=Zenaira |title=Maryam Nawaz fixes policewoman's headscarf. Now Pakistanis are calling her the moral police |url=https://theprint.in/go-to-pakistan/maryam-nawaz-fixes-policewomans-headscarf-now-pakistanis-are-calling-her-the-moral-police/1983854/ |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=ThePrint |date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Images Staff |title=Maryam Nawaz fixing a police officer's dupatta and sharing a video of it online has polarised the internet |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192290 |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=Images |date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Panama Papers case==
{{further|Panama Papers case}}
On 3 April 2016, the [[Panama Papers]] were leaked and Maryam was named in it along with her two brothers, [[Hussain Nawaz]] and [[Sharif family#Family members|Hassan Nawaz]]. According to records uncovered by the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ), Maryam was described as the owner of the [[British Virgin Islands]]-based firms Nielsen Enterprises Limited and Nescoll Limited, and allegedly the owner of the properties in the United Kingdom owned jointly by her brothers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaidi |first1=Hassan Belal |title='Panama Papers' reveal Sharif family's 'offshore holdings' |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1249888 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Panama Papers: Nawaz family used offshore firms to own UK properties |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1078922/panama-papers-nawaz-family-used-offshore-firms-to-own-uk-properties/|website = The Express Tribune |date=4 April 2016|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Panama Leaks: PM's family pleads 'no wrongdoing' |url=https://nation.com.pk/05-Apr-2016/pm-s-family-pleads-no-wrongdoing |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=The Nation |date=5 April 2016}}</ref> In response, Maryam denied owning any company or property outside Pakistan and said, "My brother has made me a trustee in one of his corporations which only entitles me to distribute assets to my brother Hussain's family/children if needed".<ref>{{cite news |title=I do not own any company or property abroad: Maryam Nawaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/110419-I-do-not-own-any-company-or-property-abroad-Maryam-Nawaz |access-date=16 September 2018 |work=The News |date=5 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2016, the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI) filed a petition in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] asking for action against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and his relatives for their alleged involvement in the Panama Papers scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI moves apex court for PM's disqualification |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1280880/pti-moves-apex-court-for-pms-disqualification |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=30 August 2016}}</ref> In January 2017, Maryam submitted her statement to the Supreme Court saying she has not been dependent on her father since her marriage in 1992.<ref name="tribune/17jan2017" /> On 16 February 2017, Maryam's lawyer admitted before the Supreme Court that Maryam owned four flats in London for at least six months in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam owned London flats for 6 months, admits counsel |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1328777/panamagate-case-maryam-owned-london-flats-6-months-admits-counsel/ |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=16 February 2017}}</ref> On 20 April, the Supreme Court announced a split verdict and ordered the formation of the joint investigation team (JIT) to investigate the Sharif family's assets for irregularities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Nasir |title=Supreme Court gives reprieve to Sharif, but no clean chit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1328323 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=21 April 2017}}</ref> On 10 July, the JIT submitted its report to the Supreme Court in which it maintained that the Sharif family has assets beyond known sources of income.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Nasir |title=JIT report carries seeds of upheaval |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1344488/jit-report-carries-seeds-of-upheaval |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=11 July 2017}}</ref> In its report, the JIT noted that Maryam misled the Supreme Court by presenting fake documents and stated that the [[Calibri]] font used on the declaration dated 2006 produced by Maryam was not commercially available before 31 January 2007.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaidi |first1=Hassan Belal |title=JIT accuses Maryam of 'high-Calibri' forgery |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1344745 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 July 2017}}</ref> The scandal was widely referred to as ''Fontgate''.<ref name="guardian/13july17">{{cite news |last1=Rasmussen |first1=Sune Engel |last2=Collins |first2=Pádraig |title='Fontgate': Microsoft, Bharatpedia and the scandal threatening the Pakistani PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/13/fontgate-microsoft-Bharatpedia-and-the-scandal-threatening-the-pakistani-pm |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

The Supreme Court announced its decision on 28 July 2017 and disqualified Nawaz Sharif from holding public office as he had been dishonest in not disclosing his employment in the Dubai-based Capital FZE company in his nomination papers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif steps down as PM after SC's disqualification verdict |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1348191 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The court also ordered the [[National Accountability Bureau]] (NAB) to file a reference against Sharif and his relatives against corruption charges.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/panama-case-verdict-pakistan-supreme-court-disqualifies-pm-nawaz-sharif/ |title=Panama Case verdict: Pakistan Supreme Court disqualifies PM Nawaz Sharif |work=[[Daily Pakistan]] |date=28 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141835/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/panama-case-verdict-pakistan-supreme-court-disqualifies-pm-nawaz-sharif/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasmussen |first1=Sune Engel |title=Pakistani court removes PM Nawaz Sharif from office in Panama Papers case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/28/pakistani-court-disqualifies-pm-nawaz-sharif-from-office |access-date=28 July 2017 |work=The Guardian |date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court's complete order in Panama Papers case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1348209/supreme-courts-complete-order-in-panama-papers-case |access-date=28 July 2017 |work=DAWN.COM |date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/panama-papers-hearing-live-updates-prime-minister-nawaz-sharif-verdict-pakistan-supreme-court-4770732/ |title=Panama Papers hearing LIVE updates: Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif disqualified from holding office |website=indianexpress.com |date=28 July 2017 | access-date=28 July 2017}} retrieved 28 July 2017</ref>

In September 2017, the NAB filed three corruption references against Nawaz Sharif and his three children including Maryam in compliance with the Supreme Court verdict in the Panama Papers case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raza |first1=Syed Irfan |title=NAB okays graft references against Sharifs, Dar |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1356323/nab-okays-graft-references-against-sharifs-dar |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=8 September 2017}}</ref> In October, an accountability court indicted Maryam, Nawaz Sharif, and Maryam's husband in the Avenfield reference—one of three corruption references filed by the NAB—which pertains to the ownership of the Sharif family's four flats at Avenfield, an apartment on Park Lane in London.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asad |first1=Malik |title=Court indicts Sharif family for corruption |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1364934/court-indicts-sharif-family-for-corruption |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=20 October 2017}}</ref> After conducting 107 hearings of the Avenfield case since September 2017, the accountability court reserved its verdict in the case on 3 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court to announce verdict in Avenfield case on July 6 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/201740-court-to-announce-verdict-in-avenfield-reference-on-july-6 |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=Geo}}</ref>


On 6 July 2018, she was sentenced to seven years in jail and a fine of two million pounds by the NAB on corruption charges in the Avenfield reference case. She was given seven years for abetment and one year for non-cooperation with the NAB. Both sentences will run concurrently.<ref name="dawn/6july2018"/> As a result, she was disqualified from contesting in elections for 10 years.<ref name="nation/6july2018"/> The court held that the trust deeds presented by Maryam before the apex court were fake and had been tampered with.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz, Maryam convicted |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/338538-nawaz-maryam-convicted |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=The News |date=7 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Her father, Nawaz Sharif, and her husband were also sentenced to ten years and one year in prison, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif sentenced to 11, Maryam 8 years in Avenfield reference |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/201862-nawaz-sharif-sentenced-to-10-years-maryam-7-in-avenfield-reference |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=Geo News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-44737793|title=Pakistan ex-PM given 10-year jail term|date=2018-07-06|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-07-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> The court also ordered the seizure of the Avenfield flats of the Sharif family.<ref name="geo/6july2018">{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif sentenced to 11, Maryam 8 years in Avenfield reference |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/201862-avenfield-case-verdict-expected-shortly-as-hearing-begins |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=Geo |date=6 July 2018}}</ref>

The next day, Maryam announced that she would return to Pakistan on 13 July to file an appeal against the decision.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz, Maryam to return to Pakistan on Friday |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/202260-nawaz-maryam-to-return-to-pakistan-on-friday |access-date=8 July 2018 |work=Geo |date=8 July 2018}}</ref> The same day, the NAB announced their intention to arrest her and Nawaz Sharif upon their arrival in Pakistan<ref>{{cite news |title=NAB says ready to arrest Sharifs |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1751731/1-nab-says-ready-arrest-sharifs/ |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=7 July 2018}}</ref> and obtained the required arrest warrant.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Amir|last1= Wasim |first2= Inamullah |last2=Khattak |title=NAB obtains arrest warrants for Nawaz, Maryam and Safdar |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1418558/nab-obtains-arrest-warrants-for-nawaz-maryam-and-safdar |access-date=7 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=7 July 2018}}</ref> She, along with Nawaz Sharif, was taken into custody by the NAB on 13 July upon their arrival at Lahore's [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] and were airlifted to Rawalpindi's [[Adiala jail]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazhar |first1=Zahrah |title=Nawaz, Maryam taken into custody at Lahore airport; passports confiscated |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1419756/nawaz-maryam-taken-into-custody-at-lahore-airport-passports-confiscated |access-date=13 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=13 July 2018}}</ref> On 26 July, she challenged her sentence in the Islamabad High Court and filed a petition for bail.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asad |first1=Malik |title=Nawaz, Maryam and Safdar file appeals against Avenfield verdict |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1420412 |access-date=17 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=16 July 2018}}</ref> The next day, the Islamabad High Court rejected her request for release on bail and adjourned the hearing until the end of the 2018 Pakistani general election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamabad High Court rejects Nawaz Sharif's and Maryam Sharif's request for release on bail |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/islamabad-high-court-rejects-nawaz-sharifs-and-maryam-sharifs-request-for-release-on-bail/articleshow/65024086.cms |access-date=17 July 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 July 2018}}</ref> During her time in detention, she spent significant amounts of time reading books.<ref>{{cite news |title=A meeting with Mian Nawaz Sharif and Maryam Nawaz Sharif |url=https://nation.com.pk/05-Aug-2018/609872 |access-date=5 August 2018 |work=The Nation |date=5 August 2018}}</ref>

On 21 August 2018, the government of Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] placed her on the [[Exit Control List]] in order to prevent her from leaving Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif, daughter cannot leave Pakistan: Imran Khan-led government decides |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/nawaz-sharif-daughter-cannot-leave-pakistan-imran-khan-led-government-decides/articleshow/65475845.cms |access-date=21 August 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 August 2018}}</ref> On 11 September, her mother, [[Kulsoom Nawaz]], died in London. Maryam along with her father and husband were released from Adiala jail on parole. They were flown to Lahore to attend her mother's funeral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz Sharif, Maryam Nawaz released on parole |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/367191-former-pm-nawaz-sharif-maryam-safdar-released-on-parole |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=The News |date=12 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kulsoom Nawaz to be laid to rest on Friday; Nawaz, Maryam released on parole for funeral |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1432469/kulsoom-nawaz-to-be-laid-to-rest-on-friday-nawaz-maryam-released-on-parole-for-funeral |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 September 2018}}</ref> Reportedly, Maryam and her father initially refused to be released on parole.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz refused to be released on parole after Kulsoom Nawaz's death: report |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/367614-nawaz-sharif-refused-to-be-released-on-parole |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=The News |date=12 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz, Maryam refused to sign parole application: Shehbaz |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1801989/1-nawaz-maryam-refused-sign-parole-application-shehbaz/ |access-date=13 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=13 September 2018}}</ref> The funeral of Kulsoom Nawaz was held on 14 September 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Begum Kulsoom Nawaz laid to rest in Lahore |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/368330-begum-kulsoom-nawaz-funeral-live |access-date=17 September 2018 |work=The News |date=14 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> On 17 September, Maryam, together with her father and husband, was moved to Adiala jail.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Arif |title=Sharifs being shifted back to Adiala jail as five-day parole comes to an end |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433479/sharifs-being-shifted-back-to-adiala-jail-as-five-day-parole-comes-to-an-end |access-date=17 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=17 September 2018}}</ref>

On 19 September 2018, the Islamabad High Court announced its verdict on the bail petition and suspended the prison sentences against Maryam, her father, and her husband, and ordered their release on bail. The court ordered them to pay Rs 500,000 each as surety bonds before their release. They were released from Adiala jail the same day and were flown to Lahore.<ref>{{cite news |title=IHC rules in favour of Sharifs, suspends sentences handed by accountability court in Avenfield case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433868/ihc-rules-in-favour-of-sharifs-suspends-sentences-handed-by-accountability-court-in-avenfield-case |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nawaz, Maryam, Capt Safdar released after suspension of Avenfield sentence by IHC {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1807039/1-ihc-commences-hearing-sharifs-suspension-plea/ |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Acquittal in corruption case ===
For assisting and aiding her father in the purchase of London flats that were acquired via dishonest means, Maryam had been given a seven-year prison sentence in July 2018. Safdar had also received a one-year sentence. Despite receiving a 10-year prison term for himself, Nawaz Sharif was granted bail in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hashim |first=Asad |title=Former Pakistani PM Sharif granted medical bail, still in custody |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/25/former-pakistani-pm-sharif-granted-medical-bail-still-in-custody |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> so he could travel to the United Kingdom for medical care.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif leaves for London for medical treatment |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/former-pakistan-pm-nawaz-sharif-leaves-for-london-for-medical-treatment/articleshow/72121393.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

Soon after Maryam's uncle [[Shehbaz Sharif]] came into power in 2022 as Prime Minister after a [[No-confidence motion against Imran Khan|vote of no confidence]] against [[Imran Khan]], changes were made to the senior leadership of the National Accountability Bureau, and under questionable circumstances, a corruption conviction against Maryam and her husband was overturned by an [[Islamabad High Court]] on 29 September 2022 with no additional information being given.<ref name="aljazeera/29sept22" /> This was around the same time several corruption cases against the Sharif family were closed, including those on Shehbaz Sharif's son Hamza Shehbaz and Shehbaz Sharif himself.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan PM Shehbaz Sharif, family acquitted in money laundering case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-court-pm-shehbaz-sharif-family-acquitted-money-laundering-case-2409443-2023-07-20 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilal |first=Rana |date=2022-05-12 |title=FIA decides against prosecuting PM Shehbaz, Hamza in money laundering case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1689290 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

== Wealth ==
In 2011 on a TV show with Pakistani anchor [[Sana Bucha]], Maryam said she owned no properties in central London let alone in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz: from no assets to huge assets |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/06/20/maryams-net-assets-worth-over-rs845-million/ |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=Pakistan Today |date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329202444/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/06/20/maryams-net-assets-worth-over-rs845-million/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was later revealed in 2017 by a Joint Investigation Team that "she was the beneficiary of the London flats and she purposely never declared the ownership of these overseas properties, submitted fake documents, and misled the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryam Nawaz 'beneficial owner' of London flats |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1455070/maryam-nawaz-beneficial-owner-london-flats |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Her conviction was overturned on 29 September 2022 related to the purchase of apartments in London. The two-judge panel of the Islamabad High Court dismissed prosecution's case against her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shahzad |first=Asif |date=2022-09-29 |title=Pakistan court acquits former PM Sharif's daughter in graft case |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-court-acquits-former-pm-sharifs-daughter-graft-case-2022-09-29/ |access-date=2023-02-24}}</ref>

In 2018 in her affidavit to the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]], Maryam declared her assets to be worth {{PKRConvert|845|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Iftikhar A. |title=Maryam declares assets worth Rs845m, Imran Khan's assets come up to Rs38m |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1415076/ |access-date=21 June 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=21 June 2018}}</ref> She owns 1,506 [[Kanal (unit)|Kanals]] (188 acres) of agricultural land and has invested millions into companies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waqar |first1=Ali |title=Maryam owns 1,506 kanals of agricultural land, has millions invested in companies |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1414976 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=20 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In March 2017, Maryam was included in the [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women list]], recognizing influential women worldwide, notably as the first daughter in her country.<ref name="tribune/22march2017"/><ref name="bbc/21march2017" /> In December 2017, she was featured on ''[[The New York Times]]'' list of 11 Powerful Women Around the World for the year 2017, where it was mentioned, that "corruption charges are clouding her rapid rise".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Crichton|first1=Kyle|title=11 Powerful Women We Met Around the World in 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/world/saturday-profile-extraordinary-women-2017.html|access-date=17 December 2017|work=The New York Times|date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Over the years, several audio recordings involving Maryam Nawaz have surfaced.<ref>{{cite news |title='Look at my media management': Maryam Nawaz remains tight-lipped on latest alleged audio leak |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1665049 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=21 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, an audio clip was released that included a phone conversation between Maryam and then Information Minister [[Pervaiz Rashid|Pervaiz Rasheed]]. In the conversation, Maryam seemed to be directing the refusal of advertisements to certain TV channels. Maryam later verified the authenticity of the audio clip and defended her actions, explaining that she was referring to PML-N advertisements.<ref name="dawn/26feb24" />

In September 2022, another audio recording was leaked in which her uncle, Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]], was heard speaking to an unidentified individual.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Shahbaz's alleged audio leak about Maryam Nawaz's son-in-law goes viral |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/994364-pm-shahbazs-alleged-audio-leak-about-maryam-nawazs-son-viral-on-social-media |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> The man informed Shehbaz that Maryam was requesting the import of a power plant from India for her son-in-law’s business. Shehbaz Sharif then discussed the potential problems of importing a plant from India, as it could be used against his government by former Prime Minister Imran Khan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zahid |first1=Muhammad |title=Audio tape of Shehbaz about import of plant from India surfaces |url=https://www.bolnews.com/pakistan/2022/09/audio-tape-of-shehbaz-about-import-of-plant-from-india-surfaces/ |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=BOL News |date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

In March 2023, an audio recording allegedly featuring Maryam Nawaz was leaked. In the recording, she appeared to be advising her uncle, Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif, to depict the death of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] worker [[Killing of Ali Bilal|Zilleh Shah]] as a car accident caused by his party colleagues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Maryam Nawaz suggested to portray PTI worker's murder as accident: Audio leak |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/11-Mar-2023/maryam-nawaz-suggested-to-portray-pti-worker-s-murder-as-accident-audio-leak |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The Nation}}</ref> In March 2024, After assuming the role of Chief Minister of Punjab, Maryam lodged a complaint with the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) against PTI leader [[Shandana Gulzar]]. This was in response to allegations of false propaganda made by Gulzar regarding the controversy surrounding the death of Zilley Shah.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=The Newspaper's Staff |title=Audio clip on PTI worker's death: Maryam moves FIA against Shandana Gulzar |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1820384/audio-clip-on-pti-workers-death-maryam-moves-fia-against-shandana-gulzar |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=DAWN.COM |date=10 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the FIA's Cyber Crime Circle in Lahore summoned Shandana for questioning.<ref name="thenews/10mar24">{{cite news |title='Defamatory' remarks: FIA summons PTI leader Shandana |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1166541-defamatory-remarks-fia-summons-pti-leader-shandana |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=www.thenews.com.pk |date=10 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2023, [[Bushra Bibi]], the former first lady, initiated legal action against Maryam for defamation. This came after Maryam accused Bushra Bibi of accepting bribes in exchange for signing official documents during the tenure of the Imran Khan-led government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bushra Bibi serves legal notice on Maryam |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2415224/bushra-bibi-serves-legal-notice-on-maryam |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Corruption Accusations: Bushra Bibi To File Defamation Case Against Maryam Nawaz |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/03-May-2023/corruption-accusations-bushra-bibi-to-file-defamation-case-against-maryam-nawaz |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=The Friday Times |date=3 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, PTI leader [[Sher Afzal Marwat]] alleged that there were plans to assassinate him, claiming that assassins had been hired. He asserted that Maryam Nawaz had orchestrated the plot through an Indian citizen named Jindal, initially meeting in South Africa and Dubai. According to Marwat, evidence suggested that he was the target of the assassination, and he implicated Maryam Nawaz as the mastermind behind the scheme. Marwat stated that the evidence would be shared with the FIA for investigation.<ref name="thenews/10mar24" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Marwat accuses Maryam of plotting to kill him |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2458875/marwat-accuses-maryam-of-orchestrating-his-assassination |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=The Express Tribune |date=9 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Marwat accuses Maryam Nawaz of 'hiring guns to assassination him' |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/03/09/marwat-accuses-maryam-nawaz-of-hiring-guns-to-assassination-him/ |access-date=10 March 2024 |work=pakistantoday |date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

In October 2024, following reports of an alleged rape of a college student in Lahore, Maryam Nawaz held a press conference to address the allegations, referring to them as "rumours spread on social media" and describing the incident as a "fabricated story." She further stated that an issue was made out of an incident that "never existed in the first place." Maryam added, ''This girl is completely paak saaf (chaste), there are false allegations being levelled against her,'' and stated that if a rape had occurred, she would have acted promptly. Subsequently, she faced criticism from [[Aurat March]], who called on her to either apologize or resign from her position as Chief Minister. They condemned Maryam's statements, describing them as "vile and regressive language" and argued that she was "unfit to represent the public while disregarding the safety, rights, and dignity of survivors of sexual violence."<ref>{{cite news |title=Aurat March demands Maryam Nawaz apologise or resign over comments on alleged Lahore college rape |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192861/aurat-march-demands-maryam-nawaz-apologise-or-resign-over-comments-on-lahore-students-alleged-rape |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=Images |date=18 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Mohsin Raza Naqvi]] {{small|Caretaker}}}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] | years = 28 February 2024 – present}}
{{s-inc }}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Current Pakistani chief ministers}}
{{Sharif family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nawaz, Maryam}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:People convicted of forgery]]
[[Category:People named in the Panama Papers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lahore]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Sharif family]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Maryam Nawaz]]
[[Category:Women members of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
[[Category:Lahore College for Women University alumni]]
[[Category:King Edward Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:Fatima Jinnah Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:Inmates of Central Jail Rawalpindi]]

K. Balachander

2026-03-23T05:54:46Z

हिन्दू: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian director and writer (1930–2014)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Balachander
| image = K. Balachander in 2011.jpg
| caption = K. Balachander in 2011.jpg
| birth_name = Kailasam Balachander
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1930|07|09}}
| birth_place = [[Nannilam]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2014|12|23|1930|07|09}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Playwright, film director, film producer, screenwriter, actor
| years_active = 1964–2015
| works = [[K. Balachander filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Rajam|1956}}
| children = 3, including [[Bala Kailasam]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by K. Balachander|Full list]]
| honours = {{unbulleted list|[[Kalaimamani]]|[[Padma Shri]]|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (2010)|[[ANR National Award]]}}
}}

'''Kailasam Balachander''' (9 July 1930 – 23 December 2014) was an Indian playwright, film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor who worked mainly in the [[Tamil cinema]]. He was well known for his distinct film-making style, which tackled unconventional themes and hard-hitting contemporary subject matter. Balachander's films are well known for their portrayal of women as bold personalities and central characters. Popularly referred to as ''Iyakkunar Sigaram'' (lit. "Director Paramount"),<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |title=The Very Best of K Balachander |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=28 September 2013 |date=2 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229043352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm |archive-date=29 December 2014 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} his films are usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes. He started his film career in 1964 as a screenwriter and graduated to a director with ''[[Neerkumizhi]]'' (1965).

In a career that spanned 50 years, [[K. Balachander filmography|Balachander wrote or directed 100 feature films]], becoming one of the most prolific Indian filmmakers.<ref name=forbes>{{cite web|title=K. Balachander: The Middle-Class Maestro |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/k-balachander-the-middleclass-maestro/26662/1 |access-date=30 September 2013 |author=S. Srinivasan |date=11 July 2011 |quote=Five decades of adamant, uncompromising movie making and K. Balachander is still in no mood to draw the curtain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002044205/http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/k-balachander-the-middleclass-maestro/26662/1 |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> Known among his colleagues as a tough task master,<ref>{{cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title=I hated every minute of it |url=http://www.rediff.in/movies/2000/may/13jaya.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=30 September 2013 |date=13 May 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003051007/http://www.rediff.in/movies/2000/may/13jaya.htm |archive-date=3 October 2013 }}</ref> he was credited with having nurtured numerous actors. In his film career, Balachander had won nine [[National Film Awards]], fourteen [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], five [[Nandi Awards]] and thirteen [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]. In 1987 he was honored with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award, and in 2010 the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], India's highest award in cinema.

Balachander also made films under his production house, [[Kavithalaya Productions]]. Apart from Tamil, he made films in other languages such as [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. Towards the tail end of his career, he directed a few TV serials and made a few film appearances as well.

==Early life and background==
K. Balachander was born in Tamil family in [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] (now [[Tiruvarur district]]), India.<ref name=randor>{{cite news|title=The KB school |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-kb-school/article1994969.ece |access-date=25 September 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927054556/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-kb-school/article1994969.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/23234000/cinema-history.html |title=வரலாறு படைத்த டைரக்டர் கே.பாலசந்தர் |trans-title=K. Balachander the director who created history |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108002132/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/23234000/cinema-history.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 }}</ref> Balachander stated that, "From my eighth year I've been seeing cinema"{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} and recalls that his earliest interest towards cinema grew after watching films of [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], then the Superstar of Tamil cinema.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} At the age of twelve he was drawn to theatre and drama,{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} which eventually helped him develop an interest in acting, writing and directing amateur plays.<ref name=randor /><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000309182240/http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-06-99/balachan.htm| url=http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-06-99/balachan.htm|title=Cine Biography: Director K. Balachander|work=dinakaran|date=9 March 2000|archive-date=2000-03-09}}</ref> His obsession towards theatre continued even while doing his graduation (in Zoology) at the [[Annamalai University]], as he regularly took part in stage plays.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} After completing his graduation in 1949, he started his career as a school teacher in [[Muthupet]], Tiruvarur district. In 1950, he moved to Madras (now Chennai) and joined the Accountant General's office as an apprentice clerk,<ref name=kamath>{{cite news|last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |title=When directors wore the pants |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/21/stories/2009012150190100.htm |access-date=25 September 2013 |date=21 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042948/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/21/stories/2009012150190100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> and during this time he joined "United Amateur Artistes", an amateur drama company.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} Soon he formed his own troupe and it was during this time he came to prominence as an amateur playwright with ''Major Chandrakanth'', written in English. As the scope of English was highly limited in Madras, he re-wrote the play in Tamil, which ultimately became a "sensation" among the people. Balachander's acting troupe consisted of people from the Tamil film industry such as [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Nagesh]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]].<ref name=randor /> Sunderrajan appeared in over 900 films, Nagesh in over 1,000, Sreekanth in more than 200 films, and Sowcar Janaki appeared in more than 350 films. Other plays written by Balachander include ''Server Sundaram'' (''Waiter Sundaram''), ''Neerkumizhi'' (''Water Bubble''), ''Mezhuguvarthi'' (''Candle''), ''Naanal'' (''Tall Grass'') and ''Navagraham'' (''Nine Planets'').{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} All these produced and directed by him, were received well by the critics.<ref name=randor />

==Career==

===Entry into films: 1960s===
[[File:K Balachander.jpg|thumb|upright|K. Balachander in 2006]]

Balachander while working in the Accountant General's office, was offered to write the dialogues for the film ''[[Dheiva Thaai]]'' (1964) by its lead actor [[M. G. Ramachandran]].{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}}<ref>{{cite news|title="பால்கே" விருது பெற்ற பாலச்சந்தருக்கு நடிகர்கள் வாழ்த்து |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2011/04/30112858/actors-wishes-to-balachander.html |access-date=25 September 2013 |newspaper=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=30 April 2011 |language=ta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101244/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2011/04/30112858/actors-wishes-to-balachander.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/24231902/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |title=திரை உலகுக்கு வாருங்கள்: பாலசந்தருக்கு எம்.ஜி.ஆர். அழைப்பு |trans-title=MGR invited Balachander to film industry |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312173208/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/24231902/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |archive-date=12 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030629111323/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/balachander.asp|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/balachander.asp|title=Balachander - the maverick and the master|date=29 June 2003|archive-date=29 June 2003|website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Balachander was initially reluctant, as he was more theatre-oriented, but on the insistence of his friends he decided to work on the film.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} By this time he was promoted as a superintendent in his office.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} [[Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar]] acquired the rights of his play ''[[Server Sundaram]]'', and decided to make a film based on it. The film dealt with the story of a [[waiting staff]] at a restaurant had Nagesh playing the lead. The film was directed by the renowned duo directors, [[Krishnan–Panju]].<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=The KB school |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-kb-school/article1985626.ece |access-date=25 September 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 May 2011 |author=Randor Guy |author-link=Randor Guy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134307/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-kb-school/article1985626.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> It won a lot of accolades including the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Certificate of Merit for the third Best Feature Film in Tamil]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]].<ref name=hindu1 /> During this time another play written and directed by him - ''Major Chandrakanth'' was adapted into a film in Hindi as ''[[Oonche Log (1965 film)|Oonche Log]]''.<ref name="Yogesh Pawar">{{cite news|title=Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth's guru K Balachander passes away |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kamal-haasan-and-rajinikanth-s-guru-k-balachander-passes-away-2046580 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |date=24 December 2014 |author=Yogesh Pawar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227045512/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kamal-haasan-and-rajinikanth-s-guru-k-balachander-passes-away-2046580 |archive-date=27 December 2014 }}</ref> The film won a [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|National Film Award]]. Balachander then made his directional debut through ''[[Neerkumizhi]]'' (1965) which in turn was based on his own play.<ref name=hindu1 /> The film's cast consisted of actors who were a part of Balachander's regular troupe.<ref name=hindu1 /> His following efforts included ''Naanal'', ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'' and ''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'', all based on his own plays.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sreeram |first=Aruna |title=Thank God! I gave up acting |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/08/stories/2004070800200200.htm |access-date=25 September 2013 |date=8 July 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042950/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/08/stories/2004070800200200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> ''Major Chandrakanth'' was already filmed in Hindi as ''Oonche Log'' the previous year. [[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|''Major Chandrakanth'']] had [[Jayalalithaa]] playing the lead heroine role.<ref name=hindu1 /> In 1967 he made ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'', a full-length comedy family drama film. Featuring an [[ensemble cast]], the film was highly successful and remade in Telugu by Balachander himself. The success of both the versions prompted a Hindi remake titled ''[[Teen Bahuraniyan]]'', produced by Gemini pictures. In 1968, Balachandar made [[Thamarai Nenjam]], a romantic drama film starring [[Saroja Devi]], [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Vanisri]], The film won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film (Third Prize), and Balachander won the award for Best Dialogue Writer.
In 1969, Balachander made ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'', a family drama starring [[Gemini Ganesan]] which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] and .{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

===1970s===
During the 1970s, Balachander turned indie, making realist movies revolving around family and social issues.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} In 1971 he made four films.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}}

In 1973, he made ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'', which dealt with poverty and prostitution.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} The film centred on the eldest daughter of a conservative Brahmin household who becomes a prostitute to settle her siblings and support her family.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|loc=chpt. 6 (Madras)}} It was ahead of its time in Tamil cinema mainly because of the controversial theme.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |title=Realistic film-making |url=http://hindu.com/2001/12/01/stories/2001120100860200.htm |access-date=25 September 2013 |date=1 December 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042650/http://hindu.com/2001/12/01/stories/2001120100860200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/26225712/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |title=புரட்சிகரமான கதை -வசனம்: பரபரப்பை உண்டாக்கிய 'அரங்கேற்றம்' |trans-title=Revolutionary subject: Arangetram created sensation |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018011658/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/26225712/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref> The film also had [[Kamal Haasan]] playing his first major role as an adult actor. The actor would go on to act in 35 films under Balachander.<ref>{{cite news|title=Artiste with endless dreams |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250228.htm |access-date=25 September 2013 |date=25 May 2001 |author=Subhash K. Jha |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042945/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250228.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> He made his directorial debut in Hindi films with the film ''[[Aaina (1977 film)|Aaina]]'' starring [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] and [[Rajesh Khanna]] in 1977, which was remake of ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]''.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

The same year, he made ''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]'', based on a novel by Manian. The following year he made ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=An entertaining remake of a classic |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/02/stories/2007050215890200.htm |access-date=1 October 2013 |date=2 May 2007 |author=S.R. Ashok Kumar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215637/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/02/stories/2007050215890200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> He made the film on the insistence of [[Gemini Ganesan]], who also produced and enacted the lead role.<ref name=gemini>{{cite news|title=ஜெமினிகணேசன் சொந்தமாக தயாரித்த ஒரே படம்: "நான் அவனில்லை" தோல்வி |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2010/03/19103731/gemini.html |access-date=1 October 2013 |newspaper=Maalai Malar |date=19 March 2010 |language=ta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005015642/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2010/03/19103731/gemini.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> It is based on the Marathi play ''[[To Mee Navhech]]'', revolved around a man who deceives and marries five women performing nine roles.<ref name=gemini /> The film met with commercial failure. However, Gemini Ganesan was adjudged the [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor|Best Tamil Actor]] at the following year's Filmfare Awards ceremony.<ref name=gemini /> Following that, Balachander's made ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' (1974),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/27224519/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |title=பாலசந்தரின் மற்றொரு புதுமைப்படைப்பு- 'அவள் ஒரு தொடர்கதை' |trans-title=Balachander's another different kind of subject - Aval Oru Thodarkathai |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322120608/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/27224519/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref> his second female-centric film after ''Arangetram'' that dealt with the story of a working woman who hails from a middle-class family.{{Sfn|Velayutham|2008|p=38}} Inspired by the 1960 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'',{{Sfn|Deep Focus|1998|p=87}} it explored the emotions of a young woman who happens to be the sole earner for her family.{{Sfn|Velayutham|2008|p=38}} He decided to cast an actress who worked as a child actress till then, as his film heroine with the film Mondru Moodichu and gave break to Sridevi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/K-Balachander-changed-my-life-forever-Sridevi/articleshow/45628868.cms |title=K Balachander changed my life forever: Sridevi |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-12-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227225032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/K-Balachander-changed-my-life-forever-Sridevi/articleshow/45628868.cms |archive-date=27 December 2014 }}</ref> The film ''[[Aboorva Raagangal]]'' was an original story about an inter-generational romance involving two families. It marked the acting debut of [[Rajinikanth]], who would go on to establish himself as a leading actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/28214323/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |title='அபூர்வ ராகங்கள்' படத்தில் ரஜினிகாந்த் அறிமுகம் |trans-title=Rajinikanth got introduced with Apoorva Ragangal |access-date=2014-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312222857/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/28214323/balachandhar-cinema-history.html |archive-date=12 March 2014 }}</ref> It won critical acclaim in spite of its controversial theme; it won three National Film Awards including the award for the "Best Feature Film in Tamil".{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

During this period he made films mostly with [[Kamal Haasan]] as the lead actor. In 1976, he made three films: ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]'', ''[[Anthuleni Katha]]'' and ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]''. ''Manmadha Leelai'' explores the life of a womaniser, played by [[Kamal Haasan]], who gets himself involved in affairs with women.<ref name=lakshmi>{{cite news|title=New twist to old tales|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/New-twist-to-old-tales/articleshow/14732716.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32578169_1_kamal-haasan-thillu-mullu-films|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|access-date=28 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 July 2012|author=V Lakshmi}}</ref> Often considered ahead of its time, it achieved cult status and is considered a "trendsetter" in Tamil cinema.<ref name=lakshmi /> ''Anthuleni Katha'', a Telugu remake of ''Aval Oru Thodar Kathai'' had [[Jaya Prada]] in her first starring role. received equal acclaim in [[Andhra Pradesh]] as in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. ''[[Avargal]]'' (1977) follows the life of a divorcée as she traverses relationships in reverse, from divorce, to marriage, to falling in love. ''[[Varumayin Niram Sigappu]]'' (1980) was a drama that charts the travails and conflict of being unemployed in a bombastic and harsh city. ''[[47 Natkal]]'' (1981) traces the adversities of a newlywed Indian woman living with an scurrilous, expatriate husband in a Parisian suburb. The film was a launchpad for its lead actor [[Chiranjeevi]].{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

===Bollywood success and Tamil film career 1981-99===
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Dada Sahab Phalke Award 2010 to Shri K. Balachander, at the 58th National Film Awards function, in New Delhi on September 09, 2011.jpg|right|thumb|Balachander receiving Dada Sahab Phalke Award from president [[Pratibha Patil]]]]
Balachander re-entered the Hindi film industry after ''Aaina'' through ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' in 1981. He gave [[Rati Agnihotri]] her debut Hindi film with Ek Duje Ke Liye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k-balachander-discovered-me-for-hindi-cinema-rati-agnihotri/519865-8-66.html |title=K Balachander discovered me for Hindi cinema: Rati Agnihotri |access-date=2014-12-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228181125/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/k-balachander-discovered-me-for-hindi-cinema-rati-agnihotri/519865-8-66.html |archive-date=28 December 2014 }}</ref> The project was a remake of his own Telugu film ''Maro Charitra'' had [[Kamal Haasan]] repeating his role as a lead actor. The film marked the Bollywood debut of various artists including [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. Like the original, ''Ek Duuje Ke Liye'' emerged as a major box-office success and earned critical acclaim. Balachander received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay]], apart from two other nominations – for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/13jaya.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: The Jayasudha interview |work=Rediff.com |date=13 May 2000 |access-date=5 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418065331/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/13jaya.htm |archive-date=18 April 2015 }}</ref> The song "Tere Meere Beach Mein" became so popular, eventually winning a [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Filmfare Award]] for [[Anand Bakshi]] and a [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|National Film Award]] for Balasubrahmanyam.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

He made ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985), which is about the intellectual collision and subsequent romance between a lofty Carnatic musician and his ardent critic. He has worked with a variety of music directors like V.Kumar, M.S.Viswanathan, Ilaiyaraja, Maragathamani, [[V. S. Narasimhan]] and A.R.Rahman. The actors who were regular in his films in the period 1963 to 1990 were Gemini Ganeshan, Sowcar Janaki, Nagesh, Jayanthi, Sujatha, Saritha, Rajnikanth and Kamal Haasan.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

===Later years===
In 1998, he planned a film titled ''Thillana Thillana'' featuring [[Prashanth]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], but the venture failed to develop.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://reocities.com/Hollywood/lot/2330/rangan.htm |title=Gokul's Home Page |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605172119/http://reocities.com/Hollywood/lot/2330/rangan.htm |archive-date=5 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His later films include ''[[Parthale Paravasam]]'' (2001) and ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' (2006). In 2003, he produced ''[[Thirumalai]]'', which became a turning point in Vijay's career, making him an action hero.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?213789 |title=K. Balachander |publisher=www.outlookindia.com |date=19 November 2001 |access-date=5 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120204042/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?213789 |archive-date=20 January 2011 }}</ref>

===Television career===
The period starting from the late 1980s till the late 1990s saw Balachander venturing into Television and making a number of Television series including ''Kai Alavu Manasu'', ''Rail Sneham'',<ref name=serial>{{cite news|title=Release of K. Balachander's DVDs |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/07/09/stories/2010070950780200.htm |access-date=30 September 2013 |date=9 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820153925/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/07/09/stories/2010070950780200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=20 August 2010 }}</ref> ''Ramany vs Ramany(a.k.a. Ramani vs Ramani)'',<ref name=serial /> ''Oru Koodai Paasam'',<ref name=serial /> ''[[Kadhal Pagadai]]'',<ref name=malathi>{{cite news|last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |title=The drive to be different |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/31/stories/2001123100050200.htm |access-date=30 September 2013 |date=31 December 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108132419/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/31/stories/2001123100050200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 November 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Premi]]'',<ref name=serial/> ''Jannal'',<ref name=malathi /> ''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]'', and ''[[Anni (TV series)|Anni]]''.<ref name=lakshmi2>{{cite news|last=Sundaram|first=Lakshmi|title=From Sindhu Bhairavi to Sahana|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003031200080200.htm&date=2003/03/12/&prd=mp&|access-date=30 September 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 March 2003|quote=K. Balachandar always tries to be different. This time, he has come up with yet another innovative idea... of making a teleserial "Sahana" that is a sequel to his popular film, "Sindhu Bhairavi"}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Like his earlier films, most of his serials focussed on women, and portrayed them as strong personalities.<ref name=lakshmi2 /> Kasalvu Nesam was one of his comedy hits, starring [[Venu Arvind|Venu Aravind]]. In 2003, he made ''Sahana'', that touted to be the sequel of his 1985 film ''Sindhu Bairavi''.<ref name=lakshmi2 /> On venturing into Television, he noted "This medium helps to reach out to the public. That's why I am into making serials".<ref name=lakshmi2 /> In 2009, Balachander returned to theatre after a 40-year hiatus through the play ''Pournami'', which had [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] playing the lead role.<ref>{{cite news|title=My First Break |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750391600.htm |access-date=30 September 2013 |date=17 April 2009 |author=S.R. Ashok Kumar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108145128/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750391600.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1956, Balachander married Rajam while he was working at the Accountant General's Office.<ref name=forbes /> The couple had two sons named Kailasam and Prasanna and a daughter Pushpa Kandaswamy, who is the chairwoman of their production house [[Kavithalaya Productions]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Joint ventures as future option |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/07/05/stories/2008070550240400.htm |access-date=30 September 2013 |date=5 July 2008 |author=G. Prasad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223030653/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/07/05/stories/2008070550240400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=23 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000118090951/http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/23-06-99/balacha2.htm|work=dinakaran|date=18 January 2000|url=http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/23-06-99/balacha2.htm|archive-date=18 January 2000|title=Cine Biography: Director K.Balachander (part 2)}}</ref> Kailasam was an entrepreneur while Prasanna, a [[Chartered Accountant]], is the managing director and CEO of a leading investment bank in India. Balachander's elder son, [[Bala Kailasam]], died on 15 August 2014 after contracting [[pneumonia]], at the age of 54. He was the head of the television production company Minbinbangal, and delivered memorable series in Tamil includes, ''Balachandarin Chinnathirai'', ''Kaialavu Manasu'', ''Rail Sneham'', and ''Marma Desam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/K-Balachanders-son-passes-away/articleshow/40313952.cms |title=K Balachander's son passes away |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-12-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016035403/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/K-Balachanders-son-passes-away/articleshow/40313952.cms |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Death==
Following a [[neurosurgery]] in November 2014, Balachander was admitted to Kauvery Hospital in [[Chennai]] on 15 December.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daniel |first1=Thimmayya |title=Rajini and Kamal's Mentor K Balachander in Critical Condition |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Rajini-and-Kamals-Mentor-K-Balachander-in-Critical-Condition/2014/12/15/article2572763.ece |access-date=23 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115000215/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Rajini-and-Kamals-Mentor-K-Balachander-in-Critical-Condition/2014/12/15/article2572763.ece |archive-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> Reports suggested that he was suffering from fever and from a [[urinary tract infection]], but was recovering well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Filmmaker K Balachander Hospitalised |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/filmmaker-k-balachander-hospitalised-713580 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=23 December 2014 |date=16 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223200811/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/filmmaker-k-balachander-hospitalised-713580 |archive-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref> However, on 23 December 2014 he died due to complications from the urinary infection and other age-related ailments.<ref>{{cite news|title=K Balachander Death: Stars Pay Last Respects to Legendary Director |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/k-balachander-death-stars-pay-last-respects-legendary-director-photos-618153 |newspaper=International Business Times |date=24 December 2014 |author=Prakash Upadhyaya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226111741/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/k-balachander-death-stars-pay-last-respects-legendary-director-photos-618153 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Yogesh Pawar"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/K-Balachander-veteran-Tamil-film-director-dies-at-84/articleshow/45619435.cms |title=K Balachander, veteran Tamil film director, dies at 84 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Janani Sampath | date=23 December 2014 | access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.25cineframes.com/legendary-director-balachander-is-no-more.html |title=Legendary Director Balachander is no more. |publisher=25cineframes.com |access-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223232911/http://www.25cineframes.com/legendary-director-balachander-is-no-more.html |archive-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref> He was cremated with full state honours the next day.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

==Style, critique and public perception==
Balachander is revered as one of the best directors India has ever produced. His ideas were original and his subjects were complex ideas expressed via art. He is also known for introducing new faces to the film industry. He has introduced over 100 actors in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages. Balachander had long associations with some senior artists in the South Indian film industry like [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Nagesh]] and [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]]. Even though he was not the one to discover them, he played a prominent role in shaping their careers.

[[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]], two leading film actors in [[Tamil cinema]], are often referred to as products of Balachander who has paired with each of them or worked with them as a trio in several films during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/obituary-k-balachander/article6719771.ece |title=Obituary: K. Balachander |work=The Hindu |access-date=2016-06-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226083447/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/obituary-k-balachander/article6719771.ece |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Rajinikanth was chosen by Balachander to play a key supporting character in ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' (1975) after noting that "there was something special about him". Sridevi, Srividhya, Jayapradha, Jayasudha, Jayachithra, Sujatha, Saritha were notable heroines that were introduced by Balachander. Nassar, [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Charle|Charlie]], [[Madan Bob]] were some of the notable supporting actors introduced by him. After working in a few [[Kannada]] films, [[Prakash Raj]] was relaunched as an actor in Tamil cinema through his debut ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994) and had also performed in some of Balachander's soap opera productions in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/k-balachander-left-a-mark-on-kannada-cinema/article6720093.ece|title=K. Balachander left a mark on Kannada cinema|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|date=24 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Through ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' (1987), Balachander launched [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as an actor, who initially worked with him as his assistant writer, and later went on to become a leading comedy actor. He also launched [[A. R. Rahman]] as a music director in his critically acclaimed and cult production, ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992), now widely considered by many to be one of the greatest films ever made in [[Indian cinema]].

Balachander was also a force to reckon with in [[Telugu cinema]]. Along with [[K. Vishwanath]] and [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]], he was considered a trailblazer in the late 1970s to the late 1980s. Apart from remaking his own blockbusters in Telugu, he was also majorly known for his association with both Kamal Haasan and [[Chiranjeevi]] in Telugu. ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' (1980) and ''[[Rudraveena (film)|Rudraveena]]'' (1988) are considered by many to be two of the greatest Telugu films of all time. Equally, Chiranjeevi's performance in ''Rudraveena'' is considered to be one of the greatest of his career.

When the old era was dominated by commercial action films, Balachander directed socially themed films with women as protagonists usually centred on unusual or complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes. He portrayed women as headstrong, intelligent and independent people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/he-took-tamil-cinema-beyond-herocentric-creations/article6719996.ece|title=He took Tamil cinema beyond hero-centric creations|first=B.|last=Kolappan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Balachander revealed that many of his messages from his films, he has drawn inspiration from poet Subramaniya Bharathi whom he had admired since his childhood.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article4185281.ece |title=K. Balachander on Bharathiyar |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=2016-06-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214072528/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article4185281.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013 }}</ref> Screenwriter Gopu (of Gopu-Babu) said that he used to begin his script from the ending and then construct the plot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kb-would-always-build-stories-from-the-climax/article6723550.ece|title=KB would always build stories from the climax|first=Udhav|last=Naig|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|K. Balachander filmography}}

== Awards and nomination ==
{{See also|List of awards and nominations received by K. Balachander}}

==Documentary==
A documentary is getting ready about him. [[Ravisubramaniyan]] is selected by [[Kavithalaya Productions|Kavithalaya]] for making documentary, to be released on 9 July 2020, the 90th birthday of the veteran Indian filmmaker.<ref>[https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/541815-kodambakkam-junction.html கோடம்பாக்கம் சந்திப்பு, கவிதாலயாவின் தேர்வு, இந்து தமிழ் திசை, 28 பிப்ரவரி 2020]</ref> [https://minnambalam.com/public/s%e0%ae%95%e0%af%87-%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%bf-%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%86%e0%ae%a3%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%b3%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%b9%e0%af%80%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8b%e0%ae%86%e0%ae%95%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95/ <nowiki>[51]</nowiki>]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajnikanth: The Definitive Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC |year=2012 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Books Limited]] |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's other Film Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC&pg=PA38 |year=2008 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-93037-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Deep Focus: A Film Quarterly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2J2AAAAIAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Deep Focus |ref={{harvid|Deep Focus|1998}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0049335}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for K. Balachander
|list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{ANR National Award}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestDirector}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balachander, K.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Deaths from urinary tract infection]]
[[Category:Tamil television directors]]
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[[Category:Tamil television writers]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose

2026-03-21T11:43:25Z

हिन्दू: minor edit

{{Short description|Statue in India Gate, New Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox monument
| monument_name = ''Subhas Chandra Bose Statue''
| native_name =
| image = Netaji Statue.jpg
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6128793|N|77.2311301|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[India Gate]], [[New Delhi]], India
| designer = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Arun Yogiraj]]|}}
| type = statue
| material = [[Granite]]
| length = 10 feet
| width = 8 feet
| height = 28 feet
| begin = 2021
| open = {{Start date and age|2022|09|08|df=yes}}
| dedicated_to = [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]
| relief =
| extra =
}}
The '''statue of Subhas Chandra Bose''', also known as the '''Netaji's Statue''', is a [[Monolithic architecture|monolithic statue]] made of black granite, dedicated to [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], commander-in-chief of the [[Axis powers|Axis]]-aligned [[Indian National Army]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=Statue of Subhash Chandra Bose to be installed at India Gate, says PM Modi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/subhash-chandra-bose-statue-india-gate-pm-modi-7734946/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |agency=The Indian Express |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724183252/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/subhash-chandra-bose-statue-india-gate-pm-modi-7734946/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The statue {{convert|28|ft|m}} in total height, including a {{convert|8|ft|m}} in total width.<ref name="livemint"/> It is placed under the canopy behind [[India Gate]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's Grand Statue To Be Installed At India Gate |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-s-statue-to-be-installed-at-india-gate-news-46787 |access-date=24 July 2022 |agency=Outlook |publisher=www.outlookindia.com |date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701044833/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-s-statue-to-be-installed-at-india-gate-news-46787 |url-status=live }}</ref> The statue was sculpted by [[Mysuru]]-based sculptor [[Arun Yogiraj]], whose other prominent works include the statue of Adi Shankaracharya in [[Kedarnath]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=30-Foot Statue Of Subhas Chandra Bose To be Installed At India Gate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/30-foot-statue-of-subhas-chandra-bose-to-be-installed-at-india-gate-3026763 |access-date=24 July 2022 |agency=NDTV |publisher=www.ndtv.com |date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724183252/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/30-foot-statue-of-subhas-chandra-bose-to-be-installed-at-india-gate-3026763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news |title=Mysuru sculptor gets opportunity to carve Subhash Chandra Bose statue for India Gate |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mysuru-sculptor-gets-opportunity-to-carve-subhash-chandra-bose-statue-for-india-gate-1114904.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |publisher=www.deccanherald.com |date=3 Jun 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724182952/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mysuru-sculptor-gets-opportunity-to-carve-subhash-chandra-bose-statue-for-india-gate-1114904.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web |title=Ram Lalla's idol to be carved from Karnataka's black stones |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/karnatakas-nellikaru-rocks-to-be-used-for-carving-ram-lalla-s-idol-in-ayodhya-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-teerth-kshetra-trust-101681921240694.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 May 2023 |language=en |date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426172815/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/karnatakas-nellikaru-rocks-to-be-used-for-carving-ram-lalla-s-idol-in-ayodhya-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-teerth-kshetra-trust-101681921240694.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prominent attendees at the dedication ceremony in 2022 included PM [[Narendra Modi]], members of his cabinet, [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] [[Hardeep Singh Puri]], [[G. Kishan Reddy]] and [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]].<ref name="pib1"/><ref name="pib2"/>

== History ==
=== Background ===
[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] {{circa}} 1930s]]
[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalist]] who served as a 2nd leader of [[Indian National Army]] and head of the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]]. First, joined the National Congress and was elected twice as president, he later forming the [[All India Forward Bloc]].{{sfn|Padhy|2011|p=234}} In 1941, Subhash Chandra Bose was put under house arrest by the British government. During this time the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] kept his house under surveillance. However, he managed to escape to Germany via [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Loiwal|2017a}}{{sfn|Loiwal|2017b}}{{sfn|Talwar|1976}}{{sfn|Markandeya|1990}} Later he arrived in Singapore from Germany. In 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose revived the idea of forming an army for independence. At a meeting held in [[Singapore]] in July, [[Rasbihari Bose]] handed over control of the [[Indian Independence League]] to Subhash Chandra Bose. Subhash Chandra Bose was able to reorganize the army and mobilize widespread support among the Indian diaspora in Southeast Asia.

In 1936, a statue of King-Emperor [[George V]] was installed on the canopy of [[India Gate]]. The statue stood in its original location for two decades after the country's independence in 1947, but some political parties increasingly objected to its continued presence in its central location, especially after the tenth anniversary of independence and the centenary of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Others, including India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], objected to removing colonial-era statues, Nehru arguing that they reflected an integral part of India's history.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947">{{cite journal |last1=McGarr |first1=Paul |date=2015 |title=The Viceroys are Disappearing from the Roundabouts in Delhi: British symbols of power in post-colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=787–831 |doi= 10.1017/s0026749x14000080|doi-access=free }}</ref> On the night of 12–13 August 1958, George V's royal insignia and the Tudor crown above the canopy were removed.<ref name="crown">{{cite news|author= |date=14 August 1958 |title=Crown over Delhi Statue Removed - George V Memorial|work=The Times|page=6}}</ref>

With increasing pressure from socialist members of Parliament, then Deputy Home Minister [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] said in May 1964 that all British statues would be removed from the [[National Capital Region (India)|national capital]] by 1966.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/> Two days before [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] in 1965, members of the Samyukta Socialist Party overpowered two constables guarding the site, beating one and knocking the other unconscious, tarred the statue and mutilated its royal crown, nose and one ear, leaving a picture of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]] on the monument. This vandalism was widely condemned by India's English-language press.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/> Finally, in late 1968, the statue was removed from its position under the canopy.<ref name="British_monuments_in_India_post_1947"/><ref name="indianexpress1"/> The statue of the Emperor is now located in [[Coronation Park, Delhi]].

[[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the construction of the statue of Subhas Chandra Bose in 2021.<ref name="indianexpress"/> He said that the statue would be installed in the canopy of [[India Gate]] to mark '[[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]]', commemorating [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|75 years of independence]] as well as [[Netaji Jayanti|Bose's 125th birth anniversary]].<ref name="deccanherald"/><ref>{{cite web |title=To mark the year-long celebration of the 125th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a grand statue of Netaji to be installed at India Gate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791558 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724202112/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791558 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dedication ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi unveils the statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate, during the inauguration of the ‘Kartavya Path’, in New Delhi on September 08, 2022 (1).jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] unveils the ''statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose'' at [[India Gate]].]]
On 23 January 2022, Subhas Chandra Bose's hologram statue was installed on the occasion of '[[Netaji Jayanti|Parakram Diwas]]'. The hologram statue of Subhas Chandra Bose was unveiled by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="pib3">{{cite web |title=প্রধানমন্ত্রী ইন্ডিয়া গেটে নেতাজির হলোগ্রাম মূর্তি উন্মোচন, একই সঙ্গে সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু আপদা প্রবন্ধ পুরস্কার প্রদান করেছেন |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792120 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=PIB Kolkata |access-date=22 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |language=bn |date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="pib4">{{cite web |title=PM unveils hologram statue of Netaji at India Gate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1792025 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=PIB Delhi |access-date=22 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |language=en |date=23 January 2022}}</ref>

The statue was formally dedicated on 8 September 2022.<ref name="pib1">{{cite web |title=প্রধানমন্ত্রী 'কর্তব্য পথ' উদ্বোধন করেন এবং ইন্ডিয়া গেটে নেতাজি সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসুর মূর্তির আবরণ উন্মোচন করেন |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1858057 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=PIB Kolkata |access-date=22 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |language=bn |date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="pib2">{{cite web |title=PM inaugurates 'Kartavya Path' and unveils the statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1857900 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=PIB Delhi |access-date=22 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |language=en |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] dedicated the statue of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] to the nation near [[India Gate]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="pib1"/><ref name="pib2"/><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web |title=The history of the Grand Canopy at India Gate — and all about the statue of Netaji Bose that was unveiled there |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/netaji-bose-statue-india-gate-grand-canopy-inauguration-modi-explained-8138401/ |website=www.indianexpress.com |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=20 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |language=en |date=15 September 2022}}</ref> In the inauguration ceremony, the Prime Minister said, "Today the [[Rajpath]] ceases to exist and has become a [[Kartavya Path]]. Today when the statue of [[Netaji]] has replaced the mark of the statue of [[George V]], then this is not the first example of the abandonment of slavery mentality. This is neither the beginning nor the end. It is a continuous journey of determination till the goal of freedom of mind and spirit is achieved."<ref name="pib1"/><ref name="pib2"/>

==Design and construction ==
===Design===
[[File:Statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate Canopy in New Delhi 02.jpg|thumb|130px|The Statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate Canopy]]
The statue is sited in the center of C-hexagon, and it is surrounded by [[India Gate]], Param Vir Memorial, [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] and Children's Park. The statue is in a canopy, and the canopy is situated in a water body. There are fountains in the water body.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

The black granite statue measures {{convert|28|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall, {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} long, and {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="livemint">{{cite web |title=Prime Minister to unveil 28 feet statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/prime-minister-to-unveil-28-feet-statue-of-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-today-11662597108499.html |website=www.livemint.com |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Livemint |access-date=20 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It weighs approximately 65 Tn (65,000 kg).<ref name="livemint"/> [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] is depicted as a commander of the [[Indian National Army]], wearing his military uniform; A long belted jacket, boots and a hat. He is standing in the posture of [[salute]].

===Construction===
A large black granite stone was selected for the statue and brought from [[Telangana]] to [[Delhi]]. The 280 metric tonne granite block<ref name="indianexpress1"/> was quarried from a quarry in Khammam, Telangana. A temporary road had to be built to transport the stone from the quarry to the highway. A 100-feet long truck with 140 wheels was specially designed to transport it to the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (NGMA) in the [[National Capital Region (India)|national capital]].<ref name="indianexpress1"/><ref name="economictimes2">{{cite news |title=Grand statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The origin story |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/grand-statue-of-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-the-origin-story/articleshow/94080098.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 September 2022 |access-date=20 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909085311/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/grand-statue-of-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-the-origin-story/articleshow/94080098.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The granite block traveled from Khammam to [[Nagpur]], then traveled through Maharashtra's other parts, [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to reach [[Faridabad]] in Haryana. Finally reached NGMA, [[Delhi]]. A team of sculptors from Granite Studio India spent a total of 26,000 man-hours of intense artistic effort to bring the statue to life.<ref name="indianexpress1"/><ref name="economictimes2"/> The entire sculpting work was done at NGMA. The statue is a completely handcrafted sculpture using traditional techniques and modern tools.<ref name="economictimes2"/> The statue was designed by a team under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] led by Sculptor [[Arun Yogiraj]].<ref name="NDTV"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Statue av Kong Georg V av Storbritannia ved India Gate (1952) (16872147692).jpg|King George V's statue at India Gate in 1952
File:Netaji statue at India Gate 01.jpg|Netaji statue, seen from the India Gate in 2023
File:Statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate, New Delhi.png|Netaji statue, as dedicated on 8 September 2022
File:India Gate and Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg|India Gate and Statue of Subhas Chandra Bose in 2025
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Subhas Chandra Bose statue (Shyambazar, Kolkata)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Loiwal|first=Manogya|date=18 January 2017a|title=President Pranab Mukherjee unveils Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's 1937 Wanderer W24 in Kolkata|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-unveils-netaji-subhash-chandra-boses-1937-wanderer-w24-in-kolkata-955754-2017-01-18|access-date=20 February 2017|publisher=India Today|archive-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515010657/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-unveils-netaji-subhash-chandra-boses-1937-wanderer-w24-in-kolkata/1/860515.html|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Loiwal|first=Manogya|date=19 January 2017b|title=Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's favourite car restored; unveiled in Kolkata|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-wanderer-w24-restored-unveiled-in-kolkata-president-india-pranab-mukherjee-955856-2017-01-19|access-date=20 February 2017|newspaper=[[India Today]]|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103075533/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-wanderer-w24-restored-unveiled-in-kolkata-president-india-pranab-mukherjee/1/861051.html|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Markandeya|first=Subodh|title=Subhas Chandra Bose: Netaji's passage to im[m]ortality|year=1990|publisher=Arnold Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-RHAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape|isbn=978-81-7031-241-3|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062729/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-RHAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Padhy|first=K.S.|title=Indian Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEz5soh9P3oC&pg=PA234|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4305-4|year=2011}}
* {{citation|last=Talwar|first=Bhagat Ram|title=The Talwars of Pathan Land and Subhas Chandra's Great Escape|publisher=People's Publishing House|year=1976|isbn=978-0-88386-848-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8gBAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062817/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8gBAAAAMAAJ&q=+great+escape|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

{{Statues in India}}
{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}

[[Category:Memorials to Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Statues in India]]
[[Category:2022 sculptures]]

Ratheesh Vega

2026-03-16T15:24:06Z

हिन्दू: Improved wording and formatting

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{undisclosed paid|date=November 2020}}
{{Advert|date=November 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ratheesh Vega
| image = Ratheesh Vegha W.jpg
| caption = Ratheesh Vega
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], Kerala, India Residence - [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| genre = Pop, Indian Classical Music, [[soft rock]], [[world music]]
| instrument =
| occupation = Music composer, Music producer, Singer, Music Director, Arranger, Sequencer, Writer
| years_active = 2010–present
| label =
| website =
}}

'''Ratheesh Vega''' is a director, composer, singer, ,and musician who works in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] films. He debuted as a film music composer in the 2010 hit film ''[[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]]''.

==Career==
{{BLP sources|section|date=June 2023}}
Ratheesh completed his degree in music at Madras University. After his degree, Ratheesh pursued a short course in sound engineering. But all the while he nursed hopes of becoming a Carnatic vocalist. He learned music from Thrissur R. Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar.

For nearly two years Ratheesh spearheaded Music Talks on Malayalam channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. This show also provided the turnaround in Ratheesh's career. ''"It was during this time that I met Gopi Sunder, the noted music director and programmer. He told me that I could try my hand at composing music and also introduced me to many people in the music field. I believed in Gopi Sunder."'' -says Ratheesh Vega.

He has done jingles in all the South Indian languages with numerous clients and for many big brands. Some of them like Kalyan Silks, Josco, MCR and Joy Alukkas did a lot to soar his stock. Ratheesh won the Pepper Award in 2010 for his striking jingles.

In between all this, Ratheesh worked on a couple of albums. And these albums helped find his way into films. Of these 'Cafe Love' and 'Njanum Ente Ayyappa' had tunes with the typical Ratheesh Vegha stamp a judicious blend of the East and West styles of music. ''"The Ayyappa devotional for Vox Music, US, was designed quite differently from the usual ones of the genre. It was priced at seven dollars and sold around 5,000 copies. But it was 'Café Love' (Sathyam Audios) that gave me my film break."''- Remembers Ratheesh.

'Café Love' had tracks sung by [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], Biju Narayanan, [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Gopi Sunder]] and others. It had some melodies like Unni Menon's 'Ormayil...' and the trendy pop-styled 'Nestle coffee...' by Biju Narayanan and Thulasi Yatheendran.

He was introduced to Milan Jaleel, by one of his friends, who had heard the music of 'Cafe Love.' He immediately offered Ratheesh a chance in his film [[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]]. The Music of Cocktail turned out to be his best soundtrack, in which the songs like ''Neeyam Thanalinu'' by [[Vijay Yesudas]] and Thulasi Yatheendran topped the charts for weeks. And then the second chance for him came from Milan Jaleel himself to work in his next project, 'Kasargod Khaderbhai'.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article853545.ece Chartbusting debut! {{pipe}} The Hindu]</ref>

==Personal life==
Ratheesh lives in Thrissur with his wife Dr. Anu Ratheesh Vega and children Nadhin Ratheesh Vega and Nirnav Ratheesh Vega<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-22 |title=Musically yours... |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/musically-yours/article4538048.ece |access-date=2023-04-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Discography==

===As music director===
{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2023}}
*''Note: all films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
!Score
!Songs!! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} || Film Debut
|-
| ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Ulakam Chuttum Valiban]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||
|-
| ''[[Pachuvum Kovalanum]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||
|-
| ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} || Kochi Times Film Award for Best Music Director [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] for Best Upcoming Music Director
|-
| rowspan="6"|2012 || ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||
|-
| ''[[Mullassery Madhavan Kutty Nemom P. O.]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Namukku Parkkan]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Run Babby Run (2012 film)|Run Babby Run]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} || CERA BIG Malayalam Music Award, 97.2 BIG FM for Most Popular Song
|-
| ''[[Poppins]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2013 || ''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| '' [[David and Goliath (2013 film)|David and Goliath]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Star (2013 film)|Lucky Star]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Orissa (film)|Orissa]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} || Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director
|-
| ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Silence (2013 film)|Silence]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || [[Athithi (2014 film)|''Athithi'']]
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| ''[[Picket 43]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|-
|''Yanam Mahayanam''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Aadupuliyattam]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Swarnakkaduva]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Achayans]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Ilayaraja (film)|Ilayaraja]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''Fancy Dress''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''King Fish''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Half Pants Full Pants]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Hindi]] Amazon web series
|-
|2024
|''[[Virunnu]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Cherukkanum Pennum]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || <ref>{{cite web |title=Fewer romantic thrillers being made today: ‘Cherukkanum Pennum’ director Pradeep Nair |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/31/cherukkanum-pennum-movie-release-pradeep-nair-romantic-thriller.html |work=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=7 November 2025 |date=31 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

===As a writer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Thrissur Pooram (film)|Thrissur Pooram]]'' || <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ratheesh-vega-completes-scripting-jayasuryas-thrissur-pooram/articleshow/61487073.cms]</ref>
|}

===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[18 Hours (2021 film)|Eighteen Hours]]'' ||
|}

==Non-film albums==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album title !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''Cafe Love'' ||<ref name="malayalasangeetham1">{{cite web| url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/php/displayProfile.php?category=musician&artist=Ratheesh%20Vegha | title=Profile of Malayalam Musician Ratheesh Vegha | language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''Naanum ente ayyappa'' ||
|}

==Awards==
* Best Music Director for [[Orissa (film)|Orissa]] – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] 2013
* Popular Song Award for "Aatumanal Payayil" [[Run Babby Run]] – CERA BIG Malayalam Music Award, 97.2 BIG FM 2013
* Best Music Director for [[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]] – The Kochi Times Film Award 2011<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/The-Kochi-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14341029.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-23/news-and-interviews/32369964_1_video-mohanlal-kavya-madhavan | url-status=live | archive-date=4 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title= The Kochi Times Film Awards 2011| date=23 June 2012}}</ref>
* Best Upcoming Music Director for [[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]] – [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] 2011
*Best song award for "Janmandarangal" [[Orissa (film)|Orissa]]
*Best Music Director for cocktail [[Ramu Kariat]] Film Awards 2010
*Best Music Director for "Mazhaneer Thullikal" [[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]] - [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [[IMDbName:4274041|Ratheesh Vegha – IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vega, Ratheesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Palakkad]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Statistics

2026-03-16T00:59:04Z

हिन्दू: revise

{{Short description|Study of collection and analysis of data}}
{{hatnote group|
{{about|the study of data|a value derived from a sample|Statistic}}
{{Other uses|Statistics (disambiguation)}}
}}
[[File:Standard Normal Distribution-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|The [[normal distribution]], a very common [[Probability density function|probability density]], is used extensively in [[inferential statistics]].]]
[[File:Iris Pairs Plot.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|[[Scatter plot]]s and [[line chart]]s are used in [[descriptive statistics]] to show the observed relationships between different variables, here using the [[Iris flower data set|''Iris'' flower data set]].]]
{{StatsTopicTOC}}
{{Math topics TOC}}

'''Statistics''' (from [[German language|German]]: ''{{linktext|lang=de|Statistik}}'', {{Abbr|orig.|originally}} "description of a [[State (polity)|state]], a country"<ref name=":1">{{multiref | {{Cite OED|statistics}} | {{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache |url=https://www.dwds.de/?q=Statistik |title=Statistik | date=August 2024 |publisher=Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |lang=de}} }}</ref>) is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of [[data]].<ref name="def">{{multiref | {{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Reference |title=Statistics |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954145-4 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541454.001.0001/acref-9780199541454-e-1566?rskey=nxhBLl&result=1979}} | {{Cite encyclopedia |first=Jan-Willem |last=Romijn |year=2014 |title=Philosophy of statistics |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/}} | {{Cite dictionary | dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |title=Statistics |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/statistics}} }}</ref> In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a [[statistical population]] or a [[statistical model]] to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of [[statistical survey|surveys]] and [[experimental design|experiments]].<ref name="Dodge">{{Cite book |last=Dodge |first=Yadolah |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-920613-9}}</ref> Statistics is deeply related to subjects like physics, chemistry, geography, geopolitics, and especially mathematics.

When [[census]] data (comprising every member of the target population) cannot be collected, [[statistician]]s collect data by developing specific experiment designs and survey [[sample (statistics)|samples]]. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can reasonably extend from the sample to the population as a whole. An [[experimental study]] involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an [[observational study]] does not involve experimental manipulation.

Two main statistical methods are used in [[data analysis]]: [[descriptive statistics]], which summarize data from a sample using [[Index (statistics)|indexes]] such as the [[mean]] or [[standard deviation]], and [[statistical inference|inferential statistics]], which draw conclusions from data that are subject to random variation (e.g., observational errors, sampling variation).<ref name=LundResearchLtd>{{cite web |last=Lund Research Ltd. |url=https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |title=Descriptive and Inferential Statistics |publisher=statistics.laerd.com |access-date=2014-03-23 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075549/https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Descriptive statistics are most often concerned with two sets of properties of a ''distribution'' (sample or population): ''[[central tendency]]'' (or ''location'') seeks to characterize the distribution's central or typical value, while ''[[statistical dispersion|dispersion]]'' (or ''variability'') characterizes the extent to which members of the distribution depart from its center and each other. Inferences made using [[mathematical statistics]] employ the framework of [[probability theory]], which deals with the analysis of random phenomena.

A standard statistical procedure involves the collection of data leading to a [[statistical hypothesis testing|test of the relationship]] between two statistical data sets, or a data set and synthetic data drawn from an idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical relationship between the two data sets, an [[alternative hypothesis|alternative]] to an idealized [[null hypothesis]] of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false, given the data that are used in the test. Working from a null hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized: [[Type I error]]s (null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true, giving a "false positive") and [[Type II error]]s (null hypothesis fails to be rejected when it is in fact false, giving a "false negative"). Multiple problems have come to be associated with this framework, ranging from obtaining a sufficient sample size to specifying an adequate null hypothesis.<ref name="LundResearchLtd" />

Statistical measurement processes are also prone to error with regard to the data they generate. Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic ([[Bias (statistics)|bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also occur. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in biased estimates, and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Introduction ==
{{main|Outline of statistics}}
{{blockquote|"Statistics is both the science of uncertainty and the technology of extracting information from data." - featured in the International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science.<ref name="Hand20102">{{Cite book |last=Hand |first=David |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-04898-2 |editor-last=Lovric |editor-first=Miodrag |pages=1504–1509 |language=en |chapter=Statistics: An Overview}}</ref>}}Statistics is the discipline that deals with [[data]], facts and figures with which meaningful information is inferred. Data may represent a numerical value, in form of quantitative data, or a label, as with qualitative data. Data may be collected, presented and summarised, in one of two methods called descriptive statistics. Two elementary summaries of data, singularly called a statistic, are the mean and dispersion. Whereas inferential statistics interprets data from a population sample to induce statements and predictions about a population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tanton |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Facts On File |year=2005 |isbn=0-8160-5124-0 |pages=478–484 |language=en |chapter=Statistics}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Statistics {{!}} Definition, Types, & Importance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/statistics |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hand20102" />

Statistics is regarded as a body of science<ref name="Moses">Moses, Lincoln E. (1986) ''Think and Explain with Statistics'', Addison-Wesley, {{isbn|978-0-201-15619-5}}. pp. 1–3</ref> or a branch of mathematics.<ref>Hays, William Lee, (1973) ''Statistics for the Social Sciences'', Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. xii, {{isbn|978-0-03-077945-9}}</ref> It is based on probability, a branch of mathematics that studies random events. Statistics is considered the science of uncertainty. This arises from the ways to cope with measurement and sampling error as well as dealing with uncertanties in modelling. Although probability and statistics were once paired together as a single subject, they are conceptually distinct from one another. The former is based on deducing answers to specific situations from a general theory of probability, meanwhile statistics induces statements about a population based on a data set. Statistics serves to bridge the gap between probability and applied mathematical fields.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=David |title=Weighing the Odds: A Course in Probability and Statistics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521006187 |pages=xi-xvii |language=en |chapter=Preface}}</ref><ref name="Hand20102" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rudas |first=Tamas |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-04898-2 |editor-last=Lovric |editor-first=Miodrag |pages=1123–1126 |language=en |chapter=Probability Theory: An Outline}}</ref>

Some consider statistics to be a distinct [[Mathematical sciences|mathematical science]] rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is generally concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty and decision-making in the face of uncertainty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=David |title=Statistics for the Twenty-First Century |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-88385-078-7 |editor=F. Gordon |location=Washington, DC |pages=[https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14 14–25] |chapter=Teaching Statistics as a Respectable Subject |editor2=S. Gordon |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsfortwe0000unse/page/14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chance |first=Beth L. |author1-link=Beth Chance |title=Investigating Statistical Concepts, Applications, and Methods |author2=Rossman, Allan J. |publisher=Duxbury Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-495-05064-3 |chapter=Preface |access-date=2009-12-06 |chapter-url=http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122092901/http://www.rossmanchance.com/iscam/preface.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics is indexed at 62, a subclass of probability theory and stochastic processes, in the Mathematics Subject Classification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification Search Result - zbMATH Open |url=https://zbmath.org/classification/?q=cc:62 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=zbmath.org}}</ref> Mathematical statistics is covered in the range 276-280 of subclass QA (science > mathematics) in the Library of Congress Classification.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Higham |first=Nicholas J. |title=Handbook of Writing for the Mathematical Sciences |publisher=Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics |year=1998 |isbn=0-89871-420-6 |pages=214 |language=en |chapter=Aids and Resources for Writing and Research}}</ref>

The word statistics ultimately comes from the Latin word Status, meaning "situation" or "condition" in society, which in late Latin adopted the meaning "state". Derived from this, political scientist Gottfried Achenwall, coined the German word statistik (a summary of how things stand). In 1770, the term entered the English language through German and referred to the study of political arrangements. The term gained its modern meaning in the 1790s in John Sinclair's works.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheynin |first=Oscar |title=International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-642-04898-2 |editor-last=Lovric |editor-first=Miodrag |pages=1493–1504 |language=en |chapter=Statistics, History of}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-283098-8 |editor-last=Hoad |editor-first=T. F. |pages=460 |language=en}}</ref> In modern German, the term statistik is synonymous with mathematical statistics. The term statistic, in singular form, is used to describe a function that returns its value of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistik |url=https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/mathematik/statistik/9965 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.spektrum.de |language=de}}</ref>

==Statistical data==
=== Data collection ===
====Sampling====
When full census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect sample data by developing specific [[design of experiments|experiment designs]] and [[survey sampling|survey samples]]. Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting through [[statistical model]]s.

To use a sample as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it truly represents the overall population. Representative [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] ensures that inferences and conclusions can safely be extended from the sample to the population as a whole. A major problem lies in determining the extent to which the chosen sample is actually representative. Statistics offers methods to estimate and correct for any bias in the sample and data collection procedures. There are also methods of experimental design that can lessen these issues at the outset of a study, strengthening its ability to discern truths about the population.

Sampling theory is part of the [[mathematics|mathematical discipline]] of [[probability theory]]. Probability is used in [[statistical theory|mathematical statistics]] to study the [[sampling distribution]]s of [[sample statistic]]s and, more generally, the properties of [[statistical decision theory|statistical procedures]]. The use of any statistical method is valid only when the system or population under consideration satisfies the assumptions of the method. The difference in point of view between classic probability theory and sampling theory is, roughly, that probability theory starts with the given parameters of a total population to [[deductive reasoning|deduce]] probabilities that pertain to samples. Statistical inference, however, moves in the opposite direction—[[inductive reasoning|inductively inferring]] from samples to the parameters of a larger or total population.

====Experimental and observational studies====
A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate [[causality]], and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or [[Dependent and independent variables|independent variables on dependent variables]]. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: [[Experiment|experimental studies]] and [[Observational study|observational studies]]. In both types of studies, the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies in how the study is actually conducted. Each can be very effective. An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional [[Level of measurement|measurements with different levels]] using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve [[Scientific control|experimental manipulation]]. Instead, data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated. While the tools of data analysis work best on data from [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized studies]], they are also applied to other kinds of data—like [[natural experiment]]s and [[Observational study|observational studies]]<ref>[[David A. Freedman (statistician)|Freedman, D.A.]] (2005) ''Statistical Models: Theory and Practice'', Cambridge University Press. {{isbn|978-0-521-67105-7}}</ref>—for which a statistician would use a modified, more structured estimation method (e.g., [[Difference in differences|difference in differences estimation]] and [[instrumental variable]]s, among many others) that produce [[consistent estimator]]s.

=====Experiments=====
The basic steps of a statistical experiment are:

# Planning the research, including finding the number of replicates of the study, using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of [[Average treatment effect|treatment effects]], [[alternative hypothesis|alternative hypotheses]], and the estimated [[experimental error|experimental variability]]. Consideration of the selection of experimental subjects and the ethics of research is necessary. Statisticians recommend that experiments compare (at least) one new treatment with a standard treatment or control, to allow an unbiased estimate of the difference in treatment effects.
# [[Design of experiments]], using [[blocking (statistics)|blocking]] to reduce the influence of [[confounding variable]]s, and [[randomized assignment]] of treatments to subjects to allow [[bias of an estimator|unbiased estimates]] of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage, the experimenters and statisticians write the ''[[protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]]'' that will guide the performance of the experiment and which specifies the'' primary analysis'' of the experimental data.
# Performing the experiment following the [[Protocol (natural sciences)|experimental protocol]] and [[analysis of variance|analyzing the data]] following the experimental protocol.
# Further examining the data set in secondary analyses, to suggest new hypotheses for future study.
# Documenting and presenting the results of the study.

Experiments on human behavior have special concerns. The famous [[Hawthorne study]] examined changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the [[Western Electric Company]]. The researchers were interested in determining whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the [[assembly line]] workers. The researchers first measured the productivity in the plant, then modified the illumination in an area of the plant and checked if the changes in illumination affected productivity. It turned out that productivity indeed improved (under the experimental conditions). However, the study is heavily criticized today for errors in experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a [[control group]] and [[double-blind|blindness]]. The [[Hawthorne effect]] refers to finding that an outcome (in this case, worker productivity) changed due to observation itself. Those in the Hawthorne study became more productive not because the lighting was changed but because they were being observed.<ref name="pmid17608932">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P |title=The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=7|article-number=30 |year=2007 |pmid=17608932 |pmc=1936999 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-7-30 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=====Observational study=====
An example of an observational study is one that explores the association between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers, perhaps through a [[cohort study]], and then look for the number of cases of lung cancer in each group.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-link=kenneth Rothman (epidemiologist)|editor1-last=Rothman|editor1-first=Kenneth J |editor2-link=Sander Greenland |editor2-last=Greenland|editor2-first=Sander|editor3-link=Timothy L. Lash|editor3-last=Lash|editor3-first=Timothy|title=Modern Epidemiology|url=https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernepidemiolo00roth/page/n100 100]|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=7|isbn=978-0781755641}}</ref> A [[case-control study]] is another type of observational study in which people with and without the outcome of interest (e.g. lung cancer) are invited to participate and their exposure histories are collected.

===Types of data===
{{main|Statistical data type||Levels of measurement}}

Various attempts have been made to produce a taxonomy of [[level of measurement|levels of measurement]]. The psychophysicist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] defined nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal measurements do not have meaningful rank order among values, and permit any one-to-one (injective) transformation. Ordinal measurements have imprecise differences between consecutive values, but have a meaningful order to those values, and permit any order-preserving transformation. Interval measurements have meaningful distances between measurements defined, but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with [[longitude]] and [[temperature]] measurements in [[Celsius]] or [[Fahrenheit]]), and permit any linear transformation. Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined, and permit any rescaling transformation.

Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically, sometimes they are grouped together as [[categorical variable]]s, whereas ratio and interval measurements are grouped together as [[Variable (mathematics)#Applied statistics|quantitative variables]], which can be either [[Probability distribution#Discrete probability distribution|discrete]] or [[Probability distribution#Continuous probability distribution|continuous]], due to their numerical nature. Such distinctions can often be loosely correlated with [[data type]] in computer science, in that dichotomous categorical variables may be represented with the [[Boolean data type]], polytomous categorical variables with arbitrarily assigned [[integer]]s in the [[integer (computer science)|integral data type]], and continuous variables with the [[real data type]] involving [[floating-point arithmetic]]. But the mapping of computer science data types to statistical data types depends on which categorization of the latter is being implemented.

Other categorizations have been proposed. For example, Mosteller and Tukey (1977)<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Mosteller | first1 = F. | author-link1 = Frederick Mosteller | last2 = Tukey | first2 = J.W | author-link2 = John Tukey | year = 1977 | title = Data analysis and regression | location = Boston | publisher = Addison-Wesley}}</ref> distinguished grades, ranks, counted fractions, counts, amounts, and balances. Nelder (1990)<ref>[[John Nelder|Nelder, J.A.]] (1990). The knowledge needed to computerise the analysis and interpretation of statistical information. In ''Expert systems and artificial intelligence: the need for information about data''. Library Association Report, London, March, 23–27.</ref> described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and categorical modes of data. (See also: Chrisman (1998),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chrisman | first1 = Nicholas R | year = 1998 | title = Rethinking Levels of Measurement for Cartography | journal = Cartography and Geographic Information Science | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 231–242 | doi=10.1559/152304098782383043| bibcode = 1998CGISy..25..231C }}</ref> van den Berg (1991).<ref>van den Berg, G. (1991). ''Choosing an analysis method''. Leiden: DSWO Press</ref>)

The issue of whether it is appropriate to apply different kinds of statistical methods to data obtained from different kinds of measurement procedures is complicated by issues concerning the transformation of variables and the precise interpretation of research questions. "The relationship between the data and what they describe merely reflects the fact that certain kinds of statistical statements may have truth values that are not invariant under some transformations. Whether a transformation is sensible to contemplate depends on the question one is trying to answer."<ref>Hand, D.J. (2004). ''Measurement theory and practice: The world through quantification.'' London: Arnold.</ref>{{rp|82}}

== Methods ==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2020}}

=== Descriptive statistics ===
{{main|Descriptive statistics}}

A '''descriptive statistic''' (in the [[count noun]] sense) is a [[summary statistic]] that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of [[information]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Prem S. |year=1995 |title=Introductory Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductorystat02edmann_z9s5 |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=0-471-31009-3 }}</ref> while '''descriptive statistics''' in the [[mass noun]] sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from [[statistical inference|inferential statistics]] (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive statistics aims to summarize a [[Sample (statistics)|sample]], rather than use the data to learn about the [[statistical population|population]] that the sample of data is thought to represent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Descriptive Statistics {{!}} Research Connections |url=https://www.researchconnections.org/research-tools/descriptive-statistics |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.researchconnections.org}}</ref>

=== Inferential statistics ===
{{main|Statistical inference}}

'''Statistical inference''' is the process of using [[data analysis]] to deduce properties of an underlying [[probability distribution]].<ref name="Oxford">Upton, G., Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954145-4}}.</ref> Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a [[Statistical population|population]], for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is [[Sampling (statistics)|sampled]] from a larger population. Inferential statistics can be contrasted with [[descriptive statistics]]. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Inferential Statistics - Purdue OWL - Purdue University |url=https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/writing_with_statistics/basic_inferential_statistics.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=owl.purdue.edu}}</ref>

====Terminology and theory of inferential statistics====
=====Statistics, estimators and pivotal quantities=====
Consider [[Independent identically distributed|independent identically distributed (IID) random variables]] with a given [[probability distribution]]: standard [[statistical inference]] and [[estimation theory]] defines a [[random sample]] as the [[random vector]] given by the [[column vector]] of these IID variables.<ref name="Piazza">Piazza Elio, Probabilità e Statistica, Esculapio 2007</ref> The [[Statistical population|population]] being examined is described by a probability distribution that may have unknown parameters.

A statistic is a random variable that is a function of the random sample, but {{em|not a function of unknown parameters}}. The probability distribution of the statistic, though, may have unknown parameters. Consider now a function of the unknown parameter: an [[estimator]] is a statistic used to estimate such function. Commonly used estimators include [[sample mean]], unbiased [[sample variance]] and [[sample covariance]].

A random variable that is a function of the random sample and of the unknown parameter, but whose probability distribution ''does not depend on the unknown parameter'' is called a [[pivotal quantity]] or pivot. Widely used pivots include the [[z-score]], the [[Chi-squared distribution#Applications|chi square statistic]] and Student's [[Student's t-distribution#How the t-distribution arises|t-value]].

Between two estimators of a given parameter, the one with lower [[mean squared error]] is said to be more [[Efficient estimator|efficient]]. Furthermore, an estimator is said to be [[Unbiased estimator|unbiased]] if its [[expected value]] is equal to the [[true value]] of the unknown parameter being estimated, and asymptotically unbiased if its expected value converges at the [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]] to the true value of such parameter.

Other desirable properties for estimators include: [[UMVUE]] estimators that have the lowest variance for all possible values of the parameter to be estimated (this is usually an easier property to verify than efficiency) and [[consistent estimator]]s which [[converges in probability]] to the true value of such parameter.

This still leaves the question of how to obtain estimators in a given situation and carry the computation, several methods have been proposed: the [[method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]], the [[maximum likelihood]] method, the [[least squares]] method and the more recent method of [[estimating equations]].

=====Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis=====
Interpretation of statistical information can often involve the development of a [[null hypothesis]] which is usually (but not necessarily) that no relationship exists among variables or that no change occurred over time.<ref>{{cite book | last = Everitt | first = Brian | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0521593468 | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00ever_0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |title=Cohen (1994) The Earth Is Round (p < .05) |publisher=YourStatsGuru.com |access-date=2015-07-20 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081658/http://www.yourstatsguru.com/epar/rp-reviewed/cohen1994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[alternative hypothesis]] is the name of the hypothesis that contradicts the null hypothesis.

The best illustration for a novice is the predicament encountered by a [[criminal trial]]. The null hypothesis, H0, asserts that the defendant is innocent, whereas the alternative hypothesis, H1, asserts that the defendant is [[Guilt (law)|guilty]]. The [[indictment]] comes because of suspicion of the guilt. The H0 (the [[status quo]]) stands in opposition to H1 and is maintained unless H1 is supported by evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt". However, "failure to reject H0" in this case does not imply innocence, but merely that the evidence was insufficient to convict. So the jury does not necessarily accept H0 but fails to reject H0. While one can not "prove" a null hypothesis, one can test how close it is to being true with a [[Statistical power|power test]], which tests for [[type II error]]s.

=====Error=====
Working from a [[null hypothesis]], two broad categories of error are recognized:

* [[Type I and type II errors#Type I error|Type I errors]] where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected, giving a "false positive".
* [[Type I and type II errors#Type II error|Type II errors]] where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed, giving a "false negative".

[[Standard deviation]] refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value, such as the sample or population mean, while [[Standard error (statistics)#Standard error of the mean|Standard error]] refers to an estimate of difference between sample mean and population mean.

A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|statistical error]] is the amount by which an observation differs from its [[expected value]]. A [[Errors and residuals in statistics#Introduction|residual]] is the amount an observation differs from the value the estimator of the expected value assumes on a given sample (also called prediction).

[[Mean squared error]] is used for obtaining [[efficient estimators]], a widely used class of estimators. [[Root mean square error]] is simply the square root of mean squared error.

[[File:Linear least squares(2).svg|thumb|right|A least squares fit: in red the points to be fitted, in blue the fitted line.]]

Many statistical methods seek to minimize the [[residual sum of squares]], and these are called "[[least squares|methods of least squares]]" in contrast to [[Least absolute deviations]]. The latter gives equal weight to small and big errors, while the former gives more weight to large errors. Residual sum of squares is also [[Differentiable function|differentiable]], which provides a handy property for doing [[regression analysis|regression]]. Least squares applied to [[linear regression]] is called [[ordinary least squares]] method and least squares applied to [[nonlinear regression]] is called [[non-linear least squares]]. Also in a linear regression model the non deterministic part of the model is called error term, disturbance or more simply noise. Both linear regression and non-linear regression are addressed in [[polynomial least squares]], which also describes the variance in a prediction of the dependent variable (y axis) as a function of the independent variable (x axis) and the deviations (errors, noise, disturbances) from the estimated (fitted) curve.

Measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as [[Random error|random]] (noise) or [[Systematic error|systematic]] ([[bias]]), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also be important. The presence of [[missing data]] or [[censoring (statistics)|censoring]] may result in [[bias (statistics)|biased estimates]] and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems.<ref>Rubin, Donald B.; Little, Roderick J.A., Statistical analysis with missing data, New York: Wiley 2002</ref>

=====Interval estimation=====
{{main|Interval estimation}}

[[File:NYW-confidence-interval.svg|thumb|right|[[Confidence intervals]]: the red line is true value for the mean in this example, the blue lines are random confidence intervals for 100 realizations.]]

Most studies only sample part of a population, so results do not fully represent the whole population. Any estimates obtained from the sample only approximate the population value. [[Confidence intervals]] allow statisticians to express how closely the sample estimate matches the true value in the whole population. Often they are expressed as 95% confidence intervals. Formally, a 95% confidence interval for a value is a range where, if the sampling and analysis were repeated under the same conditions (yielding a different dataset), the interval would include the true (population) value in 95% of all possible cases. This does ''not'' imply that the probability that the true value is in the confidence interval is 95%. From the [[frequentist inference|frequentist]] perspective, such a claim does not even make sense, as the true value is not a [[random variable]]. Either the true value is or is not within the given interval. However, it is true that, before any data are sampled and given a plan for how to construct the confidence interval, the probability is 95% that the yet-to-be-calculated interval will cover the true value: at this point, the limits of the interval are yet-to-be-observed [[random variable]]s. One approach that does yield an interval that can be interpreted as having a given probability of containing the true value is to use a [[credible interval]] from [[Bayesian statistics]]: this approach depends on a different way of [[Probability interpretations|interpreting what is meant by "probability"]], that is as a [[Bayesian probability]].

In principle, confidence intervals can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. An interval can be asymmetrical because it works as a lower or upper bound for a parameter (left-sided interval or right sided interval), but it can also be asymmetrical if a two-sided interval is built violating symmetry around the estimate. Sometimes the bounds of a confidence interval are reached asymptotically, and these are used to approximate the true bounds.

=====Significance=====
{{main|Statistical significance}}

Statistics rarely give a simple Yes/No type answer to the question under analysis. Interpretation often comes down to the level of statistical significance applied to the numbers and often refers to the probability of a value accurately rejecting the null hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the [[p-value]]).

[[File:P-value in statistical significance testing.svg|upright=1.8|thumb|right|In this graph the black line is probability distribution for the [[test statistic]], the [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values to the right of the observed data point (observed value of the test statistic) and the [[p-value]] is represented by the green area.]]

The standard approach<ref name="Piazza" /> is to test a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis. A [[Critical region#Definition of terms|critical region]] is the set of values of the estimator that leads to refuting the null hypothesis. The probability of type I error is therefore the probability that the estimator belongs to the critical region given that null hypothesis is true ([[statistical significance]]) and the probability of type II error is the probability that the estimator does not belong to the critical region given that the alternative hypothesis is true. The [[statistical power]] of a test is the probability that it correctly rejects the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.

Referring to statistical significance does not necessarily mean that the overall result is significant in real-world terms. For example, in a large study of a drug it may be shown that the drug has a statistically significant but very small beneficial effect, such that it is unlikely to help the patient noticeably.

Although in principle the acceptable level of statistical significance may be subject to debate, the [[significance level]] is the largest p-value that allows the test to reject the null hypothesis. This test is logically equivalent to saying that the p-value is the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, of observing a result at least as extreme as the [[test statistic]]. Therefore, the smaller the significance level, the lower the probability of committing type I error.

Some problems are usually associated with this framework (See [[Statistical hypothesis testing#Criticism|criticism of hypothesis testing]]):

* A difference that is highly statistically significant can still be of no practical significance, but it is possible to properly formulate tests to account for this. One response involves going beyond reporting only the [[significance level]] to include the [[p-value|''p''-value]] when reporting whether a hypothesis is rejected or accepted. The p-value, however, does not indicate the [[effect size|size]] or importance of the observed effect and can also seem to exaggerate the importance of minor differences in large studies. A better and increasingly common approach is to report [[confidence interval]]s. Although these are produced from the same calculations as those of hypothesis tests or ''p''-values, they describe both the size of the effect and the uncertainty surrounding it.
* Fallacy of the transposed conditional, aka [[prosecutor's fallacy]]: criticisms arise because the hypothesis testing approach forces one hypothesis (the [[null hypothesis]]) to be favored, since what is being evaluated is the probability of the observed result given the null hypothesis and not probability of the null hypothesis given the observed result. An alternative to this approach is offered by [[Bayesian inference]], although it requires establishing a [[prior probability]].<ref name="Ioannidis2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | author-link1 = John P.A. Ioannidis| title = Why Most Published Research Findings Are False | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = e124 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16060722 | pmc = 1182327 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Rejecting the null hypothesis does not automatically prove the alternative hypothesis.
* As everything in [[inferential statistics]] it relies on sample size, and therefore under [[fat tails]] p-values may be seriously mis-computed.{{clarify|date=October 2016}}

=====Examples=====
Some well-known statistical [[Statistical hypothesis testing|tests]] and procedures are:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Analysis of variance]] (ANOVA)
* [[Chi-squared test]]
* [[Correlation]]
* [[Factor analysis]]
* [[Mann–Whitney (U)|Mann–Whitney ''U'']]
* [[Mean square weighted deviation]] (MSWD)
* [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]]
* [[Regression analysis]]
* [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]]
* [[Student's t-test|Student's ''t''-test]]
* [[Time series analysis]]
* [[Conjoint Analysis]]
}}

=== Bayesian statistics ===
{{main|Bayesian statistics}}
An alternative paradigm to the popular [[frequentist inference|frequentist]] paradigm is to use [[Bayes' theorem]] to update the [[prior probability]] of the hypotheses in consideration based on the [[likelihood function|relative likelihood]] of the evidence gathered to obtain a [[posterior probability]]. Bayesian methods have been aided by the increase in available computing power to compute the [[posterior probability]] using numerical approximation techniques like [[Markov Chain Monte Carlo]].

For statistically modelling purposes, Bayesian models tend to be [[Bayesian hierarchical modeling|hierarchical]], for example, one could model each [[YouTube]] channel as having video views distributed as a normal distribution with channel dependent mean and variance <math> \mathcal{N}(\mu_i, \sigma_i) </math>, while modeling the channel means as themselves coming from a normal distribution representing the distribution of average video view counts per channel, and the variances as coming from another distribution.

The concept of using [[likelihood function#Likelihood ratio|likelihood ratio]] can also be prominently seen in [[likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing|medical diagnostic testing]].

===Exploratory data analysis===
{{main|Exploratory data analysis}}

'''Exploratory data analysis''' ('''EDA''') is an approach to [[data analysis|analyzing]] [[data set]]s to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods. A [[statistical model]] can be used or not, but primarily EDA is for seeing what the data can tell us beyond the formal modeling or hypothesis testing task.

=== Mathematical statistics ===
{{main|Mathematical statistics}}
Mathematical statistics is the application of mathematics to statistics. Mathematical techniques used for this include [[mathematical analysis]], [[linear algebra]], [[stochastic analysis]], [[differential equations]], and [[measure-theoretic probability theory]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> All statistical analyses make use of at least some mathematics, and mathematical statistics can therefore be regarded as a fundamental component of general statistics.<ref name="Moses" />

== History ==
{{main|History of statistics|Founders of statistics}}
[[File:Jakob Bernoulli.jpg|thumb|Bernoulli's ''{{langr|la|[[Ars Conjectandi]]}}'' was the first work that dealt with [[probability theory]] as currently understood.]]

Formal discussions on inference date back to the [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|mathematicians]] and [[cryptographers]] of the [[Islamic Golden Age]] between the 8th and 13th centuries. [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi|Al-Khalil]] (717–786) wrote the ''Book of Cryptographic Messages'', which contains one of the first uses of [[permutation]]s and [[combination]]s, to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels.<ref name="LB">{{Cite journal |last=Broemeling |first=Lyle D. |date=1 November 2011 |title=An Account of Early Statistical Inference in Arab Cryptology |journal=The American Statistician |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=255–257 |doi=10.1198/tas.2011.10191 |s2cid=123537702}}</ref> [[Al-Kindi]]'s ''Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages'' gave a detailed description of how to use [[frequency analysis]] to decipher [[encrypted]] messages, providing an early example of [[statistical inference]] for [[Code|decoding]]. [[Ibn Adlan]] (1187–1268) later made an important contribution on the use of [[sample size]] in frequency analysis.<ref name="LB" />

Although the term ''statistic'' was introduced by the Italian scholar [[Girolamo Ghilini]] in 1589 with reference to a collection of facts and information about a state, it was the German [[Gottfried Achenwall]] in 1749 who started using the term as a collection of quantitative information, in the modern use for this science.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ostasiewicz |first=Walenty |year=2014 |title=The emergence of statistical science |journal=Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny |volume=12 |issue=18 |pages=76–77 |doi=10.15611/sps.2014.12.04 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruneau |first=Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63RnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 |title=States and the Masters of Capital: Sovereign Lending, Old and New |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0231555647}}</ref> The earliest writing containing statistics in Europe dates back to 1663, with the publication of ''[[Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality]]'' by [[John Graunt]].<ref>Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". ''Review of the [[International Statistical Institute]]'' 5(4): 321–328. {{JSTOR|1400906}}</ref>

Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its [[History of statistics#Etymology|''stat-'' etymology]]. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and social sciences.

[[File:Carl Friedrich Gauss 1840 by Jensen.jpg|thumb|left|[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] made major contributions to probabilistic methods leading to statistics.]]

The mathematical foundations of statistics developed from discussions concerning [[Game of chance|games of chance]] among mathematicians such as [[Gerolamo Cardano]], [[Blaise Pascal]], [[Pierre de Fermat]], and [[Christiaan Huygens]]. Although the idea of probability was already examined in ancient and medieval law and philosophy (such as the work of [[Juan Caramuel]]), [[probability theory]] as a mathematical discipline only took shape at the very end of the 17th century, particularly in [[Jacob Bernoulli]]'s posthumous work ''{{langr|la|[[Ars Conjectandi]]}}''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franklin |first=James |title=The Science of Conjecture |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8018-7109-2 |location=Baltimore}}
</ref> This was the first book where the realm of games of chance and the realm of the probable (which concerned opinion, evidence, and argument) were combined and submitted to mathematical analysis.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite book |editor-first=I. |editor-last=Grattan-Guinness |title=Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940 |publisher=Elsevier |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-444-50871-3 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-50871-3.x5080-3 |pages=88–103}}|{{Cite book |translator-last=Sylla |translator-first=E. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xgwSAjTh34C |title=The Art of Conjecturing, Together with Letter to a Friend on Sets in Court Tennis |last=Bernoulli |first=Jacob |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2006 |orig-date=1713 |isbn=978-0-8018-8235-7}}}}</ref> The [[method of least squares]] was first described by [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in 1805, though [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] presumably made use of it a decade earlier in 1795.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=M. |year=2021 |title=Gauss, Least Squares, and the Missing Planet |url=https://www.actuaries.digital/2021/03/31/gauss-least-squares-and-the-missing-planet/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Actuaries Digital}}</ref>

[[File:Karl Pearson, 1910.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Karl Pearson]], a founder of mathematical statistics]]
In the 1830s-1850s, "statistical offices" and national "statistical societies" were founded in Europe and America, and in the mid-19th century, the idea arose of "organized contacts between the statisticians of different countries although informal contacts occurred earlier".<ref>J.W. Nixon, ''A history of the International Statistical Institute 1885-1960''. The Hague: International Statistical Institute, 1960, p. 5.[https://web.archive.org/web/20210905053608/https://www.isi-web.org/images/publ/J.W.Nixon.pdf]</ref> In those days, the name "statistics" referred mainly to "matters of state", and British statisticians were often called "statists".<ref>J.W. Nixon, ''A history of the International Statistical Institute 1885-1960''. The Hague: International Statistical Institute, 1960, p. 5 note 1.[https://web.archive.org/web/20210905053608/https://www.isi-web.org/images/publ/J.W.Nixon.pdf]</ref>

Belgian scientist [[Adolphe Quetelet]] (1796–1874) introduced the notion of the "average man" (''l'homme moyen'') as a means of understanding complex social phenomena such as [[crime rates]], [[marriage rates]], and [[suicide rates]].<ref>{{wsPSM|Quetelet on the Science of Man|1|May 1872|first=Edward Burnett|last=Tylor|authorlink=Edward Burnett Tylor|scan=Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/55}}</ref> In 1853 Quetelet organised in [[Brussels]] the [[First International Statistical Congress]] in order to unify measurement in statistical research.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hayes|first=M.|title=Compte rendu des travaux du congrès général de statistique|year=1855|publisher=Bruxelles|hdl=2027/mdp.39015058579163}}</ref>

The modern field of statistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century in three stages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Helen Mary |author-link=Helen M. Walker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYFRAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in the history of statistical method |publisher=Arno |year=1975 |isbn=978-0405066283}}</ref> The first wave, at the turn of the century, was led by the work of [[Francis Galton]] and [[Karl Pearson]], who transformed statistics into a rigorous mathematical discipline used for analysis, not just in science, but in industry and politics as well. Galton's contributions included introducing the concepts of [[standard deviation]], [[correlation]], [[regression analysis]] and the application of these methods to the study of the variety of human characteristics—height, weight and eyelash length among others.<ref name="Galton1877">{{Cite journal |last1=Galton |first1=F. |year=1877 |title=Typical laws of heredity | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1877-04-05_15_388/page/492|journal=Nature |volume=15 |issue=388 |pages=492–553 |bibcode=1877Natur..15..492. |doi=10.1038/015492a0 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pearson developed the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]], defined as a product-moment,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stigler |first1=S. M. |year=1989 |title=Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation |journal=Statistical Science |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=73–79 |doi=10.1214/ss/1177012580 |doi-access=free}}</ref> the [[Method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]] for the fitting of distributions to samples and the [[Pearson distribution]], among many other things.<ref name="Pearson, On the criterion">{{Cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=K. |year=1900 |title=On the Criterion that a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from Random Sampling |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430618 |journal=Philosophical Magazine |series=Series 5 |volume=50 |issue=302 |pages=157–175 |doi=10.1080/14786440009463897}}</ref> Galton and Pearson founded ''[[Biometrika]]'' as the first journal of mathematical statistics and [[biostatistics]] (then called ''biometry''), and the latter founded the world's first university statistics department at [[University College London]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karl Pearson (1857–1936) |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925065418/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/department/pearson.html |archive-date=2008-09-25 |publisher=Department of Statistical Science, [[University College London]]}}</ref>

The second wave of the 1910s and 20s was initiated by [[William Sealy Gosset]], and reached its culmination in the insights of [[Ronald Fisher]], who wrote the textbooks that were to define the academic discipline in universities around the world. Fisher's most important publications were his 1918 seminal paper ''[[The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance]]'' (which was the first to use the statistical term, [[variance]]), his classic 1925 work ''[[Statistical Methods for Research Workers]]'' and his 1935 ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Box |first=J. F. |date=February 1980 |title=R. A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments, 1922–1926 |journal=[[The American Statistician]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.2307/2682986 |jstor=2682986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Yates |first=F. |date=June 1964 |title=Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments |journal=[[Biometrics (journal)|Biometrics]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=307–321 |doi=10.2307/2528399 |jstor=2528399}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stanley |first1=Julian C. |year=1966 |title=The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later |journal=American Educational Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=223–229 |doi=10.3102/00028312003003223 |jstor=1161806 |s2cid=145725524}}</ref> where he developed rigorous [[design of experiments]] models. He originated the concepts of [[sufficiency (statistics)|sufficiency]], [[ancillary statistic]]s, [[linear discriminant analysis|Fisher's linear discriminator]] and [[Fisher information]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agresti |first1=Alan |last2=Hichcock |first2=David B. |year=2005 |title=Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data Analysis |url=http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Statistical Methods & Applications |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=298 |doi=10.1007/s10260-005-0121-y |s2cid=18896230 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219212926/http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-19 |access-date=2013-12-19}}</ref> He also coined the term [[null hypothesis]] during the [[Lady tasting tea]] experiment, which "is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation".<ref name="oed">OED quote: '''1935''' R. A. Fisher, ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'' ii. 19, "We may speak of this hypothesis as the 'null hypothesis', and the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation."</ref><ref>Fisher 1971. Chapter II: The Principles of Experimentation, Illustrated by a Psycho-physical Experiment, Section 8. The Null Hypothesis</ref> In his 1930 book ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]'', he applied statistics to various [[biology|biological]] concepts such as [[Fisher's principle]]<ref name="Edwards98">{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=A. W. F. |year=1998 |title=Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio: Fisher's Sources |journal=American Naturalist |volume=151 |issue=6 |pages=564–569 |bibcode=1998ANat..151..564E |doi=10.1086/286141 |pmid=18811377 |s2cid=40540426}}</ref> (which [[A. W. F. Edwards]] called "probably the most celebrated argument in [[evolutionary biology]]") and [[Fisherian runaway]],<ref name="fisher15">Fisher, R. A. (1915) The evolution of sexual preference. Eugenics Review (7) 184:192</ref><ref name="fisher30">{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=R. A. |title=The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection |title-link=The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-850440-3 |orig-date=1930}}</ref><ref name="pers00">Edwards, A. W. F. (2000) Perspectives: Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics. The Genetics Society of America (154) 1419:1426</ref><ref name="ander94">{{Cite book |last=Andersson |first=Malte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNnHdvzBlTYC |title=Sexual Selection |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-691-00057-3}}</ref><ref name="ander06">Andersson, M. and Simmons, L. W. (2006) Sexual selection and mate choice. Trends, Ecology and Evolution (21) 296:302</ref><ref name="gayon10">Gayon, J. (2010) Sexual selection: Another Darwinian process. Comptes Rendus Biologies (333) 134:144</ref> a concept in [[sexual selection]] about a positive feedback runaway effect found in [[evolution]].

The final wave, which mainly saw the refinement and expansion of earlier developments, emerged from the collaborative work between [[Egon Pearson]] and [[Jerzy Neyman]] in the 1930s. They introduced the concepts of "[[Type I and type II errors|Type II]]" error, [[power of a test]] and [[confidence interval]]s. Jerzy Neyman in 1934 showed that stratified random sampling was in general a better method of estimation than purposive (quota) sampling.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neyman |first1=J. |year=1934 |title=On the two different aspects of the representative method: The method of stratified sampling and the method of purposive selection |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]] |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=557–625 |doi=10.2307/2342192 |jstor=2342192}}</ref>

Among the early attempts to measure national economic activity were those of [[William Petty]] in the 17th century. In the 20th century the uniform [[System of National Accounts]] was developed.<ref>[https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/businesstoday/chpt/national-accounts National Accounts]</ref>

Today, statistical methods are applied in all fields that involve decision making, for making accurate inferences from a collated body of data and for making decisions in the face of uncertainty based on statistical methodology. The use of modern [[computer]]s has expedited large-scale statistical computations and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually. Statistics continues to be an area of active research, for example on the problem of how to analyze [[big data]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2013 |title=Science in a Complex World – Big Data: Opportunity or Threat? |url=http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530001750/http://www.santafe.edu/news/item/sfnm-wood-big-data/ |archive-date=2016-05-30 |access-date=2014-10-13 |work=Santa Fe Institute}}</ref>

==Applications==
===Applied statistics, theoretical statistics and mathematical statistics===
''Applied statistics,'' sometimes referred to as ''Statistical science,''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nelder|first=John A.|date=1999|title=From Statistics to Statistical Science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician)|volume=48|issue=2|pages=257–269|doi=10.1111/1467-9884.00187|jstor=2681191|bibcode=1999JRSSD..48..257N |issn=0039-0526|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115160959/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2681191|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> comprises descriptive statistics and the application of inferential statistics.<ref>Nikoletseas, M.M. (2014) "Statistics: Concepts and Examples." {{isbn|978-1500815684}}</ref><ref>Anderson, D.R.; Sweeney, D.J.; Williams, T.A. (1994) ''Introduction to Statistics: Concepts and Applications'', pp. 5–9. West Group. {{isbn|978-0-314-03309-3}}</ref> ''Theoretical statistics'' concerns the logical arguments underlying justification of approaches to [[statistical inference]], as well as encompassing ''mathematical statistics''. Mathematical statistics includes not only the manipulation of [[probability distribution]]s necessary for deriving results related to methods of estimation and inference, but also various aspects of [[computational statistics]] and the [[design of experiments]].

[[Statistical consultant]]s can help organizations and companies that do not have in-house expertise relevant to their particular questions.

===Machine learning and data mining===
[[Machine learning]] models are statistical and probabilistic models that capture patterns in the data through use of computational algorithms.

===Statistics in academia===
Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of [[academic discipline]]s, including [[Natural science|natural]] and [[social science]]s, government, and business. Business statistics applies statistical methods in [[econometrics]], [[auditing]] and production and operations, including services improvement and marketing research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics|publisher=Taylor & Francis|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes|url-status=live}}</ref> A study of two journals in tropical biology found that the 12 most frequent statistical tests are: [[analysis of variance]] (ANOVA), [[chi-squared test]], [[Student's t-test]], [[linear regression]], [[Pearson's correlation coefficient]], [[Mann-Whitney U test]], [[Kruskal-Wallis test]], [[Diversity index#Shannon index|Shannon's diversity index]], [[Tukey's range test]], [[cluster analysis]], [[Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]] and [[principal component analysis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Natalia Loaiza Velásquez, María Isabel González Lutz & Julián Monge-Nájera|date=2011|title=Which statistics should tropical biologists learn?|url=https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|journal=Revista de Biología Tropical|volume=59|issue=3 |pages=983–992|pmid=22017105 |access-date=2020-04-26|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019160957/https://investiga.uned.ac.cr/ecologiaurbana/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/09/JMN-2011-statistics-should-learn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

A typical statistics course covers descriptive statistics, probability, binomial and [[normal distribution]]s, test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pekoz|first=Erol|title=The Manager's Guide to Statistics|date=2009|publisher=Erol Pekoz|isbn=978-0979570438}}</ref> Modern fundamental statistical courses for undergraduate students focus on correct test selection, results interpretation, and use of free statistics software.<ref name=":0" />

===Statistical computing===
{{Main|Computational statistics}}
[[File:Gretl screenshot.png|thumb|upright=1.15|right|[[gretl]], an example of an [[List of open source statistical packages|open source statistical package]]]]

The rapid and sustained increases in computing power starting from the second half of the 20th century have had a substantial impact on the practice of statistical science. Early statistical models were almost always from the class of [[linear model]]s, but powerful computers, coupled with suitable numerical [[algorithms]], caused an increased interest in [[Nonlinear regression|nonlinear models]] (such as [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]]) as well as the creation of new types, such as [[generalized linear model]]s and [[multilevel model]]s.

Increased computing power has also led to the growing popularity of computationally intensive methods based on [[Resampling (statistics)|resampling]], such as [[permutation test]]s and the [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]], while techniques such as [[Gibbs sampling]] have made use of [[Bayesian model]]s more feasible. The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics with a new emphasis on "experimental" and "empirical" statistics. A large number of both general and special purpose [[List of statistical packages|statistical software]] are now available. Examples of available software capable of complex statistical computation include programs such as [[Mathematica]], [[SAS (software)|SAS]], [[SPSS]], and [[R (programming language)|R]].

===Business statistics===
{{see also|Business mathematics#University level}}

In business, "statistics" is a widely used [[Management#Nature of work|management-]] and [[decision support]] tool. It is particularly applied in [[financial management]], [[marketing management]], and [[Manufacturing process management|production]], [[operations management for services|services]] and [[operations management]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |title=Aims and scope |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194835/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=ubes20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |title=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |website=Journal of Business & Economic Statistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727052958/https://amstat.tandfonline.com/loi/jbes |url-status=live }}</ref> Statistics is also heavily used in [[management accounting]] and [[auditing]]. The discipline of [[Management Science]] formalizes the use of statistics, and other mathematics, in business. ([[Econometrics]] is the application of statistical methods to [[economic data]] in order to give empirical content to [[economic theory|economic relationships]].)

A typical "Business Statistics" course is intended for [[Business education#Undergraduate education|business majors]], and covers<ref>Numerous texts are available, reflecting the scope and reach of the discipline in the business world:

* Sharpe, N. (2014). ''Business Statistics'', Pearson. {{ISBN|978-0134705217}}
* Wegner, T. (2010). ''Applied Business Statistics: Methods and Excel-Based Applications,'' Juta Academic. {{ISBN|0702172863}}
Two [[open textbook]]s are:
* Holmes, L., Illowsky, B., Dean, S. (2017). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509 ''Introductory Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616084059/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/509 |date=2021-06-16 }}
* Nica, M. (2013). [https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384 ''Principles of Business Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518151122/https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/384 |date=2021-05-18 }}</ref> [[descriptive statistics]] ([[Data collection|collection]], description, analysis, and summary of data), probability (typically the [[binomial distribution|binomial]] and [[normal distribution]]s), test of hypotheses and confidence intervals, [[linear regression]], and correlation; (follow-on) courses may include [[forecasting]], [[time series]], [[decision trees]], [[multiple linear regression]], and other topics from [[business analytics]] more generally. [[Professional certification in financial services|Professional certification programs]], such as the [[Chartered Financial Analyst|CFA]], often include topics in statistics.

== Specialized disciplines ==
{{main|List of fields of application of statistics}}

Statistical techniques are used in a wide range of types of scientific and social research, including: [[biostatistics]], [[computational biology]], [[computational sociology]], [[network biology]], [[social science]], [[sociology]] and [[social research]]. Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so extensively that they have [[specialized terminology]]. These disciplines include:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|* [[Actuarial science]] (assesses risk in the insurance and finance industries)
* Applied information economics
* [[Astrostatistics]] (statistical evaluation of astronomical data)
* [[Biostatistics]]
* [[Chemometrics]] (for analysis of data from [[chemistry]])
* [[Data mining]] (applying statistics and [[pattern recognition]] to discover knowledge from data)
* [[Data science]]
* [[Demography]] (statistical study of populations)
* [[Econometrics]] (statistical analysis of economic data)
* [[Statistical study of energy data|Energy statistics]]
* [[Engineering statistics]]
* [[Epidemiology]] (statistical analysis of disease)
* [[Geography]] and [[geographic information system]]s, specifically in [[spatial analysis]]
* [[Image processing]]
* [[Jurimetrics]] ([[law]])
* [[Medical statistics]]
* [[Political science]]
* [[Psychological statistics]]
* [[Reliability engineering]]
* [[Social statistics]]
* [[Statistical mechanics]]}}

In addition, there are particular types of statistical analysis that have also developed their own specialised terminology and methodology:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|Bootstrap]]{{\}}[[jackknife resampling]]
* [[Multivariate statistics]]
* [[Statistical classification]]
* [[Structured data analysis (statistics)|Structured data analysis]]
* [[Structural equation modelling]]
* [[Survey methodology]]
* [[Survival analysis]]
* Statistics in various sports, particularly [[Baseball statistics|baseball]] – known as [[sabermetrics]] – and [[Cricket statistics|cricket]]
}}

Statistics form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in [[statistical process control]] or SPC), for summarizing data, and to make data-driven decisions.

== Misuse ==
{{main|Misuse of statistics}}

[[Misuse of statistics]] can produce subtle but serious errors in description and interpretation—subtle in the sense that even experienced professionals make such errors, and serious in the sense that they can lead to devastating decision errors. For instance, social policy, medical practice, and the reliability of structures like bridges all rely on the proper use of statistics.

Even when statistical techniques are correctly applied, the results can be difficult to interpret for those lacking expertise. The [[statistical significance]] of a trend in the data—which measures the extent to which a trend could be caused by random variation in the sample—may or may not agree with an intuitive sense of its significance. The set of basic statistical skills (and skepticism) that people need to deal with information in their everyday lives properly is referred to as [[statistical literacy]].

There is a general perception that statistical knowledge is all-too-frequently intentionally [[Misuse of statistics|misused]] by finding ways to interpret only the data that are favorable to the presenter.<ref name="Huff">Huff, Darrell (1954) ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'', WW Norton & Company, Inc. New York. {{isbn|0-393-31072-8}}</ref> A mistrust and misunderstanding of statistics is associated with the quotation, "[[Lies, damned lies, and statistics|There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics]]". Misuse of statistics can be both inadvertent and intentional, and the book ''[[How to Lie with Statistics]]'',<ref name="Huff" /> by [[Darrell Huff]], outlines a range of considerations. In an attempt to shed light on the use and misuse of statistics, reviews of statistical techniques used in particular fields are conducted (e.g. Warne, Lazo, Ramos, and Ritter (2012)).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warne |first1=R. Lazo |last2=Ramos |first2=T. |last3=Ritter |first3=N. |year=2012 |title=Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010 |journal=Gifted Child Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=134–149 |doi=10.1177/0016986212444122 |s2cid=144168910}}</ref>

Ways to avoid misuse of statistics include using proper diagrams and avoiding [[Bias (statistics)|bias]].<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology">{{cite book |last1=Drennan |first1=Robert D. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear |title=Encyclopedia of Archaeology |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-12-373962-9 |editor-last=Pearsall |editor-first=Deborah M. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaarch00pear/page/n2072 2093]–2100 |chapter=Statistics in archaeology |url-access=limited}}</ref> Misuse can occur when conclusions are [[Hasty generalization|overgeneralized]] and claimed to be representative of more than they really are, often by either deliberately or unconsciously overlooking sampling bias.<ref name="Misuse of Statistics">{{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Jerome B. |date=December 1938 |title=Misuse of Statistics |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |location=JSTOR |volume=33 |issue=204 |pages=657–674 |doi=10.1080/01621459.1938.10502344}}</ref> Bar graphs are arguably the easiest diagrams to use and understand, and they can be made either by hand or with simple computer programs.<ref name="Statistics in Archaeology" /> Most people do not look for bias or errors, so they are not noticed. Thus, people may often believe that something is true even if it is not well [[Sampling (statistics)|represented]].<ref name="Misuse of Statistics" /> To make data gathered from statistics believable and accurate, the sample taken must be representative of the whole.<ref name="Modern Elementary Statistics">{{cite journal |last=Freund |first=J.E. |author-link=John E. Freund |year=1988 |title=Modern Elementary Statistics |journal=Credo Reference}}</ref> According to Huff, "The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism."<ref>{{cite book |last=Huff |first=Darrell |title=How to Lie with Statistics |author2=Irving Geis |publisher=Norton |year=1954 |location=New York |quote=The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism.}}</ref>

To assist in the understanding of statistics Huff proposed a series of questions to be asked in each case:<ref name="Huff" />

* Who says so? (Do they have an axe to grind?)
* How do they know? (Do they have the resources to know the facts?)
* What's missing? (Do they give us a complete picture?)
* Did someone change the subject? (Do they offer us the right answer to the wrong problem?)
* Does it make sense? (Is their conclusion logical and consistent with what we already know?)

===Misinterpretation: correlation===
{{See also|Correlation does not imply causation}}
[[File:Simple Confounding Case.svg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|The [[confounding variable]] problem: ''X'' and ''Y'' may be correlated, not because there is causal relationship between them, but because both depend on a third variable ''Z''. ''Z'' is called a confounding factor.]]

The concept of [[correlation]] is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a [[data set]] often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death, might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or [[confounding variable]]. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables.

== See also ==
{{main|Outline of statistics}}
{{Portal|Mathematics}}


{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Abundance estimation]]
* [[Glossary of probability and statistics]]
* [[List of academic statistical associations]]
* [[List of important publications in statistics]]
* [[List of national and international statistical services]]
* [[List of statistical software]]
* [[List of statistics articles]]
* [[List of university statistical consulting centers]]
* [[Notation in probability and statistics]]
* [[Statistics education]]
* [[World Statistics Day]]
* [[Robust statistics]]
}}

; Foundations and major areas of statistics
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Philosophy of statistics]]
* [[Probability interpretations]]
* [[Foundations of statistics]]
* [[List of statisticians]]
* [[Official statistics]]
* [[Multivariate analysis of variance]]
:
:
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Statistics}}
* Lydia Denworth, "A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp. 62–67. "The use of [[p value|''p'' values]] for nearly a century [since 1925] to determine [[statistical significance]] of [[experiment]]al results has contributed to an illusion of [[certainty]] and [to] [[Replication crisis|reproducibility crises]] in many [[science|scientific fields]]. There is growing determination to reform statistical analysis... Some [researchers] suggest changing statistical methods, whereas others would do away with a threshold for defining "significant" results". (p. 63.)
* {{cite book|author1=Barbara Illowsky|author2=Susan Dean|title=Introductory Statistics|url=https://openstax.org/details/introductory-statistics|year=2014|publisher=OpenStax CNX|isbn=978-1938168208}}
* {{cite web|first=David W.|last=Stockburger|url=http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|title=Introductory Statistics: Concepts, Models, and Applications|edition=3rd Web|website=[[Missouri State University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528093101/http://psychstat3.missouristate.edu/Documents/IntroBook3/sbk.htm|archive-date=28 May 2020}}
* [https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os ''OpenIntro Statistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110442/https://www.openintro.org/stat/textbook.php?stat_book=os |date=2019-06-16 }}, 3rd edition by Diez, Barr, and Cetinkaya-Rundel
* Stephen Jones, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170215092220/https://books.google.com/books?id=mywdBQAAQBAJ ''Statistics in Psychology: Explanations without Equations'']. Palgrave Macmillan. {{isbn|978-1137282392}}.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = J | year = 1990 | title = Things I have learned (so far) | url = http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018181831/http://moityca.com.br/pdfs/Cohen_1990.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2017-10-18 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 1304–1312 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066x.45.12.1304 | s2cid = 7180431 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Gigerenzer | first1 = G | year = 2004 | title = Mindless statistics | journal = Journal of Socio-Economics | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–606 | doi = 10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.033 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ioannidis | first1 = J.P.A. | year = 2005 | title = Why most published research findings are false | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 696–701 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040168 | pmid = 17456002 | pmc = 1855693 | doi-access = free }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Statistics}}
* (Electronic Version): TIBCO Software Inc. (2020). [https://docs.tibco.com/data-science/textbook Data Science Textbook].
* [http://onlinestatbook.com/index.html ''Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study'']. Developed by Rice University (Lead Developer), University of Houston Clear Lake, Tufts University, and National Science Foundation.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717201702/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/ UCLA Statistical Computing Resources] (archived 17 July 2006)
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statistics/ Philosophy of Statistics] from the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]

{{Statistics |state=expanded}}
{{Areas of mathematics |collapsed}}
{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Statistics| ]]
[[Category:Arab inventions]]
[[Category:Data]]
[[Category:Formal sciences]]
[[Category:Information]]
[[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]]
[[Category:Research methods]]

Gekko stoliczkai

2026-03-13T17:33:24Z

हिन्दू: new a post with sources!

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Gekko stoliczkai - Great Nicobar - Shreeram M V.jpg
| status =
| genus = Gekko
| species = stoliczkai
| authority = Chandramouli, Gokulakrishnan, Sivaperuman, & [[Larry Lee Grismer|Grismer]], 2021
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Gekko stoliczkai''''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is endemic to the [[Nicobar Islands]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Gekko|species=stoliczkai}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q110123873}}

[[Category:Gekko]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2021]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Larry Lee Grismer]]
{{Gekko-stub}}

One Way Ticket (2016 film)

2026-03-04T09:44:00Z

हिन्दू: Made entry

{{Short description|2016 Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = One Way Ticket
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Kamal Nathani Amol Shetge
| writer = Amol Shetge
| producer = Komal Unawane
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sachit Patil]]
*[[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
*[[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
*[[Neha Mahajan]]
*[[Shashank Ketkar]]
}}
| cinematography = Roopang Acharya
| editing = Ashish Mhatre [[Apurva Motiwale]]
| music = [[Gaurav Dagaonkar]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|09|23}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''One Way Ticket''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] film directed by Kamal Nathani and Amol Shetge and produced by Komal Unawane. The film stars [[Sachit Patil]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Neha Mahajan]] and [[Shashank Ketkar]] (in his film debut).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title= Shashank eyes Eurotrip for debut film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/shashank-eyes-eurotrip-for-debut-film/articleshow/49059978.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207124826/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/shashank-eyes-eurotrip-for-debut-film/articleshow/49059978.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title= अनपेक्षित घटनांनी खिळवून ठेवणारा ‘वन वे तिकीट’ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/one-way-ticket-upcoming-marathi-movie-1303652/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207161602/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/one-way-ticket-upcoming-marathi-movie-1303652/ |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Gaurav Dagaonkar|Gaurav Dagoankar]]. The film was released on 23 September 2016 and was successful at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2016 |title= One Way Ticket's Hura Hura rides high on emotion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/one-way-ticket-hura-hura/articleshow/54391844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207115447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/one-way-ticket-hura-hura/articleshow/54391844.cms |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Aniket boards a cruise ship using Aditya's passport after he stumbles upon it accidentally. However, Aniket finds out that Shivani, Aditya's girlfriend, is on the cruise and may blow his cover.

== Cast ==
* [[Sachit Patil]] as Samar Raj
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Shivani
* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] as Adiatya Rane
* [[Shashank Ketkar]] as Aniket
* [[Neha Mahajan]] as Urvashi Pradhan
* Aasha Shelar as Aniket's mother
* Rishi Deshpande as Shivani’s father
* Roger D'costa
== Production ==
Shooting began on 21 September 2015. The film was shot in 4 European countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title= Marathi film goes to Europe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-film-goes-to-europe/articleshow/49046603.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207125521/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-film-goes-to-europe/articleshow/49046603.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-11 |title=One Way Ticket Marathi Movie producer Komal Unawnay shares her experience |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/one-way-ticket-marathi-movie-producer-komal-unawnay-shares-her-experience-23200475 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = One Way Ticket
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gaurav Dagaonkar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title= ‘वन वे तिकीट’चे धमाकेदार म्युझिक लाँच |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/one-way-ticket-music-launch-1288879/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175608/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/one-way-ticket-music-launch-1288879/lite/ |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:30
| language = Marathi
| label = Video Palace
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2015
| year = 2017
| next_title =
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|TvXU6XwT8po| One Way Ticket – Full Album}}
}}
}}
The songs are composed by [[Gaurav Dagaonkar]] and background score is given by Troy Arif.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:04
| title1 = Befikar
| extra1 = [[Rohit Raut]], Shrinidhi Ghatate
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Reshami Reshami
| extra2 = [[Aanandi Joshi (singer)|Aanandi Joshi]], Gaurav Degaokar
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Mast Malanga
| extra3 = Gaurav Degaokar, [[Savani Ravindra]]
| length3 = 2:16
| title4 = Hura Hura
| extra4 = Arunima Bhattacharya, [[Kshitij Wagh]]
| length4 = 3:29
| title5 = One Way Ticket (Title Track)
| extra5 = Shifa Harris, Orinima, Gaurav Degaokar
| length5 = 2:39
}}

== Critical response ==
''One Way Ticket'' received mixed reviews from critics. Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote "OWT could’ve been a very good thriller had more focus been given to developing the script and story instead of innumerable aerial shots of the cruise ship, random songs on the streets of European nations and well, the ‘in-built’ talcum powder ad".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2016 |title= ONE WAY TICKET MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/one-way-ticket/movie-review/54508763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207162419/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/one-way-ticket/movie-review/54508763.cms |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of [[Pune Mirror]] wrote "If we want to see another country, or go on a cruise, we would be buying a different ticket. In a 93-minute film, one expects a compact screenplay that would keep us occupied in the flow of events. Here, songs and sightseeing take over the film and let the suspense take a back seat".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2016 |title= FILM REVIEW: ONE WAY TICKET |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-one-way-ticket/cid5088036.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207163549/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-one-way-ticket/cid5088036.htm |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English
}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Zee News]] gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "One Way Ticket is a grand film. locations and new actors add to the value of cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2016 |title= MOVIE REVIEW : वन वे तिकीट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/one-way-ticket-movie-review/330077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207164929/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/one-way-ticket-movie-review/330077 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[Zee News]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Loksatta]] wrote "More than a mystery film, Ponds promotion can be a feature of this film. The highly anticipated film is a huge disappointment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2016 |title= प्रवासातला चकवा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/loksatta-movie-review-on-one-way-ticket-1307911/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170137/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/loksatta-movie-review-on-one-way-ticket-1307911/ |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of [[Maharashtra Times]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "The length of the movie is only 93 minutes. If you are a fan of these actors, then watch this movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2016 |title= वन वे तिकीट; नो वे ‘तिकीट’! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/one-way-ticket/moviereview/54471292.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170807/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/one-way-ticket/moviereview/54471292.cms |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5321044}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/one_way_ticket_2016}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Gadibidi Aliya

2026-03-03T22:03:15Z

हिन्दू: quick added intro after review and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{unreliable sources|date=April 2014}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=July 2020}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gadibidi Aliya
| image = Gadibidi Aliya.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
| producer = K. Raghava Rao
| writer =
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Malashri]] [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] [[Jayamala]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = Janilal
| editing = K. Narasaiah
| studio = Kalyani Enterprise
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995|07|04}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Gadibidi Aliya''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama]] film, directed by [[Sai Prakash]] and produced by K. Raghava Rao. This film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in a dual role, [[Malashri]] and [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] whilst [[Jayamala]] and [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivrajkumar-v/s-malashri/articleshow/18967762.cms|title=Shivrajkumar v/s Malashri|date=14 March 2013|access-date=4 November 2025|website=Times of India}}</ref>

The original score and soundtrack was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] for the lyrics of [[R. N. Jayagopal]]. The film is a remake of Telugu film ''[[Allari Alludu]]'' (1993).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/gadibidi-aliya-1995|title=Gadibidi Aliya|website=Chiloka|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Shivu and Raj in dual roles
* [[Malashri]]
* [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
* [[Jayamala]]
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Tennis Krishna]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Dubbing Janaki]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Sathyabhama (actress)|Sathyabhama]]
* Manju Malini
* Rajesh
* Bank Suresh
* Narasimha Murthy
* M. S. Karanth
* Ananthrao Maccheri
* Agro Chikkanna
* Mysore Ramanand
* Adugodi Srinivas
* Bharath Kumar
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Raj-Koti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gadibidi-aliya/wBWJKhBNwLM_|title=Gadibidi Aliya|website=JioSaavn|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> The song "Umma Beku Sai" was remade from Raj-Koti's own composition "Bavalu Sayya" they composed for Telugu film ''Bava Bavamaridi''. Raj-Koti later adapted "Jama Jama Jamaisi" as "Daayi Daayi" for Telugu film ''[[Raja Simham]]''.
{| class=wikitable sortable
|-
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) || Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Jama Jama Jamaisi" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
| 2 || "Ladyige Jentle Manu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
| 3 || "Havana Havana" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
| 4 || "Umma Beku Sai" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Manjula Gururaj]], [[Sangeetha Katti]] || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
| 5 || "Rama Rasave" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Manjula Gururaj || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
| 6 || "Kannadada Kuvara" || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], Rajesh Krishnan || R. N. Jayagopal
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadibidi Aliya}}
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sai Prakash]]
[[Category:1995 comedy-drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Oru Indian Pranayakadha

2026-03-03T20:44:19Z

हिन्दू: Made new stub

{{Short description|2013 film by Sathyan Anthikad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Indian Pranayakadha
| image = Oru Indian Pranayakatha.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = Rajesh Thiruvallom Babu Mannarkadu Renju James
| writer = [[Iqbal Kuttippuram|Dr. Iqbal Kuttippuram]]
| starring = [[Fahadh Faasil]] [[Amala Paul]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Pradeep Nair
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = Central Pictures
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|20|ref1=<ref>Parvathy Nambidi (19 December 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100318/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-love-story-with-a-difference/2013/09/19/article1791830.ece "A love story with a difference"]. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 21 December 2013.</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Oru Indian Pranayakadha''''' ({{translation|''An Indian Love Story''}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written by [[Ikbal Kuttipuram]] and directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] starring [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Amala Paul]]. Released on 20 December 2013, the film was a [[sleeper hit]] due to competition from ''[[Drishyam]]'',{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}, which was released one day earlier.<ref>{{Citation |title=Drishyam |date=2013-12-19 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3417422/ |access-date=2025-10-12 |publisher=Aashirvad Cinemas, B4U Motion Pictures}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Oru Indian Pranayakadha'' is a love story which shows the relationship between a trickish young politician named Aymanam Sidharthan and a disciplined [[Canadian citizen]] of [[Indian people|Indian]] origin named Irene Gardner. In the beginning, the story shows the political life of Sidharthan. He is the local youth wing leader political outfit. Protege of the district president of the party, Uthup Vallikkadan, Sidharthan hopes to make it big in politics . However, his dreams are shattered when the party High command decides to nominate the daughter of one of the party's senior leader named Vimala Ramanathan. This leads the young politician in despair. During this time the girl Irene Gardner visits Kerala to shoot a documentary. She is in search of an assistant to help her in shoot the film and approaches Uthup. Uthup requests Sidharthan to meet her and assist her. Sidharthan unwillingly went but when Irene promises [[Indian rupee|INR]] 2000 per day for the assistant, so Siddharthan, who has financial issues, agrees to help her.

During this time Irene then is called by the police for a passport verification. Sidharthan begins to doubt her motives for coming to India. Irene reveals the secret that she has actually come in search for her birth parents. She is an adopted child. Her parents revealed that to her. So she decided to find out her birth parents. Sidharthan agrees to help her; they start their investigation. They come to know that a railway porter who know more about her past . They meet him but he refused to reveal what he knows, but at last he revealed that she is her parents’ [[illegitimate]] daughter. Irene decides to meet her parents without letting them know that she is their daughter. Meanwhile, Sidharthan breaks up with his girlfriend Divya who is going to marry an IAS officer.

Later, Irene finds out her birth mother is an ayurvedic doctor named Dr. Thulasi and they visit as a patient telling her that they're married and Irene lives at her mother's hospital for some time. Meanwhile, Sidharthan begins to fall in love with Irene, but neither is aware of this at present. They then discover her birth father's identity. His name is Azad and they go to [[Rajasthan]] to meet him. They approach her father is by telling that they're couple from Kerala. During their stay, they participate in Irene's half-sister's wedding and then return to Kerala. Irene then decides to go back to Canada, which Sidharthan does not agree with, as they have realized they are in love with each other. On airport Sidharthan gifts her a laminated photos of her parents and Irene also gifts him a book .

Two years later, Sidharthan is shown as a successful politician and he also completed his LLB. Irene comes back to India and decides to stay and both of them reunite.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Aymanam Sidharthan
* [[Amala Paul]] as Irene Gardner
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Uthup Vallikkadan
* [[Shafna]] as Divya
* [[Neeraj Madhav]] as Charlie
* [[Muthumani]] as Dr. Vimala Ramanathan
* [[Krishna Praba]] as Sudha, Sidharth's sister
* Gopalan as Shivaraman
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Sidharth's grandmother
* [[Babu Annur]] as Sethumadhavan, Sidharth's Father
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Jayalakshmi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]] as Dr. Thulasi
**[[Anu Sithara]] as Young Thulasi (cameo)
* [[Prakash Bare]] as Azad
** [[Rohit Menon]] as young Azad (cameo)
* Kala as Sidharth's Mother
* [[Riya Saira]] as Merin
* [[Rony David]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Shankar
* [[Nisha Sarang]] as Sivaraman's wife
* Anjana Appukuttan as Irene's neighbour
* Ancy as Divya's mother
* Antony as Divya's father
* [[Rahul Ravi]] as Johan
* Janaki as Swathi
* Raj Pranav as Village boy
* Arun Nair as Roopesh
* Dilip as Benny
* Abijith Paul
* Thiruvalla Bhasi as Varkky Chettan
* [[M. G. Sasi]] as Dr. Sunil Kumar
{{colend}}

==Production==
For this film, [[Fahadh Faasil]] worked with [[Sathyan Anthikad]] for the first time. Unlike his previous movies, Sathyan Anthikad announced the title of the movie at the beginning of filming. The film was shot in and around [[Kottayam]] in [[Kerala]]<ref>Vijay George (10 October 2013). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-location-the-politics-of-romance/article5221090.ece/ "On location: The politics of romance"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 21 December 2013.</ref> and some portions in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhika |first=C Pillai |date=16 December 2013 |title=Fahadh Faasil and Amala Paul in Bollywood ? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Fahadh-Faasil-and-Amala-Paul-in-Bollywood-/articleshow/27459347.cms? |access-date=21 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oru Indian Pranayakadha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Album Cover for ''Oru Indian Pranayakadha''
| released = 13 December 2013
| recorded = [[Varshaa Vallaki Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 18:01
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Jannal Oram]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] composed the music; he associated with director Sathyan Anthikad for the first time, replacing maestro [[Ilaiyaraaja]] who had composed the music score for 10 of the last 12 movies directed by Sathyan. The film had four songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു ഇന്ത്യൻ പ്രണയകഥ (2013) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?7414 |access-date=24 March 2019 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Saajan
| extra1 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[M. M. Manasi]], Harish & Chorus
| title2 = Omana Poove
| extra2 = [[Najim Arshad]], [[Abhirami Ajai]]
| title3 = Valudekkanum
| extra3 = G. Sriram
| title4 = Shyamameghame
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
}}

==Reception==

''Oru Indian Pranyakatha'' is said to have grossed around {{INR}}3.3 crore in 10 days<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2013 |title=Kerala Box-Office – December/Christmas |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pl4rapfbdidac |website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> of its release from Kerala box office. The film was commercial and critical success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title=Fahadh and Tovino set for Box Office Clash |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fahadh-and-tovino-set-box-office-clash-92486 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film completed 125 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2014 |title=DRISHYAM CELEBRATES 100 |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/drishyam-celebrates-100-hindi--news-105469 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala State Film Award]]''' 2013
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] - [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2013 |url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Movie/2014/Kerala-state-film-award-2013/article-3.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref>
;[[Asianet Film Awards]] 2013
* [[Asianet Fim Award for Best Actor - Female|Best Actress]] - [[Amala Paul]]

;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] 2013
* Best Actress (Malayalam) – [[Amala Paul]]

;[[Vanitha]] Film Awards
* Best Popular Actress – [[Amala Paul]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3502488}}

[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]

Jilebi (2023 film)

2026-03-03T09:18:38Z

हिन्दू: created initial info w/ refs

{{short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jilebi
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| based_on = ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' (2015)
| producer = Gunturu Rama Krishna Anju Asrani
| screenplay = K. Vijaya Bhaskar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Sree Kamal
*[[Shivani Rajashekar]]
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
*[[Murli Sharma]]
}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = Satish Muthyala
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = Anju Asrani Kreations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|08|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jilebi''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film written and directed by [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]. It is produced by Gunturu Rama Krishna, Anju Asrani, under the banner of Anju Asrani Kreations. The film stars Sree Kamal, [[Shivani Rajashekar]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Murli Sharma]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-08-18 |title=Movie review: Jilebi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/movie-review-jilebi-816534 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jilebi-review-director-k-vijay-bhaskars-comeback-vehicle-is-a-snooze-fest/5bee0d74f1266 |title=Jilebi review: Director K Vijaya Bhaskar’s comeback vehicle is a snooze-fest |website=OTTPlay}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 2015 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]''.

The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=2023-05-06 |title=It's a wrap for Jilebi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/May/06/its-a-wrap-for-jilebi-43094.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> with cinematography by Sathish Muthyala and editing by MR Varma. It was released on 18 August 2023.

== Plot ==
The plot centers on Kamal, an engineering student, who leads a carefree life with his friends in their hostel. The story takes a comedic turn when Kamal decides to help a girl named Lakshmi, also known as Jilebi, sneak into the boys' hostel. Lakshmi, whose full name is J Lakshmi Bharathi, is portrayed as a spirited girl trying to break free from her overbearing father, MLA Rudra Pratap Rana. She seeks Kamal's assistance for a seemingly simple task that spirals into a series of misadventures.

Once inside the hostel, Lakshmi's presence leads to a cascade of humorous and chaotic situations. The group of friends, including Bujji, Bobby, and Washington, must navigate the challenges of keeping her hidden from the stern hostel warden, Dhairyam, all while dealing with the daily rigors of college life. The screenplay is filled with slapstick humor, misunderstandings, and the camaraderie of youth, making the film a celebration of friendship and mischief.

As the plot progresses, the film introduces elements of romance and drama. Kamal and Lakshmi's interactions hint at a budding romance, but this is intertwined with the comedic attempts to manage her undercover stay in the hostel. The friends' efforts to protect Lakshmi from her father's wrath, who disapproves of her mingling with boys, add layers to the narrative, blending humor with a touch of sentimentality.

The climax of "Jilebi" takes an unexpected turn with an infusion of horror-comedy, where black magic plays a part in the resolution of the chaotic scenario. This twist not only heightens the comedic effect but also leads to a satisfying conclusion where Kamal and his friends successfully ensure Lakshmi's escape from the hostel, teaching a lesson on friendship, independence, and the spirit of youth.

Supporting characters like the warden Dhairyam, with his strict yet often outwitted demeanor, contribute significantly to the film's humor. The movie is noted for its ensemble cast, each bringing their unique flavor to the story, ensuring that "Jilebi" remains a memorable comedy in Telugu cinema, aimed at entertaining families and college-goers alike.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Sree Kamal as Kamal<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-04-07 |title=First look of Jilebi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Apr/07/first-look-of-jilebi-out-42043.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shivani Rajashekar]] as G Lakshmi Bharathi <ref name=":0" />
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Dhairyam
* [[Murli Sharma]] as MLA Rudra Pratap Rana, Lakshmi's father
* [[Getup Srinu]]
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]]
* [[Bithiri Sathi]]
* Bodupalli Srinu as Paidithalli
* Sai Kumar Babloo as Bujji
* [[Ankith Koyya]] as Bobby
* Viva Sunny as Washington
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as auto driver Nani
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/jilebi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1703040467 |title=Jilebi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Mani Sharma & Ramajogayya Sastry on Apple Music |date=18 August 2023 |via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| total_length = 17:17
| title1 = Hot Hot Ra
| extra1 = Dinker Kavala, MaaHaa
| length1 = 4:14
| title2 = Aaku Paku
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Hey Madhumathi
| extra3 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]], Simha, [[Spoorthi Yadagiri|Spoorthi Jithender]]
| length3 = 4:59
| title4 = Chamkaare Chamka
| extra4 = Dhanunjay Seepana
| length4 = 4:06
}}

== Home media ==
''Jilebi'' was premiered from 13 June 2024 in [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Videos]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-06-14 |title=Jilebi OTT Release Confirmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/veteran-director-vijay-bhaskars-jilebi-to-stream-on-aha-post-theatrical-release-898880 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-09 |title=K Vijaya Bhaskar's Jilebi gets an OTT release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/09/k-vijaya-bhaskars-jilebi-gets-an-ott-release |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27479108}}
{{K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]

Atchampeta

2026-02-24T15:26:38Z

हिन्दू: stub

{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Acchampeta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.541206|N|78.950307|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Markapuram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Racherla
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 224
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523368
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08405
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Acchampeta (or Atchampeta)''' is a hamlet in [[Racherla]] [[mandal]], [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The village forms a [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] segment with Chinaganapalle village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinnagani Palle Village Population - Racherla - Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/591169-chinnagani-palle-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Geography==

It is located at a distance of {{convert|135|km|abbr=on}} from [[Ongole]] and {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from [[Nandyal]]. The village has an altitude of 224m.

==Economy==
The village relies on [[agriculture]] for its subsistence. Water for farming is supplied through underground borewells, which have seen their levels decrease substantially due to drought. The village also has a [[primary school]] for 1st through 5th grade and a small [[Hindu temple|temple]] to Lord [[Shri Ram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-stub}}

Sandeep Chaudhary

2026-02-20T22:35:53Z

हिन्दू: expanded intro for consistency and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Indian para-athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sandeep Chaudhary
| image = Sandeep Chaudhary Gold Medal.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Chaudhary at the [[2019 World Para Athletics Championships|2019 World Championships]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|04|10}}
| birth_place = [[Khetri Nagar|Khetri]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| disability_class = [[F44 (classification)|F44]]
| event = [[Javelin throw]]
| coach = [[Vipin Kasana]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[para-athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 World Para Athletics Championships|2019 Dubai]]|[[2019 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw#F64|Javelin throw F64]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw F44]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships|2024 Kobe]]|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw F64]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Para Games#Men|Javelin throw F44]]}}
}}

'''Sandeep Chaudhary''' (born 10 April 1996) is an Indian [[para-athlete|para]] [[javelin throw|javelin thrower]]. He has represented India at the [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016]], [[2020 Summer Paralympics|2020]] and [[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paralympics]].<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
Chaudhary is from Khetri, Rajasthan. He is supported by [[GoSports Foundation]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=IndusInd Bank-supported para-athletes qualify for Tokyo 2020 Summer Paralympic Games|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/indusind-bank-supported-para-athletes-qualify-for-tokyo-2020-summer-paralympic-games-210811|access-date=2021-08-30|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Sandeep Chaudhary gets the distance in Dubai again|url=https://www.paralympic.org/feature/india-s-sandeep-chaudhary-gets-distance-dubai-again|access-date=2021-08-30|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> under the Para Champions Programme. He is coached by Vipin Kasana.

==Career==
Chaudhary represented India at the [[2018 Asian Para Games]] in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] where he won a gold medal and set a new world record of {{convert|60.01|m|ft|abbr=on|lk=on}} with his third throw in the F42-44/61-64 category.<ref name="IPC">{{Cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=Two years on, stars from Asian Para Games go down memory lane |work=International Paralympic Committee |url=https://www.paralympic.org/feature/two-years-stars-asian-para-games-go-down-memory-lane |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="ZeeNews">{{Cite news |last=Zee Media Bureau |date=14 October 2018 |title=Javelin thrower Sandeep Chaudhary returns to India after bagging Gold at Asian Para Games 2018 |language=en |work=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/javelin-thrower-sandeep-chaudhary-returns-to-india-after-bagging-gold-at-asian-para-games-2018-2148325.html |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> The previous world record was set in 2008 by [[China|Chinese]] athlete [[Gao Mingjie]].<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite news |last=Ninan |first=Susan |date=10 October 2018 |title=Comfortably numb: Sandeep Chaudhary soothes physical pain with Para Games gold |work=[[ESPN]] |url=https://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/24948374/sandeep-chaudhary-soothes-physical-pain-para-games-gold |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

At [[World Para Athletics]]' 2021 Dubai Grand Prix, he won with a gold medal with {{convert|61.22|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="OutlookIndia">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2021 |title=Sandeep Chaudhary Wins Gold, Navdeep, Arvind Secure Quotas For Tokyo Paralympic Games |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-sandeep-chaudhary-wins-gold-navdeep-arvind-secure-quotas-for-tokyo-paralympic-games/374157 |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> At the [[2019 World Para Athletics Championships]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]], he won the gold medal with a world record throw of {{convert|66.18|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="GutierrezWPA">{{Cite news |last=Gutierrez |first=Paloma |date=8 November 2019 |title=Dubai 2019: India's Chaudhary claims gold with record throw |language=en |agency=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |work=[[World Para Athletics]] |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/dubai-2019-india-s-chaudhary-claims-gold-record-throw |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IPC athlete|id=sandeep}}
* {{Twitter |sandeepjavelin}}
* {{Instagram |sandeepjavelin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Sandeep}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:World Para Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]

Anwar Hossain Manju

2026-02-20T22:24:39Z

हिन्दू:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician (born 1944)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anwar Hossain Manju
| native_name = আনোয়ার হোসেন মঞ্জু
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Anwar Hossain at press conference Sonargaon Hotel Dhaka on National Tree Plantation Campaign, Tree Fair and World Environment Day 2015-07-11 (PID-0058927) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Manju in 2015

| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Bangladesh Parliament]]
| term_start = 29 January 2014
| term_end = 30 January 2024
| predecessor = [[Shah Alam (Bangladeshi politician, born 1951)|Shah Alam]]
| successor = [[Mohiuddin Maharaj]]

| term_start1 = 28 October 2001
| term_end1 = 27 October 2006
| predecessor1 = [[Tasmima Hossain]]

| term_start2 = 15 April 1988
| term_end2 = 24 November 1995
| predecessor2 = [[Mohammad Monirul Islam Monir|Monirul Islam Monir]]
| successor2 = [[Nurul Islam Manzur]]
| constituency2 = [[Pirojpur-2]]

| term_start3 = 14 July 1996
| term_end3 = 13 July 2001
| predecessor3 = [[Shahjahan Omar]]
| successor3 = Shahjahan Omar
| constituency3 = [[Jhalokati-1]]

| office4 = [[Ministry of Water Resources (Bangladesh)|Minister of Water Resources]]
| primeminister4 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| term_start4 = 3 January 2018
| term_end4 = 7 January 2019
| predecessor4 = [[Anisul Islam Mahmud]]
| successor4 = ''Vacant''

| office5 = [[Ministry of Environment and Forest (Bangladesh)|Minister of Environment and Forest]]
| term_start5 = 12 January 2014
| term_end5 = 3 January 2018
| successor5 = [[Anisul Islam Mahmud]]

| office6 = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges|Minister of Road Transport and Bridges]]
| term_start6 = 23 June 1996
| term_end6 = 15 July 2001
| predecessor6 = [[Abdul Matin Chowdhury (politician)|Abdul Matin Chowdhury]]
| successor6 = [[Nazmul Huda]]
| primeminister6 = Sheikh Hasina

| term_start7 = 27 March 1988
| term_end7 = 6 December 1990
| predecessor7 = [[M. Motiur Rahman]]
| successor7 = [[Oli Ahmad]]
| president7 = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]

| office8 = [[Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources|Minister of Energy and Mineral Resource]]
| term_start8 = 1985
| term_end8 = 1988
| president8 = Hussain Muhammad Ershad

| party = [[Jatiya Party (Manju)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|02|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pirojpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Georgetown University]]|[[University of Dhaka]]}}
| spouse = [[Tasmima Hossain]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-29099|title=Manju, his wife, Quader charged|date=24 March 2008|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Mujibur Rahman Chowdhury]] {{small|(son in law)}}
| children = Tareen Hossain {{small|(daughter)}}
}}
'''Anwar Hossain Manju''' (born 9 February 1944)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=3688&csrt=9759104319307174374|title=Constituency 128_11th_En|website=Bangladesh Parliament|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi politician and former journalist who is a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing [[Pirojpur-2]] constituency which consists of [[Kawkhali Upazila, Pirojpur|Kawkhali]], [[Bhandaria Upazila|Bhandaria]] and Zianagar [[upazila]]s until January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.org.bd/NewsFilesEng/101.PDF|title=EC BD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616074225/http://www.ec.org.bd/NewsFilesEng/101.PDF|archive-date=16 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was elected a member of Jatiya Sangsad a total of seven times.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/no-threat-sundarbans-1279330 |title=No threat to Sundarbans |work=The Daily Star |date=1 September 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anwar Hossain Manju faces first election defeat to ex-assistant Mahiuddin |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/anwar-hossain-manju-faces-first-election-defeat-ex-assistant-mahiuddin-771230 |work=The Business Standard |date=7 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He is a former [[Ministry of Water Resources (Bangladesh)|Minister of Water Resources]], Minister of Communications as Communications Transport and [[Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources|Minister of Energy and Mineral Resource]].

==Early life==
Manju was born in the present-day [[Pirojpur District]] of Bangladesh. He is a graduate of the [[University of Dhaka]] where he completed his honors in geography with physics and mathematics. He pursued further studies in international relations at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moef.gov.bd/site/office_head/f3e62b7f-68b5-4499-82cb-26925d4b6ea2/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4|script-title=bn:মাননীয় মন্ত্রী|website=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |language=bn |access-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622005739/https://moef.gov.bd/site/office_head/f3e62b7f-68b5-4499-82cb-26925d4b6ea2/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4|archive-date=2016-06-22}}</ref>

==Career==
Manju was the minister of energy and mineral resource of Bangladesh from 1985 to 1988 under [[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]]. As Energy Minister, his achievements include the augmentation of energy generation from 700 to 2,500 megawatts, and the launching of the major public works project of the [[Jamuna Bridge]]. Hossain then served as [[Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology|Minister of Communications]] (1988–1990) for Ershad's government.

Manju was a vocal opponent of Ershad's introduction of religious references to the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]]. He objected to the declaration of Islam as the state religion of Bangladesh and warned that such an assault on secularism constitutes a slippery slope that would erode Bangladesh's successes as a progressive society. From 1996 to 2001, he served as Minister of Communications (1996–2001) in [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s government. Hossain negotiated [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]'s extension of support to Sheikh Hasina's party, the [[Awami League]], to form a national government. He is Chairman of Jatiya Party (JP-Manju). He led the faction of the Jatiya Party that rejected the 1994 decision of the Party leader Ershad to align the Party with [[Khaleda Zia]]'s [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|Bangladesh National Party (BNP)]]. He was a Presidium Member of Jatiya Party (1986–1994).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rift-jp-widens-204361 |title=Rift in JP widens |work=The Daily Star |date=19 January 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Kamran Reza |date=3 June 2013 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/06/03/chumki-paid-huge-price-in-politics |title=Chumki paid huge price in politics |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>

Manju's public service also include positions in the [[legislative branch of government]]. He served as Member of [[House of the Nation|Parliament]] in Bangladesh for five consecutive terms. He was elected five times to Parliament in 1986, 1988, 1991, 1996, and 2001 to represent the Bhandaria-Kaukhali constituency in the district of Pirojpur in the National Parliament. The mandate of the last Parliament expired in 2006, putting into place a [[caretaker government]] (CTG).

Manju served as the editor and publisher of ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' from 1972 to 2007. The newspaper is the first Bangla vernacular newspaper founded by [[Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani]] and [[Yar Mohammad Khan]]. Meanwhile, [[Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah]] worked as an editor. Following an agreement with the other shareholders of Ittefaq, Manju assumed the position of editor and publisher in July 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=24666|title=Yet another may withdraw candidature|work=The Daily Star|access-date=18 September 2016|date=23 February 2008}}</ref> Manju is also a businessman. His enterprise positions include founder, the Aegis Holdings Group. He is also chairman of the board, MAST Packaging Ltd. & Zenith Packaging Ltd., one of the most notable packaging firms in Bangladesh with an international clientele including the [[British-American Tobacco Company]].

In a January 2018 cabinet reshuffle, he moved from the [[Ministry of Environment and Forest (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Environment and Forest]] to become the [[Ministry of Water Resources (Bangladesh)|Minister for Water Resources]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manju goes to water, Anis to forest |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/279637/Manju-goes-to-water-Anis-to-forest |work=Daily Sun |date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

==Charges and sentences==
In April 2007, as part of the caretaker government's anti-graft crackdown, National Board of Revenue (NBR) directed all the banks to submit transaction data of 71 individuals including Manju, his wife and his four daughters.<ref name=nbr>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/04/16/d7041601011.htm|title=NBR seeks bank statement of 71|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2020-08-15|date=2007-04-16}}</ref> According to NBR, Manju bought a BMW using the parliamentarian membership privilege of importing duty-free cars.
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/03/25/d7032501022.htm|title=NBR wants cancellation of duty-free car import by MPs|work=The Daily Star|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919074312/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/03/25/d7032501022.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 24 March 2008, Manju and his wife were charged by [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]] (ACC) for amassing wealth illegally and concealing information in their wealth statement. According to the complaint filed in October 2007, Manju owned property worth Tk 17.1 crore which was disproportionate to his income and he also had concealed information of wealth worth Tk 4.22 crore in the statement submitted to the ACC. Manju's wife was made an accused in the case for abetting her husband.<ref name=mar08>{{Cite news |date=2008-03-24|title=Manju, his wife, Quader charged|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-29099|access-date=2020-08-15|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref>

On 26 June 2007, Manju was sentenced to five years of imprisonment and fined Tk 10,000 for possessing 21 bottles of liquor at his Dhanmondi residence.<ref name=mar08/> Manju was sent to jail on surrender in a graft case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-05-13|title=Nadim, Millat sent to jail on surrender|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-87987|access-date=2020-08-15|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2010, the High Court cleared the 13-year-jail term sentenced by the lower court and in November 2015, the Supreme Court upheld the decision.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-16|title=SC upholds acquittal of Manju|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/sc-upholds-acquittal-manju-173098|access-date=2020-08-15|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> A biographical detailed documentary film is made for Anwar Hossain Manju which is named as 'Iron Man' directed by Kamrul Hasan Nasim.

==Personal life==
Manju is married to Tasmima Hossain and has 4 daughters - Seema Hossain, Tareen Hossain, Anushay Hossain, and Maneeza Hossain.<ref name=nbr/>
<ref>{{Citation|title=anwar hossain manju|url=https://metrosports24.blogspot.com/2022/09/manju-shahidul-re-elected-chairman.html|language=en|access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>

A documentary film, ''Iron Man'', was produced in 2020 depicting the life stories of Manju.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/200605/প্রামাণ্যচিত্রে-রাজনীতিক-আনোয়ার-হোসেন-মঞ্জু|title=প্রামাণ্যচিত্রে রাজনীতিক আনোয়ার হোসেন মঞ্জু|date=2020-11-20|accessdate=2024-09-03|work=Ittefaq}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manju, Anwar Hossain}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhandaria]]
[[Category:Politicians from Pirojpur District]]
[[Category:Notre Dame College, Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Georgetown University alumni]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of environment, forest and climate change of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of road transport and bridges of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of water resources of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of power, energy and mineral resources of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League central committee members]]

Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple

2026-01-23T11:42:38Z

हिन्दू: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapattinam district]]
| location = Sikkal
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Sikkal in [[Nagapattinam district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="ss">[http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc083.php Vennailingeswarar Temple, Sikkal].</ref>
The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]], as the [[moolavar]] presiding deity, in his manifestation as Navaneetheswarar and Vennailingeswarar (Thiruvennainathar). His consort, [[Parvati]], is known as Velvizhinadunkanni.<ref name="dm">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=218 |title= Sri Navaneetheswarar temple
|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]s - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]].<ref name="ss"/>

==Sikkal Singaravelan Temple==
[[Sikkal Singaravelan Temple]] is found in the premises of this Siva temple.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Sri Navaneetheswarar temple
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=218 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Vennailingeswarar Temple, Sikkal
|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc083.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Maadakkoil]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Nagapattinam district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan

2026-01-23T09:35:10Z

हिन्दू: small enhanced information for consistency additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tumbinjaa.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = Approx. 22 minutes
| company = [[AK Films]]
| genre = Thriller, Romance
| director = Santosh Bhatt
| producer = {{ubl|[[Aruna Irani]]|[[Kuku Kohli]]}}
| starring = [[Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = "Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahan" by [[Roop Kumar Rathod]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2003|10|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2005|03|03|df=yes}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 289
}}

'''''Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan''''' is a Hindi television serial that aired on [[Zee TV]] and starred [[Vikas Bhalla]] and [[Jividha Sharma]] in the main leads.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Communicating with the dead|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/tv.htm|access-date=|website=The Tribune (India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=30 November 2003|title=Dark deeds of another world invades TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dark-deeds-of-another-world-invades-TV/articleshow/331282.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It aired from 12 October 2003 to 3 March 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Zee to spruce up programming with new shows|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct1.htm|access-date=|website=Indian Television dot com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{cleanup|section|reason=Per [[WP:TVPLOT]], this section should not exceed 500 words per season. The last sub-section in particular seems excessively long.|date=September 2020}}
Muskaan lives in [[Delhi]] with her parents and younger sister. They go to [[Mumbai]] to visit relatives and Muskaan ends up staying there to go to Medical School. She meets Aryan and they fall in love. Aryan has a friend Monty, who does dark arts and knows how to talk to spirits. Aryan and Muskaan want to get married. Aryan has to attend to his ailing father and leaves. Due to a misunderstanding Muskaan agrees to marry someone else. On the day of her wedding Aryan convinces her to elope with him but on their way they meet with an accident. Aryan is injured but Muskaan loses her life.

A depressed Aryan convinces Monty to make him talk to Muskaan's spirit. The spirit tells him to move on but tells him that Muskaan will be reborn after 13 months in the town of [[Omkareshwar]] and throws yellow flowers on Aryan. Using the clue, Aryan finds a house in the town with yellow flowers. Though he doesn't find a newborn there, that very night after he leaves a couple visits the homeowners looking for a place where the woman can give birth. Thus, Khushi is born.

===3 years later===
Khushi lives in Omkareshwar at her grandparents house with her mother and grandfather. Aryan falls into depression after Muskaan's demise. Aryan's parents get him engaged to Shweta. When a toddler Khushi finds out about Aryan's fiance Shweta, she kills her in a car accident. Aryan is shattered and starts to think that marriage is not for him. He spends all his time working in the hospital.

===3 years later===
Three years later Aryan is still unable to forget Muskaan and blames himself for her death. Khushi's mother, Vrinda, shifts the family to Mumbai where they live with Vrinda's brother, Vishwanath and his wife. Vishwanath and Aryan's families know each other professionally.

Aryan's childhood friend Durga comes to Mumbai and helps him move on. Aryan eventually falls in love with her, and they decide to get married. Khushi tries to make use of her stronger senses to kill Durga. Noticing these mishaps, Sumitra takes advice from Guruma who advises her to ask Durga to keep herself away from Aryan for 40 days. This causes a rift in their marriage but they go for a vacation. Meanwhile, noticing Khushi's odd behaviour, her grandfather's friend Parikshit, takes her to Guruma and asks for help. Guruma realises Khushi has a power within her and wants it for herself but is unable to get it.

Failing to kill Durga, Khushi seeks help of Guruji. They talk about her past life but Parikshit overhears the conversation. As he is about to inform her grandfather, she makes him fall off a roof leading him to be completely paralyzed. He writes about her truth in a diary which is lost. Meanwhile, Durga decides to disobey Sumitra. On her way to reconcile with Aryan, she meets with an accident and is killed by Khushi. Aryan is devastated.

===3 years later===
Khushi, now 8 years old, is very attached to [[Neelu]] and Shalini. Khushi has developed better senses, and is now able to predict what will happen the next moment. However, she now sees Aryan in a very blurry vision. She doesn't know why she keeps having nightmares. Khushi goes to Aryan's house for a party, and encounters Akash who is Devika's (Guruji's granddaughter) fiancé. Khushi sees him committing a murder but is unable to prevent it from happening.Akash realises Khushi's power and wants to kill her. Mysteriously, Durga reappears and she and Aryan discover she is pregnant.

Khushi is still confused about her visions of Muskaan. It is revealed that Akash, in fact, killed Muskaan because she left him on the day of their wedding. Akash is confined to a mental asylum. Looking for answers, Khushi goes back to the temple as Guruji looks on.

;10 years later
Now 18, Khushi has been living in [[Australia]] with her parents but decides to go to India for an internship. Khushi visits her grandfather in Omkareshwar before heading to Mumbai. She joins an architectural firm where she hears about an upcoming project - the Kali Ma temple Khushi visited with Aryan. Khushi vaguely remembers the temple.

Meanwhile, Aryan and Durga are happily living with their daughter Shraddha. Khushi is sick of the games her mind keeps playing on her and one day, she goes back to the temple and asks God to reveal her purpose on earth. Khushi suddenly gets flashbacks of Aryan and her, and fully remembers her past. She then realizes that she is Muskaan who was brought back to earth to reunite with Aryan. Khushi catches Aryan when he is alone and tries to make him believe that she is Muskaan. Aryan gets a shock and does not trust her at first, until she talks about how they were about to get married, and met with an accident. Khushi is crazy about Aryan and refuses to leave him. Aryan explains to her that he has moved on in life and cannot leave Durga.

Eventually, everyone in the family finds out that Khushi is Muskaan. After being paralytic for years, Parikshit dies in the hospital. Khushi professes her love to Aryan and tells him that she will wait at the same temple as a bride to marry him but Aryan explains to Khushi that he cannot marry her as he loves Durga. This breaks Khushi’s heart.

Khushi falls into depression. At a park Khushi is bitten by a snake after which she is consumed by a negative force which turns her into a completely evil and heartless person. She vows to destroy Durga’s life. Durga eventually finds out that Khushi is Muskaan, and tries to keep her away from Aryan but in vain. Khushi creates misunderstandings between the couple and finally when Durga decides to go on holiday with Aryan and Shraddha, Khushi leads her to be involved in an accident where a man dies. Pretending to help Durga, Khushi helps cover up the incident but turns on Durga during the court hearing. Durga is sentenced to life imprisonment and the entire family is left in shock.

Khushi begs Aryan to marry her and divorce Durga. He gets compelled to break his relationship with Durga and marry Khushi. This shatters Durga. Aryan develops hatred for Khushi and tells her that he will never be able to love her the way he loves Durga. A heartbroken Durga meets Guruma in prison. Guruma helps Durga escape from prison using [[black magic]] and everyone believes Durga is dead. Aryan and Khushi consummate their marriage and Khushi believes that Aryan loves her once again.

Durga tries to expose Khushi and succeeds. Aryan and his family finally realize that Khushi was the mastermind behind Durga’s jail sentence and Aryan decides to sever all ties with Khushi. Aryan and Durga get back together. During the ceremony where they are remarrying, Khushi meets Aryan and tells him that she is pregnant with his child. Coincidentally, Durga also becomes pregnant the same time as Khushi. Khushi decides to kill Durga. She sets a car on fire, but ends up killing Aryan instead. Devastated, she vows to bring up Aryan’s child with pride and dignity when he is born. During both Durga and Khushi’s delivery, Guruma swaps the newborns.

The evil newborn is named Timir by Durga. As Timir transitions from a newborn to a little boy, he kills three people. Timir is under Guruma’s shadow. Meanwhile, Guruji’s men look for Timir because they know he is a demonic spirit disguised as a child. Maahir and Timir study in the same school and hate each other. Timir tries to torture Aryan’s mother when she finds out that he is evil spirited.

Shraddha’s doctor, Ritvik, tries to win over Durga’s heart and confesses his love to her. Khushi's friend Dhruv proposes to her. Ritvik and Dhruv tell Durga and Khushi to marry them respectively. Both women agree for the sake of their children’s happiness. Maahir warns Durga about Ritvik but she fails to understand his gestures. Ritvik turns out to be appointed by Guruma to assist in killing Durga. On their wedding day Durga exposes Ritvik, and he leaves. During an architectural project Dhruv discovers a mummy at the construction site, which turns out to be Timir! Timir kills Dhruv and dumps his dead body somewhere untraceable.

It is revealed that Aryan survived the car accident and was abducted by Guruma who kept him with her in a den for 7 years. She takes advantage of his memory loss by turning him against Durga and making it seem like Durga was the reason for the accident. A lost Aryan believes her, and starts plotting against Durga. Durga and Khushi discover Aryan is still alive. Meanwhile, Aryan is unable to bring himself to kill Durga. Affected by Maahir, he chooses to live with Khushi and Maahir breaking Durga's heart. Khushi remains unconvinced that Aryan loves her.

Guruma finds a dangerous convict who is Aryan's lookalike. She gets him to pretend being Aryan and live with Durga. The lookalike tries killing Durga but fails each time. He slowly starts getting attracted to Durga and sympathizes with her situation. On the day of ''[[Karva Chauth]]'' it is revealed that the man Durga was living with is not the actual Aryan. In an accident both Aryans are badly injured and one of them dies. At the hospital, the surviving 'Aryan' decides to keep Guruma in the dark.

During the final battle, Maahir and Timir vow to destroy each other. Just before Timir finally dies, Khushi and Durga realize that they had been under the wing of each other’s children. A few months pass. Guruma is now helpless, powerless, and completely disheveled from her endless battle.

Khushi requests Durga to let Maahir stay with her. Durga agrees, while Aryan, Durga and Shraddha reunite. As Aryan meets Khushi one last time, Maahir senses that Durga’s life is in danger. He tells Khushi to 'help him save his mother.' Khushi decides to do a good deed. A mentally ill Guruma attempts to put Durga in danger by causing an accident. Aryan tries to save Durga on his motorbike, while Khushi sits behind as a pillion rider. She recalls the first time they sat on the bike which was when they eloped. She smiles to herself and thinks how lucky she had been to be with Aryan. Aryan manages to save Durga and as the rocks tumble down, Khushi tries to save Aryan. In doing so, she gets buried under a heavy rock. Khushi dies in Aryan's arms as she whispers ''Tum Bin Jaoon Kahaan'' (Where do I go without you) under her breath and dies with the ending credits showing flashbacks of Muskaan reincarnating as Khushi.

== Cast ==
{{cleanup|section|reason=Incorrect capitalisation; excessive parentheticals; confusing slashes, where it can't be determined if some characters are the same person, if we're indicating a nickname, or a reincarnated character, etc.|date=September 2020}}
* [[Vikas Bhalla]] as
** Dr. Aryan Rajsingh
** Rudra
* [[Jividha Sharma]] as Muskaan Mathur
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]] as Shweta
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Khushi Mehra / Khushi Aryan Rajsingh
* Rammohan Sharma as Guruji
* [[Sanober Kabir]] as Durga Aryan Rajsingh (Before Plastic Surgery)
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Guruma
* [[Amrita Prakash]] as Neelima (Neelu) Mathur (Muskaan's Younger Sister)
* [[Pankit Thakker]] as Dhruv (Guruji's Grandson)
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Virendra Diwan (Vrinda's Father)
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as Avinash Mathur (Muskaan's Father)
* [[Adi Irani]] as Harshvardhan Rajsingh (Aryan's Father)
* Utkarsha Naik as Mridula Harshvardhan Rajsingh (Aryan's Mother)
* Vineeta Thakur as Diya Rajsingh / Diya Vishal Diwan (Aryan's Younger Sister)
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Shalini Avinash Mathur (Muskaan's Mother)
* Puneet Sachdev as Monty
* Rakesh Paul as Advocate Akash
* Manoj Bidwai as Vishal Diwan
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Parikshit
* Dharmesh Vyas as Aditya Rajsingh
* Tiya Gandwani as Sumitra Aditya Rajsingh
* Dharam Taneja as Sumeet Mehra (Khushi's Father)
* Aliraza Namdar as Vishwanath Diwan
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Vrinda Diwan / Vrinda Sumeet Mehra (Khushi's Mother)
* Manisha Kanojia as Revati Vishwanath Diwan
* Seema Shetty as Dr. Durga Aryan Rajsingh (After Plastic Surgery)
* [[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Sumitra & Durga's Father
* Ajay Trehan as Prabhat Mukherjee
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Public Prosecutor
* Ruhana Khanna as Baby Khushi Mehra
* [[Lavina Tandon]] as Child Khushi Mehra
* [[Abir Goswami]] as Advocate Akash
* Smita Malhotra as Neelima (Neelu) Mathur (Muskaan's Younger Sister)
* [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as Sahil
* [[Vineet Raina]] as Dhruv (Guruji's Grandson)
* Itishree Singh as Devika (Guruji's Granddaughter)
* Prithvi as Dr. Vikram
* Jayshree Rao as Vidhi Jindal
* Karishma Mehta as Nisha Diwan
* [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]] as Sandeep (Sandy) Verma
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Shipra Jindal / Shipra Sandeep Verma
* Ranjeev Verma as Surendra Jindal
* Niyati Joshi as Iravati Mathur / Iravati Surendra Jindal
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Annu
* [[Shilpa Shinde]] as Diya Rajsingh
* Aruna Sangal as Pammi Rajsingh
* [[Mukesh Rawal]] as Ramakant
* [[Shweta Rastogi]] as Aditi
* [[Shweta Gautam]] as Madhu
* Rupa Divetia as Mother Superior
* Cindrella D' Cruz as Sunidhi
* Daljeet Soundh as Mrs. Diwan (Vrinda's Mother)

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows about reincarnation]]

Shahar Banu Begum

2026-01-10T09:44:15Z

हिन्दू:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Shahar Banu Begum
| title = [[Shah]]zadi of [[Bijapur]]
| image = Miniatures73.jpg
| caption = A noble woman of Bijapur admiring herself in a mirror, c.1720.
| succession = [[Empress consort of the Mughal Empire]]
| reign = 14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Muhammad Azam Shah]]|1672|1707|end= {{Abbr|d.|death}}}}
| issue =
| full name = Shahar Banu
| house = [[Adil Shahi]] ''(by birth)'' [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ''(by marriage)''
| father = [[Ali Adil Shah II]]
| mother = Khurshida Khanum
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1663
| birth_place = [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Shahar Banu Begum''' (c. 1663 – ?) was [[Empress consort of the Mughal Empire]] from 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707 as the third (and last) wife of Emperor [[Muhammad Azam Shah]]. She is popularly known by the titles '''Padishah Bibi'''<ref>{{cite book|first=Sudha|last=Sharma|title=The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India|publisher=SAGE Publications India|date=21 March 2016|pages=82|isbn=978-9-351-50567-9}}</ref> and ''[[Padshah Begum]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kincaid|first1=Charles Augustus|last2=Pārasanīsa|first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta|title=A History of the Maratha People: From the death of Shivaji to the death of Shahu|date=1922|publisher=S. Chand|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7E5AQAAIAAJ&q=shahr|language=en}}</ref>

By birth, Shahar Banu was a princess of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] of [[Bijapur]] and the daughter of [[Ali Adil Shah II]] and his consort Khurshida Khanum. She was the sister of [[Sikandar Adil Shah]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sir Jadunath|title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar birth centenary commemoration volume: English translation of Tarikh-i-dilkasha (Memoirs of Bhimsen relating to Aurangzib's Deccan campaigns).|date=1972|publisher=Dept. of Archives, Maharashtra|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MM05AQAAIAAJ&q=padshah+bibi+azam|language=en}}</ref>

==Family and lineage==
Shahar Banu Begum was born a princess of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] of Bijapur and the daughter of Ali Adil Shah II and his consort Khurshida Khanum. Shahar's paternal grandparents were [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]], her father's predecessor and his Queen consort Taj Jahan Begum. Shahar's siblings included her two brothers, the princes Hussain and Sikandar, the latter succeeding her father as King in 1672 at the age of four.
[[File:“Sultan Ali Adil Shah II of Bijapur with a Woman” 1660-75 David coll.jpg|thumb|Sultan Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur with an unnamed consort, 1660-75]]

By all accounts, Shahar was greatly loved by the people of Bijapur as well as by her family. She was very beautiful<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Bijápur|date=1884|publisher=Government Central Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623776/page/n444 431]|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623776|quote=padshah bibi ali adil shah.|language=en}}</ref> as well as intelligent. The princess was courageous and devoted to her kingdom for she herself played a great part in her state's defense in 1679 when she was forcibly married for a political alliance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Aurangzeb|year=1988|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|page=245}}</ref>

==Marriage==
Ali Adil Shah died on 24 November 1672, and with him departed the glory of the Kingdom of Bijapur. He was succeeded by his infant son, the four-year-old [[Sikandar Adil Shah]], a period of anarchy ensued which ended only with the extinction of the dynasty and the independence of the Kingdom in 1686. The weakness and humiliation of Bijapur during this period is illustrated by the defection of 10,000 Bijapuris to the rival Mughal camp and the compulsory submission of Sikandar's sister, Shahar, to the Mughal harem.<ref name=Sharma>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=S. R.|title=Mughal empire in India : a systematic study including source material|year=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publ|isbn=8171568181|page=500|edition=Rev.}}</ref> The promise to hand over the princess to the Mughals was made by Sikandar's [[regent]], Khawas Khan, who was later assassinated for his treachery by his successor Abdul Karim. A peace treaty between Bijapur and the Mughals was signed by the terms of which Princess Shahar was to be wed to the imperial prince, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], the eldest son and [[heir-apparent]] of the reigning Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and his consort [[Dilras Banu Begum]].

The idol of her family and the people of Bijapur, the princess left the city of her birth on 1 July 1679, amidst the wailings of her family and her dear ones to enter her future husband's hated seraglio for it was her willing sacrifice for the welfare of the Bijapuri state.<ref name=Sharma /> She arrived at the Emperor's court on 4 March 1680 and was married to Muhammad Azam on 26 July 1681.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sir Jadunath|title=Studies in Aurangzib's reign: (being Studies in Mughal India, first series)|date=1933|publisher=Orient Longman|page=45|isbn=9780861319688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0QwAQAAIAAJ&q=shahar|language=en}}</ref> The emperor tied the ''[[sehra (headdress)|sehra]]'' and Qazi Sheikh-ul-lslam celebrated the marriage in the [[mosque]] of Khas & Am ([[Jama Masjid]]). In accordance with the example of [[Muhammad]] (at his marriage with [[Khadija]]), the ''[[Mahr|mehr]]'' was fixed at 500 ''[[dirhams]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khān|first=Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd|title=Maāsir-i-ʻĀlamgiri: a History of the Emperor Aurangzib-ʻl̀amgir (reign 1658-1707 A. D.)|year=1947|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|page=129}}</ref>

==Role in Mughal-Bijapur relations==
Shortly after her marriage, Shahar was induced by her father-in-law, Aurangzeb, to pacify relations between the Mughals and Bijapur by addressing a letter to Sharza Khan, the new regent of her brother, to dissuade him from allying with the [[Maratha]]s and to join the Mughals with the common objective of crushing them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan : From Medieval to Modern Times|year=1996|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=9788125004851|page=134}}</ref> The princess, recently married to [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Prince Azam]], complied and sent a personal appeal to Sharza Khan on 18 July, saying, "Help the imperialists loyally for the good of the Bijapuri state. Conquer the infidels possessions." But no reply came. The Bijapuri grandees had secretly aligned with the Maratha king [[Sambhaji]] and strengthened him with an alliance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=History of Aurangzib: Southern India, 1645-1689|year=1919|publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons|page=301}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Jadunath Sarkar Translation, Maāsir-i-ʻĀlamgiri : a history of the emperor Aurangzib-ʻl̀amgir (reign 1658-1707 A.D.) by Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd Khān

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahar Banu Begum}}
[[Category:1660s births]]
[[Category:Adil Shahi dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad Azam Shah]]
[[Category:People from the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]

Wills Navy Cut

2026-01-08T04:18:21Z

हिन्दू: post

{{Short description|Indian cigarette brand}}
{{Promotional|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{infobox brand
| name= Wills Navy Cut
| logo=
| image= Wills Navy Cut back.JPG
| caption= A pack of Wills Navy Cut cigarettes
| type= [[Cigarette]]
| producedby= [[ITC (company)|ITC Limited]] in India, [[Imperial Tobacco]] outside of India
| origin= [[India]]
| introduced= {{start date and age|1910}}
| discontinued=
| related=
| markets= See ''[[#Markets|Markets]]''
| previousowners= [[W.D. & H.O. Wills]]
| trademarkregistrations= Yes
| ambassadors=
| tagline= ''"Made for each other"''
| website=
| footnotes = Carcinogenicity: [[IARC group 1]]
}}

'''Wills Navy Cut''' is an Indian [[cigarette]] brand owned and produced by [[ITC Limited]]. Initially launched as Wills Filter, it was among the first Indian cigarettes to feature a filter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratik |date=2023-12-28 |title=Oldest Cigarette Brand in India |url=https://www.oldest.org/culture/oldest-cigarette-brand-in-india/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Oldest.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Over the years, the brand has undergone various changes in its marketing and packaging.

==History==
Wills Navy Cut was originally manufactured by [[W.D. & H.O. Wills]] in the [[United Kingdom]], being one of the most notable products of the company in Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Vejay |date=2023-03-03 |title=Wills Cigarettes - Smoked Success |url=https://onlykutts.com/index.php/2023/03/03/wills-cigarettes-smoked-success/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Point of View |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1910, ITC Limited (then called "[[ITC Limited|Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited]]") commenced its operations in [[Kolkata]]. ITC started manufacturing cigarettes.

Wills Navy Cut Filter Tipped was launched in July 1963 in India at the price of 10 Indian [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Annas]] for a packet of 10 cigarettes. The company decided to market the filter as a product that enhanced the taste they were accustomed to, since many Indians at the time, were used to traditional unfiltered cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratik |date=2023-12-28 |title=Oldest Cigarette Brand in India |url=https://www.oldest.org/culture/oldest-cigarette-brand-in-india/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Oldest.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the years since, Wills Navy Cut was launched in a flat 10s pack with a red band. The W leaf was also a part of the pack. One of the most notable changes in the brand was to give Navy Cut its due prominence. Over time, the Wills Crest was replaced by the classic unicorns as well.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wysiwyg.co.in/itc-limited/|title=ITC Limited |date=|work= Wys Wyg}}</ref>

In 1988, W.D. & H.O. Wills ceased operations and production of Wills Navy Cut ended in the U.K. However, ITC, an independent company, continued to manufacture and market the cigarette in India. The phrase "From the House of W.D. & H.O. Wills" continues to be printed on the cigarettes and their packaging, despite them not being produced by W.D. & H.O. Wills.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.itcportal.com/sets/itc_frameset_new.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617114915/http://www.itcportal.com/sets/itc_frameset_new.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2007|date=17 June 2007|accessdate=28 January 2018|title=ITC Limited is one of the top three private sector companies in India. ITC is a market leader in India in cigarettes, tobacco, hotels, packaging, specialty papers, and paperboards }}</ref>

==Marketing==
From its inception, the marketing strategy for Navy Cut focused on the relationship between the cigarette's filter and tobacco, promoting the filter as an essential enhancement. This approach alps was notable for its inclusion of women, at a time in which cigarettes were marketed primarily towards men.

In 1965, ITC Limited initiated the "Made for Each Other" advertising campaign. This campaign featured a print advertisement with a married couple enjoying a Polish joke book, which then attempted to relate the relationship of a cigarette and a filter to a functioning marriage. This was intended to resonate with consumers on emotional and aspirational levels.

The campaign's impact was further solidified in 1969 with the introduction of the "Wills Made for Each Other" contest, which sought to identify couples who exemplified this ideal match. The campaign's visibility was maintained through posters displayed on prominent street corners across India until the early 1990s.

Navy Cut advertisements were phased out following the nationwide ban on tobacco advertising in 2004.

The "Made for each other" campaign went on to become one of the longest-running and most recognizable advertising campaigns in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuttingthechai.com/2011/09/5189/wills-filter-made-for-each-other/|title=Wills Filter: Made for each other|date=10 September 2011|website=Cuttingthechai.com|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/sRChazyrh4GcIwCsDuGquO/70-years-of-Indian-advertising.html|title=70 years of Indian advertising|website=Livemint.com|date=21 August 2017|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref>

The years 1968/69 saw considerable growth in competition from rival and lower-priced filter cigarettes. However, Navy Cut continued to retain its market share.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/101192126/ITC-Wills-Navy-Cut-Audit-Relationship-Report-S3G6|title= ITC Wills Navy Cut Audit|date=|work= Scribd}}</ref>

==Markets==
Wills Navy Cut is mainly sold in [[India]], but has also been sold in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cigarettespedia.com/index.php/BrandWills|title=BrandWills - Cigarettes Pedia|website=Cigarettespedia.com|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zigsam.at/B_Wills.htm|title=Wills|website=Zigsam.at|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&l=22&p=0&w=WILLS+NAVY+CUT|title=Brands|website=Cigarety.by|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Military history of Australia}}
*[[Navy cut tobacco]]
*[[Player's Navy Cut]]
*[[List of cigarette brands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{ITC}}
{{smoking nav}}

[[Category:Indian cigarette brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1910]]
[[Category:ITC Limited]]
[[Category:Imperial Brands brands]]
[[Category:Navies]]

Mahipal S. Sachdev

2026-01-07T20:10:46Z

हिन्दू: starting new page.

{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahipal S. Sachdev
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (left) confers the Padmashree, on Dr. Sachdev for his contributions to Indian ophthalmology
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Ophthalmologist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Phacoemulsification]]
| spouse = Alka Sachdev
| domesticpartner =
| children = Two daughters
| parents =
| website = {{Url| https://www.centreforsight.net/doctor/prof-dr-mahipal-s-sachdev-padma-shri-awardee|Doctor profile on Centre for Sight}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Rashtriya Gaurav Award SAS Silver Medal
}}
'''Mahipal S. Sachdev''' is an Indian ophthalmologist and the Chairman of [https://www.centreforsight.net/ Centre for Sight], a chain of Eye Hospitals in India.<ref name="Doctor Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.centreforsight.net/doctor/prof-dr-mahipal-s-sachdev-padma-shri-awardee | title=Doctor Profile | publisher=Centre For Sight | date=2026 | access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Jaypee's Video Atlas of Ophthalmic Surgery">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiW74gnD5n4C&q=Mahipal+S.+Sachdev&pg=PT5 | title=Jaypee's Video Atlas of Ophthalmic Surgery | publisher=JP Medical | author=Ashok Garg | year=2013 | pages=VI of 128 | isbn=9789350904411}}</ref> He is known as one of the pioneers of the [[phacoemulsification]] procedure in India.<ref name="Expert profile">{{cite web | url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/00241/dr_mahipal_s_sachdev.html | title=Expert profile | publisher=ND TV | date=2015 | access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> He is the co-author of ''A Practical Guide to Phacoemulsification'', the first Indian book on the topic.<ref name="A Practical Guide to Phacoemulsification">{{cite book | title=A Practical Guide to Phacoemulsification | publisher=Alpha Science International |author1=Mahipal S. Sachdev |author2=Tanuj Dada | year=2003 | pages=206 | isbn=9781842651469}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2007, for his contributions to Indian medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He is the Chairman Scientific Committee of the Intraocular Implant and Refractive Society of India, IIRSI.

== Biography ==
Sachdev did his graduate studies in medicine at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] and secured his post-graduation in ophthalmology from Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, the apex institute of the [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology|Regional Institutes of Ophthalmology]] in India. In 1989, he received a fellowship and did advanced training on [[Cornea]] and [[Refractive surgery]] at [[Georgetown University]], Washington DC and joined his alma mater, AIIMS, as a member of faculty where he worked until 1996.<ref name="The doctors with a cutting edge">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/the-doctors-with-a-cutting-edge/story-2ceOY4uy1SJ2P8LeNCqNFJ.html | title=The doctors with a cutting edge | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=9 April 2011 | access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> When [[Indraprastha Apollo Hospital]] opened in 1996, he joined the institution. Simultaneously, he modestly started an eye clinic at [[Safdarjung (Delhi)|Safdarjang Enclave]], which grew to become a chain of eye hospitals, starting to function under the brand name ''Centre for Sight'', from 2002 onwards.<ref name="Overview">{{cite web | url=http://www.centreforsight.net/about-us/ | title=Overview | publisher=Centre for Sight | date=2015 | access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>

The Summit Autonomous Society of USA has recognized Sachdev as a refractive surgeon and a member of the organization.<ref name="Profile on Ziffi">{{cite web | url=https://www.ziffi.com/doctors-in-delhi-ncr/mahipal-s-sachdev-ophthalmology-eye/ | title=Profile on Ziffi | publisher=Ziffi | date=2015 | access-date=23 December 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091309/https://www.ziffi.com/doctors-in-delhi-ncr/mahipal-s-sachdev-ophthalmology-eye/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He serves the Indian Intraocular Implant and Refractive Society as the Chairman of its scientific committee and is the secretary of the Delhi Ophthalmological Society. He has also represented India at the Asian Refractive Council.<ref name="Profile on Ziffi" /> American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) has accredited his instruction course.<ref name="Expert profile" /> He has performed live demonstrations, including the one performed at the Seattle conference of ASCRS.<ref name="Phacoemulsification">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxIOwgxnnqwC&q=Mahipal+S.+Sachdev&pg=PA294 | title=Phacoemulsification | publisher=CRC Press |author1=Amar Agarwal |author2=Athia Agarwal |author3=Sunita Agarwal |author4=I. Howard Fine |author5=Keiki R. Mehta |author6=Suresh Pandey |author7=Mahipal S. Sachdev | year=2004 | pages=69 of 952 | isbn=9780203334829}}</ref> He has delivered several award lectures; Dr. (Col.) B. L. Taneja Memorial Guest Lecture Award at the 1996-97 Delhi State Medical Conference, Prof. L. P. Agarwal Lecture of AIIMS in 2005, and Dr A. D. Grover Memorial Oration of Chandigarh Ophthalmological Society are some of the notable ones among them.<ref name="Doctor Profile" />

Sachdev published ''A Practical Guide to Phacoemulsification'', a textbook on [[phacoemulsification]] co-authored by Tanuj Dada in 2003, reportedly the first Indian book on the subject.<ref name="Doctor Profile" /><ref name="Expert profile" /> He has also edited another book on the medical procedure titled ''Phacoemulsification''.<ref name="Phacoemulsification" /> Besides, he has presented more than 150 papers and published over 100 articles,<ref name="Dr. Mahipal S. Sachdev - Centre for Sight">{{cite web | url=https://www.centreforsight.net/doctor/prof-dr-mahipal-s-sachdev-padma-shri-awardee | title=Dr. Mahipal S. Sachdev - Centre for Sight | publisher=Centre for Sight | date=2015 | access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]], an online repository, listing 47 of them.<ref name="Mahipal S. Sachdev on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahipal_Sachdev | title=Mahipal S. Sachdev on ResearchGate | date=2015 | access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> The Summit Autonomous Society of USA (SAS) awarded him the silver medal, in 1999, for successfully performing over 1000 [[LASIK]] procedures in one year.<ref name="Expert profile" /> The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2007.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> Two years later, he received the 2009 ''Rashtriya Gaurav Award'' from the ''Institute For Environment Yoga And Social Security'', New Delhi.<ref name="Doctor Profile" />

Sachdev is married to Alka, a medical doctor, and the couple has two daughters, Ritika and Gitansha, who are both pursuing medical professions.<ref name="The doctors with a cutting edge" />

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCu9U75V7Xo | title=Dr Mahipal S Sachdev | publisher=AIOS Editor Proceedings | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=5 September 2015 | access-date=23 December 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahipal_Sachdev | title=Mahipal S. Sachdev on ResearchGate | date=2015 | access-date=23 December 2015}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=A Practical Guide to Phacoemulsification | publisher=Alpha Science International |author1=Mahipal S. Sachdev |author2=Tanuj Dada | year=2003 | pages=206 | isbn=9781842651469}}
* {{cite book | title=Phacoemulsification | publisher=CRC Press |author1=Amar Agarwal |author2=Athia Agarwal |author3=Sunita Agarwal |author4=I. Howard Fine |author5=Keiki R. Mehta |author6=Suresh Pandey |author7=Mahipal S. Sachdev | year=2004 | pages=69 of 952 | isbn=9780203334829}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdev, Mahipal S.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]

2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-06T06:15:24Z

हिन्दू: brief correct layout to improve readability further and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|State assembly election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year =
| flag_image =
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2013
| outgoing_members =
| election_date = 28 November 2018
| elected_members =
| next_election = 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2023
| votes_for_election =
| needed_votes =
| seats_for_election = '''All 40 seats in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]'''
| majority_seats = 21
| opinion_polls =
| registered =
| turnout = 81.61% ({{decrease}} 1.8%)
| votes_counted = 
| reporting = 
| declared = 

| party1 = Mizo National Front
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Zoramthanga in 2008.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=07}}
| leader1 = [[Zoramthanga]]
| alliance1 =
| leader_since1 = 2008
| leaders_seat1 = [[Aizawl East 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 1]]
| seats_before1 = 6
| seats1 ='''26'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 20
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = '''37.70%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 8.4%

| party2 = Zoram People's Movement
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lalduhawma.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=07}}
| leader2 = [[Lalduhawma]]
| alliance2 =
| leader_since2 = 2018
| leaders_seat2 = [[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]]
| seats_before2 = 0
| seats2 = 8
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 8
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 = 22.9%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.5%


| party3 = Indian National Congress
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lal Thanhawla.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}
| leader3 = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| alliance3 =
| leader_since3 = 2008
| leaders_seat3 = [[Champhai South (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Champhai South]] and [[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]] ''(both lost)''
| seats_before3 = 34
| seats3 = 5
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 29
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 = 29.98%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 14.6%


| title = [[Chief Minister of Mizoram|CM]]
| before_election = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Zoramthanga]]
| after_party = Mizo National Front
| map_image = 2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
}}

The legislative assembly election was held on 28 November 2018 to elect members of the 40 constituencies in [[Mizoram]]. [[Mizo National Front]] won 26 seats in the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mizoram-election-results-2018-early-christmas-for-mnf-zoramthanga-to-be-new-chief-minister-1961230|title=Early Christmas For Mizoram's MNF, Zoramthanga To Be New Chief Minister|website=NDTV.com|accessdate=8 April 2023}}</ref> This was the first time that [[Congress party|Congress]] does not have any government in any of the states in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mnf-sweeps-mizoram-north-east-now-congress-mukt/articleshow/67053567.cms|title=MNF sweeps Mizoram, northeast now ‘Congress-mukt’|date=12 December 2018|accessdate=8 April 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Background ==
The tenure of [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] was due to end on 15 December 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/terms_of_houses.aspx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=11 May 2018}}</ref>

Four high-profile leaders of the Congress including the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in Mizoram defected to the BJP before the polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/171018/blow-to-congress-in-mizoram-as-top-leader-joins-bjp.html|title=Blow to Congress in Mizoram as top leader joins BJP|first=manoj|last=anand|date=17 October 2018|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The Election Commission of India has announced the poll dates on 6 October 2018. It was held in single phase on 28 November 2018. The result was declared on 11 December 2018.<ref name="finex">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-election-date-2018-check-schedule-date-of-polling-and-result-in-the-state-here/1363656/ |title=Mizoram election date 2018: Check schedule, date of polling and result in the state here |newspaper=The Financial Express |date=27 October 2018 |author= |accessdate= 23 December 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Event'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Day'''
|-
| Date for Nominations || 2 Nov 2018 || Friday
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations || 9 Nov 2018 || Friday
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations || 12 Nov 2018 || Monday
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures || 14 Nov 2018 || Wednesday
|-
| Date of poll || '''28 Nov 2018''' || Wednesday
|-
| Date of counting || 11 Dec 2018 || Tuesday
|-
| Date before which the election shall be completed || 13 Dec 2018 || Thursday
|}

== Exit polls ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Polling agency !! BJP !! INC !! MNF !! Others !! Source
|-
| CVoter - Republic TV || NA || 14-18 || '''16-20''' || 0-3 || <ref name="HT_Exit_polls">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assembly-election-exit-polls-results-2018-live-updates-trends-as-soon-as-polling-ends-in-rajasthan-telangana/story-Fk3GI13Coc7Xa3B1yzyabI.html |title=Election exit polls results 2018 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| CNX - Times Now || 0 || 16 || '''18''' || 6 || <ref name="HT_Exit_polls"/>
|-
| Axis My India - India Today and Aaj Tak || NA || 08-12 || '''16-22''' || 01-12 || <ref name="HT_Exit_polls"/>
|}

==Protests against chief electoral officer==
[[File:PANO 20181106 092741.jpg|thumb|Protest against the Chief Electoral Officer in [[Aizawl]]]]

On the eve of the election, there were protests against the chief electoral officer (CEO) Sashank. The state government wanted the [[Reang]] people living in camps in the neighboring state of [[Tripura]], who are registered voters for the [[elections in Mizoram]], to travel to Mizoram, the CEO sided with the groups representing the Reang people, who wanted to vote from Tripura.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: Why Mizoram wants CEO out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-mizoram-wants-chief-electoral-officer-out-election-commission-5443395/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> The CEO alleged interference by the principal secretary Lalnunmawia Chuaungo and wrote to the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]] in the last week of October, alleging interference from the state government in the conduct of the elections. Subsequently, the election commission issued orders to the state government to remove Chuaungo with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=People start picketing before Mizoram CEO's office demanding his removal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/mizoram-assembly-elections/people-start-picketing-before-mizoram-ceos-office-demanding-his-removal/articleshow/66521427.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> People led by [[Young Mizo Association]] and consisting of [[Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl]] and other student bodies, took to the streets in [[Aizawl]] demanding removal of CEO Sashank and reinstatement of Chaungo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mizoram NGOs and students bodies serve ‘Quit Mizoram’ notice to CEO |url=http://www.northeastindia24.com/mizoram-ngos-and-students-bodies-serve-quit-mizoram-notice-to-ceo/ |work=North East India 24 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Eventually the election commission recalled Sashank and appointed Ashish Kundra as the new CEO.<ref>{{cite news |title=SB Shashank On Way Out as Mizoram Election Officer, EC Asks Chief Secy to Suggest Replacement |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sb-shashank-on-his-way-out-as-mizoram-chief-electoral-officer-as-ec-asks-chief-secretary-to-suggest-replacement-1935005.html |access-date=4 January 2019 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ashish Kundra named new Mizoram chief electoral officer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ashish-kundra-named-new-mizoram-chief-electoral-officer/articleshow/66633229.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

==Result==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=7|[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 2018.svg]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!± %
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}"|
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|2,38,168
|37.7%
|{{increase}}9.0
|26
|{{increase}}21
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|1,89,404
|29.98%
|{{decrease}}14.6
|5
|{{decrease}}29
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}"|
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|1,44,925
|22.9%
|{{decrease}}1.5
|8
|{{increase}}5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|51,087
|8.09%
|{{increase}}7.6
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}"|
|Others
|8,211
|1.3%
|{{decrease}}0.7
|0
|{{steady}}0
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 6,31,597 || 100.00 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 40 || ±0
|-
! colspan="9" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |Valid votes
| align="right" |6,31,597
| align="right" |99.90
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |Invalid votes
| align="right" |658
| align="right" |0.10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |'''Votes cast / turnout'''
| align="right" |'''6,32,255'''
| align="right" |'''81.61'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |Abstentions
| align="right" | 1,42,502
| align="right" |18.39
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |'''Registered voters'''
| align="right" | '''7,74,757'''
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|-
|}

==Constituency results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mizoram assembly result: Here is the full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=4 November 2023 |title=Mizoram assembly result: Here is the full list of winners |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mizoram-assembly-result-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-1407270-2018-12-11 |accessdate=4 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104190928/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mizoram-assembly-result-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-1407270-2018-12-11 |archivedate=4 November 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Mamit district|'''Mamit District''']]
|-
| 1
|[[Hachhek (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Hachhek]]
|[[Lalrindika Râlte]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|6202
|33.32
|Lalrinenga Sailo
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5836
|31.36
|366
|-
| 2
|[[Dampa (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Dampa]]
|[[Lalrintluanga Sailo]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5840
|37.99
|Lalrobiaka
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4183
|27.21
|1657
|-
| 3
|[[Mamit (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Mamit]]
|[[H. Lalzirliana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|6874
|35.39
|John Rotluangliana
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|6467
|33.29
|407
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Kolasib district|'''Kolasib District''']]
|-
| 4
|[[Tuirial (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Tuirial]]
|[[Andrew H. Thangliana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|4387
|30.80
|Sailothanga Sailo
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|4183
|29.36
|204
|-
| 5
|[[Kolasib (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Kolasib]]
|[[K. Lalrinliana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5940
|33.34
|Lalfamkima
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|5661
|31.77
|279
|-
| 6
|[[Serlui (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serlui]]
|[[Lalrinsanga Ralte]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|6128
|38.17
|Lalhmachhuana
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5201
|32.39
|927
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Aizawl district|'''Aizawl District''']]
|-
| 7
|[[Tuivawl (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Tuivawl]]
|[[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5207
|39.41
|R. L. Pianmawia
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5204
|39.39
|3
|-
| 8
|[[Chalfilh (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Chalfilh]]
|[[Lalrinliana Sailo]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5541
|36.99
|F. Rualhleia
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|4534
|30.27
|1007
|-
| 9
|[[Tawi (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Tawi]]
|[[R Lalzirliana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|4940
|37.35
|R. Lalthatluanga
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|4756
|35.96
|184
|-
| 10
|[[Aizawl North 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 1]]
|[[Vanlalhlana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|7094
|40.09
|Lalringliana
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5929
|33.51
|1165
|-
| 11
|[[Aizawl North 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 2]]
|[[Vanlalthlana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|7775
|42.93
|Laltlanzova Khiangte
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5974
|32.98
|1801
|-
| 12
|[[Aizawl North 3 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 3]]
|[[C. Lalmanpuia]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5166
|35.21
|[[Lal Thanzara]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4732
|32.25
|434
|-
| 13
|[[Aizawl East 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 1]]
|[[Zoramthanga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|8358
|42.75
|K. Sapdanga
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|5854
|29.94
|2504
|-
| 14
|[[Aizawl East 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 2]]
|[[Robert Romawia Royte]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5869
|41.26
|B. Lalchhanzova
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|4377
|30.77
|1492
|-
| 15
|[[Aizawl West 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl West 1]]
|[[Lalduhoma]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|7889
|38.71
|K. Sangthuama
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|6829
|33.51
|1060
|-
| 16
|[[Aizawl West 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl West 2]]
|[[Lalruatkima]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|7626
|45.20
|Lalmalsawma Nghaka
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4906
|29.08
|2720
|-
| 17
|[[Aizawl West 3 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl West 3]]
|[[V. L. Zaithanzama]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|6934
|41.22
|[[Vanlalzawma]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5908
|35.12
|1026
|-
| 18
|[[Aizawl South 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 1]]
|[[C. Lalsawivunga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|6808
|39.59
|K. Liantinga
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5759
|33.49
|1049
|-
| 19
|[[Aizawl South 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 2]]
|[[Lalchhuanthanga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|7294
|37.44
|Denghmingthanga
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|7115
|36.52
|179
|-
| 20
|[[Aizawl South 3 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 3]]
|[[F. Lalnunmawia]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|7558
|43.47
|K. S. Shanga
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5470
|31.46
|2088
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Champhai district|'''Champhai District''']]
|-
| 21
|[[Lengteng (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lengteng]]
|[[L. Thangmawia]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|6430
|45.77
|H. Rohluna
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4658
|33.45
|1772
|-
| 22
|[[Tuichang (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Tuichang]]
|[[Tawnluia]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5146
|39.52
|W. Chhuanawma
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|4407
|33.85
|739
|-
| 23
|[[Champhai North (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Champhai North]]
|[[Z. R. Thiamsanga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|6057
|41.08
|T. T. Zothansanga
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4964
|33.67
|1093
|-
| 24
|[[Champhai South (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Champhai South]]
|[[T. J. Lalnantluanga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5212
|36.45
|[[Lal Thanhawla]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4163
|29.11
|1049
|-
| 25
|[[East Tuipui (Legislative Assembly constituency)|East Tuipui]]
|[[Ramthanmawia]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|4384
|37.32
|C. Lalthanpuia
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|3797
|32.33
|587
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sercchip district|'''Sercchip District''']]
|-
| 26
|[[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]]
|[[Lalduhoma]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|5481
|35.26
|[[Lal Thanhawla]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5071
|32.63
|410
|-
| 27
|[[Tuikum (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Tuikum]]
|[[Lalrinawma|Er. Lalrinawma]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5439
|39.85
|Sangzela Tlau
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4042
|29.62
|1397
|-
| 28
|[[Hrangturzo (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Hrangturzo]]
|[[Lalchamliana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|4572
|35.62
|Vanlalawmpuii Chawngthu
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3815
|29.72
|757
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Lunglei district|'''Lunglei District''']]
|-
| 29
|[[South Tuipui (Legislative Assembly constituency)|South Tuipui]]
|[[R Lalthangliana]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|6126
|49.69
|John Siamkunga
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4657
|37.78
|1469
|-
| 30
|[[Lunglei North (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei North]]
|[[Vanlaltanpuia]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5022
|35.26
|V. Malsawmtluanga
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|4627
|32.49
|395
|-
| 31
|[[Lunglei East (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei East]]
|[[Lawmawma Tochhawng]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|4063
|32.91
|[[Lalrinpuii]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|3991
|32.32
|72
|-
| 32
|[[Lunglei West (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei West]]
|[[C. Lalrinsanga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|4093
|34.44
|Chalrosanga Ralte
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4016
|33.79
|77
|-
| 33
|[[Lunglei South (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei South]]
|[[K. Pachhunga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|6245
|43.03
|R. Lalnunthara
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|3804
|26.21
|2441
|-
| 34
|[[Thorang (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Thorang]]
|[[Zodintluanga Ralte]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|4549
|39.79
|R. Rohmingliana
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|3276
|28.66
|1273
|-
| 35
|[[West Tuipui (Legislative Assembly constituency)|West Tuipui]]
|[[Nihar Kanti Chakma]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5943
|45.83
|Kina Ranjan Chakma
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3558
|27.44
|2385
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Lawngtlai district|'''Lawngtlai District''']]
|-
| 36
|[[Tuichawng (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Tuichawng]]
|[[Buddha Dhan Chakma]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11419
|43.68
|Rasik Mohan Chakma
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|9825
|37.59
|1594
|-
| 37
|[[Lawngtlai West (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lawngtlai West]]
|[[C. Ngunlianchunga]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|10681
|48.87
|C. Ramhluna
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|9885
|45.23
|796
|-
| 38
|[[Lawngtlai East (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lawngtlai East]]
|[[H. Biakzaua]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|8656
|48.40
|H. Zothangliana
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|7712
|43.12
|944
|-
| colspan="13" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Siaha district|'''Saiha District''']]
|-
| 39
|[[Saiha (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Saiha]]
|[[K. Beichhua]]
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|8109
|49.82
|S. Hiato
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|5641
|34.66
|2468
|-
| 40
|[[Palak (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Palak]]
|M. Chakhu
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|5492
|37.44
|Hiphei<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.mizoram.gov.in/files/reports/detailed_result.pdf |title=Detailed results|website=mizoram.gov.in|access-date=8 April 2023|year=2018}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|4648
|31.68
|844
|}

== See also ==
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[2018 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci/eci.html Election Commission of India]

{{Mizoram elections}}

[[Category:2018 State Assembly elections in India|Mizoram]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Mizoram|2018]]
[[Category:2010s in Mizoram|2018]]

Thanglalsoun Gangte

2026-01-05T22:17:45Z

हिन्दू: info

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Thanglalsoun Gangte
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2006|04|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| height =
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| clubnumber = 24
| youthyears1 = 2019
| youthclubs1 = [[Minerva Academy FC CC|Minerva Academy]]
| youthyears2 = 2019–2023
| youthclubs2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi U18]]
| years1 = 2023–2025
| clubs1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2025–
| clubs2 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2022–2024
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 17
| nationalgoals1 = 9
| nationalyears2 = 2024–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 22:53, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fbu|17|IND||name=India U-17}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF U-17 Championship]]}}
{{Medal|Gold| [[2022 SAFF U-17 Championship|2022 Sri Lanka]]|}}
}}

'''Thanglalsoun Gangte''' (born 22 April 2006) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|forward]] for [[I-League]] club [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]].

== Club career ==
=== Youth career ===
The son of a former local footballer from [[Imphal]], Gangte was introduced to football at a very early age. After a brief stint at the [[Minerva Academy FC CC|Minerva Academy]], he soon joined [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] in 2019. It was from the [[I-League]] club, that Gangte participated in the Delhi Futsal League and the [[Delhi Football League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/discipline-encouragement-push-u-17-forward-thanglalsoun-gangte-ahead20221009102547/ |title=Discipline, encouragement push U-17 forward Thanglalsoun Gangte ahead |date=9 October 2022 |publisher=ANI News |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009050119/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/discipline-encouragement-push-u-17-forward-thanglalsoun-gangte-ahead20221009102547/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Senior career ===
=== Chennaiyin ===
On 3 September 2023, 17 year-old Gangte signed his first senior contract with [[Indian Super League]] side [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] on a three-year contract, with an option to extend further by two years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-sign-india-u-17-star-thanglalsoun-gangte%ef%bf%bc/|title=Chennaiyin sign India U-17 star Thanglalsoun Gangte|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Chennaiyin FC|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-date=13 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913174055/https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-sign-india-u-17-star-thanglalsoun-gangte%EF%BF%BC/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Diamond Harbour ===
On 2 July 2025, Gangte signed with [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]], a club newly set to participate in the [[I-League]]. He is expected to begin his tenure by featuring in the club’s campaign in the [[Calcutta Football League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New season, new faces 🤝 Meet your DHFC squad, united and ready to battle it out in the Calcutta Football League this season |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DLkbc35Pi42/ |website=Instagram |access-date=2 July 2025 |language=en |date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

On 5 July 2025, Gangte scored his first goal for the club, netting a 90+5th-minute winner in a 1–0 victory over Wari Athletic Club in the [[Calcutta Football League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangte’s goal in the dying moments of the game gives DHFC their first win of the CFL season in a hard fought encounter with Wari AC |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=720654067378735&set=a.255632243880922 |website=Facebook |access-date=5 July 2025 |language=en |date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

== International career ==
=== Youth ===
=== India U17 ===
In September 2022, Gangte was selected to the [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]] squad for the [[2022 SAFF U-17 Championship]], held in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India announce squad for SAFF U-17 Championship 2022|url=https://khelnow.com/football/india-announce-squad-for-saff-u-17-championship-2022|date=1 September 2022|access-date=31 May 2023|website=khelnow.com|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531124439/https://khelnow.com/football/india-announce-squad-for-saff-u-17-championship-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> He finished the tournament as joint top scorer with 4 goals, clinching India U17's fourth championship and thus becoming the first team to successfully defend a junior SAFF crown.<ref>{{cite news|title=SAFF U-17 Championship: India reinforce regional dominance with fourth crown|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/saff-u17-championship-football-india-vs-nepal-final-result|date=15 September 2022|access-date=31 May 2023|website=olympics.com|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024061133/https://olympics.com/en/news/saff-u17-championship-football-india-vs-nepal-final-result|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== India U20 ===
Gangte earned his first call-up to the [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]] squad for the [[2024 SAFF U-20 Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India’s 23-member squad for SAFF U20 Championship announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indias-23-member-squad-for-saff-u20-championship-announced |website=AIFF |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=en |date=14 August 2024}}</ref> On 26 August 2024, he made his debut for the team in the semi-final against [[Bangladesh national under-20 football team|Bangladesh]], coming on as a substitute in the 58th minute for [[Malemngamba Singh Thokchom]]. The match ended 1–1 in regular time and went to penalties, where Gangte missed the first attempt, contributing to a 3–4 shootout defeat.<ref>{{cite web|title=India U20 suffer shootout defeat against Bangladesh |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u20-suffer-shootout-defeat-against-bangladesh |website=AIFF |access-date=26 August 2024 |language=en |date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

On 29 September 2024, in the [[2025 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualification|2025 AFC U‑20 Asian Cup qualifiers]], Gangte scored against [[Laos national under-20 football team|Laos]], heading in the second goal in the 84th minute to secure a 2–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=India beat Laos to finish second in Group G of AFC U20 qualifiers |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-beat-laos-to-finish-second-in-group-g-of-afc-u20-qualifiers |website=AIFF |access-date=29 September 2024 |language=en |date=29 September 2024}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|5 July 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|thanglalsoun-gangte/911955}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Others
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin B]]
|{{nowrap|[[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]]}}
|[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]]
|4||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||4||0
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[2025–26 I-League|2025–26]]
|[[I-League]]
|0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||1{{efn|name=CFL|Appearance(s) in [[Calcutta Football League]]}}||1||1||1
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!1!!1!!5!!1
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
'''India U-17'''
* [[SAFF U-17 Championship]]: [[2022 SAFF U-17 Championship|2022]]

'''Individual'''
* [[SAFF U-17 Championship]] top scorer: [[2022 SAFF U-17 Championship|2022]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangte, Thanglalsoun}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC players]]
[[Category:Diamond Harbour FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Varman dynasty (Kannauj)

2025-12-30T20:12:24Z

हिन्दू: info

{{Short description|Former dynasty of Kannauj (725–770)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Varman dynasty
| common_name =
| year_start = c. 725
| year_end = c. 770
| leader1 = [[Yashovarman]]
| year_leader1 = c. 725–c. 752
| leader2 = [[Bhoja of Kannauj|Bhoja]]
| year_leader2 = ?–c. 770
| title_leader = [[Maharajadhiraja]]
| image_map = {{Location map+
| South Asia
| overlay_image= Map of the Varmans.png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places = {{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[700 CE|South-Asia 700 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|185|[[Pallava dynasty|GREATER PALLAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|34|[[Turk Shahis|TURK SHAHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|35|47|[[Zunbils|ZUNBILS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|30|15|[[Tokhara Yabghus|TOKHARA YABGHUS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|25|[[Patola Shahis|PATOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|40|[[Karkota dynasty|KARKOTAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|80|60|[[Taank Kingdom|TAANK]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|135|[[Kalachuris of Tripuri|KALACHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|105|[[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura|PRATIHARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|60|120|[[Gurjaradesa|GURJARAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|150|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|65|[[Umayyad Caliphate|UMAYYAD CALIPHATE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|180|45|[[Tibetan Empire|TIBETAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|2|[[Tang dynasty|TANG DYNASTY]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|55|90|[[Brahmin dynasty of Sindh|CHACHAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|262|250|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 800 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption={{center|Map of the Varman territory at the time of [[Yashovarman]], circa 700 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (e)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}
}}
| map_width = 300px
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Kannauj]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| common_languages =
| p1 = Later Gupta dynasty
| p2 =
| s1 = Ayudha dynasty
| s2 = Pala Empire
| s3 = Pratihara dynasty
| today = [[India]]
| religion = [[Jainism]], [[Hinduism]]
| demonym =
| image_coat = Coinage of Yasovarman.jpg
| coa_size = 300px
| symbol_type = Possible coinage of [[Yashovarman]].<ref name="JC110">{{cite journal|last=Cribb|first=Joe|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly |url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187|journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=40 |date=April 2017|language=en|page=110}}</ref> '''Obverse''': abstract Kushan-style king standing, [[Kidara]] monogram to inner right. '''Reverse''': Abstract [[Ardoxsho]] seated facing, [[Brahmi script]] legend “Sri Yasova” to right, “rma” to left.
}}

The '''Varman dynasty''' was a dynasty that ruled from the mid 7th century to the late 8th century.<ref>Map of the territory of the Varman dynasty in {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (e) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144259/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
===Establishment===
The city of [[Kannauj]] had previously been ruled by emperor [[Harshavardhana]], who died without an heir and thus created a power vacuum. This lasted for around a century before Yashovarman emerged as its ruler.{{sfnp|Chopra|2003|p=194|ps=}} [[Alexander Cunningham]], an archaeologist of the [[British Raj]] period, speculated on possible rulers of Kannauj during the period between Harsha and Yashovarman but there is little evidence to support his claims.{{sfnp|Tripathi|1989|p=192|ps=}} Much of information on him is derived from the ''[[Gaudavaho]]'' (''Slaying of the king of Gauda''),{{sfnp|Majumdar|2003|p=259|ps=}} a [[Prakrit|Prakrit-language]] poem written by his court poet [[Vakpati (poet)|Vakpati]]. According to the [[Jain]] chronicles, Yashovarman had a son named [[Āma]], who succeeded him as the king of Kannauj during 749-753 CE.{{sfn|Mishra|1977|p=117}}{{sfn|Mishra|1977|p=125}}

===Expansion===
The dynasty reached its greatest extent and zenith of prosperity only under its founder, [[Yashovarman]]. The ''Gaudavaho'' depicts Yashovarman as conquering large swathes of northern India — including [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]], the western [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], [[Indus Valley]] and [[Kashmir]] — before returning in triumph to Kannauj. However, [[Kalhana]], a Kashmiri court chronicler who lived around the 12th century CE, gives a very different story in his ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', depicting Yashovarman as a ruler who was among those defeated by [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]], a very powerful [[Karkota Empire|Karkota]] ruler of [[Kashmir]].{{sfnp|Eraly|2011|pp=92–93, 622|ps=}}

Although [[R. C. Majumdar]] is among those who are wary of the ancient accounts of conquests, he believes that Yashovarman was "unquestionably the most powerful king [in the region] about this time."

===Decline===
[[Yashovarman]]'s successors did not expand the kingdom and were all weak kings, who did not pay much attention to administration. They are considered as unsuccessful rulers.<ref name=rama>Rama Shankar Tripathi (1964). History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 211 {{ISBN|978-81-208-0478-4}}</ref> [[Āma]], [[Dunduka]], and [[Bhoja of Kannauj|Bhoja]] are considered as insignificant rulers, who achieved nothing of importance and reigned for 15–20 years.<ref name="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122411980 |pages=264–668 |edition=Paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246}}</ref> The last king, [[Bhoja of Kannauj|Bhoja]] was probably defeated by the [[Ayudha dynasty|Ayudhas]], who [[Ayudha dynasty|established a new dynasty]].<ref name="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"/>

==List of rulers==
* Suryavarman (c. 710-725 CE), whose daughter Vasati married the Panduvamshi king [[Harshagupta (ruler)|Harshagupta]] of Dakshina Kosala.
* [[Yashovarman]] (c. 725–752 CE), founder of dynasty
* [[Āma]]
* [[Dunduka]]
* [[Bhoja of Kannauj|Bhoja]] (ruled till 770 CE), last ruler of dynasty

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Chopra |first=Pran Nath |title=A Comprehensive History of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-207-2503-4 |publisher=Sterling Publishers}}
*{{citation |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=9780670084784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C}}
*{{citation |title=Ancient India |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Majumdar |authorlink=R. C. Majumdar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2003 |orig-year=1952 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC}}
* {{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shyam Manohar |title=Yaśovarman of Kanauj |publisher=Abhinav |year=1977 |oclc=5782454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&pg=PA123 }}
*{{citation |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |first=Ramashandra |last=Tripathi |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |isbn=9788120804043 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Kannauj]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]

Charlotte C. Wyckoff

2025-12-12T23:50:08Z

हिन्दू: new first info w/ infobox!

{{Short description|American educator and writer (1893–1966)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charlotte C. Wyckoff
| image = CharlotteCWyckoff1915.png
| alt = A young white woman with dark hair, in an oval frame
| caption = Charlotte C. Wyckoff, from a 1915 publication
| birth_name =
| birth_date = April 30, 1893
| birth_place = Kodaikanal, India
| death_date = July 22, 1966 (age 73)
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| other_names =
| occupation = Missionary, educator, writer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives =
}}

'''Charlotte Chandler Wyckoff''' (April 30, 1893 – July 22, 1966) was an American writer and missionary educator, based in India.

==Early life and education==
Wyckoff was born in [[Kodaikanal]], Tamil Nadu, the daughter of John Henry Wyckoff<ref>{{Cite news |date=1915-04-29 |title=Dr. John Wyckoff Dies in India |pages=2 |work=The Central New Jersey Home News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-dr-joh/18904439/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=1939-03-06 |title=Wyckoff Family Holds Reunion |pages=7 |work=The Central New Jersey Home News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-wyckoff/134604429/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and Gertrude Abigail Chandler Wyckoff. Her parents were American missionaries from the [[Dutch Reformed Church]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 1, 1915 |title=Dr.Wyckoff Dies in India; A Missionary of Dutch Reformed Church for More Than 40 Years |language=en |pages=13 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1915/05/01/104646472.html?pageNumber=13 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref> Her mother was also born in India, the sister of missionary John Scudder Chandler.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1934-06-21 |title=Dr. J. S. Chandler, Missionary, Dies; Linguist, 55 Years in India, Was Translator of English Works Into Native Tongue |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/06/21/archives/dr-j-s-chandler-missionary-dies-linguist-55-years-in-india-was.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Wyckoff graduated from her mother's ''alma mater'', [[Wellesley College]], in 1915,<ref>Wellesley College, ''[https://archive.org/details/wellesleylegenda1915bost/page/180/mode/2up?q=Wyckoff Legenda]'' (1915 yearbook): 181. via Internet Archive.</ref> and pursued further studies at [[Columbia University]].<ref name=":0">[https://books.google.com/books?id=06VAYwCAJaEC&dq=%22Charlotte%20Chandler%20Wyckoff%22&pg=RA9-PA11 "Miss Charlotte C. Wyckoff"] ''The Mission Gleaner'' 32(10)(October 1915): 11.</ref> Her older brother, John Henry Wyckoff Jr., was a cardiology professor, and dean of the medical school at [[New York University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Henry Wyckoff, Jr. |url=https://archives.med.nyu.edu/taxonomy/term/2232 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=The Lillian & Clarence de la Chapelle Medical Archives, New York University}}</ref>

==Career==
Wyckoff used her language and cultural skills (she was a fluent Tamil speaker) to join her widowed mother's mission work in [[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]], India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=1962-03-22 |title=Miss Wyckoff Speaks |pages=17 |work=The News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-miss-wyckoff-speaks/134604278/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She also taught at [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]] in Madras (Chennai).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 1917 |title=Alumnae Notes: 1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMkgAAAAMAAJ&dq=Charlotte+Wyckoff+Wellesley&pg=PA224 |journal=The Wellesley Alumnae Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 1917 |title=Madras Union College for Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMkgAAAAMAAJ&dq=Charlotte+Wyckoff+Wellesley&pg=PA224 |journal=Life and Light for Heathen Women |volume=47 |pages=251–252}}</ref> In the 1940s, she organized and ran a rural center in [[Mattathur]], supported by donations from American church groups.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 6, 1948 |title=Congregation to Hear Woman Missionary |language=en |pages=14 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1948/03/06/86895308.html?pageNumber=14 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref> Her program included a school, a day nursery, evening classes, and a dispensary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1944-06-08 |title=Wyckoff Church School to Support Day Nursery in South India |pages=4 |work=The News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-wyckoff-church-school-to-suppor/134604536/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1942-07-17 |title=Mud Hut is Good Style in India; Missionary Doesn't Miss Chance to Help Them 24 Hours a Day |pages=10 |work=Tulsa Herald All-Church Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/tulsa-herald-all-church-press-mud-hut-is/134604617/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Wyckoff spoke to American audiences about her missionary work on furlough visits in 1939<ref name=":2" /> and 1948.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1948-02-14 |title=Missionary from India at Old First; Lord's Prayer Theme of World Prayer Day Observance Here |pages=3 |work=The Herald-News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-missionary-from-india-at/134604825/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

==Publications==
Wyckoff wrote novels, stories, and non-fiction with Indian themes. She wrote several pamphlets for church distribution, about her work in India. "Charlotte C. Wyckoff, who knows her subject well, has succeeded in turning out another of those sugar-coated pills of knowledge that is 'good stuff' for school children to absorb," wrote one reviewer in 1933.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1933-12-02 |title=Review of ''Jothy'' by Charlotte C. Wyckoff |pages=18 |work=The Minneapolis Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-minneapolis-star-review-of-jothy/134604209/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
* "Mr. Eddy in Vellore" (1916, article about [[Sherwood Eddy]])<ref>Wyckoff, Charlotte Chandler. [https://books.google.com/books?id=06VAYwCAJaEC&dq=%22Charlotte+Chandler+Wyckoff%22&pg=RA13-PA1 "Mr. Eddy in Vellore"] ''The Mission Gleaner'' 33(2)(February 1916): 1-5.</ref>
* "Teaching high school in India" (1916, pamphlet)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyckoff |first=Charlotte Chandler |url=http://archive.org/details/teachinghighscho00wyck |title=Teaching high school in India |date=1916 |publisher=New York : Woman's Board of Foreign Missions, Reformed Church of America |others=Columbia University Libraries}}</ref>
* "The Call for Leaders''"'' (1918, pamphlet)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyckoff |first=Charlotte Chandler |url=http://archive.org/details/callforleaders00wyck |title=The call for leaders |date= |publisher=New York : Woman's Board of Foreign Missions, R.C.A |others=Columbia University Libraries; Reformed Church in America; Women's Board of Foreign Missions}}</ref>
* "The Jungle Child" (1923, story)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wyckoff |first=Charlotte Chandler |date=1923-04-01 |title=The Jungle Child |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlIRAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Charlotte+Chandler+Wyckoff%22&pg=PA492 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |pages=492–496 |language=en}}</ref>
* "Out of the Chysalis" (1930, pamphlet)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyckoff |first=Charlotte Chandler |url=http://archive.org/details/outofchrysalis00wyck |title=Out of the Chrysalis |date=1930 |publisher=[New York] : [Woman's Board of Foreign Missions] |others=Columbia University Libraries}}</ref>
* "Vadakku-Pattrai: Conditions in the front-line trenches" (1930, pamphlet)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyckoff |first=Charlotte Chandler |url=http://archive.org/details/vadakkupattraico00wyck |title=Vadakku-Pattrai : conditions in the front-line trenches |date=1930 |publisher=New York : Woman's Board of Foreign Missions, Reformed Church in America |others=Columbia University Libraries}}</ref>
* ''Jothy, a Story of the South Indian Jungle'' (1933, novel, illustrated by [[Kurt Wiese]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 27, 1934 |title=Review of ''Jothy: A Story of the South Indian Jungle'' by Charlotte Chandler Wyckoff, illustrated by Kurt Wiese |language=en |pages=44 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1934/05/27/94533181.html?pageNumber=44 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref>
* "Up the School Steps" (1938)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/upschoolsteps00unse |title=Up the school steps |date=1938 |publisher=New York, N.Y. : Woman's Board of Foreign Missions, Reformed Church in America |others=Columbia University Libraries |pages=4–9 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
* ''One Fold and One Shepherd'' (1939)
* ''"Good out of Nazareth?": A program on village work'' (1939)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyckoff |first=Charlotte Chandler |url=http://archive.org/details/goodoutofnazaret00wyck |title="Good out of Nazareth?" : a program on village work |date=1939 |publisher=New York, N.Y. : Woman's Board of Foreign Missions, Reformed Church in America |others=Columbia University Libraries}}</ref>
* ''Kodaikanal 1845-1945'' (1945)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wyckoff |first=Charlotte Chandler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB6tSgAACAAJ |title=Kodaikanal, 1845-1945 |date=1945 |publisher=London Mission Press |language=en}}</ref>
* ''American Arcot Mission'' (1953)
* ''Kumar'' (1965, novel, illustrated by [[Robin Jacques]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rama Rau |first=Santha |date=July 25, 1965 |title=Review of ''Kumar'', by Charlotte Chandler Wyckoff, Illustrated by Robin Jacques. |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1965/07/25/96710479.html?pageNumber=99 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Wyckoff retired and moved to the United States in 1960, and lived in [[Bound Brook, New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1962-02-01 |title=Plan Talk on India |pages=15 |work=The Central New Jersey Home News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-plan-ta/134591616/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> In retirement she remained active, speaking to church groups about her life in India.<ref name=":1" /> She died in 1966, at the age of 73.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 26, 1966 |title=Charlotte Wyckoff |pages=32 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/07/26/issue.html |access-date=November 3, 2023}}</ref> A restaurant in Kodaikanal is named Wyckoff's Dining Room by Chef Shadab who discovered about Wyckoff via many archives available online & other information gathered from oldest residents of Kodaikanal, the hotel villa retreat was home to Wyckoff's family until 1960, in reference to Charlotte C. Wyckoff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wyckoff's Dining Room |url=https://villaretreat.com/wyckoffs-dining-room/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Villa Retreat |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wyckoff, Charlotte C.}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Wellesley College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]

List of rivers of Sundarbans

2025-12-06T14:22:27Z

हिन्दू: added info

{{Short description|none}}
{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}
A list of [[river]]s of the ''' [[Sundarbans]]''' geographic region and [[ecoregion]], located in [[Bangladesh]] and in [[West Bengal]] state of [[Eastern India]].

The [[Bangladesh]] portion has 177 rivers flowing through it to the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Mohd Shamsul |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Masud Hasan |year=2012 |chapter=River |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=River |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==A==
* Aar-Shibsa
* Agunjala
* Ambare
* [[Andharmanik River]]
* Angra Kana
* Arbase
* Arbhanga
* Arijakhali
* Ashashuni

==Ba==
* Badamtali
* Baganbari
* Bagaura
* Bahar Nadipar
* Baikiri
* Baikuntha Hana
* Bailo
* Baintala
* Bakir Khal
* Baksakhali
* Baluijhanki
* Bando
* Bangabali
* Bara Matla
* Bara Sheola
* Barabare
* Base
* Bayar Nala
* Bayla Koyla

==Be–Bu==
* Bekardon
* Beri-aada
* Betmuri
* Bharkunde
* Bhayela
* Bhetoipara
* Bhuer Dane
* Bhurbhure
* Bhuter Gang
* Bibir Made
* Bile
* Bogi Chenchane
* Burer Dabur
* Burigolli

==C==
* Chailtabari
* Chalo Bagi
* [[Chamta]] Kamta
* Chandeswar
* Chhachhon Hogla
* Chhadankhali
* Chhaprakhali
* Chhaya Halri
* Chhoto Sheola
* Chhutorkhali
* Chunkuri

==D==
* Dair Gang
* Dakshinchara
* Dangmari
* Deur Zande
* Dhabjikhali
* Dhakola
* Dhancher Nadi
* Dhanghara
* Dhanibune
* Dhanpati
* Dhonairgang
* Dhukuni
* Dobeki
* Domorkhali
* Dudhmukh
* Dulor Tek

==E–F==
* Firingi

==G==
* Gabandara
* Gangasagar
* Garar Nadi
* Ghat Harano
* [[Gosaba River|Gochhba River]]
* Golbhaksa
* Golkhali
* Gonda
* Gubde

==H==
* Hadda
* Hansarag
* Harikhali
* Harin China
* Harmahal
* Helar Ber
* Her Matla
* Hunke

==I==
* Ilishmari

==J==
* Jalghata
* Javo
* Jhale
* Jhalki
* Jharabagna

==Ka==
* Kadamtali
* Kaga
* Kaikhali
* Kalagachhe
* Kalaser Bali
* Kalbeyara
* Kali Lai
* Kalida
* Kalikabari
* [[Kalindi River|Kalinde River]]
* Kanaikhathi
* Kanchikata
* Kapa
* Karpuro
* Katheswar

==Ke–Ku==
* Kendakhali
* Keorasuti
* Khamurdana
* Khasitana
* Khejurdana
* Khejure Kurule
* Kukumari
* Kultali
* Kunche Mathe
* Kurekhali

==L==
* Lataberi
* Lathikara
* Loker Chhipi
* Luxmi Pasur

==M==
* Madar Bare
* Madhukhali
* Mahishe
* Majjot
* Makurni
* Malabaga
* Manasar Ber
* Mandaptala
* Mando
* Manki
* Mara Pasur
* Marichjhapi
* [[Mathabhanga River]]
* Mathura
* Mayadi
* Mukta Bangal
* Mukule
* Mulye Meghna

==N==
* Naobenki
* Narayantali
* [[Netai]] Talpanthi
* Netokhali
* Nilkamal

==O–P==
* Pala
* Panir Khal
* Parshe Mari
* Pashkati
* Patkosta
* Payra Thuni
* Phataker Dane
* Phulbari
* Phuljhuri
* Puspakati

==Q–R==
* Ragakhali
* [[Raimangal River|Raimangal]]

==S==
* Sapkhali
* Sathka
* Satnala
* Sejikhali
* Shakbare-Singa
* Shakbhate
* Sharankhola
* Singartali
* Sonaipanthi
* Sonarupakhali
* Sumati

==T==
* Talakpanthi
* Talbare
* Taltakta
* Taltali
* Tekakhali
* Terobenki
* Terokati

==U==
* Ubde

==V–Z==
* Zingili

==See also==
* {{C|Sundarbans|Sundarbans topics}}
*''For links to wikipedia articles on the rivers, see'': [[:Category: Rivers of Bangladesh]] ''and'' [[:Category: Rivers of West Bengal]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Sundarbans|.]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh| ]]

ULJK Group

2025-11-25T07:45:18Z

हिन्दू: started

{{Short description|Indian Financial services company}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''ULJK Group'''<ref>{{cite web|title=ULJK GROUP|url=http://www.uljk.in/uljk.pdf|website=www.uljk.in|publisher=ULJK}}</ref> is a [[Financial Institution]] Company, located at [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), [[Dalal Street]], [[Kala Ghoda]], [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay), [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The company was established in the year 1903.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Uljk|url=http://www.uljk.in/uljk/about-us.html|website=www.uljk.in}}</ref> The group name '''ULJK''' stands for the four generations who contributed in creating and developing the organization – '''''Umesh Vora''''', '''''Laldas Vora''''', '''''Jamnadas Vora''''' and '''''Khushaldas Vora'''''.
{{Infobox company

| name = ULJK GROUP
| type = Public
| industry = Financial Service, Real Estate Advisory
| founded = 1903 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| key_people =
* Madhavi Umesh Vora (chairperson)
| products = * Institutional Trading
* Real Estate Advisory
* Institutional Research
* [[Investment Banking]] Advisory
* [[Investment management|Portfolio Management]]
* [[Mutual Funds]]
* [[Derivative (finance)|Derivatives]]
* [[Arbitrage]]
| num_employees = 100
| website = {{URL|http://uljk.in/}}
}}

== History ==

Based out of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] towers, ULJK GROUP has 113 years old history with respect to providing financial services and advisory. The company was established in the year 1903. Laldas Vora,<ref>{{cite news|title=Budget has failed to address itself to immediate needs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19830331-budget-has-failed-to-address-itself-to-immediate-needs-770577-2013-07-24|publisher=India Today|date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="sebi">{{cite web|url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/History/HistoryBSEBoardMeeting.pdf|website=Securities And Exchange Board Of India|date=20 February 1973|title=SEBI }}</ref> late partner was the President of [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] for 9 years and had contributed in overseeing the construction of the Bombay Stock Exchange Tower. ULJK Group is now in its 5th family generation of serving the [[financial services]] community.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== Corporate overview ==

=== Subsidiaries ===

'''ULJK Group''' has a number of subsidiaries. These are listed below:
* ULJK Securities Pvt. Ltd. (BSE & Category I Merchant Banker)<ref>{{cite web|title=ULJK Securities Pvt. Ltd.: Private Company Information – Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=52489662|website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
* ULJK Financial Services Pvt Ltd (NSE)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=ULJK FINANCIAL SERVICES PRIVATE LIMITED – Company, directors and contact details {{!}} Zauba Corp|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/ULJK-FINANCIAL-SERVICES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U67120MH2005PTC152903|website=www.zaubacorp.com|language=en}}</ref>
* ULJK Commodities Pvt. Ltd. (MCX)

=== Headquarters ===

ULJK's headquarters is located in Stock Exchange Towers ([[Bombay Stock Exchange]]), [[Dalal Street]], Fort, Mumbai.

=== Board of directors ===

As of January 2017, the board of directors have the following members:<ref name="auto"/>
* Madhavi Umesh Vora<ref>{{cite news|title=Madhavi Vora Of Uljk Securities|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-topic/madhavi-vora-of-uljk-securities/|work=www.moneycontrol.com|agency=Money Control|publisher=Money Control|date=28 September 2007}}</ref> – Chairperson

== Products and services ==

* Institutional Trading
* Real Estate Advisory<ref>{{cite web|title=Real Estate Advisory|url=http://uljk.in/uljk/RealEstate.pdf|website=ULJK GROUP|publisher=ULJK}}</ref>
* Institutional Research
* [[Investment Banking]]
* [[Investment management|Portfolio Management]]
* [[Mutual Funds]]
* [[Derivative (finance)|Derivatives]]
* [[Arbitrage]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://uljk.in/}}

[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1903]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1903]]

Bar Council of Himachal Pradesh

2025-11-06T13:50:32Z

हिन्दू: new

{{Short description|Legal organization in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Himachal Pradesh
| type = Statutory body
| nativename_r =
| formed =
| headquarters = High Court Complex, Ravenswood, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
| chief1_name = Ajay Kochhar<ref name="Hima Ref1">{{cite news |title=Kochhar is chairman of Bar Council |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/kochhar-is-chairman-of-bar-council-272213 |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=22 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| website =
}}

'''Himachal Pradesh Bar Council''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==

The Himachal Pradesh Bar Council was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by All India Bar Council . The [[Law Commission of India]] was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

== Functions ==

Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:<ref name="Him Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.<ref name="him bar ref13">{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Areeb Uddin |last2=Suryam |first2=Shagun |title=Men's clubs that decide for everybody? Only 2.04% of State Bar Council representatives across India are women |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/only-204-of-state-bar-council-representatives-across-india-are-women |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=21 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hima Ref1" />
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.
#Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.<ref name="Hima Ref9">{{cite news |title=Himachal HC starts lecture series of "Pursuit of Excellence" |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/himachal-hc-starts-lecture-series-of-pursuit-of-excellence-146578 |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes.
#Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.
#Enrolling new qualified members from Law exam into its enrolls.<ref name="him bar ref10">{{cite news |title=Jyotsna Dua sworn in as High Court judge |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/jyotsna-dua-sworn-in-as-high-court-judge-119267 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=29 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Constitution ==

The council elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of five years from amongst its members.<ref name="him bar ref14">{{cite news |title=Shrawan Dogra Elected Chairman HP Bar Council |url=https://hillpost.in/2013/09/shrawan-dogra-elected-chairman-hp-bar-council/96016/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=hillpost.in |date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hima Ref1" /> Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000

Mr. Ajay Kochar was elected as Chairman of Himachal Pradesh Bar Council in the year 2021<ref name="Hima Ref1" /><ref name="him bar ref12">{{cite news |title=Acting chief justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court Ravi Malimath given farewell |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/acting-chief-justice-given-farewell-323244 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> after passing away of previous chairman Mr. Ramakant Sharma<ref name="Hima Ref5">{{cite news |title=Sharma elected Bar Council chief for fourth time |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/sharma-elected-bar-council-chief-for-fourth-time-157277 |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> due to COVID-19.<ref name="Hima Ref4">{{cite news |title=Chairman of Bar Council of Himachal Pradesh succumbs to Covid-19 |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/chairman-of-bar-council-of-himachal-pradesh-succumbs-to-covid-19/ |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=India Legal |date=2 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hima Ref3">{{cite news |title=Himachal Pradesh HC mourns demise of 16 lawyers during COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/08/himachal-pradesh-hc-mourns-demise-of-16-lawyers-during-covid-19-pandemic-2342004.html |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=8 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="him bar ref11">{{cite news |title=Hearing on Sanwara toll deferred |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/hearing-on-sanwara-toll-deferred-262543 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=3 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Enrollment of advocates==

Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Himachal Pradesh Bar Council.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref5">{{cite news |title=Any procedure in place for online enrollment of law grads, Delhi HC asks Bar Council of Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/any-procedure-in-place-for-online-enrollment-of-law-grads-hc-asks-bcd/story-7g6f5reL3joGTgT9fhTU0J.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Law graduates can enroll online for Himachal Pradesh Bar Council. State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered as eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, he is certified by Bar Council of India and issued 'the Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates him to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Important actions ==

1. In August 2021, Bar Council of Himachal Pradesh in association with [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] and Bar Association of Himachal Pradesh High Court had conducted a series of lectures on topic "Pursuit of Excellence" for its members.<ref name="Hima Ref5" />

2. In August 2021, Bar Council of Himachal Pradesh lost 16 members including its former members due to Covid.<ref name="him bar ref15">{{cite news |title=Himachal Pradesh HC mourns demise of 16 lawyers during COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/himachal-pradesh-hc-mourns-demise-of-16-lawyers-during-covid19-pandemic/2137490 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=8 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bar associations of Asia]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Susant Misra

2025-09-20T01:14:02Z

हिन्दू:

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
'''Susant Misra''' is an [[Oriya film]] director whose films have been screened and feted at many international film festivals.{{Which|date=September 2025}}

==Early life==
Born in [[Cuttack]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], he is a postgraduate diploma-holder in screenplay writing and direction from the [[FTII, Pune]].<ref name=chaos>{{cite web|url=http://www.chaosmag.in/susant.html|title=Susant Misra|publisher=Chaos Mag|accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
While he was studying at FTII his diploma film ''Nischal Badal'' was screened at the competitive section of Oberhausen Film Festival in [[Germany]]. After completing his diploma, in 1993 he directed his first feature film ''[[Shadows of the Rainbow|Indradhanur Chaai]]'' that won him the Grand Prix at the [[Sochi International Film Festival]] in Russia and was official selection in ''Un Certain Regard'' at the [[Cannes International Film Festival]] in 1995. ''[[Biswaprakash]]'' was his second film that was also screened at several international festivals and won Silver Lotus for Best Oriya Film in the [[National Film Awards]] in 2000. ''[[Dharini]]'' is his third feature film that was made both in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Odia language|Odia]]. He also made three documentaries, ''Dhenkanal – A Multifaceted Paradise'', ''Samarpanam'' on the eminent [[Bharat Natyam]] dancer [[Malavika Sarukkai]] and ''Pearls of Wisdom'' on Oriya Literature for the [[Children’s Film Society, India]].<ref name=chaos/>

==Filmography==
*''Nischal Badal'' (1989)
*''[[Shadows of the Rainbow|Indradhanur Chaai]]'' (1993)
*''Dhenkanal – A Multifaceted Paradise''(1995)
*''Samarpanam'' (1997)
*''[[Biswaprakash]]'' (1999)
*''[[Dharini]]'' (2002)
*''Pearls of Wisdom'' (2003)
*''[[Joseph – Born in Grace]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Josef (aka Born in Grace) |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/josef.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1110178}}
* {{imdb title|11237638|Josef – Born in Grace}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Susant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odia film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Film directors from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04

2025-09-16T15:26:50Z

हिन्दू: improve layout additionally to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=2003–04 Border–Gavaskar Trophy
|image=[[File:CricketSCG1.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Jason Gillespie bowls to Akash Chopra, [[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], 2 January 2004
|date=25 November 2003 – 8 February 2004
|place={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
|result=Series drawn 1–1
|player of series= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Dravid]]
|team1={{cr|IND}}
|team2={{cr|AUS}}
|captain1=[[Sourav Ganguly]]
|captain2=[[Steve Waugh]]
|runs1=[[Rahul Dravid]]<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=496;type=series Cricket Records-Border-Gavaskar trophy, 2003-04-Most Runs]</ref> (619) [[VVS Laxman]] (494) [[Virender Sehwag]] (464)
|runs2=[[Ricky Ponting]] (706) [[Matthew Hayden]] (451) [[Justin Langer]] (369)
|wickets1=[[Anil Kumble]]<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=496;type=series Cricket Records-Border-Gavaskar trophy, 2003-04-Most Wickets]</ref> (24) [[Ajit Agarkar]] (16) [[Zaheer Khan]] (5)
|wickets2=[[Stuart MacGill]] (14) [[Jason Gillespie]] (10) [[Brett Lee]] (8)
|previous=[[Australian cricket team in India in 2000–01|2000–01]]
|next=[[Australian cricket team in India in 2004–05|2004–05]]<ref>[[Australian cricket team in India in 2004-05#Australia 2004-05|History of cricket in India from 2000–01]]</ref>
}}

This Border–Gavaskar Trophy was composed of seven [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]], including four [[Test cricket|Tests]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/62294.html?template=fixtures India tour of Australia, 2003–04 – Fixtures]</ref> India also participated in an ODI tri-series with Australia and Zimbabwe. The Test series was drawn 1–1, and India retained the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] because of their victory in the Trophy's previous contest. In the 2003–04 series' Adelaide Test, [[Rahul Dravid]] scored a double century, securing a famous win for India. [[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored 241* in Sydney, which up until that point in his career was his highest score in a Test match. Captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] made his first test century against Australia, a 144 in Brisbane that gave his team a lead of 86 after they were in trouble. [[VVS Laxman]] played consistently well throughout this series, most notably his contribution in the Adelaide test is well remembered. This series was also the last for [[Steve Waugh]], who had captained Australia to a record equalling 16 consecutive test match victories and had 41 victories in 57 Tests.<ref>[[Steve Waugh#Legacy|Bharatpedia article on Steve Waugh]]</ref>
{{TOC left}}
{{Clear}}

==Tour matches==
===Victoria v Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 25 – 27 Nov 2003
| team1 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Cricket Victoria|Victoria]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 266/9 ([[Declaration and Forfeiture|dec]]) (90 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 87 [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 80
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mathew Inness]] 4/64 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 518/8 ([[Declaration and Forfeiture|dec]]) (134 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Brad Hodge]] 264 [[Ian Harvey]] 71
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 2/91 (29 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 116/2 (42 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Akash Chopra]] 55[[Not out|*]] [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 36
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Andrew McDonald (cricketer)|Andrew McDonald]] 1/15 (6 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
| umpires = Richard Patterson, and John Ward
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/132101.html Scorecard]
| toss = Indians won the toss and chose to bat
}}

===Queensland Academy of Sport v Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 29 Nov – 1 Dec 2003
| team1 = [[Queensland Academy of Sport]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 304/6 ([[Declaration and Forfeiture|dec]]) (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Lee Carseldine]] 112 [[Craig Philipson]] 85
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/74 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 208/9 ([[Declaration and Forfeiture|dec]]) (73 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 74 [[Rahul Dravid]] 38
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Joe Dawes]] 3/36 (17 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 208 (52 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Lee Carseldine]] 109[[Not out|*]] Daniel Payne 35
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 2/54 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 121/4 (52 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 37[[Not out|*]] [[Sourav Ganguly]] 35
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Joe Dawes]] 1/10 (7 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Allan Border Field]], [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]
| umpires = Norm McNamara, Jim Torpey
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/125729.html Scorecard]
| toss = Queensland Academy of Sport won the toss and decided to bat
}}

===Australia A v Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 19-21 Dec 2003
| team1 = [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 311/5 ([[Declaration and Forfeiture|dec]]) (74.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Martin Love]] 94 [[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]] 70
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 2/33 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 245 (82.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 49 [[Akash Chopra]] 46
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Matthew Nicholson]] 4/25 (21.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 241 (65 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 131 [[Brad Hodge]] 33
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 3/87 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 66/2 (33 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Akash Chopra]] 25 [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 22
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Paul Rofe (cricketer)|Paul Rofe]] 1/5 (8 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], [[Australia]]
| umpires = [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]], Bob Parry
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/125946.html Scorecard]
| toss = Australia A won the toss and decided to bat
}}

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 4-8 Dec 2003
| team1 = {{cr|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 323 (78.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Justin Langer]] 121
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 5/95 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 409 (120.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 144
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jason Gillespie]] 4/65 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 284/3[[Declaration and Forfeiture|d]] (62 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Matthew Hayden]] 99
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 1/45 (12 overs) [[Ashish Nehra]] 1/89 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 73/2 (16 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 43[[Not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 2/12 (4 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Woolloongabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]], [[Rudi Koertzen]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64059.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and decided to field
}}

'''Match report'''

Debuts: ''[[Nathan Bracken]] (Australia)''

'''First day''':

[[File:JLLanger.png|thumb|right|Justin Langer cracked a century and troubled the Indians even though he was not in the best of form]]

The pitch at the Gabba had a green top, which was acknowledged as being greener than the Gabba ever was. There was heavy cloud cover all day too.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125384.html "Right Decision, Wrong Execution", by Sambit Bal, ''CricInfo''] originally written on 4 December 2003, Retrieved 19 September 2011.</ref> These conditions were accepted as being the Indian bowlers' only chance to quell the Australian bowlers as their bowling relied more on swing rather than pure pace. Sourav Ganguly, the Indian Captain won the toss and chose to field, but Zaheer Khan, India's opening bowler bowled a wayward first spell and then he and Ashish Nehra bowled consistently on a full-length basis, which resulted in the accumulation of runs for the Australian openers, Matthew Hayden and Justin Langer. While Hayden played aggressively, Langer played stylishly, in an almost "apologetic" manner.

The duo piled up the runs before the Indians luck changed when Akash Chopra caught Langer off Ashish Nehra's no-ball at square leg. After this, the Indian bowlers made the batsmen play and miss more frequently and Zaheer Khan produced a good spell. But it was not until the score read 73 that India separated the two Australians. Zaheer Khan took Hayden's first wicket with a flashy delivery, which Hayden edged to VVS Laxman at slips for 37 made from 52 balls.

The new batsman Ricky Ponting walked in and was greeted by Ajit Agarkar's beautiful first over, but Agarkar was quickly removed from the attack after some poor bowling resulted in damage of his figures which read: 5–1–40–0. Then having no other options, Ganguly turned towards the only spinner in his team, [[Harbhajan Singh]]. Harbhajan had dismissed Ponting five times in the 2000–01 series and had troubled the Australians with 32 wickets in three tests, but this time his first ball was savagely cut by Langer, and then Ponting dealt with him in the same manner.

During the course of their 89-run partnership, neither spin nor pace could unsettle the two batsmen. Then against the run of play, Zaheer Khan got the wicket of Ponting with a short delivery. [[Damien Martyn]] walked in at 162/2. He was unhurried and played his own game, which ESPNcricinfo writer Anand Vasu wrote, was "very pleasing to the eye". Finally, when no play was possible due to bad light, Australia had finished at 262/2 from 62 overs at an above-par run-rate of 4.22, with Langer finishing at 115 from 175 balls, and Martyn finishing at 42.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125383.html "Langer rides an Australian wave" by Anand Vasu]</ref> At the end of the day, Langer hailed this century as one of his "best".<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125385.html 'One of my best'-Langer by Dileep Premachandran]</ref>

'''Second day'''

Play started at 11:30 am on the second day and Zaheer Khan and Ajit Agarkar, had been refreshed after a break after day one. The first batsman to be dismissed by the two Indian quicks was Justin Langer. He was dismissed by Agarkar's skiddy medium pace which was aided by late swing. Langer had just smashed Agarkar's previous ball to the fence, when he got dismissed off the next ball by a ball that pitched just in the line of the off-stump and would, as replays went on to show, have not gone past leg-stump. He was dismissed for 121. Australia's score read 268/3. Next man in was Steve Waugh playing his final test at Brisbane.

[[File:SRWaugh.png|thumb|left|Steve Waugh's last test at Brisbane was marred by unfortunate circumstances of a run-out and his failure with the bat]]

Waugh had walked in amidst loud ovation, and his arrival was widely anticipated. However, he immediately got into trouble, when, Martyn punched a ball through covers, and then ran two for it. Waugh then backed up for a third run, but Martyn pleaded to him emphatically enough to ignore the run. However, by the time Waugh did heed the call, it was too late for him to turn around. Martyn then sacrificed his wicket for his captain's. He was run out by Harbhajan Singh's throw from the deep, which Parthiv Patel took and whipped off the bails. However, the strangeness of the dismissal was accentuated by the fact that the ball was a no-ball. Waugh could not redeem himself as he got out shortly to a short ball by Zaheer Khan, and while trying to negotiate a ball from Zaheer, overbalanced and trod on his stumps. This dismissal gave him the dubious distinction of being the only man to be dismissed in every way possible in cricket, barring obstructing the field and timed out.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/125486.html "Nostalgia Time" by Sambit Bal]</ref> Referring to his failure and the unfortunate mix-up between him and Damien Martyn, Greg Chappell mentioned in an interview that Waugh's last mile was going to be uphill from then.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/125447.html "From Hero to Villain", by Sambit Bal]</ref> Waugh's dismissal brought the score down to 275/5.

During lunchtime, the rain-gods visited the Gabba and confined the players indoors till 4:20 pm. The next session of play after that was dominated by the Indians. Adam Gilchrist, the next batsman in, was usually known to reply with a furious fifty or hundred, but he too, did not hang around for too long, as he lasted for four balls and did not trouble the scorers at all and departed for a duck with the scoreline being 276/6. Again his manner of dismissal was familiar: caught Laxman, bowled Zaheer. Buoyant and hopeful of their prospects of cleaning up the tail after Gilchrist's wicket, the Indians scalped the wicket of Andy Bichel(11 runs) caught by Laxman again, off Agarkar's bowling, then Simon Katich, who had contributed 16 runs to the score, before his nervous stay at the wicket was ended by a tentative poke at a Zaheer delivery to wicket-keeper Parthiv Patel.

Jason Gillespie was distinctly uncomfortable during his stay at the crease as he was tested immediately by a few Ajit Agarkar deliveries before being run-out after attempting an over-ambitious fourth run to reduce Australia to 317/9. The Australian tailenders added further six runs before light worsened and play could not be continued anymore. The Indians had dominated a damp squib of a day, where only sixteen overs could be bowled. The Australian batsmen squandered a strong platform set by their top-order, to lose an incredible 7 wickets for 61 runs.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125428.html "India rock the Gabba on a rainy day", a Wisden bulletin by Anand Vasu] written on 5 December 2003, Retrieved 20 September 2011</ref> The second day of the match was notable for the sixteen overs of play during which only two bowlers were used: Ajit Agarkar and Zaheer Khan. However, on a worrying note, the Indian Captain Sourav Ganguly was warned for his bowlers not completing nine fewer overs than the scheduled number of overs that was to be bowled. This constituted a level two offence in the ICC's Code of Conduct and Ganguly was liable to be penalised fifty percent of his match-fees.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125467.html "Ganguly warned for tardy over-rate"]</ref> This risked Ganguly being the first captain in test cricket to be docked for slow over-rates after he became the first captain to be docked a couple of runs for running in the [[Cricket pitch|Danger Area]] in a test against New Zealand in Ahmedabad earlier that year.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125477.html "Ganguly in danger of being suspended for slow over-rates"]</ref>

[[File:Zaheer Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Zaheer Khan's bowling displays brought India back into the game]]

Praise was reserved for the Indian bowlers' extensively penetrative bowling and their ebullient comeback after a tolling day which saw them becoming increasingly despondent and lacklustre. Zaheer Khan bowled half of the sixteen overs possible on that day and his figures were: 8–0–42–3. These figures if expensive, belied the fact that Khan bowled according to the plans the Indians had set to different Australian batsmen. Zaheer hit an unplayable line and length mark right from his very first over and did not let any batsman settle. Agarkar kept Martyn quiet with some deliveries that the batsman played and missed. [[Greg Chappell]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]], two players who had played in the 1981 Melbourne test match between the two countries, when India defeated the Australians by 59 runs after setting them a target of 143, reckoned that the Indian bowlers' performances were quite close to the bowling heroics put up by the Indian team in that match. Overall, Zaheer's 5/95 was his third successive five-wicket haul in tests.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125457.html "A Stunning Contrast" Wisden verdict]</ref>

'''Third day'''

The third day brought frustration for all players alike and the spectators too, as the weather proved to be extremely unkind, delaying the start of the day's play and hastening its end. The 9,136 spectators who had assembled to witness whether their home team could inspire a fightback of the sort the Indians produced the previous day, but it was treated to long hours of waiting, and when the play did begin it seemed like a farcical proceeding, for the day's play began only at 3:18 pm and ended just 37 minutes later, at 3:55 pm. The day's play however, was not shorn of its drama and excitement. In the 38 balls that were sent down on the third day, one was enough to clean up the Australian tail. Ajit Agarkar bowling the first over of the day, bowled the first delivery of the day short and wide of off-stump. Stuart MacGill, the batsman played an ugly shot, a clumsy sweep, which only succeeded in procuring an edge which ballooned to Akash Chopra at point. Perhaps MacGill felt embarrassed by his own shot selection as he was seen grinning sheepishly to Nathan Bracken, the non-striker after his dismissal.

[[File:Jason Gillespie Portrait.jpg|thumb|left|Jason Gillespie severely tested the Indian bowlers as was expected of him]]

Finally after Australia ended their innings on 323, the Indian openers Chopra and Virender Sehwag faced the uphill task of facing 35 balls of high-quality swing and seam bowling, which was aided by a track which had enough grass on it to suggest that it would assist seam movement. Further, the overcast and gloomy skies did not bode too well for the Indian openers. Taking advantage of these conditions and the fact that Chopra was playing in only his third test, Jason Gillespie produced an incisive spell of bowling. His very first ball indicated that there would be a touch of outswing for him. He stuck the right length time and again, and he beat Chopra's edge frequently, making him play and miss. However, if he was beaten, Chopra did not betray any sign of that fact and played out the two frontline bowlers with assurance. Sehwag was beaten time and again by Nathan bracken, who, despite playing only his first test, generated a lot of bounce with his natural high-arm action and dominated Sehwag throughout. Sehwag, though treated his sluggish start without the slightest care and played on with nonchalance. Both of the openers made five each and India had reached 11/0 from 6.1 overs when play was concluded at that stage.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125473.html "Rain dampens spirits at the Gabba"]</ref>

'''Fourth day'''

At the close of the fourth day's play, though India had no chance of winning anything, they dished up a performance they could have been proud of. To summarize the events that happened on that day, India closed at 362/6 from 105 overs, with VVS Laxman and the Indian Captain Sourav Ganguly helping themselves to some runs. Laxman scored 75 runs from 113 balls with 11 boundaries, while Sourav Ganguly played the innings that defined the test match and made the day memorable for one and all. He scored 144 runs from just 196 balls laced with 18 shots to the ropes.

[[File:Sourav Ganguly crop.jpg|thumb|right|Sourav Ganguly hit a majestic and imperious 144 from 196 balls]]

The day began well, and the weather was pleasant and sunny. Steve Waugh immediately unleashed his pack of fast bowlers, who posed a formidable threat to the Indian pair of Sehwag and Chopra. But the two openers, handled them with ease and looked the part of a top order pair. Sehwag took advantage of an ordinary bowling spell by [[Andy Bichel]], flicking and driving confidently. He could not, however, negotiate the full and swinging deliveries and was dropped off one such delivery by Nathan Bracken. But the speedster had his revenge as he scalped Sehwag for his first wicket in tests. Sehwag departed for a fast 45 from only 51 balls. The score stood at 61/1. Later, Rahul Dravid batting on one, was tricked by a Jason Gillespie delivery into poking at a delivery that swung and seamed away. This produced a fatal edge that Hayden gleefully accepted. Dravid departed for 1 and the score was 62/2. In the very same over, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] came out to bat. After batting out two uneventful balls, Gillespie let loose a quick one. Picking the line of the ball early as the ball seemed like missing the off-stump, Tendulkar shouldered arms and the ball went and thudded onto his pads. Umpire Steve Bucknor looked blank for some time and finally raised his finger. Bucknor had already had a history of bad umpiring earlier in this match, overriding straightforward appeals against the Australian batsmen in their first innings, and this decision made things worse for him. His decision did not go too well with Tendulkar's Australian fans. Some of them reportedly made remarks like: ""Didn't he turn down two straightforward appeals against the Australian batsmen on the first day? Don't they call him a batsman's umpire?" and some others said, "Hey mate, we came to watch Tendulkar bat, not Bucknor wag his finger."<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125501.html "An air of unfulfillment" Sambit Bal at the Gabba] written on 7 December 2003, Retrieved 21 September 2011</ref> But Tendulkar took the decision with grace. Robert Craddock, writing in ''The Australian'', commented that, "World cricket does not need electronic help to sort out lbw decisions. It just needs better umpiring. Steve Bucknor shouldn't have needed a camera to give Sachin Tendulkar not out when he was struck high ... Bucknor, a delightful fellow, was a great umpire at his zenith but there have been signs in recent times he is slipping and there is a gap emerging between his still high reputation and his performance." Rajan Bala also wrote in the ''Asian Age'':"In an earlier birth Bucknor might have been one of those Roman emperors who ensured that the crowds at the Coliseum were kept in suspense before he gave the thumbs-down signal to end the life of a gladiator or a Christian." In fact, so annoyed were the fans that during Ganguly's innings, when he was struck in the shoulder, they said aloud: "Give him out now." The comment was noted to be quite sarcastic in nature.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125528.html 'Bradman clone not just in technique but in spirit'] Wisden ESPNcricinfo staff, 7 December 2003</ref>

India were reduced to shambles at 62/3, and then Ganguly came out to the middle. Ganguly was the unenviable possessor of a batting average of below 30 in Australia, and his weakness at handling the short delivery was only too well-documented. Therefore, there were some suggestions that Ganguly would drop himself down the order to no.6, so as to delay facing the Australian pacemen as much as possible. His first scoring shot was a streaky shot between gully and third slip, which brought him three runs. Then he played the odd shot outside the off-stump, but other than a few risky fours, there was nothing to suggest that he would fail. Ganguly then drove Andy Bichel between cover and mid-off for another boundary. This proved to be the integral part of his innings as he was decidedly more at ease and runs started to flow from his bat. Previously, on India's tour of England in 2002, he stroked a 128, which had a lot of unorthodox shots and some savage hitting. This innings, though, seemed to have reclaimed the majesty and beauty that Ganguly's batting had been known for. His footwork was noted to be the most intriguing part of his stay at the wicket. He did not move his feet exaggeratedly during his innings and unfurled a huge variety of strokes towards the end of the innings, without once breaking the momentum he had set. He also left the balls that were way outside the off-stump and his defense grew progressively secure and certain. He handled the short ball extremely well too, slapping them away, or ducking safely. There was superb timing and placement written all over his trademark off-side shots.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125507.html "Ganguly's triumph"] Wisden Verdict at the Gabba</ref> In fact, Ganguly's innings provoked humorous comments from the fans who suggested that his superb strokes were a result of him dining at the Taj Mahal restaurant, whose owner was a spectator.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/125505.html "Must be the masala"]</ref>

In the early stages of his innings, he was ably assisted by Akash Chopra, who made a solid 36, but after Chopra's dismissal, VVS Laxman walked out to bat with the scorecard reading 127/4. He started to play some sumptuous shots off back foot, a few flicks with a delectable roll of the wrists, and a characteristic swivel-pull, which signalled that he was going to get a hundred as well. Peter Roebuck wrote of his innings: "Laxman's innings was astonishing. In his hands, a bat becomes a wand...Laxman does not play any ugly shots but he is no mere stylist, for his beauty is innate. He hits the ball hard and with plenty of control and scores quickly because he can and must. He is hard to contain, for he has a wide range of strokes at his disposal and an appetite for big scores. Opponents fear his reach towards the extraordinary."<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/07/1070732075060.html "A Declaration of intent"] Peter Roebuck, Sydney Morning Herald, 8 December 2003, Retrieved 21 September 2011</ref> For a man who had been under needless pressure, Laxman's innings was quite soothing and he dominated almost every bowler except Gillespie and MacGill, against whom he scored 7 runs off 24 balls and 14 runs off 40 balls respectively.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64059.html?view=pvp Australia v India, 4–8 Dec 2003, Player v Player]</ref> His end came unexpectedly and almost against the run of play, as he was out slicing a short and wide delivery of MacGill's to Simon Katich, leaving India at a healthy stage of 273/5.

Ganguly carried on with Parthiv Patel, who had made an unbeaten 37. When he reached his century, his celebrations were emphatic and boisterous, as he had finally made an important innings under pressure against the best team in the world. He carried on until he reached 144, before holing out to Gillespie off MacGill. Then the score read: 329/6. Patel and Agarkar carried on until no more play was possible due to bad light.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125499.html "Ganguly seizes the day as India take lead"] Wisden bulletin by Anand Vasu, written on 7 December 2003, Retrieved 21 September 2011.</ref>

'''Fifth day'''

The fifth day did not hold much enthusiasm as the scorecards might suggest, as India took off from where they started, from 362/6. India's tail wagged as they put on 47 runs for the loss of 4 wickets. Ajit Agarkar was the first man to be out in the morning to Andy Bichel, and then he was followed by Parthiv Patel, whose ill-fated, top-edged hook was caught by a diving Bichel off Gillespie. The two batsmen departed without India adding any run to their score. At 362/8, Zaheer Khan and Harbhajan Singh had a fine outing with the bat. Zaheer swatted a six and three boundaries in his 27 and Harbhajan hit 19 in his own inimitable fashion, as India pushed along to 409. They had obtained a lead of 86– a rarity in Australia against Australia itself. Moreover, this achievement was significant because India were written off before the match even began.

Australia's second innings began weakly, with Langer edging Agarkar to Patel before he even opened his account. Australia were then at 6/1. A window of opportunity opened up for the Indians. However, their hopes were soon evaporated by Matthew Hayden's dynamic strokeplay. He hit the ball hard, transferring his weight to the back foot often, and displayed clean and strong hits which sent the ball crashing to the fence. His powerful strokeplay ended on 99 from 98 balls. He reached 99 with a six off Ashish Nehra. The Queensland fans and the Hayden family cheered, but he missed out the century when he top-edged a sweep<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/125547.html 'Why are they all lined up like that, Dad?'] by Dileep Premachandran, 8 December 2003, retrieved: 23 September 2011.</ref> to Sehwag at midwicket off Harbhajan. Hayden's knock was remarkable for the disdain he treated the Indian bowlers with. He was impervious to the efforts of the Indian bowlers, which was shown by the fact that he managed to treat even the good balls contemptuously. Of the 98 balls he faced for his 99, 51 balls were good length deliveries, which were dispatched for 52 runs. When the Indian bowlers pitched the ball slightly short, he was less destructive, hitting 12 runs off 30 such deliveries. In 17 other deliveries of which 8 were half-volleys and 9 were short balls Hayden hit 19 runs and 16 runs respectively, for a total of 35 runs from the other deliveries.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125541.html "Hayden serves a warning"] S Rajesh, 8 December 2003</ref> He dominated almost every Indian bowler he faced, except Ajit Agarkar by scoring runs at more than a run-a-ball rate.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64059.html?view=pvp Border–Gavaskar Trophy, 2003–04 – Player v Player]</ref>

Zaheer Khan's absence was also talked about, unable to bowl with a hamstring niggle. After Hayden's dismissal, Steve Waugh and Damien Martyn kept the scoreboard ticking with both of them scoring half-centuries, with Martyn ending on 66 not out after Waugh declared.

[[File:Matthew Hayden Fielding.jpg|thumb|left|Matthew Hayden brought the Indians down to earth with a blistering 99]]

Australia thus gave India a target of 199 in 23 overs. The Indian openers however, started extremely badly, with both of them getting out in successive balls to Nathan Bracken, giving him a chance of bagging a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] on his test debut. The match came alive after that and VVS Laxman the next batsman, avoided the hattrick by squirting the ball through gully. Thereafter, India had no problems absolutely, as Rahul Dravid and Laxman took the score to respectability with Dravid dominating the partnership, scoring 43 only off 47 balls, while Laxman charmed his way on to a breezy 24. Amazingly, for a match in which ten hours of play was lost, this match kept the spectators interested till the end.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125523.html Game drawn after Hayden assault] Wisden Bulletin, 8 December 2003</ref>

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 12-16 Dec 2003
| team1 = {{cr|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 556 (127 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ricky Ponting]] 242
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 5/154 (43 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 523 (161.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 233
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Andy Bichel]] 4/118 (28 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 196 (56.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 43
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 6/41 (16.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 233/6 (72.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 72[[Not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Simon Katich]] 1/22 (8 overs)

| result = India won by 4 wickets
| motm = [[Rahul Dravid]]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]]
| umpires = [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]], [[Rudi Koertzen]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html Scorecard]
| toss = Australia won the toss and chose to bat
}}

'''Match report'''

Debuts: ''[[Irfan Pathan]]'' (India)

'''First day'''

The Adelaide Oval was a ground which had a flat pitch unhelpful for bowlers, and short square boundaries, which helped the Australian Batsmen, who were benefitted by their captain Steve Waugh's decision to bat first. Langer and Hayden gave their side a quick start, stitching 22 runs from 5 overs, with Hayden scoring a fast 12 off 13 balls, but the 19-year-old fast-bowler Irfan Pathan, making his debut after Zaheer Khan was nursing a strained hamstring, took Hayden's wicket for a dream start to his debut, and he took his first test wicket in only the second ball of his third over. During their relatively short stay, the two Australian openers set the tone for the day by driving along the line, exploiting a pitch, whose lack of bounce, a fast outfield, and lack of movement, proved to be frustratingly unhelpful for the Indians.<ref name="zeroref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125673.html Ponting dominates a high-scoring day] Wisden bulletin, 12 December 2003, by Anand Vasu</ref>

Ricky Ponting, the next man in, had a great start to his innings, creaming a boundary off only the second ball he faced.<ref name="firstref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html?innings=1;view=commentary Commentary-2nd Test:Australia v India at Adelaide Oval, 12–16 Dec 2003]</ref> When Ponting had added just six to his tally, Virender Sehwag dropped a chance at third slip off Pathan, and when he reached 12, a close lbw decision against him off Ajit Agarkar's bowling was turned down. Overcoming these hiccups, Ponting strove on further with his innings, reaching his fifty off 64 balls, with a four off Ashish Nehra's bowling, in the 23rd over of Australia's innings. One over later, Langer joined the party, too, amassing 20 runs off [[Anil Kumble|Anil Kumble's]] sixth over with two boundaries and two sixes apiece.<ref name="firstref" /> However, Kumble was to have the last laugh, as he trapped Langer, who nevertheless, made a dominating and attacking 58 from a mere 72 deliveries in the fifth ball of the 26th over, when Australia were cruising along at a run-rate of above five per over. The dismissal occurred shortly before lunch, providing the Indians with a vital breakthrough, but the relief was a short one, as Langer was replaced by Martyn, who proved to be a thorn in the Indian team's flesh. Martyn seemed to be in a graceful touch from his first ball, stroking some good shots to the fence against the pace duo of Agarkar and Pathan, the latter being unable to replicate his good start with the new ball. Just when he seemed set for a big score, Martyn threw away his wicket when he chased a wide ball from Nehra to VVS Laxman. Steve Waugh the next batsman also played a few through the off-side for his 30 before he was bowled by a clever piece of bowling from Nehra. Simon Katich came in at the fall of the fourth wicket at 252, and then he proceeded to add 138 runs for the fifth wicket with Ponting. Katich started slowly, but gained momentum and proceeded to pepper shots all over the wicket once he settled down, the most memorable shot being a six of Nehra. The partnership ended in the 88th over of the Australian over of the day, when he top-edged a pull from Agarkar, only to be caught by a spectacular catch by Sehwag, who came in diving full-length and held on to the cherry with both hands.

[[File:Ricky Ponting.jpg|thumb|right|Ricky Ponting's unbeaten 176 propelled Australia to a humongous score]]

Australia ended the day with 400/5 from 90 overs, and Ponting was unbeaten on 176,<ref name="zeroref" /> his 19th test hundred and his fifth for the year 2003, a remarkable year for him in which he had hitherto scored 1149 runs at an average of 95.75, and had set his sights for a double century. His innings was exceptional. For his first 100 runs, he picked boundaries in the gaps on the off-side, in spite of the fact that that region was packed with fielders. He raced on to his 100 from just 117 balls, but slowed down considerably, once he reached his 150.<ref name="zeroref" /> He commented about his innings, admitting that he was satisfied with the way he played on that day. He said, "It was a good wicket, and a good outfield, and you got real value for your strokes." He commented of the Indian bowlers that, "They missed Zaheer...He's been their best bowler the past couple of years, and he bowled well up in Brisbane. They didn't bowl as well as they'd have liked today, but you can't judge them based on that."<ref name="secondref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125700.html 'I don't care about ratings'-Ponting]</ref> Ponting's crisp strokeplay combined with aggression to produce a fantastic knock. However, he was aided by the fact that Ganguly got rid of the 8–1 and 7–2 fields thereby depriving his bowlers the chance of getting lbws or any catches.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125702.html Exceptional Australia] Wisden verdict, by Sambit Bal, 12 December 2003</ref>

'''Second day'''

The second day began in an explosive fashion. While the first over of the day (bowled by Agarkar to Adam Gilchrist) yielded only 3 runs, the second over was the one that set the tone for a day which was morbidly frustrating for the bowlers and was heavily in favour of the batsmen. The second over of the day(Ashish Nehra to Gilchrist), and the 92nd over of the Australian innings fetched 12 runs. The scoring sequence was as follows: 3–0–0–1–4–4.<ref name="thirdref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html?innings=1;page=2;view=commentary Commentary(2nd page)-2nd test:Australia v India at Adelaide Oval, 12–16 Dec 2003]</ref> But in the 96th over, Agarkar managed to stop the Gilchrist juggernaut when he had him to offer a catch to Sehwag for 29, made from only 24 balls. Australia, were still looking strong at 426/5 with Ponting still around for an undefeated 182. Ponting was moving sedately at a rather sluggish pace ever since he had reached 150, and seemed considerably slow before he broke off the shackles with two elegant and sweetly timed boundaries off Nehra in the 103rd over. Five balls later, Ponting brought up his double century of a mere 289 balls with another exquisite drive to the fence. When he reached his 200, he paused to blow a kiss to his wife.<ref name="fourthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/237393.html Wisden-India v Australia]</ref> He had not only scored his second double century in what happened to be a prolific year for him, but also had stitched a valuable partnership with Andy Bichel, who had scored a gutsy 19 from 45 balls before Kumble had him dismissed. The Australians, though, gave the Indian bowlers and fielders no respite, as Jason Gillespie and Ponting came together to add a partnership of 83 runs, with Gillespie making merry with 48 from 53 balls, and Ponting had already raced to 242 from 350 balls by then. However, operating in his 43rd over, Kumble first got rid of Ponting and then picked up the remaining two Australian wickets off the last two balls of that over as well.<ref name="thirdref" /> This put a huge dent on the Australian hopes of making a 600-plus score.

[[File:Andy Bichel.jpg|thumb|left|Andy Bichel made up for a poor game in Brisbane to take three wickets of the strong Indian top-order]]

The Indian innings started modestly, with only a total of two boundaries coming off the blades of the two openers, Sehwag and Chopra, but then in the eighth over, with the scorecard reading 30 for no loss, they cracked two fours off a Gillespie over and took 11 runs off it. In the ninth over, they handed out the same treatment to Bichel as well, carting him for 13 runs to bring a fifty-run partnership from just 9.4 overs. India's first 10 overs yielded 54 runs. But in the fifth and last ball of the eleventh over, Bichel, who was a controversial selection after a poor game in Brisbane, bowled to a straight, canny field by Waugh,<ref name="fourthref" /> and ended Chopra's 27-run stay with an innocuous half-volley, which Chopra drove uppishly towards the bowler. Bichel showed wonderful athleticism in holding on to a low return catch, breaking the 66-run partnership. Later, in the 15th over, by which time Sehwag had already bludgeoned 47 from 41 balls, Bichel "outfoxed" Sehwag with a legcutter which bounced more than expected, resulting in a fatal edge from Sehwag, which was held onto by Hayden (81/2). Sachin Tendulkar, yet to score a run in the series after his ill-fated duck at the Gabba, was distinctly ill at-ease, and was almost run out by Langer. He made a solitary run before getting out to Bichel, whose third wicket reduced the Indians to 83/3. Sourav Ganguly, man of the match in the previous test was the next batsman, but he could hardly do anything to stop the run-glut. He scratched his way to 2, before he was run out, leaving the Indian team reeling at 85/4.<ref name="fifthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125709.html Ponting and Bichel put Australia on top]</ref> VVS Laxman the next man walked in.

Their partnership required 13 balls to open its account, but then on, Dravid and Laxman frustrated the Australian bowlers with their patience, eschewing any risks by leaving all the good balls. Dravid displayed some amazing shots early on in the partnership. A textbook cover-drive, which in [[Ravi Shastri|Ravi Shastri's]] opinion, had "good balance", then at 95/4, in the 25th over he hit two consecutive boundaries off Bichel, the former being a whiplash pull, while the latter was an on-drive which he played down the ground, while moving his feet well. [[Harsha Bhogle]] opined on air that, "That is a superb shot! We have seen two shots of high-quality in this innings, in this over, rather. This was even better than that pull shot, this was shot of great class and grace..."<ref name="sixthref">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzfCLLD_RVk&feature=player_embedded#! Youtube-Rahul Dravid 233 against Australia]</ref>

While Laxman, on the other hand, used his wrists diligently to even flick balls that were well outside off, to legside boundaries.<ref name="fifthref" /> In the first ball of the 30th over, Laxman unfurled a cover-drive off a Jason Gillespie good-length delivery. This shot too earned Bhogle's acclaim. He commented, "Beautiful Shot!", while another commentator remarked that, "That was both languid and imperious...That shot, was the shot of a class batsman."<ref name="seventhref">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYbsmiT5jL8 Youtube video of the Dravid-Laxman partnership]</ref> In the fortieth over, MacGill bowled an off-break to Laxman, which turned sharply in, but Laxman played an inside-out shot by unfurling the "full-face" of the bat. In the last ball of the 48th over, Laxman reached his fifty by guiding a delivery from Andy Bichel past point for a four. He reached his fifty off 95 balls. Ravi Shastri commended his effort, stating that he came played "extremely well" for a "fine innings" under pressure.<ref name="seventhref" /> India ended the day at 180/4 from 51 overs, with the Dravid-Laxman pair putting on 95 runs for the fifth wicket from 29.3 overs. The duo batted well, without giving the Australians too many chances. The closest Australia came to a wicket was through another run-out chance, when Katich missed a direct hit which would have found Laxman well short of the crease.<ref name="fifthref" />

'''Third day'''

The third day of play had bright and sunny weather, and the pitch remained an excellent one for batting. The pair of Dravid and Laxman began in a circumspect fashion, adding only 28 runs in 17 overs, a period in which the only noteworthy accomplishment made by either sides was Dravid's half-century, which he reached with a front-foot flick to square leg off Stuart MacGill's bowling in the penultimate ball of the 59th over. Not long afterward, in the 65th over, Dravid hit the first boundary of the morning by flicking a loose, low full-toss drifting towards leg-side from MacGill. VVS Laxman, facing the first ball after the drinks break, from Andy Bichel, was dropped by Ricky Ponting when he was batting on 65. The ball was short and nicely dug in, but Laxman tilted the face of the bat at an unusual angle, getting a thick edge towards slips, where Ponting dived full to his left, but was unable to latch on to the ball. Australia would go on to regret this mistake. Sunil Gavaskar noted that Laxman would have a sudden lapse of concentration after prolonged periods of good batting.<ref name="seventhref" /> The two batsmen grew in confidence, however, and they began to bat a little more freely, with Dravid driving every ball in the off-stump line towards extra cover or cover for a boundary, while Laxman use his wristy strokeplay and his good footwork to negotiate the odd ball which kept low, and often dragging off-stump deliveries towards leg-side. This was reminiscent of the way he handled Shane Warne in 2000–01 at Eden, where he hit 281 and along with Dravid, staged a comeback to give India a famous victory.<ref name="eighthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125764.html Dravid and Laxman frustrate Australia]</ref> At Lunch, India were securely placed at 252/4 from 83 overs. After lunch, the two batsmen began to stroke boundaries at will, going at a rate of a four every over for the first five overs after lunch,<ref name="eighthref" /> with the highlight of that passage of play being Dravid's century. He miscued a pull from Gillespie's short ball, but had hit it hard enough for it go over the backward-square leg ropes for a six. Then Laxman reached his century as well, in the 89th over, with a single towards mid-wicket, his sixth in tests and his third against Australia, the earlier two being 167 and 281.

The two Indians continued to torment the Australians, with some risk-free but effective strokeplay, which fetched them boundaries. The only time in which the partnership saw an unorthodox shot was when Dravid dispatched a Stuart MacGill ball straight back over the bowler's head for a four by lashing at it hard and straight in the 106th over, when India were at 340/4. 4.4 overs later, Dravid's wristy flick off his hips brought him his 150, his seventh score of 150+ in tests at that time.<ref>[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/28114.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=innings Batting Records-Rahul Sharad Dravid] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017171233/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/28114.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> Then, just when it seemed that Australia had to resign themselves to a long day, at 376/4 from 112.4 overs Laxman flashed a short and slightly wide delivery from Andy Bichel towards slips, where Ricky Ponting could not get his hands on the ball, and it went away through third man for a four. Later, when the score stood at 384/4, and the partnership was already 299, Laxman produced a classical drive with good timing, and good placement through extra cover to bring up the 300 for the partnership off 563 balls. As a respite for the Australians, on the last ball before tea, Laxman again decide to cut a good, rising delivery from Bichel, but managed to get an edge to Gilchrist, who had to stretch a little to take an impressive catch.

He had faced 282 balls for an elegant 148, which featured 18 fours. His innings was full of orthodox and stylish shots, notable of which were his cover drives through mid-off and extra cover, which saw him open the full face of the bat without an exaggerated follow-through. He leaned in on his drives for the spinners, while he played close to the body for the pacers, with little or no bending of his back. He moved his feet well, and used his wrists to play the ball fine, whenever the ball would stray down to middle-and-leg line. He would also flick the deliveries with no effort at all. For the off-side deliveries, Laxman would either utilize the ball's pace and send it scorching to the boundary, or he would open the face of the bat late enough to cut it. On some occasions he back-cut the ball intentionally over the slips. His innings was even appreciated by the Australian fielders. On one occasion, when Laxman drove Stuart MacGill through cover, Adam Gilchrist, exclaimed, "Aw, nice..." and then clapped his hands in acknowledgment of the shot, as it sped away to the boundary.<ref name="seventhref" />

By the time they had been separated, the duo had already broken several records. When Dravid hit an exemplary cover-drive to bring up the 250 of the partnership, they became the first batting pair to put on two stands excess of 250 against Australia.<ref name="eighthref" /> After their stand ended, however, Dravid felt least unperturbed and forged a partnership of 59 with the young Parthiv Patel, who played well for a composed 31, which consisted of three successive fours off MacGill, but the partnership ended when Patel drove Katich to Ponting. At 447/6, the new man Ajit Agarkar came in and Dravid stitched a stand of 22 with him and then Agarkar too departed at 469/7. Finally, with the new man Kumble, Dravid added 8 runs before the play was finished for the day. He finished the day on 199 not out, an innings which was built slowly, yet steadily. This was his first test hundred in Australia, and this was an innings which "laughed at the face of that innuendo".<ref name="tenthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125785.html Ghosts of the Kolkata past]</ref> Sambit Bal, noted ESPNcricinfo author argued that Dravid could have completed an easy double hundred had he not refused easy runs in order to shield the lower-order batsmen. Bal also described Dravid's batting as being "picture perfect. It describes balance, poise and symmetry".<ref name="eleventhref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/125804.html A celebration of orthodoxy]</ref> Laxman and Dravid had frustrated Australia so much on that day, that their partnership seemed to be an encore of that 376 that had put on together at Kolkata in 2000–01. Laxman had scored a double century then, and Dravid seemed to be on the cusp of another one. in fact, when Ricky Ponting was asked at the end of the previous day whether Dravid and Laxman's partnership brought back memories of Kolkata 2000–01, Ponting was reported to have said, "I didn't want to think of that."<ref name="tenthref" />

'''Fourth day'''

[[File:Former Indian captain Rahul Dravid at play.jpg|thumb|right|Rahul Dravid played a monumental innings full of beautiful strokes to put his team back on track. His 233 was the highest score by an Indian in Australia against Australia.]]

Australia's woes on the field were magnified by Laxman and Dravid's stubborn partnership on the third day, but their misery was to continue when it was discovered that one of Australia's bowlers, Brad Williams had injured his shoulder while fielding and that he would require a month to be back in action.<ref name="twelfthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125809.html Williams unlikely to take further part in Adelaide Test]</ref> The bad day which was to unfold for the Australians began with a square cut from Rahul Dravid on the first ball of the day from Stuart MacGill. He had taken 386 balls for the milestone. After reaching his double hundred, Dravid continue in fine nick, cover driving a ball from Gillespie to extra cover boundary for four, going past Ravi Shastri's record for the highest score in Australia against Australia by an Indian.<ref name="sixthref" /> His monumental innings-it lasted for well over 9 hours-ended when he top-edged a pull off Gillespie to Bichel, who took a good, tumbling catch.<ref name="sixthref" />

The Indians and Australians had exploited a good batting surface, but the pitch which had rapidly worn out, aiding spinners to a large extent, because when the ball pitched on the rough and the footholds on the batsmen's end, it would turn alarmingly and would keep low as well, making it difficult for the batsmen to play some attacking shots. However, the Australian batsmen decided to tackle this situation by the mean they knew best: all-out attack.<ref name="thirteenthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125815.html Agarkar five-for puts India on top]</ref>

Sure enough, the Indian bowlers got plenty of help from the pitch. However, the Australian batsmen also played a hand in their own dismissal, playing too many rash strokes. The Australians suffered their first setback, when Ajit Agarkar got Justin Langer plumb lbw in the second ball of the second over with a delivery that nipped back in. At 10/1, Ricky Ponting, Australia's first innings double centurion entered. However, he played 16 balls without opening his account before he drove straight to the hands of gully. Then the score was 18/2. Soon after, in the 15th over, (8.2 overs after the first wicket) the third wicket fell–this time, Matthew Hayden being the batsman, scooping up a drive straight to cover. Australia were soon struggling at 44/3. Then came one of the few partnerships of any substantial note in the Australian innings.<ref name="thirteenthref" /> Damien Martyn and Steve Waugh came together to add 65 runs for the fourth wicket. The partnership started off slowly, with only 11 runs being added in 5 overs,<ref name="fourteenthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html?innings=3;page=1;view=commentary 3rd Page: Commentary, Australia v India at Adelaide, 12–16 Dec 2003]</ref> and then in the 21st over, Waugh broke out from the defensive shell by stroking two boundaries off Ashish Nehra's over. Thereafter, Martyn took displayed a stylish exhibition of batting with some glorious cover-drives, whereas Waugh dominated the partnership with his trademark square-drives.<ref name="thirteenthref" /> However, the track seemed to aid spin-even Anil Kumble's legbreaks turned a great deal-Sourav Ganguly brought on Sachin Tendulkar, and the move immediately paid off. In his third over, Tendulkar lured Damien Martyn into edging to slips, where Rahul Dravid held a superb catch. Martyn departed after a commanding 38, and then in his fourth over, he made Waugh edge a delivery to Dravid at slips. From 109/3, the Australian were suddenly in trouble at 112/5.

In came Gilchrist, and he began playing with his usual aggression, hitting Tendulkar for four in just his third ball. He carried on his aggression, treating Anil Kumble with disdain, smashing him for six, and then he hit a Tendulkar delivery for six as well. He was ably assisted by Simon Katich, who played sedately, and yet tackled the spinners comfortably. Gilchrist's aggression proved a perfect foil for Katich's calm strokeplay, as they mounted a stand of 71 runs from 15 overs. However, Gilchrist, in a moment of overconfidence, moved in front of the stumps to Kumble, exposing his leg-stump, which promptly got knocked over. Australia could still have hit back from 183/6, but then their tail succumbed to Ajit Agarkar, whose only claim to fame in his 18 test matches till then was the sobriquet of 'Bombay Duck', which was bestowed upon him for scoring seven ducks on the trot against Australia.<ref name="fifteenthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125837.html Bombay Duck sickens Australia]</ref> Agarkar, came back for a new spell of 4 overs, in which he picked up a wicket off every over. He used the short ball judiciously and sparingly, and this tactic nailed the well-set Simon Katich, who had played a patient and a disciplined innings. For the tailenders, Agarkar bowled good-length deliveries on a consistent basis, which lured them to play aggressively, and as a result, Australia suffered. His spell with the old ball, was almost as good as the new ball, with which he "confounded" Matthew Hayden with the swing, and dismissed the two first innings accumulators, Ponting and Langer.<ref name="fifteenthref" /> Those four overs yielded only 13 runs, and Australia were bowled out for 196, while Agarkar picked up 6/41 from 16.2 overs.

The Indians were thus left with a target of 230, and there were still ten overs left in the day, but the Indian openers survived all of these overs without any scare. Virender Sehwag played aggressively, hitting a couple of boundaries off the fast bowlers, while he also hit Stuart MacGill's first ball for four to midwicket. Chopra also played patiently and showed no sign of nerves, cover driving Bracken and Gillespie with some good timing. They ended the day on 37 for no loss, with 193 runs still left to get after what seemed like an enthralling day of play<ref name="thirteenthref" />

Later, John Buchanan, then the coach of Australia, admitted that Australia's batting did not show any application. He stated that "There are days when teams will get bowled out for 196 if the conditions favour bowlers and the bowling is exceptional. Sadly, we can't offer those excuses today.

"We always look to play aggressive cricket. It's part of our batting philosophy, we try to score off as many balls as possible. That's how we have been successful. But some of the shot selection from our top six batsmen was not good enough today. The Indian bowlers bowled in the right areas, give them credit for that. But our batting performance was immature."

He also remarked that he rather wanted the Australians to bat like Dravid and Laxman.<ref name="sixteenthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/125843.html No excuses, says Buchanan]</ref> However, he expressed his hope in the Australian team to win the match irrespective of the situation, stating that last day pitches are always difficult to play out, more so in this case, because he suggested that the pitch had some dust and would turn more the next day.

'''Fifth day'''

India entered the final day with ten wickets in hand and a further 193 runs to get. Should they win the match, it would be their first in Australian soil in 23 years, moreover such a result would mean that the Australians would have lost their first home test match in five years.<ref name=seventeenthref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/237393.html Wisden-Australia v India] Sambit Bal</ref> As the openers walked out on a bright and sunny morning. The morning sessions was intense and tension-filled, as the Australian bowlers, led by Gillespie, did not let the opening pair to settle down as they did the previous morning. The opening pair only added 11 runs to the score in five overs, before Gillespie nailed Chopra when the score was 48. Dravid, the next man in, was welcomed with a tremendous round of applause from the Australian crowd. However, the welcome he received from the Australian bowlers was less than warm. When he was batting on 9, Dravid edged a delivery in the offstump line from the injured Brad Williams to Gilchrist, who could not take a low and difficult chance. However, Dravid was once again given a thorough working over from Williams. The reprieve would ultimately prove to be costly. Had the wicket fallen, it would have been 73/2, but the second wicket did not get delayed much after that drop. Virender Sehwag had smashed a four off Stuart MacGill, but almost immediately, a couple of balls later, he got out MacGill, who dropped in a well-flighted delivery, luring Sehwag to step put of the crease and have a go at it, which resulted in his stumping. Then the score was 79/2. Sachin Tendulkar, coming at the fall of the second wicket was under immense pressure as he had only scored a meagre 171 runs at an average of 19 in five tests that he played since December 2002. His sequence of scores in those tests were:8, 51, 9, 32, 8, 7, 55, 1, 0 and 1.<ref name="eighteenthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/125732.html The Burden of being Tendulkar] Old Guest Column, Sambit Bal at the Adelaide Oval</ref> However, in this innings, Tendulkar started well, starting with a paddle-sweep for four of MacGill, and then he played some handsome cover-drives and unleashed his pulls whenever the bowlers seemed to have erred in line and length. He played patiently as well, not allowing the momentum to drop, but also not allowing aggression to get the better of him. His running was also prolific, as he ran three runs and on one occasion, he even ran four runs. Dravid, on the other end, played slowly and assuredly, with his runs coming mainly from solid batting rather than aggressive or flamboyant strokeplay. The duo added 50 runs within a span of 14.2 overs, when Dravid scored two runs off a delivery from Steve Waugh.<ref name="twentiethref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html?innings=4;page=1;view=commentary Commentary 4th page:Australia v India, Adelaide, 12–16 Dec 2003]</ref> Brad Williams came back for a second spell and tested the two batsmen severely with his reverse swing and limited pace.<ref name="ninteenthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125851.html Dravid heroics topple Australia]</ref> The partnership blossomed to 70, and just when it seemed that the two would bat Australia out of the game, Stuart MacGill struck with Tendulkar's wicket in the 47th over. MacGill, who had been until then, bowling from round the wicket, changed the angle and Tendulkar, failing to read a straighter one which pitched on middle-and-leg, offered no stroke and was given out lbw for a 59-ball 37, and the score was 149/3. Sourav Ganguly joined Dravid in the middle. The two added 21 runs from 9 overs before Ganguly was dismissed by Andy Bichel for 12, scooping a drive straight to Simon Katich. At 170/4, India required 60 runs more and Australia were smelling blood, and were back into the contest. Laxman walked out once again, to join Dravid, and he swung back the momentum of the match promptly. After scoring his first run off his first ball, Laxman was back on strike in the 57th over. He dead-batted the first two balls, but he caressed the third ball through covers, a full toss (by MacGill) to the boundary. When MacGill repeated that the next ball, Laxman sent it back to the midwicket boundary. Then he cut the last ball to the point boundary, taking 12 runs from the over.<ref name="ninteenthref" /> The next over, Dravid reached a well-deserved fifty from 129 balls, with a four off Andy Bichel. Thus, he completed the distinction of being the only man to reach two fifty-plus scores in the match. Dravid too, grew in confidence, and began to repeat his partner's exploits. Soon after the two had added 51 from 11 overs, Laxman was dismissed playing a rash stroke, mistiming a hoick off Katich to Bichel, but the match was already lost by then and at 221/4, India needed only 9 runs to clinch the match. Parthiv Patel delayed the moment, getting bowled around the legs by Katich, but it brought together India's two heroes with the bat and ball, Rahul Dravid and Ajit Agarkar to the crease.<ref name="ninteenthref" /> In the fourth ball of the 72nd over and with the score on 229/6, Dravid played a square cut, which went away to the boundary, and as he ran, he let out a roar and pumped his fist. Then he took off his cap and kissed the India crest on it.<ref name="twenty-firstref">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2LLP0mEVDw Winnings Moments] Youtube video of the moment</ref> Steve Waugh, in a brave act of sportsmanship, gave Dravid the ball which he had cut for four, saying "Well Played."<ref name="seventeenthref" />

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26-30 Dec 2003
| team1 = {{cr|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 366 (103 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag|V Sehwag]] 195 [[Rahul Dravid]] 49
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Stuart MacGill]] 3/70 (15 overs) [[Brett Lee]] 2/103 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 558 (151.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ricky Ponting]] 257 [[Matthew Hayden]] 136
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 6/176 (51 overs) [[Ajit Agarkar]] 3/115 (33.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 286 (99.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 92 [[Sourav Ganguly]] 73
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 2/45 (25 overs) [[Brad Williams (cricketer)|Brad Williams]] 4/53 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 97/1 (22.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Matthew Hayden]] 53[[Not out|*]] [[Ricky Ponting]] 31[[Not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 1/25 (7 overs)

| result = Australia won by 9 wickets
| motm = [[Ricky Ponting]]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| umpires = [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]], [[Billy Bowden]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64061.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and chose to bat
}}

'''Match report'''

'''First day'''

[[File:Virender Sehwag 1.jpg|thumb|right|Sehwag gave a commanding and dominant display of batting at the MCG on Boxing Day]]

The match at Melbourne was crucial for Australia, as they had to pull back the advantage and had to squeeze a win for Steve Waugh, who, incidentally was playing his last match in the ground where he had made his debut nineteen years ago, in 1985, and even more coincidentally, against the same opponents.

Ganguly, the Indian captain won the toss and chose to bat first. The Indian openers justified his choice by playing some watchful cricket in the first hour, which produced less than thirty runs.<ref name="twentysixthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126120.html Sehwag century puts India in command] ESPNcricinfo Bulletin, 26 December 2003</ref> Virender Sehwag was particularly watchful, and at one stage, had made only 16 runs from 53 balls. The two openers also played out three successive [[Maiden over|maidens]] within this period. However, by lunch, they made 89 for no loss, and by then Sehwag had completed his fifty from 78 balls, with eight fours and one six, the latter being swung away inside-out above extra cover into the stands, off MacGill.<ref name="twentyeighthref" />

Sehwag's innings was ably assisted by his Delhi team-mate, Akash Chopra, who was cautious and defensive. His vigil was watchful, and he played the perfect foil to his partner, complementing Sehwag's brisk strokeplay with his defensive approach. He did have his moments of aggression, though, the most notable of them being the successive boundaries he hit off Brett Lee in an over which was put away for 18 runs.

Brett Lee had dominated the clash between himself and Sehwag for some brief moments when he hit Sehwag on the helmet twice, with just-short of a length deliveries each time. Sehwag also enjoyed a slice of luck, when a comedy of errors by the Australian fielders resulted in a run-out chance being put down. Sehwag had just struck a ball off Lee on the off-side, and had run a single, and had made his mind to go for the second, but a moment's hesitation, left him in the middle of the pitch and when the fielder threw the ball to Lee, the bowler, Sehwag was a few yards away from the crease. Unmindful of this, Lee threw the ball to the batting end, where Chopra was struggling to get to. The wicketkeeper, however, dropped the ball, only for Chopra to make it back to the crease in time.<ref name="twentyseventhref">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyaooFC_2c8 Youtube-Sehwag 195 vs Australia at the MCG, 26 December 2003]</ref>

After his reprieve, Sehwag batted in a much more watchful manner, playing with discipline, not employing any ugly slogs, and playing only "ground shots". Against the fast bowlers, he used his back foot well, cutting or late-cutting the ball through gully, albeit sometimes with some risks, as he was almost caught by a diving Langer at third slip.<ref name="twentyseventhref" />

After Chopra fell, with the score on 141/1, Rahul Dravid joined Sehwag in the middle and the pair cruised along steadily, and by the end of the 50th over, they had added 28 runs from 7 overs, with Sehwag having completed a hundred and Dravid having scored 9. Sehwag completed his hundred with a neatly timed, and powerful drive through midwicket for four, from just 144 balls.<ref name="twentyeighthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64061.html?innings=1;view=commentary Commentary-3rd Test:Australia v India at Melbourne, 26–30 Dec 2003.]</ref> He had by that time, 16 boundaries and a six to his credit.

Upon reaching his hundred, Sehwag did not do anything excessive, by his standards,<ref name="twentysixthref" /> instead, lofted MacGill for six and then continued his belligerent display by hitting Brad Williams for two fours and then, in the last over before tea, which was bowled by Waugh, Sehwag clubbed a six to move to 130 from 170 balls, complete with nineteen boundaries and two sixes.<ref name="twentyeighthref" /> Australia were sloppy, as Sehwag's knock could have been nipped in the bud, had it not been for the missed run-out chance and a dropped catch when he was on 66. [[Mike Coward]], writing for Wisden's test match report, commented on the aggressiveness in Sehwag's innings. He wrote,

:"Elite Indian batsmen have often been noted for their quiet demeanour and inscrutability, but Sehwag is representative of a new breed who boast a self-assuredness, even cockiness. A daring opener, he has a simple philosophy and an uncomplicated style, playing by instinct and not by the book. "<ref name="twentyninthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/237397.html Wisden-Australia v India]</ref>

Post tea-break, Sehwag and Dravid steadied the Indian innings further and carried forward to 278/1 along with Dravid, who, having come off 305 runs in Adelaide, had made a patient 49 from 89 balls with 5 boundaries. Steve Waugh gave himself an extended bowling spell, and against the run of play, produced a delivery which was well outside leg-stump, but Dravid aimed a shot to Damien Martyn at forward square leg, and it appeared that Dravid, who had faced a lot of short deliveries from Waugh, had not anticipated this delivery.<ref name="twentysixthref" /> Dravid's dismissal apparently did not hamper Sehwag's rapid progress, as he whipped a delivery to square-leg boundary with a flourish, off Brad Williams in the next over after the second wicket. However, Tendulkar was soon dismissed by Lee, trying to work a delivery in the legside fine. He was the third wicket to fall at 286/3. The Indian captain, Sourav Ganguly walked into the middle to join Sehwag, whose response to the two quick wickets was to just smash a MacGill delivery next over for a six above midwicket. However, Sehwag's approach hastened his end, as he was out in the 78th over, bowled by Simon Katich, the next ball after he had hit a six.

Sehwag's "buccaneer" spirit was praised much by Dileep Premachandran, who asserted that his 195 would be considered as one of the finest ever innings played in the opening day of a test match.<ref name="thirtiethref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126132.html Wisden Verdict-The Sublime Savage]</ref> His back foot play off the fast bowlers, and his audacious and apparently murderous strokeplay against the spinners impressed Premachandran, who wrote in the same article,

:He(Sehwag) came to Australia with a reputation of weakness against the short ball. It tested his character today, and it didn't break him. After the first hour, his strokeplay was what we have known it to be: audacious, inventive and always breathtaking. He cut and straight-drove the fast bowlers, smote and murdered the spinners and when Steve Waugh tried to fox him with a slower one, he deposited him over long-off.

Sehwag also brought out the best in Akash Chopra, who was just playing in his fifth test, and together, they had amassed 141 for the first wicket, which was the first partnership outside the subcontinent in nearly ten years.<ref name="twentyninthref" /> This was a contrast from the opening partnerships that had been put on in the 1999–00 series, the previous instance when India visited Australia. Then the opening partnerships read:
7 and 0, 11 and 5, and 10 and 22. In this series, the partnerships were: 61 and 4, 66 and 48, 141.<ref name="thirtiethref" /> His style of play was termed to be an aberration from the way how other elite Indian batsmen used to play–with a quiet demanour and inscrutability. His innings was praised to be one of raw courage and daring.<ref name="twentyninthref" />

After Sehwag's exit, VVS Laxman came out to join his captain, Ganguly. The pair weathered a testing and hostile spell from Brett Lee with the second new ball in a session of play which almost saw the fifth wicket fall when Ganguly spooned back a catch to Lee, only for the bowler to put it down. The pair added valuable runs for India, with Ganguly ending on 20 and Laxman on 6. India ended the day on 329/4, having cause for satisfaction. After the day's play closed, Sehwag termed the innings as his best, "Coming to Australia, and making runs ... it has to be my best," he said about his knock, which threatened to put Australia out of contention.<ref name="thirtyfirstref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/126135.html Sehwag-"I was too busy enjoying making a hundred"]</ref>

'''Second day'''

The second day saw India make a heavy string of mistakes which cost them dearly. Coming in at 329/4, with Ganguly and Laxman both looking good for better scores, India began the day's play with much more confidence than their opponents. India did begin brightly, after Ganguly unfurled some glorious strokes against Nathan Bracken and Lee.<ref name="thirtysecondref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126142.html Hayden and Ponting put Australia in charge] Wisden Bulletin by Chandrahas Choudhury, 27 December 2003.</ref> However, in the 95th over bowled by Lee, which lasted 8 balls, courtesy of three no-balls from the bowler, Ganguly's weakness against fast-bowlers resurfaced as he popped a short-of-length ball to gully after knocking Lee for two fours, becoming the fifth wicket to fall, for 350. Thereafter, India completely lost their way. Poor judgment from the lower-order batsmen and Laxman's dismissal for 19 contributed to India's spectacular demise, as the last 6 wickets fell for 16 runs.

After ending India's chances of posting a huge total, Australia, having the perfect chance to post a good total, lost their first wicket before lunch, when Agarkar dismissed Langer for 14–for the fourth time in the series<ref name="thirtysecondref" />–with the score reading 30/1. The next man, Ponting and Hayden, though gave no quarter for India, as they piled up the runs. India's best bowler in the first test at Gabba, Zaheer Khan, who had returned from a hamstring injury, put up a lacklustre bowling effort, due to the after-effects of the injury.

Of the two batsmen, Hayden was the most prolific. He reached the 50-run mark from 71 balls with a single off Khan in the 27th over. Ponting followed him, not too long after, reaching his fifty from 84 balls. Hayden reached his hundred off a mere 137 balls, but his knock was circumspect. He was selective about his strokeplay early on in his innings, batting cautiously against Ashish Nehra, who bowled two accurate and probing spells to him. His runs came mostly off Agarkar's and Kumble's bowling, driving the former down the ground, while slogging the latter, never allowing him to settle. He repeatedly attacked Kumble, whose figures were unimpressive–5-1-35-0. Hayden's running was equally good as well. After reaching his hundred, he broke the self-imposed shackles off, taking guard outside his crease, and dispatching even the good balls for boundaries.

Ponting, on the other hand, was content to play second fiddle to Hayden for once, scoring his hundred off 172 balls. His off-driving and punches behind square seemed to bear "a brutal stamp of efficiency of a man who has scored five centuries in a year".<ref name="thirtysixthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126147.html Out of Jail-The Wisden Verdict, India v Australia at the MCG, third test, 2nd day]</ref> He dominated Zaheer Khan, and Ajit Agarkar, taking advantage of their mistakes, but his batting against Kumble was a major concern, as he did not play him with certainty or with the assuredness he displayed against other bowlers. He was lucky to survive some close chances off Kumble's bowling.<ref name="thirtysecondref" />
After Hayden's dismissal, Ponting (120 not out at the close) and Damien Martyn saw Australia safely home to the end of the day, as India had a meagre lead of 49 by then.

'''Third day'''

After having reduced the lead to a slow margin, Australia were faced with a pitch which had deteriorated and made batting increasingly difficult. The Australian batsmen switched gears eventually after tea, from aggressive to defensive, though Ponting's second century earlier took almost 200 balls.<ref name="thirtythirdref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126162.html Ponting's double-hundred puts Australia in charge]</ref> The Indian bowlers were rewarded with Martyn's wicket in the fourth ball of the 92nd over, by which time Australia had already gained a lead of 13. At the end of the first session, Australia added 79 runs for the loss of Martyn's wicket. The second session saw some more circumspect batting, as Australia added 84 runs from the 28 overs bowled in that period, but for the loss of Simon Katich's wicket. The highlight of the second session was Ponting's double hundred, from 368 balls with a neat single off Ashish Nehra's bowling.<ref name="thiryfourthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64061.html?innings=2;page=3;view=commentary Commentary, Third Test Match, India v Australia at Melbourne, December 2003–04]</ref> His double hundred was described as being "magnificent" by S Rajesh, noted ESPNcricinfo statistician, "for its complete mastery over the Indian bowlers".<ref name="thirtyfifthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/126172.html Ponting's mastery – Stats Analysis]</ref> Ponting was also dominant as he neared his double century, singling out Kumble for some punishment. His knock also continued his excellent form in the year 2003, in which he had already notched up an average excess of 100, in Tests.<ref name="thirtythirdref" /> Another incident, a setback for Australia briefly, was Steve Waugh's decision to retire after being hurt. Waugh came out to bat to a standing ovation, but the second ball he faced, from Agarkar, was a short one to which he turned his back, turning his head towards third slip. The ball hit him on his elbow, and after a quick examination from the physio, he decided to go off.<ref name="thirtythirdref" /> The last session made the difference, as Australia, already with a commanding 114 run lead, added 88 runs for 6 wickets, of which Anil Kumble took three. After Waugh retired hurt, Simon Katich came in and hung around, adding 64 runs for the fifth wicket with Ponting, then was out to Kumble (437/5). Steve Waugh returned at this stage, wearing an arm-guard over his hand, but he looked far from comfortable in his 19-run knock. He padded up once too many times to Kumble, which turned out to be his downfall, as he lost his wicket that way (502/6). Ponting lost the tail as India steadily worked their way through the match, with some perseverance from Kumble. Ponting was stumped off Kumble, at 555/9, after missing an attempted heave. Ponting's 468-ball innings was termed as "restrained" and "mature", and had less aggression or flamboyance compared to his double century at Adelaide. His approach towards batting was similar to that of Rahul Dravid's in Adelaide: he was in command of his shots and the bowlers, so he had to occupy the crease for a long time.<ref name="thirtythirdref" /> An important aspect of Ponting's knock which stood out was his footwork: he scored at a rate of 1.5 off the front-foot, but scored at a pace of 5.4 from the back-foot. He remarkably remained in control for 87% of the balls he faced from other Indian bowlers, except Kumble, against whom he had a lower in-control percentage of 81%.<ref name="thirtyfifthref" /> Sambit Bal noted that despite being uncomfortable against Ashish Nehra and Ajit Agarkar early on, Ponting played an innings of ambition. He added,

:He is, by no stretch of imagination, an austere batsman, but the reckless ostentatiousness has been curbed, and a matured aggression has emerged. The Ponting of old was consumed by the fire within, and wouldn't yield to the voices of sense and reason. It brought about his demise against Harbhajan Singh in India in 2001 when he was hell-bent on sweeping when the circumstances demanded a safer method. The fire hasn't been completely doused, but it comes in measured bursts now rather than in an uncontrolled stream, and the civilised Ponting has been a far more dangerous batsman in the last 18 months than during any other time in his career.<ref name="thirtyseventhref" />

Of the seven Australian wickets to fall, Kumble took four and had figures of 27–6–74–4. Overall, Kumble took 51–8–176–6. His bowling effort was termed "lionhearted" according to noted journalist [[Soumya Bhattacharya]], he "bowled with great heart and skill...but also with great skill and guile in an overseas test match." Bhattacharya also commented upon the change of Kumble's stock ball, the googly, which he believed now was a wicket-taking weapon that can not only turn to the right hander, but also bounces.<ref name="thirtyseventhref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/126169.html End of the Indian Summer?] Wisden Verdict by Sambit Bal</ref>

After Australia's innings ended for 558, the Indian openers had a task of batting out 11 overs more. But they lost their way soon. Aakash Chopra lost his wicket to Nathan Bracken, wrongly adjudged caught behind when the ball had only brushed his pads.<ref name="thirtythirdref" /> Sehwag also got out, offering a catch, flicking Lee uppishly. Rahul Dravid and Sourav Ganguly(who came in place of Sachin Tendulkar) carried them through to the end of the day without any major mishaps, ending on 6 not out each respectively.

'''Fourth day'''

India started the fourth room facing a daunting situation. Dravid and Ganguly gave India a quiet start, adding only 11 runs in the first five overs, but in the third ball of the fifteenth over, Ganguly received a blow on the back of the head from Brad Williams, and had to retire.<ref name="thirtyeighthtref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126184.html Williams burst leaves Australia needing 95 to win] Wisden Bulletin by Chandrahas Choudhury, 29 December 2003</ref> At this point, Sachin Tendulkar came in, and along with Rahul Dravid, rescued India from doldrums. India were 109/2 at lunch, as the two batsmen applied themselves on a wearing pitch with uneven bounce. After lunch, Tendulkar began confidently, playing some good shots off Brett Lee and Brad Williams, before getting out to Williams, attempting to play a wide delivery from him. He had, by then, made his highest score in the series, 44, and a poor year personally in terms of form for him, ended. His knock was described as being "diligent in protecting(his)wicket and resisting temptation".<ref name="thirtyninthref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126191.html Wag the tail-Wisden Verdict by Sambit Bal]</ref> Then the score was 126/3. From that point onwards, Australia executed their tactics well enough and did not employ over-attacking fields for VVS Laxman, the next batsman, knowing that he could score his runs freely anyhow. Laxman, in spite of being untroubled during his brief stay in the crease, got out to Stuart MacGill, getting drawn into edging a leg-break to slips. The score was 160/4 and India were still trailing by 32 runs. Ganguly came in after Laxman's dismissal, while Dravid was unbeaten at the other end on 53. The Dravid-Ganguly partnership resumed quietly, starting with a succession of three maiden overs within five overs. Ganguly, in particular, continued with his defensive style of play till tea. Just after the break, Australia played Simon Katich and Stuart MacGill, and the runs continue to flow freely. The second new ball was taken after eighty overs, and by then Ganguly's strokeplay had become bolder. He reached his half-century against Brett Lee's bowling with a drive to mid-off. He reached his fifty from 106 balls with eight fours. After securing applause for his fifty, he sent the next ball racing past point for four. Against Brad Williams in the next over, Ganguly swung high over square leg for four against a short delivery, like the one which had hit him on the back of his head. Lee came steaming in the next over as well, but again, he was dispatched for four off successive balls. It was "stirring stuff, not without an element of risk in it."<ref name="thirtyeighthtref" />

Meanwhile, Dravid was a picture of calm and patience, as he played yet another important innings to turn around India's fortunes. His 92 however, lacked in the polish that was exhibited in his two knocks in Adelaide, as he played and missed sometimes. But he retained an excellent control over almost all bowlers, and played a lot of dot balls, and put away the bad deliveries for the boundaries, explaining his high boundary rate.<ref name="fortiethref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126192.html A study in contrasts Australia v India, 3rd Test, Melbourne, 4th day, by Rahul Bhatia]</ref> Dravid was dismissed by Lee, edging a delivery to Adam Gilchrist behind the stumps. Dravid was dismissed when the score was 253, and was the fifth man out. After his dismissal for a gritty 92, the Indian innings came to an end rather rapidly, as only a further 33 runs were added for the loss of five wickets, including that of Ganguly's who was dismissed for 73. Brad Williams turned out to be the chief destroyer of the Indian innings with a haul of 4 wickets, and constantly troubled Ganguly.<ref name="fortiethref" /> Williams, who was a surprise pick over Andy Bichel,<ref name="fortyfirstref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126193.html 'It's a dream come true'-Brad Williams]</ref> expressed his joy on being able to scalp four against the Indian batting order. He also praised Dravid for his batting. Dravid himself commented that it had been an uphill struggle for most of the day, "It was never comfortable. When me and Sourav were going well, there was a bit of hope. But to be honest, we needed something special to happen, an Eden Gardens or an Adelaide. And those things don't happen everyday.".<ref name="fortyfirstref" /> India's spectacular collapse left Australia needing only 95 runs for a victory.

'''Fifth day'''

In pursuit of an easy target of 95 and a series-levelling win, Australia lost the wicket of Langer, who was dismissed by Ajit Agarkar, but the fall of the first wicket brought together Ricky Ponting and Matthew Hayden. Together, the two took Australia to a safe victory, levelling the series with one more match to go.<ref name="fortysecondref">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/126196.html Hayden and Ponting seal Australian Victories] Australia v India, 3rd Test, Melbourne, 5th day, Wisden Bulletin</ref>

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2-6 Jan 2004
| team1 = {{cr|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 705/7 (187.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 241[[Not out|*]] [[VVS Laxman]] 178
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Brett Lee]] 4/201 (39.3 overs) [[Jason Gillespie|JN Gillespie]] 3/135(45 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 474 (117.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Simon Katich]] 125 [[Justin Langer]] 117
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 8/141 (46.5 overs) [[Irfan Pathan|IK Pathan]] 2/80 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 211/2 (43.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 91[[Not out|*]] [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 60[[Not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jason Gillespie|JN Gillespie]] 1/32 (7 overs) [[Stuart MacGill]] 1/65 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 357/6 (94 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Steve Waugh|SR Waugh]] 80 [[Simon Katich]] 77[[Not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/138 (42 overs) [[Irfan Pathan|IK Pathan]] 1/26 (8 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| mots = [[Rahul Dravid]]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Moore Park, New South Wales|Moore Park]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]], [[Billy Bowden]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64062.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and chose to bat
}}

'''Match report'''

'''First day'''

With both the teams level on one win each, the final and fourth test match was critical to both the teams' ambitions. Sourav Ganguly won the toss and elected to bat first on a good, bouncy pitch. The Indian openers, Sehwag and Chopra added 98 runs for the first wicket before lunch. Sehwag and Chopra stitched the runs with a definite uncertainty, as they were troubled by the swing and seam movement generated by Brett Lee and Jason Gillespie, the latter coming off an injury. The openers played and missed frequently, as Brett Lee looked like taking a wicket.

Lee almost created a breakthrough for Australia, as he had Chopra caught off a no-ball once and off the next ball, he had Chopra edge to the gully, only to have Simon Katich drop the chance. This proved to be a turning point for Lee, as Sehwag snatched 18 runs off him, a couple of overs later.

After that over, both the openers looked more settled, as Chopra began to select his shots confidently and fortuitously, while Sehwag recklessly began to hit the ball, but did not overdo his hitting spree. Just when Sehwag seemed set for another big innings, he edged a good-length ball from Gillespie after lunch, and was caught behind for 72 (123 for 1).

A short while after, Lee earned Chopra's wicket by delivering a yorker to him, after softening him with a bouncer. Chopra fell on 45, and the score was 128/2. Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar were at the crease then.

Tendulkar, who had come under scrutiny for his below-par performances, began to play a solid innings, but a compact one with no uppish shots. He laced his innings with some expansive drives, and collected his boundaries with minimum risk. Rahul Dravid, at the other end, was unyielding in his response to the bowling. He was solid as well, and he was "fluid" often outscoring Tendulkar in their partnership. He selected Stuart MacGill for some severe punishment.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/AUS/2003-04_AUS_India_in_Australia_2003-04.html CricketArchive itinerary]
* ''Wisden Cricketers Almanack ''

{{International cricket in 2003–04}}
{{International cricket tours of Australia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003-04}}
[[Category:2003–04 Australian cricket season]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Australia|2003-04]]
[[Category:2003 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2003–04]]
[[Category:2003 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2004 in Australian cricket]]

Shivprasad Chanpuria

2025-09-13T22:07:12Z

हिन्दू: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Shivprasad Chanpuria''' was an [[Indian politician]] who was the member of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Rajya Sabha from Madhya Pradesh]] from 10 April 1990 to 9 April 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Former Members of Rajya Sabha |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/TermsWiseFormerMember?term=1 |website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born in 1 March 1917 in the [[Jabalpur district]], his parents were Chhote Lal Chanpuria and Kapoor Bai. He educated in a government high school in [[Damoh district]] and married Tarabai in June 1938.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpFJucR0foC&q=Shivprasad+Chanpuria+rajya+sabha |title=Rajya Sabha Members: Biographical Sketches, 1952-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tq-KAAAAMAAJ&q=Shivprasad+Chanpuria+rajya+sabha |title=Who's who |date=1992 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

Tughlaq dynasty

2025-09-08T02:10:43Z

हिन्दू: typo fix

{{Short description|Dynasty in South Asia from 1320 to 1413}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{for-multi|the play by Girish Karnad|Tughlaq (play)|the Indian magazine|Thuglak}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Tughlaq
| common_name = Tughluq dynasty
| native_name = تغلق
| image_flag = Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg
| flag_type = Flag of the Tughlaq dynasty according to the contemporary ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' ({{circa}} 1375).<ref>Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' of {{circa}} 1375: [[File:Flag of the Delhi Tughlaq Sultanate according to the Catalan Atlas.jpg|60px]] in [[:File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas]]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid flag |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |volume=2 |page=148 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816|quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962/1206–1555)."}}</ref><ref>Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] flag, and the red [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in {{cite book |last1=Qurashi |first1=Ishtiyaq Hussian |title=The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi |date=1942 |publisher=SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF |location=Kashmiri Bazar Lahore |page=143 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281982/page/n159/mode/2up|quote=""}}, also in {{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Sadan |title=Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag |date=8 January 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11887-4 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |language=en}}, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in {{cite book |last1=Thapliyal |first1=Uma Prasad |title=The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study |date=1938 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-092-0 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMogAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 |language=en}}</ref>
| flag_border = no
| era = [[Medieval]]
| year_start = 1320
| date_start = 8 September
| year_end = 1413
| date_end = February
| p1 = Khalji dynasty
| p2 =
| s1 = Sayyid dynasty
| s2 = Bengal Sultanate
| s3 = Vijayanagara Empire
| s4 = Bahmani Sultanate
| s5 = Malwa Sultanate
| s6 = Khandesh Sultanate
| s7 = Gujarat Sultanate
| s8 = Jaunpur Sultanate
| s9 = Kingdom of Mewar
| image_map = Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png
| map_width = 275px
| image_map_caption = Territory under the Tughlaq dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], 1330–1335. The empire shrank after 1335.<ref name=pjackson2003/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (j)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=185&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| currency = [[Ancient taka|Taka]]
| capital = [[Delhi]]
| government_type = [[Sultanate]]
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]]
| year_leader1 = 1320–1325
| leader2 = [[Muhammad ibn Tughluq]]
| year_leader2 = 1325–1351
| leader3 = [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]
| year_leader3 = 1351–1388
| leader4 = Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah / Abu Bakr Shah / Muhammad Shah / Mahmud Tughlaq / Nusrat Shah
| year_leader4 = 1388–1413
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official)<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |title=Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |access-date=2010-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=8 March 2015 |pages=41–42 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5}}</ref> [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] (Language of elites and lingua franca)<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=8 March 2015 |pages=41–42 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5}}</ref><ref name="brown2008">{{Citation |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |publisher=Elsevier |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |quote=Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]}}</ref>
| today = {{ubl|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]|[[Bangladesh]]}}
}}
{{Delhi Sultanate|Tughlaq}}
The '''Tughlaq dynasty''' (also known as the Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty; {{langx|fa|{{nq|تغلق شاهیان}}}}) was the third dynasty to rule over the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in medieval India.<ref>Lombok, E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol 5, {{ISBN|90-04-09796-1}}, pp 30, 129-130</ref> Its reign started in 1320 in [[Delhi]] when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] and ended in 1413.<ref name=ewoxford>Edmund Wright (2006), A Dictionary of World History, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|9780192807007}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=90–102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&dq=colonists+dakhni&pg=PA42 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |date=2015-03-08 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |pages=41–42 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Indo-Turkic]]<ref>
*{{citation|quote=These included the Mamluk dynasty of greater Egypt and Central Asia (1206-1290), the Turko-Afghan Khalji dynasty (1290- 1320), the Turko-Indian Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414), the Sayyid dynasty of Multan (Punjab, Pakistan; 1414-1451)|author=Kimberly Klimek|author2=Pamela Troyer|author3=Sarah Davis-Secord|author4=Bryan Keene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRMtEAAAQBAJ|title=Global Medieval Contexts 500 – 1500: Connections and Comparisons|ref=no}}
*{{citation|quote=At the turn of the 15th century, Punjab lay under the reign of the Indo-Turkic Tughlaq Dynasty. However, the Delhi Sultanate, as the empire was called, had started floundering|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlXlEAAAQBAJ|title=Sikhs: A Story of a People, Their Faith and Culture|ref=no}}</ref> dynasty expanded its territorial reach through a military campaign led by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], and reached its zenith between 1330 and 1335. It ruled most of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for this brief period.<ref name=pjackson2003/><ref name=whaig>W. Haig (1958), The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, pp 153-163</ref>

== Origin ==
The etymology of the word ''Tughlaq'' is not certain. The 16th-century writer [[Firishta]] claims that it is an Indian corruption of the Turkic term ''Qutlugh'', but this is doubtful.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=460}}<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zbc9AAAAMAAJ&q=tughlaq+indian+corruption+qutlugh |page=94 |title=An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan |date=1967 |publisher= the University of Michigan }}</ref> Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughlaq was not an ancestral designation, but the personal name of the dynasty's founder [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghazi Malik]]. Historians use the designation ''Tughlaq'' to describe the entire dynasty as a matter of convenience, but to call it the Tughlaq dynasty is inaccurate, as none of the dynasty's kings used ''Tughlaq'' as a surname: only Ghiyath al-Din's son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] called himself the son of Tughlaq Shah ("bin Tughlaq").{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=460}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ |author= Aniruddha Ray |date=2019 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=9781000007299 }}</ref>

The ancestry of the dynasty is debated among modern historians because the earlier sources provide different information regarding it. However, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq is usually considered to be of [[Turko-Mongol]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ÇAĞMAN |first1=FİLİZ |last2=TANINDI |first2=ZEREN |title=Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul |journal=Muqarnas |date=2011 |volume=28 |pages=231 |jstor=23350289 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf |issn=0732-2992|quote="[[Muhammad Tughluq]] and his successors were contemporaries of the [[Jalayirid]] sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol"}}</ref> or [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origins.<ref name="malik">{{cite book|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History|author=Jamal Malik|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2008|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=PA104|isbn=978-9004168596|author-link=Jamal Malik|quote="The founder of this new Turkish dynasty..."}}</ref>
Tughlaq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a royal [[Sassanian]] genealogy for the dynasty from the line of [[Bahram Gur]], which seems to be the official position of the genealogy of the Sultan,<ref>{{cite book |title= History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06, the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Badr+-+i+-+Chach+being+a+court+poet+,+this+seems+to+be+the+official+position+of+the+genealogy+of+Sultan+Muhammad+bin+... |series= Royalty in Medieval India |page= 8 |author= Khalid Ahmad Nizami | year=1997 | publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers | isbn=9788121507332 }}</ref> although this can be dismissed as flattery.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=461}}

[[Firishta|Ferishta]] states that Tughluq's father was a Turco-Mongol slave of Balban and his mother a [[Jat Muslim|Jat]] lady of the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |title=A comprehensive history of medieval India: twelfth to the mid-eighteenth century |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson India Education Services |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |edition=First impression |location=India}}</ref> However this lacks confirmation by contemporary authorities.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|p=461}}

Peter Jackson suggested that Tughlaq was of Mongol stock and a follower of the Mongol chief Alaghu.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSGzDwAAQBAJ&q=General+belief |author= Surender Singh |date = 30 September 2019|publisher= Routledge|isbn = 9781000760682}}</ref> The Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] states with reference to the Sufi saint [[Rukn-e-Alam]] that Tughluq belonged to the "[[Qara'unas|Qarauna]]" ''[Neguderi]'' tribe of Turks, who lived in the hilly region between [[Turkestan]] and [[Sindh]], and were in fact Mongols.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1970|pp=460, 461}}

== History ==
=== Rise to power ===
[[File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Sultan of Delhi (top, flag: [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|20px]]) and the "[[Kollam|King of Colombo]]" ruler of the city of [[Kollam]] (bottom, flag: [[File:Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo,_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png|20px]], identified as Christian due to the early [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christianity]] there, and the Catholic mission under [[Jordan Catala]] since 1329), in the contemporary [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref> The captions are informative,<ref>The caption for the Sultan of Delhi reads: ''Here is a great sultan, powerful and very rich: the sultan has seven hundred elephants and a hundred thousand horsemen under his command. He also has countless foot soldiers. In this part of the land there is a lot of gold and precious stones.'' The caption for the southern king reads: ''Here rules the king of [[Kollam|Colombo]], a Christian.'' He was mistakenly identified as Christian because of the Christian mission established in Kollam since 1329. In {{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf}}</ref> and several of the location names are accurate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions |date=17 June 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44603-8 |pages=176–178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref>]]

The [[Khalji dynasty]] ruled the Delhi Sultanate before 1320.<ref name=holtetal/> Its last ruler, [[Khusro Khan]], was a [[Hindu]] slave who had been forcibly converted to Islam and then served the Delhi Sultanate as the general of its army for some time.<ref>Vincent Smith, {{Google books|0oUqAAAAYAAJ|The Oxford Student's History of India}}, Oxford University Press, pp 81-82</ref>

After Alauddin Khalji's death from illness in 1316, a series of palace arrests and assassinations followed,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n222/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 214-218</ref> with Khusro Khan coming to power in June 1320, after killing the licentious son of Alauddin Khalji, Mubarak Khalji, initiating a massacre of all members of the Khalji family and reverting from Islam.<ref name=holtetal>Holt et al. (1977), The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol 2, {{ISBN|978-0521291378}}, pp 11-15</ref> However, he lacked the support of the Muslim nobles and aristocrats of the Delhi Sultanate. Delhi's aristocracy invited Ghazi Malik, then the governor in Punjab under the Khaljis, to lead a [[Coup d'état|coup]] in Delhi and remove Khusro Khan. In 1320, Ghazi Malik launched an attack and killed Khusro Khan to assume power.<ref name=whaig/><ref>Mohammad Arshad (1967), An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan, {{oclc|297321674}}, pp 90-92</ref>

===Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq===
After assuming power, Ghazi Malik renamed himself [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]] – thus starting and naming the Tughlaq dynasty.<ref name=gsdt>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n236/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 229-231</ref> He rewarded all those ''maliks'', ''amirs'' and officials of Khalji dynasty who had rendered him a service and helped him come to power. He punished those who had rendered service to Khusro Khan, his predecessor. He lowered the tax rate on Muslims that was prevalent during Khalji dynasty, but raised the taxes on Hindus, wrote his court historian [[Ziauddin Barani]], so that they might not be blinded by wealth or afford to become rebellious.<ref name=gsdt/> He built a city six kilometers east of Delhi, with a fort considered more defensible against the Mongol attacks, and called it Tughlakabad.<ref name=whunter123124>William Hunter (1903), {{Google books|5IQqAAAAYAAJ|A Brief History of the Indian Peoples|page=123}}, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pages 123-124</ref>
[[File:Tuglagbad Fort Panorama.jpg|thumb|left|Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ordered the construction of [[Tughlaqabad Fort|Tughlakabad]], a city near Delhi with a fort, to protect the Delhi Sultanate from Mongol attacks.<ref name=whunter123124/> Above is the Tughlaq fort, now in ruins.]]
In 1321, he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to [[Deogir]] to plunder the [[Hindu king]]doms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of [[Telangana]]). His first attempt was a failure.<ref name=lowe296>William Lowe (Translator), {{Google books|RFNOAAAAYAAJ|Muntakhabu-t-tawārīkh|page=296}}, Volume 1, pages 296-301</ref> Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n240/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 233-234</ref> This time Jauna Khan succeeded. Arangal fell, was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to Delhi Sultanate.

[[File:Shah Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq arrives in Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his BasaUn al-uns, ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032 (troops led by the Shah).jpg|thumb|[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] leading his troops in the capture of the city of [[Tirhut]], from the ''Basātin al-uns'' by [[Muhammad Sadr Ala-i|Ikhtisān-i Dabir]], a member of the Tughluq court. Ca.1410 [[Jalayirid dynasty|Jalayirid]] copy of 1326 Tughlaq dynasty lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ÇAĞMAN |first1=FİLİZ |last2=TANINDI |first2=ZEREN |title=Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul |journal=Muqarnas |date=2011 |volume=28 |pages=230, 258 Fig.56 |jstor=23350289 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf |issn=0732-2992}}</ref>]]
The Muslim aristocracy in [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] (Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]], which he did over 1324–1325,<ref name=lowe296/> after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign. As he and his favourite son Mahmud Khan were returning from Lukhnauti to Delhi, Jauna Khan schemed to kill him inside a wooden structure (''kushk'') built without foundation and designed to collapse, making it appear as an accident. Historic documents state that the Sufi preacher and Jauna Khan had learnt through messengers that Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq had resolved to remove them from Delhi upon his return.<ref>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n610/mode/2up Travels of Ibn Battuta] Ibn Battuta, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611</ref> Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, along with Mahmud Khan, died inside the collapsed ''kushk'' in 1325, while his eldest son watched.<ref>Henry Sharp (1938), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41361236 DELHI: A STORY IN STONE], Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 86, No. 4448, pp 324-325</ref> One official historian of the Tughlaq court gives an alternate fleeting account of his death, as caused by a lightning bolt strike on the ''kushk''.<ref>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháh] Ziauddin Barani, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611</ref> Another official historian, Al-Badāʾunī ʻAbd al-Kadir ibn Mulūk-Shāh, makes no mention of lightning bolt or weather, but explains the cause of structural collapse to be the running of elephants; Al-Badaoni includes a note of the rumour that the accident was pre-planned.<ref name=lowe296/>

===Patricide===
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Dehli. Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad bin Tughluq. 1325-1351 CE.jpg|thumb|Gold coinage of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] ({{reign|1325|1351}})]]
According to many historians such as Ibn Battuta, al-Safadi, [[Isami (historian)|Isami]],<ref name=pjackson2003>{{Cite book|author=Jackson, Peter|year=2003|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0521543293}}</ref> and Vincent Smith,<ref name=vsoxford2>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911|page=217}}, Chapter 2, pp 236-242, Oxford University Press</ref> Ghiyasuddin was killed by his eldest son Jauna Khan in 1325. Jauna Khan ascended to power as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], and ruled for 26 years.<ref>Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co</ref>

===Muhammad bin Tughluq===
[[File:Sultanat von Delhi Tughluq-Dynastie.png|thumb|left|A map showing the expansion of Delhi Sultanate from 1320 (dark green) to 1330. The map also shows the location of the new temporary capital under Muhammad bin Tughlaq.]]
During Muhammad bin Tughluq's rule, the Delhi Sultanate temporarily expanded to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach.<ref name=ebmit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq Muḥammad ibn Tughluq] Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> He attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Mahratta, Tilang, Kampila, Dhur-samundar, Mabar, Lakhnauti, Chittagong, Sunarganw and Tirhut.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–237</ref> His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine.<ref name=zbarni/>

He raised taxes to levels where people refused to pay any. In India's fertile lands between [[Ganges Basin|Ganges and Yamuna]] rivers, the Sultan increased the land tax rate on non-Muslims by tenfold in some districts, and twentyfold in others.<ref name=whunter>William Hunter (1903), {{Google books|5IQqAAAAYAAJ|A Brief History of the Indian Peoples|page=124}}, 23rd Edition, pp. 124-127</ref> Along with land taxes, [[dhimmi]]s (non-Muslims) were required to pay crop taxes by giving up half or more of their harvested crop. These sharply higher crop and land tax led entire villages of Hindu farmers to quit farming and escape into jungles; they refused to grow anything or work at all.<ref name=zbarni/> Many became robber clans.<ref name=whunter/> Famines followed. The Sultan responded with bitterness by expanding arrests, torture and mass punishments, killing people as if he was "cutting down weeds".<ref name=zbarni>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 235–240</ref> Historical documents note that Muhammad bin Tughluq was cruel and severe not only with non-Muslims, but also with certain sects of [[Muslims|Musalman]]s. He routinely executed ''[[Sayyid]]s'' (Shia), ''[[Sufi]]s'', ''[[Qalandariyya|Qalandar]]s'', and other Muslim officials. His court historian Ziauddin Barni noted,

{{Blockquote|text=Not a day or week passed without spilling of much Musalman blood, (...)|sign=Ziauddin Barni|source=Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi<ref name=tarikhbarani>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n242/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–238</ref>}}

Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of Deogiri in present-day Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] (renaming it to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]), as the second administrative capital of the Dehli Sultanate.<ref>{{cite book|quote= The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals - Delhi and Daulatabad. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&q=the%20sultanate%20of%20delhi&pg=PT115 |title= The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture
|author= Aniruddha Ray |publisher= Routledge |date= March 4, 2019 |isbn = 9781000007299}}</ref> He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Dehli, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enroll them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5xnM2RWvswgC&q=Eternal%20Garden%3A%20Mysticism%2C%20History%2C%20and%20Politics%20at%20a%20South%20Asian%20Sufi%20Center%20second%20administrative%20capital&pg=PA113 |title= Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center |author= Carl W. Ernst |publisher= SUNY Press |date= 1992 |isbn= 9781438402123 }}</ref> Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad, seeing their non-compliance of his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite back to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained as an administrative centre.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&q=non-compliance&pg=PT115 |author= Aniruddha Ray |publisher= Routledge |date= March 4, 2019 |isbn = 9781000007299}}</ref> One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the nobility's hatred of the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&q=the%20sultanate%20of%20delhi&pg=PT115 |quote= The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan. |title= The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |author= Aniruddha Ray |date= 4 March 2019 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781000007299 }}</ref> The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite and result in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad who did not return to Dehli.<ref name=ebmit/> Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration of Hindu and Jain temples, for example the [[Swayambhunath|Swayambhu Shiva Temple]] and the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]].<ref name=regbook>Richard Eaton, {{Google books|5PgEmMULQC8C|Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India}}, (2004)</ref>

[[File:Muhammad bin Tughlaq on the throne - Indian Museum, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Early Mughal painting of Muhammad bin Tughlaq on the throne (1534)]]
[[File:Forced token currency coin of Muhammad bin Tughlak.jpg|thumb|A base metal coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that led to an economic collapse.]]
Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk particularly after 1335. The Indian Muslim soldier Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a native of [[Kaithal]] in North India, founded the [[Madurai Sultanate]] in South India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&dq=kaithal+sayyids&pg=PA82 |author=Raj Kumar |title=Essays on Medieval India |page=82 |date= 2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=9788171416837 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/jalal-al-din-ahsan-COM_32708 |title= Jalal al-Din Ahsan |author=Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5ItAAAAMAAJ&q=Writing+about+a+century+later+,+Ya%E1%B8%A5ya+Sarhindi+also+calls+him+a+Sayyid+form+Kaithal |title= Kusumāñjali:New Interpretation of Indian Art & Culture : Sh. C. Sivaramamurti Commemoration Volume · Volume 2 |author=M. S. Nagaraja Rao| date=1987 }}</ref> The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, ''A History of India'', (Routledge, 1986), 188.</ref> The [[Vijayanagara Empire]] liberated southern India from the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97</ref> In 1336 Kapaya Nayak of the [[Musunuri Nayak]] defeated the Tughlaq army and reconquered [[Warangal]] from the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, by Richard M. Eaton p.50</ref> In 1338 his own nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught and flayed alive.<ref name=whunter/> By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom.<ref name=vsoxford3>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911|page=217}}, Chapter 2, pp. 242–248, Oxford University Press</ref> By 1347, the [[Deccan]] had [[Rebellion of Ismail Mukh|revolted under Ismail Mukh]], an [[Afghans|Afghan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed Farooqui |first=Salma |title=Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Pearson |year=2011 |isbn=9789332500983 |pages=150}}</ref> Despite this, he was elderly and had no interest in ruling, and as a result, he stepped down in favor of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Zafar Khan]], another Afghan, who was the founder of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanid Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780521563215 |edition=Vol 7 |pages=7 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Government Gazette The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |publisher=Harvard University |year=1910 |edition=Part 2 |pages=314 |language=English}}</ref> As a result, the Deccan had become an independent and competing Muslim kingdom<ref name=mrpislam>See:
*M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, {{ISBN|978-9004177581}}, Brill
*Richards J. F. (1974), The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtoAayu603kC&dq=his+name+derives+from+corruption+of+word+Brahman&pg=RA1-PA253 |title=Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization |date=1994-07-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi |date=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22 |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }}</ref>

Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of Quran, [[Fiqh]], poetry and other fields.<ref name=zbarni/> He was deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and ''wazirs'' (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, after his expensive campaigns to expand Islamic empire, the state treasury was empty of precious metal coins. So he ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins – a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses.<ref name=vsoxford2/><ref name=ebmit/>

Ziauddin Barni, a historian in Muhammad bin Tughlaq's court, wrote that the houses of Hindus became a coin mint and people in Hindustan provinces produced fake copper coins worth [[crore]]s to pay the tribute, taxes and [[jizya]] imposed on them.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n246/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 239-242</ref> The economic experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq resulted in a collapsed economy, and nearly a decade long famine followed that killed numerous people in the countryside.<ref name="vsoxford2"/> The historian Walford chronicled Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule, in the years after the base metal coin experiment.<ref>Cornelius Walford (1878), {{Google books|WA8qAAAAYAAJ|The Famines of the World: Past and Present|page=3}}, pp. 9–10</ref><ref>Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, {{ISBN|978-0816083626}}, pp. 70–72; Quote: "In 1335-42, during a severe famine and death in the Delhi region, the Sultanate offered no help to the starving residents."</ref> Tughlaq introduced token coinage of brass and copper to augment the silver coinage which only led to increasing ease of forgery and loss to the treasury. Also, the people were not willing to trade their gold and silver for the new brass and copper coins.<ref>Domenic Marbaniang, "The Corrosion of Gold in Light of Modern Christian Economics", ''Journal of Contemporary Christian'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (Bangalore: CFCC), August 2013, p. 66</ref> Consequently, the sultan had to withdraw the lot, "buying back both the real and the counterfeit at great expense until mountains of coins had accumulated within the walls of Tughluqabad."<ref>John Keay, ''India: A History'' (New Delhi: Harper Perennial, 2000), p. 269</ref>

Muhammad bin Tughlaq planned an attack on [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]] and Irak (Babylon and Persia) as well as China to bring these regions under Sunni Islam.<ref name=zb241243/> For Khurasan attack, a cavalry of over 300,000 horses were gathered near Delhi, for a year at state treasury's expense, while spies claiming to be from Khurasan collected rewards for information on how to attack and subdue these lands. However, before he could begin the attack on Persian lands in the second year of preparations, the plunder he had collected from Indian subcontinent had emptied, provinces were too poor to support the large army, and the soldiers refused to remain in his service without pay. For the attack on China, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent 100,000 soldiers, a part of his army, over the Himalayas.<ref name=whunter/> However, Hindus closed the passes through the Himalayas and blocked the passage for retreat. [[Kangra State|Kangra]]'s Prithvi Chand II defeated the army of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished in 1333 and were forced to retreat.<ref>Chandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102. {{ISBN|978-8124105221}}.</ref> The high mountain weather and lack of retreat destroyed that army in the Himalayas.<ref name=zb241243>[https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n248/mode/2up Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi] Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 241–243</ref> The few soldiers who returned with bad news were executed under orders of the Sultan.<ref>Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Oxford University Press, Chapter 2, pp. 236–242</ref>

During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies. To cover state expenses, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sharply raised taxes on his ever-shrinking empire. Except in times of war, he did not pay his staff from his treasury. Ibn Battuta noted in his memoir that Muhammad bin Tughlaq paid his army, judges (''qadi''), court advisors, wazirs, governors, district officials and others in his service by awarding them the right to force collect taxes on Hindu villages, keep a portion and transfer rest to his treasury.<ref name=rossdunn/><ref name=berkeleychapter7/> Those who failed to pay taxes were hunted and executed.<ref name=whunter/> Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351<ref name=pjackson2003/> while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in [[Sindh]] (now in Pakistan) and [[Gujarat]] (now in India).<ref name=vsoxford3/>

Historians have attempted to determine the motivations behind Muhammad bin Tughlaq's behavior and his actions. Some<ref name=pjackson2003/> state Tughlaq tried to enforce orthodox Islamic observance and practice, promote [[jihad]] in South Asia as ''al-Mujahid fi sabilillah'' ('Warrior for the Path of God') under the influence of [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] of Syria. Others<ref>George Roy Badenoc (1901), {{Google books|KCwYAAAAYAAJ|The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record|page=13}}, 3rd Series, Volume 9, Nos. 21-22, pp. 13–15</ref> suggest insanity.

At the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the geographic control of Delhi Sultanate had shrunk to the north of the [[Narmada river]].<ref name=pjackson2003/>

===Feroz Shah Tughluq===
{{multiple image
| perrow=1/2
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| title = Feroz Shah Kotla
| total_width = 400
| footer = The Tughlaq dynasty is remembered for its architectural patronage. The famous fortress of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] reused an old Buddhist pillar erected by [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE, the [[Delhi-Topra pillar]]. The Sultanate initially wanted to use the pillar to make a mosque [[minaret]]. [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] decided otherwise and had it installed near a mosque.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKibben |first=William Jeffrey |date=1994 |title=The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=24 |pages=105–118 |jstor=4629462}}</ref> The meaning of the [[Brahmi script]] on the pillars (the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]) was unknown in Firuz Shah's time.<ref>HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n367/mode/2up Tarikh I Firozi Shahi - Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj] The History of India as told by its own historians, Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, pp 352-353</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic62asia#page/600/mode/2up|title=Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith|author=Prinsep, J|pages=600–609|year=1837|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|volume=6|issue=2}}</ref>
| image1 =Feroz Shah Kotla view.jpg
| caption1 = Tentative reconstruction of [[Feroz Shah Kotla]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India no.52 |date=1937 |page=Plate II |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22024/page/n49/mode/1up}}</ref>
| image2 =West Gate Of Firoz Shah's Cotillah, Delhi - British Library .X768-2(11)jpg.jpg
| caption2=West gate of Feroz Shah Kotla, circa 1800
| image3 =Delhi-Topra_pillar.jpg
| caption3=[[Ashoka]]'s [[Delhi-Topra pillar]] in Feroz Shah Kotla
}}
After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month. Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] replaced him and assumed the throne. His rule lasted 37 years.<ref name=pjackson1999/> His father Sipah Rajab had become infatuated with a Hindu princess named Naila. She initially refused to marry him. Her father refused the marriage proposal as well. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Abohar people. The kingdom was suffering from famines, and could not meet the ransom demand. The princess, after learning about ransom demands against her family and people, offered herself in sacrifice if the army would stop the misery to her people. Sipah Rajab and the Sultan accepted the proposal. Sipah Rajab and Naila were married and Firoz Shah was their first son.<ref>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n278/mode/2up Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi] Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 271–273</ref>

The court historian Ziauddin Barni, who served both Muhammad Tughlaq and the first six years of [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]], noted that all those who were in service of Muhammad were dismissed and executed by Firoz Shah. In his second book, Barni states that Firuz Shah was the mildest sovereign since the rule of Islam came to Delhi. Muslim soldiers enjoyed the taxes they collected from Hindu villages they had rights over, without having to constantly go to war as in previous regimes.<ref name=pjackson2003/> Other court historians such as 'Afif record a number of conspiracies and assassination attempts on Firoz Shah Tughlaq, such as by his first cousin and the daughter of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.<ref>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n296/mode/2up Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi] Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 290–292</ref>

Firoz Shah Tughlaq tried to regain the old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall, and remained outside of Delhi Sultanate. Firuz Shah Tughlaq was somewhat weak militarily, mainly because of inept leadership in the army.<ref name=pjackson1999>{{Cite book|author=Jackson, Peter|year=1999|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|pages=296–309|isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref>

An educated sultan, Firoz Shah left a memoir.<ref>Firoz Shah Tughlak, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n389/mode/2up Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak], Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives</ref> In it he wrote that he banned torture in practice in Delhi Sultanate by his predecessors, tortures such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, putting people on fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others.<ref name=vsoxfordmbt>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911|page=217}}, Chapter 2, pp. 249–251, Oxford University Press</ref> The Sunni Sultan also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz Shia Muslim and Mahdi sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild their temples after his armies had destroyed those temples.<ref>Firoz Shah Tughlak, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n393/mode/2up Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Autobiographical memoirs], Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp. 377–381</ref> As punishment, wrote the Sultan, he put many Shias, Mahdi and Hindus to death (''siyasat''). Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, his court historian, also recorded Firoz Shah Tughlaq burning a Hindu Brahmin alive for converting Muslim women.<ref>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n372/mode/2up Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi] Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 365–366</ref> In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and [[jizya]] for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu [[Brahmin]]s from ''jizya'' tax.<ref name=vsoxfordmbt/><ref>[[Annemarie Schimmel]], Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, {{ISBN|978-9004061170}}, Brill Academic, pp 20-23</ref> He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of amirs (Muslim nobles). Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, eliminating favours to select parts of society, but an increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups.<ref name=vsoxfordmbt/> After the death of his heir in 1376, Firuz Shah started strict implementation of [[Sharia]] throughout his dominions.<ref name=pjackson2003/>

[[File:Wazirabad mosque.jpg|thumb|Wazirabad mosque, near Delhi, was built during Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign.]]
Firuz Shah suffered from bodily infirmities, and his rule was considered by his court historians as more merciful than that of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.<ref name=whunter126127>William Hunter (1903), {{Google books|5IQqAAAAYAAJ|A Brief History of the Indian Peoples|page=126}}, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pp. 126–127</ref> When Firuz Shah came to power, India was suffering from a collapsed economy, abandoned villages and towns, and frequent famines. He undertook many infrastructure projects including an irrigation canal connecting Yamuna-Ghaggar and Yamuna-Sutlej rivers, bridges, [[madrasa]]s (religious schools), [[mosque]]s and other Islamic buildings.<ref name=pjackson2003/> Firuz Shah Tughlaq is credited with patronizing Indo-Islamic architecture, including the installation of lats (ancient Hindu and Buddhist pillars) near mosques. The irrigation canals continued to be in use through the 19th century.<ref name=whunter126127/> After Feroz died in 1388, the Tughlaq dynasty's power continued to fade, and no more able leaders came to the throne. Firoz Shah Tughlaq's death created anarchy and disintegration of kingdom. In the years preceding his death, internecine strife among his descendants had already erupted.<ref name=pjackson2003/>

===Civil wars===
The first civil war broke out in 1384 four years before the death of aging Firoz Shah Tughlaq, while the second civil war started in 1394 six years after Firoz Shah was dead.<ref name=pjackson1999-2>{{Cite book|author=Jackson, Peter|year=1999|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|pages=305–310|isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> The Islamic historians Sirhindi and Bihamadkhani provide the detailed account of this period. These civil wars were primarily between different factions of Sunni Islam aristocracy, each seeking sovereignty and land to tax dhimmis and extract income from resident peasants.<ref>Agha Mahdi Husain (1963), Tughluq Dynasty, Thacker Spink, Calcutta</ref>

{{South Asia in 1400|right|Main South Asian polities in 1400, towards the end of the Tughlaq dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=39, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076}}</ref>}}
Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite grandson died in 1376. Thereafter, Firuz Shah sought and followed Sharia more than ever, with the help of his [[Vizier|wazir]]s. He himself fell ill in 1384. By then, Muslim nobility who had installed Firuz Shah Tughluq to power in 1351 had died out, and their descendants had inherited the wealth and rights to extract taxes from non-Muslim peasants. Khan Jahan II, a wazir in Delhi, was the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite wazir Khan Jahan I, and rose in power after his father died in 1368.<ref>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n374/mode/2up Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi] Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 367–371</ref> The young wazir was in open rivalry with Muhammad Shah, the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq.<ref name=pjacksonwars>{{Cite book|author=Jackson, Peter|year=2003|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0521543293|pages=305–311}}</ref> The wazir's power grew as he appointed more amirs and granted favors. He persuaded the Sultan to name his great-grandson as his heir. Then Khan Jahan II tried to convince Firuz Shah Tughlaq to dismiss his only surviving son. Instead of dismissing his son, the Sultan dismissed the wazir. The crisis that followed led to first civil war, arrest and execution of the wazir, followed by a rebellion and civil war in and around Delhi. Muhammad Shah too was expelled in 1387. The Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq died in 1388. Tughluq Khan assumed power, but died in conflict. In 1389, Abu Bakr Shah assumed power, but he too died within a year. The civil war continued under Sultan Muhammad Shah, and by 1390, it had led to the seizure and execution of all Muslim nobility who were aligned, or suspected to be aligned to Khan Jahan II.<ref name="pjacksonwars"/>

While the civil war was in progress, predominantly Hindu populations of Himalayan foothills of north India had rebelled, stopped paying [[Jizya]] and [[Kharaj]] taxes to Sultan's officials. Hindus of southern Doab region of India (now [[Etawah]]) joined the rebellion in 1390. Sultan Muhammad Shah attacked Hindus rebelling near Delhi and southern Doab in 1392, with mass executions of peasants, and razing Etawah to the ground.<ref name=pjacksonwars/><ref name=mubi>Bihamadkhani, Muhammad (date unclear, estim. early 15th century) Ta'rikh-i Muhammadi, Translator: Muhammad Zaki, Aligarh Muslim University</ref> However, by then, most of India had transitioned to a patchwork of smaller Muslim Sultanates and [[Hindu king]]doms. In 1394, Hindus in Lahore region and northwest South Asia (now Pakistan) had re-asserted self-rule. Muhammad Shah amassed an army to attack them, with his son Humayun Khan as the commander-in-chief. While preparations were in progress in Delhi in January 1394, Sultan Muhammad Shah died. His son, Humayun Khan assumed power but was murdered within two months. The brother of Humayun Khan, Nasir-al-din Mahmud Shah assumed power – but he enjoyed little support from Muslim nobility, the wazirs and amirs.<ref name=pjacksonwars/> The Sultanate had lost command over almost all eastern and western provinces of already shrunken Sultanate. Within Delhi, factions of Muslim nobility formed by October 1394, triggering the second civil war.<ref name=pjacksonwars/>

Tartar Khan installed a second Sultan, Nasir-al-din Nusrat Shah in [[Firozabad (Delhi)|Firozabad]], few kilometers from the first Sultan seat of power in late 1394. The two Sultans claimed to be rightful ruler of South Asia, each with a small army, controlled by a coterie of Muslim nobility.<ref name=pjacksonwars/> Battles occurred every month, duplicity and switching of sides by [[amir]]s became commonplace, and the civil war between the two Sultan factions continued through 1398, till the invasion by Timur.<ref name=mubi/>

===Timur's Invasion===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=450|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Timur invasion of India in 1397-1399.png
| image2 = Timur pursues the Indians, led by Sultan Mahmud-Khan Tughluq, back into Delhi, 17 December 1398. Zafarnama of Ibrahim Sultan, Timurid Shiraz, 1436. Folio 290v.jpg
| footer= Map of Timur's invasion of India in 1398-1399, and painting of Timur defeating the [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq]], in the winter of 1397–1398 (painting dated 1436).}}
The lowest point for the dynasty came in 1398, when [[Turco-Mongol]]<ref name="Manz">B.F. Manz, ''The rise and rule of Timur'', [[Cambridge University|Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge 1989, p. 28: ''"... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes - Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..."''</ref><ref name="UNESCO">M.S. Asimov & [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]], ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', [[UNESCO]] Regional Office, 1998, {{ISBN|92-3-103467-7}}, p. 320: ''"… One of his followers was […] Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled […] in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania …"''</ref> invader, Timur ([[Tamerlane]]) defeated four armies of the Sultanate. During the invasion, Sultan Mahmud Khan fled before Tamerlane as he entered Delhi. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred, and over 100,000 prisoners were killed as well.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson |author-link=William Wilson Hunter|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_401.gif|volume=2|year=1909|page=366|chapter=The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398}}</ref>

The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.<ref name="marozzi-2004">{{Cite book |last=Marozzi |first=Justin |title=Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Josef W. Meri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=9780415966900 |page=812}}</ref>{{rp|269–274}}

It is believed that before his departure, Timur appointed [[Khizr Khan]], the future founder of the succeeding [[Sayyid dynasty]], as his viceroy at Delhi. Initially, Khizr Khan could only establish his control over Multan, [[Dipalpur]] and parts of [[Sindh]]. Soon he started his campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty, and entered [[Delhi]] victoriously on 6 June 1414.<ref name="majumdar">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 125–8</ref>

==Ibn Battuta's memoir on Tughlaq dynasty==
[[Ibn Battuta]], the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] Muslim traveller, left extensive notes on the Tughlaq dynasty in his travel memoirs. Ibn Battuta arrived in India through the mountains of Afghanistan, in 1334, at the height of the Tughlaq dynasty's geographic empire.<ref name=berkeleychapter7>[http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/7delhi.html Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 7 - Delhi, capital of Muslim India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824053117/http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/7delhi.html |date=24 August 2014 }} Travels of Ibn Battuta: 1334-1341, University of California, Berkeley</ref> On his way, he learnt that Sultan Muhammad Tughluq liked gifts from his visitors, and gave to his visitors gifts of far greater value in return. Ibn Battuta met Muhammad bin Tughluq, presenting him with gifts of arrows, camels, thirty horses, slaves and other goods. Muhammad bin Tughlaq responded by giving Ibn Battuta with a welcoming gift of 2,000 silver dinars, a furnished house and the job of a judge with an annual salary of 5,000 silver dinars that Ibn Battuta had the right to keep by collecting taxes from two and a half Hindu villages near Delhi.<ref name=rossdunn>Ross Dunn (1989), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, University of California Press, Berkeley, [http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/7delhi.html Excerpts] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824053117/http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/7delhi.html |date=24 August 2014 }}</ref>

In his memoirs about the Tughlaq dynasty, Ibn Batutta recorded the history of Qutb complex which included Quwat al-Islam Mosque and the [[Qutb Minar]].<ref name=hgibb>H. Gibb (1956), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, Vols. I, II, III, Hakluyt Society, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 693–709</ref> He noted the seven-year famine from 1335, which killed thousands upon thousands of people near Delhi, while the Sultan was busy attacking rebellions.<ref name=rossdunn/> He was tough both against non-Muslims and Muslims. For example,

[[File:City of Delhi in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|City of [[Delhi]] (''"ciutat de delly"''), capital of the Tughlaqs, in the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Jennifer Cochran |last2=Dow |first2=Douglas N. |title=Visualizing the Past in Italian Renaissance Art: Essays in Honor of Brian A. Curran |date=22 March 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44777-6 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brMlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |language=en|quote="detail of elephant near Delhi"}}</ref>]]
{{Blockquote|text=Not a week passed without the spilling of much Muslim blood and the running of streams of gore before the entrance of his palace. This included cutting people in half, skinning them alive, chopping off heads and displaying them on poles as a warning to others, or having prisoners tossed about by elephants with swords attached to their tusks.|sign=Ibn Battuta|source=Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi)<ref name=rossdunn/>}}

{{Blockquote|text=The Sultan was far too ready to shed blood. He punished small faults and great, without respect of persons, whether men of learning, piety or high station. Every day hundreds of people, chained, pinioned, and fettered, are brought to this hall, and those who are for execution are executed, for torture tortured, and those for beating beaten.|sign=Ibn Battuta|source=Chapter XV Rihla (Delhi)<ref>Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge, {{ISBN|9780415344739}}, p. 203</ref>}}

In the Tughlaq dynasty, the punishments were extended even to Muslim religious figures who were suspected rebellion.<ref name=hgibb/> For example, Ibn Battuta mentions Sheikh Shinab al-Din, who was imprisoned and tortured as follows:

{{Blockquote|text=On the fourteen day, the Sultan sent him food, but he (Sheikh Shinab al-Din) refused to eat it. When the Sultan heard this he ordered that the sheikh should be fed human excrement [dissolved in water]. [His officials] spread out the sheikh on his back, opened his mouth and made him drink it (the excrement). On the following day, he was beheaded.|sign=Ibn Battuta|source=Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi)<ref name=hgibb/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/sidetrips.html |title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta |access-date=2014-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313013348/http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/sidetrips.html |archive-date=13 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>}}

[[File:Painting depicting the court of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.jpg|thumb|[[Mughal painting]] depicting the court of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq.<ref>[[:File:Painting depicting the court of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (translation of title).jpg|Per painting label]]</ref>]]
Ibn Batutta wrote that Sultan's officials demanded bribes from him while he was in Delhi, as well as deducted 10% of any sums that Sultan gave to him.<ref>Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge, {{ISBN|9780415344739}}, pp. 208–209</ref> Towards the end of his stay in Tughluq dynasty court, Ibn Battuta came under suspicion for his friendship with a Sufi Muslim holy man.<ref name=berkeleychapter7/> Both Ibn Battuta and the Sufi Muslim were arrested. While Ibn Battuta was allowed to leave India, the Sufi Muslim was killed as follows according to Ibn Battuta during the period he was under arrest:

{{Blockquote|text=(The Sultan) had the holy man's beard plucked out hair by hair, then banished him from Delhi. Later the Sultan ordered him to return to court, which the holy man refused to do. The man was arrested, tortured in the most horrible way, then beheaded.|sign=[[Ibn Battuta]]|source=Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi)<ref name=berkeleychapter7/>}}

==Slavery under the Tughlaq dynasty==
{{See also|Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate}}

Each military campaign and raid on non-Muslim kingdoms yielded loot and seizure of slaves. Additionally, the Sultans patronized a market ({{Transliteration|ar|al-nakhkhās}}<ref>"nak̲h̲k̲h̲ās", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Editors: P.J. Bearmanet al, Brill, The Netherlands</ref>) for trade of both foreign and Indian slaves.<ref>I.H. Siddiqui (2012), Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, Saiyid Jafri (Editor), {{ISBN|978-9380607283}}, pp. 443–448</ref> This market flourished under the reign of all Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad Tughlaq and Firoz Tughlaq.<ref>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n346/mode/2up Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi] Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 340–341</ref>

Ibn Battuta's memoir records that he fathered a child each with two slave girls, one from Greece and one he purchased during his stay in Delhi Sultanate. This was in addition to the daughter he fathered by marrying a Muslim woman in India.<ref>[http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/sidetrips.html Insights into Ibn Battuta's Ideas of Women and Sexuality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313013348/http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/sidetrips.html |date=13 March 2014 }} The Travels of Ibn Battuta, University of California, Berkeley</ref> Ibn Battuta also records that Muhammad Tughlaq sent along with his emissaries, both slave boys and slave girls as gifts to other countries such as China.<ref>Samuel Lee (translator), Ibn Battuta - The Travels of Ibn Battuta: in the Near East, Asia and Africa, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1616402624}}, pp. 151–155</ref>

==Muslim nobility and revolts==
The Tughlaq dynasty experienced many revolts by Muslim nobility, particularly during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign but also during rule of later monarchs such as Firoz Shah Tughlaq.<ref name=pjackson1999/><ref>James Brown (1949), The History of Islam in India, The Muslim World, Volume 39, Issue 1, pp. 11–25</ref>

[[File:Tome of Shah Rukn-e-Alam.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] in [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]], is considered to be the earliest example of Tughluq architecture, built between 1320 and 1324.<ref name=yale>{{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan|title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300064650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&q=rukn+alam|access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref>]]
The Tughlaqs had attempted to manage their expanded empire by appointing family members and Muslim aristocracy as na'ib ({{Script|Arabic|نائب}}) of Iqta' (farming provinces, {{Script|Arabic|اقطاع}}) under contract.<ref name=pjackson1999/> The contract would require that the na'ib shall have the right to forcefully collect taxes from non-Muslim peasants and local economy, and deposit a fixed sum of tribute and taxes to Sultan's treasury on a periodic basis.<ref name=pjackson1999/><ref name=afif287/> The contract allowed the na'ib to keep a certain amount of taxes they collected from peasants as their income, but the contract required any excess tax and seized property collected from non-Muslims to be split between na'ib and Sultan in a 20:80 ratio. (Firuz Shah changed this to 80:20 ratio.) The na'ib had the right to keep soldiers and officials to help extract taxes. After contracting with Sultan, the na'ib would enter into subcontracts with Muslim amirs and army commanders, each granted the right over certain villages to force collect or seize produce and property from [[dhimmis]].<ref name=afif287>Elliot and Dowson (Translators), [https://archive.org/stream/historyindiaast06elligoog#page/n294/mode/2up Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi] Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 287–373</ref>

This system of tax extraction from peasants and sharing among Muslim nobility led to rampant corruption, arrests, execution and rebellion. For example, in the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a Muslim noble named Shamsaldin Damghani entered into a contract over the iqta' of [[Gujarat]], promising enormous sums of annual tribute while entering the contract in 1377.<ref name=pjackson1999/> He then attempted to force collect the amount deploying his coterie of Muslim amirs, but failed. Even the amount he did manage to collect, he paid nothing to Delhi.<ref name=afif287/> Shamsaldin Damghani and Muslim nobility of Gujarat then declared rebellion and separation from Delhi Sultanate. However, the soldiers and peasants of Gujarat refused to fight the war for the Muslim nobility. Shamsaldin Damghani was killed.<ref name=pjackson1999/> During the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, similar rebellions were very common. His own nephew rebelled in Malwa in 1338; Muhammad Shah Tughlaq attacked Malwa, seized his nephew, and then [[Flaying|flayed]] him alive in public.<ref name=whunter/>

==Downfall==
The provinces of Deccan, Bengal, Sindh and Multan had become independent during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]. The [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|invasion of Timur]] further weakened the Tughlaq empire and allowed several regional chiefs to become independent, resulting in the formation of the sultanates of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]]. The Rajput states also expelled the governor of [[Ajmer]] and asserted control over Rajputana. The Tughlaq power continued to decline until they were finally overthrown by their former governor of Multan, [[Khizr Khan]], resulting in the rise of the [[Sayyid Dynasty]] as the new rulers of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="DC">Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) By Satish Chandra p. 210 [https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&dq=timur+invasion+rajput&pg=PA210]</ref>

==Indo-Islamic architecture==
{{main|Indo-Islamic architecture}}
The Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Firoz Shah Tughlaq, patronized many construction projects and are credited with the development of Indo-Islamic architecture.<ref>William McKibben (1994), The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Ars orientalis, Vol. 24, pp. 105–118</ref>

<gallery class="center" perrow="5" widths="155" heights="120">
File:Tughlaqabad Fort, Tughlaqabad, Delhi.jpg|[[Tughlaqabad Fort]], Tughlaqabad, Delhi.
File:Ghiyath aldin tughluq tomb.JPG|Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah]]'s Mausoleum in [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], Tughlaqabad, Delhi.
File:Tughlaqabad fort wall.jpg|Tughlaqabad fort wall
File:Tughlaqabad walls.jpg|Tughlaqabad Fort
File:Feroze Sha's tomb with adjoining Madrasa.JPG|Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Feroze Shah Tughlaq]]'s tomb with adjoining Madrassa, in Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi.
File:Remains of buildings at Firoze Shah Kotla, Delhi.jpg|Feroze Shah Kotla ruins, painted in 1802.
File:West Gate Of Firoz Shah's Cotillah, Delhi - British Library .X768-2(11)jpg.jpg|West Gate of [[Firozabad (Delhi)|Firozabad]] (present [[Feroz Shah Kotla]]), painted in 1802.
File:Feroz shah kotla02 by ashish.jpg|[[Feroz Shah Kotla]] remains next to the Feroz Shah Kotla Cricket Stadium.
File:Bahlol Khan Gazi's Mosque 02.jpg|[[Hilal Khan Ghazi Mosque]], located in [[Dholka]], [[Gujarat]].
</gallery>

==Rulers==

{| class="wikitable floatleft"
! style="background:#b0dc88;"| Titular Name
! style="background:#b0dc88;"| Personal Name{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
! style="background:#b0dc88;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghazi Malik]] {{Nastaliq|غازی ملک}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1320–1325
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Muhammad Adil bin Tughluq Shah'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمد عادل بن تغلق شاہ }} ''Ulugh Khan'' {{Nastaliq|الغ خان }} ''Juna Khan'' {{Nastaliq|جنا خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Malik Fakhr-ud-din Jauna]] {{Nastaliq|ملک فخر الدین }}
| style="text-align:center;"|1325–1351
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان فیروز شاہ تغلق}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq|Malik Feroze ibn Malik Rajab]] {{Nastaliq|ملک فیروز ابن ملک رجب }}
| style="text-align:center;"|1351–1388
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tughluq Khan|Tughluq Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah]] {{Nastaliq|تغلق خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ }}
| style="text-align:center;"|1388–1389
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Abu Bakr Shah'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان ابو بکر شاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Abu Bakr Shah Tughluq|Abu Bakr Khan ibn Zafar Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah]] {{Nastaliq|ابو بکر خان ابن ظفر خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1389–1390
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Muhammad Shah'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمد شاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughluq|Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah]] {{Nastaliq|محمد شاہ ابن فیروز شاہ }}
| style="text-align:center;"|1390–1394
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah '' {{Nastaliq|سلطان علاءالدین سکندر شاہ }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah|Humayun Khan]] {{Nastaliq|ھمایوں خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1394
|- style="background:yellow"
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان ناصر الدین محمود شاہ تغلق}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq|Mahmud Shah ibn Muhammad Shah]] {{Nastaliq|محمود شاہ ابن محمد شاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1394–1412/1413
|- style="background:orange"
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان ناصر الدین نصرت شاہ تغلق }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq|Nusrat Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah]] {{Nastaliq|نصرت خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1394–1398
|}
{{Clear}}
*''The coloured rows signify the splitting of [[Delhi Sultanate]] under two Sultans; one in the east (Orange) at [[Firozabad (Delhi)|Firozabad]] & the other in the west (Yellow) at [[Delhi]].''

==See also==
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
*[[List of Sunni dynasties]]
*[[Persianate society|Persianate states]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Tughluqs: Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Tughlaq Dynasty}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tughlaq Dynasty}}
[[Category:Tughlaq dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1320]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1414]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties of India]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]

Madura College

2025-07-28T08:28:02Z

हिन्दू: basic expanded structure per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Academic Institution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{coord|9.911|N|78.108|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The Madura College
| native_name = மதுரைக்கல்லூரி
| image = Madura College Logo.png
| motto = "Learning Shines with Righteousness"
| established = 1856
| type = Public
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| principal = Dr. J. Suresh
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Madurai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = {{convert|43|acre|m2}} [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| affiliation = [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]
| website = [http://www.maduracollege.edu.in maduracollege.edu.in]
}}

'''The Madura College''' established in 1856, is one of the oldest academic institutions in [[Madurai]], [[India]]. It is an autonomous arts and science college affiliated to the [[Madurai Kamaraj University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/new/acollege/autocol|title = Madurai Kamaraj University - Official Site}}</ref>

==History==
The college started as a Zilla School in 1856 as an outcome of [[Wood's despatch]] of 1854. In 1880, a college Department was added under the affiliation of the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqAlHNTOWJgC&q=the+Madura+College&pg=PA177|title = Madura Gazetteer|isbn = 9788170209690|last1 = Jensen|first1 = Herman|date = July 2002}}</ref> The School and the College Departments were both taken over by 'Madura Native School Committee' and renamed itself as the 'Madura Committee' in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maduracollege.edu.in/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324013059/http://maduracollege.edu.in/history.php |archive-date=24 March 2017 |title=History of Madura College}}</ref>

==Academic programmes==
The Madura College offers undergraduates and postgraduate programmes in arts and science affiliated to the [[Madurai Kamaraj University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maduracollege.edu.in/course_offered.php|title=Courses Offered - The Madura College|website=www.maduracollege.edu.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-18|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619185120/http://www.maduracollege.edu.in/course_offered.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college has been accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] with the "A" Grade (CGPA 3.15 out of 4).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maduracollege.edu.in/nirf/madura%20college%20nirf-college.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623153511/https://www.maduracollege.edu.in/nirf/madura%20college%20nirf-college.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Departments ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Tamil
* Sanskrit
* Hindi
* English
* Sociology
* Philosophy
* Economics
* Mathematics
* Physics
* Chemistry
* Computer Science
* Zoology
* Botany
* Commerce
* Information Technology
* Bio-Technology
* Micro-Biology
{{colend}}

== Extension activities ==
The college offers the following outreach programmes:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maduracollege.edu.in/extension_activities.php|title=Extension Activities|website=www.maduracollege.edu.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-18|archive-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531050857/http://www.maduracollege.edu.in/extension_activities.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* National Service Scheme
* National Cadet Crops
* Youth Red Cross
* Red Ribbon Club
* Adult Education and Extension Programme
* Physical Education

== Alumni Association ==
* Sri T. S. Rajam, former President of the [[Madras Music Academy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maduracollege.edu.in/alumini.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325081944/http://maduracollege.edu.in/alumini.php |archive-date=25 March 2017 |title=Madura College Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musicacademymadras.in/past_presidents/shri-t-s-rajam/|title=Shri. T.S. Rajam – Music Academy|access-date=23 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625140009/https://musicacademymadras.in/past_presidents/shri-t-s-rajam/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Jana Krishnamurthi|Shri Jana Krishnamurthi]]

==External links==
*[http://www.maduracollege.edu.in Official website]

==References ==
<references />

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Education in India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madura College}}
[[Category:Colleges in Madurai]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madurai]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

List of hotels in Bengaluru

2025-04-25T02:54:42Z

हिन्दू: starting stub.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
This article lists the notable hotels in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]].

==List of completed hotels==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Hotel
! Parent Company
! Location
! Number of rooms
! Number of floors
! Year of opening
! Star rating
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Image
|-
| [[Jayamahal Palace Hotel]]
|
| Jayamahal Road
| 48
|
| 1892
|
|
|
|-
| [[Taj West End Bangalore]]
| [[Indian Hotels Company Limited]]
| Race Course Road
| 117
|
| 1887
| 5-star
| Built in 1887, its the oldest hotel in the city.
<ref name="125 years old, still retains grandeur of the past">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = 125 years old, still retains grandeur of the past
| newspaper = Deccan Herald
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| date = 11 August 2011
| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/270930/125-years-old-still-retains.html
| accessdate = 3 Dec 2011}}</ref>
| [[File:Heritage Block, the Taj West End, Bangalore.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ritz-Carlton Bangalore]]
| [[Ritz Carlton]]
| Residency Road, Shanti Nagar
| 277
|
| 2013
| 5-star
| The first luxury Ritz Carlton hotel in India.<ref name="India's first Ritz-Carlton opens in Bangalore">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = India's first Ritz-Carlton opens in Bangalore
| newspaper = Economic Times
| location = Bengaluru
| pages =
| language =
| date = 4 November 2013
| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indias-first-ritz-carlton-opens-in-bangalore/articleshow/25211803.cms?from=mdr
| accessdate = 7 Oct 2020}}</ref>
|
|-
|-
| [[JW Marriott Bangalore]]
| [[Marriott International]]
| Vittal Mallya Road, Shanti Nagar
| 297
|
| 2013
| 5-star
| First JW Marriott hotel in Bengaluru.
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of hotels in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Companies|Lists}}

[[Category:Hotels in Bengaluru|*]]
[[Category:Lists of hotels in India|B]]
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists|H]]
[[Category:Lists of hotels by city|B]]

Jai Mata Di

2025-04-08T19:49:29Z

हिन्दू:

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Jai Mata Di''''' is a 1977 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] devotional film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jai-mata-di-32576|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084911/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jai-mata-di-32576|url-status=live|archive-date=12 February 2018|title=Jai Mata Di (1977) - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> It was directed by Daljit .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinematerial.com/movies/jai-mata-di-i267612|title=Jai Mata Di (1977) movie posters|website=www.cinematerial.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Dara Singh]] as Balbir
*[[Narendra Chanchal]]
*[[Sajid Khan]]
*Babu Sonu
*[[Sardar Akhter]]
*[[Satyajeet Puri]]
*Master Vishal
*[[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]]
*Madhumati
*[[Kamini (actress)|Kamini]]
*[[Tun Tun]]
*[[Gulshan Kumar Mehta]]
*Mirza Mushauff
*Polsan
*Saudagar Singh
*Jugnu
*[[Kamaljeet Sona]]

==Music==
Music by [[Hansraj Behl]]
Playback Singer - Aasha Bhonsle, Mahendra Kapoor, Minu Purshotum, Dilraj Kaur, S. Balbeer, Hira Lala & Narendra Chanchal

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0267612|Jai Mata Di (1977) }}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1970s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Kothakulangara

2025-02-23T17:16:24Z

हिन्दू: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Notability|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothakulangara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|12|0|N|76|22|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-63
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[[File:Kothakulangara Sree Bhagavathi Temple Angamaly Side View.JPG|thumb|Bhagavathi Temple]]
[[File:Kothakulangara Sree Bhagavathi Temple Angamaly.JPG|thumb|Bhagavathi Temple, another view]]

'''Kothakulangara''' is a village in [[Kerala]], [[India]], situated 400 m (¼ mile) north of [[Angamali]] town on the National Highway 47, in [[Ernakulam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Wards No 2, 3 and 4 of Angamali Municipality are included in Kothakulangara.

Kothakulangara has a mostly [[Hindu]] population. Famous Hindu Nair Families live there. It has more than 400 houses. Most residents are related to each other. [[Orma Marble Palace]] is situated at Kothakulangara. The Canal Branch of the [[Chalakudy River]] runs through the town. The KG Hospital, one of the well known hospital in Angamaly, is situated near to this place. [[Don Bosco]] of the [[Salesians of Don Bosco|Salesian Fathers]] started a school here. Cultural activities are being conducted annually by [[NSS Karayogam]], one of the oldest Nair service society Branch.

The residents have formed a new association called KTN - Kothakulangara Residents Association which has evolved into a strong forum for the residents to voice their rights to the local councils, improve the civic amenities in the area and also to foster a responsible community living amongst the residents. KTN has kick started a lot of initiatives and have also formed a communication channel with the local municipal authorities to enable quick action on some of the initiatives.

==Temple==
The [[Bhagavathi]] Temple which comes under [[Travencore]] Devaswaom Board is location in the area.<ref name="r978">{{cite web | title=Kothakulangara Sree Bhagavathy Temple Ernakulam- Temples of Kerala | website=Temples of Kerala | url=https://templesofkerala.org/ernakulam/kothakulangarasreebhagavathytemple.html | access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref><ref name="i380">{{cite web | title=Kothakulangara Bhagavathy Temple, Guruvayur Bhagavathy Temple, Kothakulangara Bhagavathy Kshethram, Bhagavathy Temple, Pilgrim | website=Kothakulangara Bhagavathy Temple, Guruvayur Bhagavathy Temple, Kothakulangara Bhagavathy Kshethram, Bhagavathy Temple, Pilgrim | url=https://kothakulangarabhagavathytemple.com/kothakulangara-temple-gallery.html | access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref> The wealth it possessed caused Devaswam Board upgraded this temple to a Major Temple. Bhagavathy in this temple is very powerful. The festival in this temple is in January or February. The auditorium in this temple was open for the devotees of [[Sabarimala]] on the season.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070911233606/http://www.kothakulangara.com/ Kothakulangara's Website]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ernakulam district}}
[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]