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Koduvally Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T18:14:50Z

जाट: put up new article.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koduvally
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 31
| map_image = File:Koduvally Main Road.jpg
| map_caption = Koduvally Main Road in Koduvally Assembly constituency
| established = 1957 (first establishment) 1977 (second establishment)
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,83,387 (2021)
| mla = [[P. K. Firos]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
}}
'''Koduvally State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district, Kerala.
|access-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[M. K. Muneer|M. K Muneer]] Of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Koduvally Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District
|access-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Koduvally]]
|Municipality
|[[Thamarassery]]
|-
|2
|[[Kattippara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thamarassery]]
|-
|3
|[[Kizhakkoth]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thamarassery]]
|-
|4
|[[Narikkuni]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thamarassery]]
|-
|5
|[[Omassery]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thamarassery]]
|-
|6
|[[Thamarassery]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thamarassery]]
|-
|7
|[[Madavoor, Kozhikode|Madavoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kozhikode]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Koduvally Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/koduvally-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Koduvally
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |M. Gopalankutty Nair
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1964
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[E. Ahamed]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| rowspan="2" |P. V. Mohammed
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| [[P. M. Aboobacker]]
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| P. V. Mohammed
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| [[C. Moyinkutty]]
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| [[C. Mammutty]]
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| [[P. T. A. Rahim]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| [[V. M. Ummer Master]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| [[Karat Razak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| 2016-2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| rowspan="2" |[[M. K. Muneer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Incumbent]]
|}

{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Koduvally}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League |candidate=P. K. Firoz|votes=95164|percentage=57.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=Saleem Madavoor|votes=58482|percentage=35.23|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Giri Pambanal|votes=9832|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Bavan Kutty K. M.|votes=286|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=490|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 36682
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = IUML
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,83,388 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Koduvally}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[M. K. Muneer]] |votes=72,336|percentage=47.86|change={{increase}} 3.85|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Karat Razak]]|votes=65,992|percentage=43.66|change={{decrease}} 0.76|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T Balasoman|votes=9,498|percentage=6.27|change={{decrease}}2.12|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Musthafa Kommeri|votes=1,769|percentage=1.17|change={{increase}} 0.1|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=269|percentage=0.18|change={{decrease}} 0.24|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdul Razak K. T.|votes=381|percentage=0.25|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Razack|votes=325|percentage=0.22|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Muneer M.K|votes=228|percentage=0.15|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,344|percentage=4.19|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,154|percentage=82.42|change={{increase}}0.54}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|loser=Independent (politician)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,67,786 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Koduvally}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Karat Razak|votes=61,033|percentage=44.42|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=M. A. Razak|votes=60,460|percentage=44.01|change={{decrease}}9.02|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ali Akbar|votes=11,537|percentage=8.40|change={{increase}}2.67|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=P. K. Zakariya|votes=1,566|percentage=1.14|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=E. Nazar|votes=1,466|percentage=1.07|change={{decrease}} 0.41|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=582|percentage=0.42|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abdul Razak K. T.|votes=352|percentage=0.26|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sayyid Hussain Jiffri Thangal|votes=281|percentage=0.20|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. P .Aboobacker|votes=112|percentage=0.08|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=573|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,389|percentage=81.88|change={{increase}}2.34}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Independent politician|loser=Indian Union Muslim League|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,42,384 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Koduvally}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=V. M. Ummer|votes=60,365|percentage=53.03|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. Mehaboob|votes=43,813|percentage=38.49|change={{decrease}}1.16|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Gireesh Thevally|votes=6,519|percentage=5.73|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. T. Abdul Haji|votes=1,688|percentage=1.48|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Aboobacker|votes=496|percentage=0.44|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mehaboob Kanichadikkuzhi Valeparammel|votes=324|percentage=0.28|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ummer|votes=313|percentage=0.27|change={{increase}}0.01|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mehaboob Illikkathodi|votes=306|percentage=0.27|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=16,552|percentage=14.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,13,824|percentage=79.94|change={{increase}}1.52}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|loser=Independent politician|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Koduvally]]
* [[Kozhikode district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Diya (film)

2026-05-06T10:11:26Z

जाट: Made a info needs work...

{{short description|2018 film directed by A. L. Vijay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Diya
| image = Diya poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster of Tamil version
| director = [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]
| producer = [[Allirajah Subaskaran]]
| writer = Vijay
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Vijay (Tamil) [[Ajayan Bala]] (Tamil) Sathya (Telugu)
}}
| starring = [[Sai Pallavi]] [[Naga Shaurya]] Veronika Arora
| music = [[Sam CS]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]]
| distributor = Naveen
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|04|27}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Diya''''', previously known as ''Karu'' ({{Translation|Embryo}}), is a 2018 Indian [[horror film]] directed by [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]] and produced by [[Lyca Productions]]. The film is shot simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages, the latter titled as '''''Kanam''''' ({{translation|Particle}}). It stars [[Sai Pallavi]], [[Naga Shourya]], and Veronika Arora. The music was composed by [[Sam CS]], with editing done by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and cinematography by [[Nirav Shah]]. Both the Tamil and Telugu versions were released on 27 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Kanam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kanam/movie-review/63938712.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031050941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kanam/movie-review/63938712.cms |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
At the age of 19, Thulasi gets pregnant because of Krishna, but their family decides to abort the child. After five years, they get married, but Thulasi is not very happy because of their past. Later, Krishna tells her to let go of the past, and soon, she comes out of the pain and starts leading a happy life.

The truth that is happening around Thulasi and Krishna is that their little unborn girl Diya has always been with them all along invisibly. When Krishna's father comes to meet Krishna at his new flat, Diya sees him and starts following him to his house. The next day, Krishna's father is found dead in the water tank of their building. This is Diya's plan for revenge. Later, when Thulasi's mother comes to visit Krishna's father's funeral, Diya starts following her and kills her in an elevator in Krishna's construction site. As the death case is handled by Sub-Inspector Raghavan, he comes to the conclusion that both of them are dead due to asphyxiation.

When Krishna and Thulasi visit the hospital, they meet their family doctor, who also happens to die in a car accident because of Diya. There rises a suspicion within the investigating team that whoever meets Thulasi and Krishna are dying due to the same reason. The police also found it suspicious that the doctor's car had child lock on when there was actually no child in the car. One day, Thulasi's uncle comes to visit her. Thulasi looks at her family picture and suddenly realizes that the deaths surrounding them are happening for the same reason. When she was pregnant with Diya, she was forced by her mother, father-in-law, uncle, doctor, and Krishna to abort the child. Realizing that her uncle may be the next to be killed, Thulasi calls him, but it is too late as a huge container falls on him, killing him. Thulasi thinks that Diya is with her and calls out her name, to which she responds by making the carousel doll move, making Thulasi realize that all the deaths are indeed because of her. She tries to tell this to Krishna and insists that she has to be with him always so that Diya will not kill him, but he does not believe these stories and takes her to a psychiatrist.

One day, Krishna gets a call from the construction site and leaves without telling Thulasi. She panics and calls him, but he hangs up. When she reaches his site, she saves him just in time from a crane carrying a huge block that was about to hit him. Krishna still does not believe in Thulasi's suspicions and at a priest's suggestion to have a Pooja, they make arrangements, but Thulasi dreams about those people burning Diya and she is suffering in pain, so she sends the priests away. Meanwhile, Krishna meets the psychiatrist, who suggests that Krishna go somewhere alone and switch off his phone for two days, and Thulasi will finally stop panicking once he returns safe and sound.

The next day, Krishna is gone, and Thulasi is worried and keeps searching for him. Diya takes this opportunity and tries to kill Krishna by making the walls of his room close in on each other to crush him to death. Meanwhile, Agni/Raghavan thinks that whatever Thulasi says is true and goes in search of her, but he finds that she met with an accident and is unconscious, so he takes her to the hospital, where they try to revive her heart. Thulasi's spirit sees Diya and stops her from killing Krishna. Krishna understands that Thulasi was right. The doctors are able to successfully revive Thulasi, and tears roll from her eyes and she is happy that she finally met Diya. The doctor then says that Thulasi is pregnant.

The movie ends with a message about abortion.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
! Actor (Tamil) !! Actor (Telugu) !! Role (Tamil) !! Role (Telugu)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sai Pallavi]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Thulasi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Naga Shourya]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Krishna
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Veronika Arora || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Baby Diya
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[RJ Balaji]]|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]]|| style="text-align:center;" | Sub-Inspector K. Ragavan || style="text-align:center;" | Sub-Inspector K. Agni
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Thulasi's mother
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Krishna's father
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sujitha]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Doctor
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Santhana Bharathi]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Real Estate Broker
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Jayakumar || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Thulasi's uncle
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Stunt Silva]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Swamiji
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Elango Kumaravel]] || style="text-align:center;"|Sai Ramesh Bhagavatula || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Constable Balakumar
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[T. M. Karthik]]||style="text-align:center;"|Sathya || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Constable Ramesh
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Gandhari Nithin
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Ram
|}

==Production==
In early April 2017, [[A. L. Vijay]] announced that he would be working on a film starring [[Sai Pallavi]] for [[Lyca Productions]] and that he would direct a script he had written "three and a half years ago".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Pallavi's Tamil debut is now a bilingual |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/22/sai-pallavis-tamil-debut-is-now-a-bilingual-1607459.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100435/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/22/sai-pallavis-tamil-debut-is-now-a-bilingual-1607459.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> He had chosen to cast Sai Pallavi, after another project for Pramod Films, which would have been a Tamil remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' (2015) with [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], was suddenly shelved. After securing the actress's dates to shoot the film, Vijay finalised the technical crew to include his regular collaborators such as cinematographer [[Nirav Shah]] and editor [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2017 |title=Vijay prefers Sai Pallavi's Karu, delays Charlie remake with Madhavan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-prefers-sai-pallavi-karu-delays-charlie-remake-with-madhavan-4643053/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100117/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-prefers-sai-pallavi-karu-delays-charlie-remake-with-madhavan-4643053/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> For Sai Pallavi, it became her first Tamil language film following a series of projects which she dropped out of, she was replaced in or was shelved. She had previously been cast and then replaced in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' (2017), while she opted out Vijay Chander's ''[[Sketch (2017 film)|Sketch]]'' (2017). Likewise, earlier, her films ''Charlie'' and [[Rajiv Menon]]'s ''Saravam Thaala Maayam'' were indefinitely postponed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2017 |title=Sai Pallavi opts out of Vikram film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sai-pallavi-opts-out-of-vikram-film/articleshow/56873973.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902064636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sai-pallavi-opts-out-of-vikram-film/articleshow/56873973.cms |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The following month, Telugu actor [[Naga Shourya]], was signed on to make his debut in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2017 |title=Sai Pallavi for Naga Shaurya? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200517/sai-pallavi-for-naga-shaurya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024101637/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200517/sai-pallavi-for-naga-shaurya.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title='Karu' Will Touch Upon The Issue Of Abortion, Says Director Vijay |url=https://silverscreen.in/telugu/news/karu-will-touch-upon-issue-abortion-says-director-vijay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203085517/https://silverscreenindia.com/telugu/news/karu-will-touch-upon-issue-abortion-says-director-vijay/ |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> Sam C.S. was roped as music director, working with Vijay for the first time replacing his usual music director, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].

The film was revealed to be completed by September 2017, with Sai Pallavi beginning her dubbing work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Pallavi starts dubbing for Vijay's 'Karu' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sai-pallavi-starts-dubbing-for-vijay-s-karu-news-tamil-rjwn9Jhdcaecc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004143302/http://www.sify.com/movies/sai-pallavi-starts-dubbing-for-vijay-s-karu-news-tamil-rjwn9Jhdcaecc.html |archive-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Vijay denied that the film was a horror film and stated that the film would explore the "story of a young mother and her four-year-old child", with Sai Pallavi portraying the mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=A much needed film on a woman's choice |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200917/a-much-needed-film-on-a-womans-choice.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024101726/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200917/a-much-needed-film-on-a-womans-choice.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> Still, the film is a horror story with Baby Veronika as the aborted daughter of Sai Pallavi and Naga Shaurya, who takes revenge on the demise of her.

In April 2018, the film's title was changed from ''Karu'' to ''Diya''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2018 |title=Sai Pallavi's Karu title changed to Diya; to hit screens on April 27 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sai-pallavi-s-karu-title-changed-to-diya-to-hit-screens-on-april-27/story-Ry5qlrbMv4a9PMC8EWoakO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215339/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sai-pallavi-s-karu-title-changed-to-diya-to-hit-screens-on-april-27/story-Ry5qlrbMv4a9PMC8EWoakO.html |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> The film was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Kanam''. Some scenes from the Telugu version were dubbed from Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=20 May 2018 |title=Bilingual films: The big, bilingual scam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014023155/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=Many, many films, including Baahubali [...] have been following a worrying formula: Cast an actor each from across regions to appeal to the respective audiences, get them speaking that language, but by and large, shoot the film with the characters speaking one dominant language. [...] In the case of Diya, this was Tamil.}}</ref>

==Release==
This movie was released on April 27, 2018. The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=சாய் பல்லவி RJ பாலாஜி நடிப்பில் AL விஜய் இயக்கத்தில் தியா விஜயதசமி சிறப்பு திரைப்படம் அக்டோபர் 19 காலை 11 மணிக்கு |url=https://www.facebook.com/ZeeTamizh/videos/diya-october-19-1100-am/2090840017645566/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416122408/https://www.facebook.com/ZeeTamizh/videos/diya-october-19-1100-am/2090840017645566/ |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=facebook.com/ZeeTamizh}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Diya / Kanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album art
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|02|24}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2018 |title=Diya - Sam C.S. |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Karu-2018/CXLbTRUViaw_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223230/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Karu-2018/CXLbTRUViaw_ |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:34
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Lyca Productions]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[6 Athiyayam]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|mealpM0cN7o|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music is composed by [[Sam C. S.]] and all lyrics are by [[Madhan Karky]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2018 |title=Hero skips Audio Launch! What's The Matter? |url=http://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Naga-Shaurya-Skipped-For-Karu-Movie-Audio-Launch/66934 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164711/http://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Naga-Shaurya-Skipped-For-Karu-Movie-Audio-Launch/66934 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018 |publisher=english.tupaki.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track listing
(Soundtrack released under the name of ''Karu'')
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Aalaliloo
| extra1 = Swagatha S. Krishnan

| title2 = Konjali
| extra2 = [[Sathyaprakash Dharmar]], Neha Venugopal, JKA Shalini

| title3 = Karuve
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title4 = Voice Of Karu
| extra4 = Chennai Orchestra

| title5 = Sound Of Revenge
| extra5 = Chennai Orchestra
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track listing (Kanam)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanam songs - Telugu |url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/kanam-songs-A0003793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001073609/https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/kanam-songs-A0003793 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Raaga}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = Krishna Madineni
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Jo Lali Jo
| extra1 = Swagatha S. Krishnan

| title2 = Sanjali
| extra2 = Aravind Srinivas, Anu Anand

| title3 = Kaname
| extra3 = Latha Srinivas

| title4 = Voice Of Kanam
| extra4 = Chennai Orchestra

| title5 = Sound Of Revenge
| extra5 = Chennai Orchestra
}}

==Critical reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=40|count=5|average=4.3|ref=yes}}

Ashameera Aiyappan of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5/5 and said, "The story is predictable. There isn't much surprise beyond the first few minutes until the very end." However, she praised the music composer [[Sam CS]] and the lead actress Sai Pallavi, saying that the latter "makes a strong debut in Tamil with an incredibly subtle and measured performance."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Diya movie review: Sai Pallavi, Sam CS shine in this horror film |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/diya-kanam-movie-review-sai-pallavi-5152933/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153311/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/diya-kanam-movie-review-sai-pallavi-5152933/ |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 1.5/5 and said, "Sai Pallavi's stunning performance cannot save this confusing film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2018 |title=Diya movie review: Sai Pallavi's stunning performance cannot save this confusing film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/diya-movie-review-sai-pallavi-s-stunning-performance-cannot-save-this-confusing-film/story-WEm4vdeZzFtdQINYqkW6uM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516064520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/diya-movie-review-sai-pallavi-s-stunning-performance-cannot-save-this-confusing-film/story-WEm4vdeZzFtdQINYqkW6uM.html |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 1.5/5 and said, "Director Vijay's recently released film comes across as a half-baked, confusing at times, bothering take on the whole issue of abortion."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diya movie review: Sai Pallavi's Tamil debut is morally confusing and bland |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/diya-movie-review-karu-sai-pallavi-vijay-1221717-2018-04-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153305/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/diya-movie-review-karu-sai-pallavi-vijay-1221717-2018-04-27 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3/5, praising the acting performance of Sai Pallavi, cinematography by Nirav Shah, and music by Sam CS but said, "Despite these strengths, Diya isn't compelling enough."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Diya Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/diya/movie-review/63911868.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504101518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/diya/movie-review/63911868.cms |archive-date=4 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Regarding ''Kanam'', ''The Times of India'' stated that "One would expect 'Kanam' to be nothing less than a thriller that will keep you guessing and at the edge of your seat. However, it fails to live up to that expectation".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanam Review {3/5}: Don't go looking for pure horror or something entertaining |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kanam/movie-review/63938712.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7695522}}

{{A. L. Vijay}}
{{Lyca Productions}}

[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about abortion]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. L. Vijay]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)

2026-05-05T22:18:33Z

जाट: Created Stub

{{short description|1965 film by B. R. Panthulu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aayirathil Oruvan 1965 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| screenplay = K. J. Mahadevan
| story = K. J. Mahadevan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 =R. K. Shanmugam }}
| producer = B. R. Panthulu
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Padmini Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1965|7|9|df=y}}
| runtime = 167–174 minutes{{efn|While [[G. Dhananjayan]] in his book ''The Best of Tamil Cinema'' gives the runtime as 167 minutes,{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=230}} [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]] in ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' give it as 174 minutes.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=383}}}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Aayirathil Oruvan''''' ({{translation|One in a Thousand}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[swashbuckler film]] produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], with [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]], [[Nagesh]], [[S. V. Ramadas]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi|Vijayalakshmi]] and Madhavi in supporting roles. It revolves around a doctor who is sold into slavery for rebelling against the dictator of his nation, and later forced into a life of piracy.

''Aayirathil Oruvan'' was inspired by many pirate films, particularly ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935), and was Ramachandran's first with Panthulu. It was also the first of many collaborations between Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa. The story and screenplay were written by K. J. Mahadevan, and the dialogues by R. K. Shanmugham. The cinematography was handled by V. Ramamoorthy, and editing by R. Devarajan. The film was shot primarily in [[Karwar]].

''Aayirathil Oruvan'' was released on 9 July 1965. The film emerged a critical and commercial success, running for more than 150 days in theatres. It was a milestone for both Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa, cementing the former's image as a "do-gooder" among the general public, and helping the latter enter politics. A digitised version of the film was released in 2014 and also became a success, running for over 175 days.

== Plot ==
Manimaran is a doctor living in the country of Neidhal Naadu with his sidekick Azhaga. He helps cure the illness of one of the rebels against the dictator of Neidhal Naadu. The ruler's guards arrest the rebels, along with Manimaran for helping them. Manimaran and the rebels are sold as slaves by the ruler to a nearby island called Kanni Theevu (Virgin Islands), ruled by Sengappan. Manimaran leads the slaves and fights for their rights.

Poongodi, the princess of Kanni Theevu and niece of Sengappan, the guardian of the orphaned princess, falls in love with Manimaran at first sight. Simultaneously, her servant Thenmozhi falls for Azhaga, after initial arguments. Despite the differences between Poongodi and Manimaran, Poongodi tries to woo him on many occasions. She even offers freedom from slavery only to him, who rejects the offer demanding freedom for all of the slaves. Meanwhile, the island is attacked by pirates headed by a captain. As Sengappan's troops are out of the island on another assignment, Sengappan pleads with Manimaran and the other slaves to help him. Manimaran demands freedom slavery in return for fighting the pirates, only to be betrayed later.

The slaves make an escape plan of their own and successfully take over the pirate ship, with whom they fought earlier. Manimaran tells the pirate captain about their plight and asks him to help them reach Neidhal Naadu. The captain seemingly agrees, while actually taking them to his pirate island and holds them captive. He coerces them to work for him as pirates, or Manimaran will see all of his other men die. With no other option, Manimaran assents for the safety of his men.

During one of his pirate hunts, Manimaran finds Sengappan and Poongodi. He brings Poongodi to the pirate island and tries to hide her from the pirate captain, but the pirate captain soon finds out. As per the island's policy, any treasure pirated must be auctioned, and so Poongodi is also auctioned. Manimaran bids the highest, buys her, and keeps her with him. Manimaran marries Poongodi, and as per the pirate island's laws, the pirate captain cannot attempt to separate a married couple. He attempts to take Poongodi by force, gets defeated by Manimaran in a sword fight, and reforms. He accompanies the slaves led by Manimaran, to achieve their goal of freeing Neidhal Naadu. In the ensuing war, the dictator is defeated but tricks into arresting them instead. However, in his court, the dictator begs Manimaran to take over the throne. Manimaran politely refuses, citing his intention to continue his work as a doctor, serving the people.

== Cast ==
;Male cast
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Manimaran{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=383}}
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as the pirate captain{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=384}}
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as the dictator of Neidhal Naadu<ref name="toi review" />
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Sengappan<ref name="toi review" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Azhaga<ref name="toi review" />
;Female cast
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Poongodi<ref name="Rangan" />
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi|Vijayalakshmi]] as the pirate queen<ref name="Rangan" />
* Madhavi as Thenmozhi<ref name="54 years" />

== Production ==
After producing and directing films like ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' (1959), ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]'' (1961) and ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964), [[B. R. Panthulu]] was in debt since they did not perform well commercially or recover their costs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? – ஆயிரத்தில் ஒருவன் |trans-title=Forgettable? – Aayirathil Oruvan |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=86025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621115712/https://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=86025 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=29 October 2015 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 31 {{!}} Directors and a Superstition |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-31/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622172736/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-31/ |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> He later approached [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and sought his help to recover from those losses.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=231}} Panthulu was adamant that Ramachandran act in his film or he would shelve it as he considered the storyline tailormade for him.<ref name="54 years" /> Ramachandran agreed, and this laid the foundation for ''Aayirathil Oruvan''. The story and screenplay were written by K. J. Mahadevan, and the dialogues by R. K. Shanmugham.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=231}} The film was inspired by many pirate films such as ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935),<ref name="Rangan" /> ''[[The Crimson Pirate]]'' (1952) and ''[[The Black Pirate]]'' (1926).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=17 March 2011 |title=A trailblazer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-trailblazer/article14950870.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200403163157/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-trailblazer/article14950870.ece |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was Ramachandran's first film with Panthulu, and the-then newcomer [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2 February 2012 |title=A 100 goes unsung |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-100-goes-unsung/article2853657.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404073614/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-100-goes-unsung/article2853657.ece |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Panthulu signed on Jayalalithaa after being impressed with the "rushes" of her performance in his own film ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=R |date=4 July 2017 |title=How MGR came to Jayalalithaa's rescue as her family fought over housekeys |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-mgr-came-jayalalithaa-s-rescue-her-family-fought-over-housekeys-64649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217084544/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-mgr-came-jayalalithaa-s-rescue-her-family-fought-over-housekeys-64649 |archive-date=17 February 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |ref=none}}</ref> Ramachandran was paid {{INR}}23,500 for acting in the film.{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=134}} Shooting for some fight scenes and ship transportation scenes took place in [[Karwar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=18 July 2016 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 36 {{!}} MGR's Testimony |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-36/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626095953/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-36/ |archive-date=26 June 2017 |access-date=3 April 2020 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], a duo consisting of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1965 |title=Aayirathil Oruvan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/aayirathil-oruvan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1334798993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117041503/https://music.apple.com/in/album/aayirathil-oruvan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1334798993 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> It was the last film where they worked together until ''[[Engirundho Vandhaan]]'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 November 2012 |title=Ninety, and bowing away! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ninety-and-bowing-away/article4077596.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200403164629/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ninety-and-bowing-away/article4077596.ece |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Atho Andha Paravai" remains one of the most popular songs from the film. It was remixed and featured in the 2010 film ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', unrelated to its 1965 namesake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2007 |title=Selva on ''Aayirathil Oruvan'' |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14576230 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216215313/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14576230 |archive-date=16 December 2007 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2012 |title=இனி ரீ-மிக்ஸ் வேண்டாம்! ஜி.வி.பிரகாஷ் சபதம்!! |trans-title=No more remixes! GV Prakash's vow!! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/8593/cinema/Kollywood/No-re-mix!-GV-Prakash!!.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200405103402/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/8593/cinema/Kollywood/No-re-mix!-GV-Prakash!!.htm |archive-date=5 April 2020 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song was remixed by [[D. Imman]] in ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' (2006).{{Cn|date=May 2025}} The song "Naanamo" was remixed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] as "Rosemary" in ''[[Pallikoodam (film)|Pallikoodam]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=29 April 2007 |title=Pallikoodam (Tamil – Bharadwaj) |url=https://milliblog.com/2007/04/29/pallikoodam-tamil-bharadwaj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200404053132/https://milliblog.com/2007/04/29/pallikoodam-tamil-bharadwaj/ |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> The song "Unnai Naan" is set in [[Shubhapantuvarali]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aadaamal Aadugiren
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 3:54
| title2 = Adho Andha Paravai Pola
| lyrics2 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length2 = 5:03
| title3 = Naanamo Innum Naanamo
| lyrics3 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Odum Maegangalae
| lyrics4 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length4 = 4:31
| title5 = Paruvam Enathu Paadal
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 = 4:26
| title6 = Unnai Naan Santhithaen
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 3:27
| title7 = Yaen Endra Kaelvi
| lyrics7 = Vaali
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length7 = 3:46
| total_length = 29:52
}}

== Release ==
''Aayirathil Oruvan'' was released on 9 July 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 1965 |title=Āyirathil Oruvan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19650709&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616112435/http://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Table-Chronological-List-of-MGR-Movies-released-1960-1967.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=3 April 2020 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> Though the film was released only in three theatres in [[Chennai|Madras]] – Midlands, Mekala and Sri Krishna,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |last2=Narasimhan |first2=T. A. |last3=Subramanian |first3=Karthik |date=14 March 2014 |title=Movie makers think out of the first-aid box |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/movie-makers-think-out-of-the-firstaid-box/article5781825.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519033049/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/movie-makers-think-out-of-the-firstaid-box/article5781825.ece |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> it emerged a critical and commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2016 |title=RIP Amma: Five best films of MG Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/rip-amma-jayalalitha-death-mg-ramachandran-jaya-best-films-aayirathil-oruvan-20764-2016-12-05/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401053646/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/rip-amma-jayalalitha-death-mg-ramachandran-jaya-best-films-aayirathil-oruvan-20764-2016-12-05/1 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="paved" /> However, no event was held to celebrate the film's 100th day theatrical run, unlike other Tamil films of the period. On 16 October 1965, Padmini Pictures released a press statement saying this was a conscious decision due to "these days of national emergency".<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 1965 |title=Āyirathil Oruvan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19651016&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
On 17 July 1965, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' criticised the story as formulaic and performances, but praised the action sequences, cinematography, and music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 1965 |title=An exciting adventure yarn |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19650717&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 31 July, T. M. Ramachandran wrote for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', "Although some of the scenes in the film have a familiar ring, the picture, on the whole, sustains the interest of the audience on account of some clever treatment by the director".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=31 July 1965 |title=A Good Entertainer |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n281/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230301042705/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n281/mode/2up |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=52 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=19}}</ref> On 1 August, Munusamy and Manikkam jointly reviewed the film for ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. Munusamy liked the fact that there was no onscreen death; Manikkam concurred, saying that despite so many villains and fight scenes, there was not even a single death seen, and felt the title ''Aayirathil Oruvan'' rightly reflected Ramachandran's status as one good man in the midst of a thousand villains.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=முனுசாமி |last2=மாணிக்கம் |date=1 August 1965 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ஆயிரத்தில் ஒருவன் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41949--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200403153944/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41949--2 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the filmmakers for taking an old story and making it more vibrant.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 August 1965 |title=ஆயிரத்தில் ஒருவன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/aug/08-08-1965/p37.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724061806/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1965/aug/08-08-1965/p37.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=37 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Aayirathil Oruvan original remastered comparision.jpg|thumbnail|A comparison between the original (''above'') and digitised versions.]]
''Aayirathil Oruvan'' was a milestone for both Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa,{{Cn|date=May 2025}} who went on to co-star in more than 20 films; the latter considered the film "paved the way for [her] entry into politics".<ref name="paved" /> Historian [[G. Dhananjayan]] said it became a landmark in Tamil cinema for "its grand making and unique approach of even villains reforming".{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=231}} On Ramachandran's centenary in January 2017, Nivedita Mishra of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' included his performance in ''Aayirathil Oruvan'' in her list compiling "some of his most memorable performances".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=17 January 2017 |title=MGR's centenary: The man who dominated Tamil films for 3 decades |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117143057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-centenary-the-man-who-dominated-tamil-films-for-3-decades/story-3aN5zgVfkI6nWqX8csbD7J.html |archive-date=17 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film was instrumental in cementing Ramachandran's image as a "do-gooder" among the general public.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babu Jayakumar |first=G |date=15 March 2014 |title=Ardent Fans Continue to Follow 'Ayirathil Oruvan' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/mar/15/ardent-fans-continue-to-follow-ayirathil-oruvan-586349.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064752/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/mar/15/Ardent-Fans-Continue-to-Follow-Ayirathil-Oruvan-586349.html |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
Forty-nine years after the original theatrical release, the film was digitally enhanced for a planned re-release in January 2014. Apart from scope conversion from 35 mm to digital scope, the film also had a completely re-recorded background music played out by an assistant of M. S. Viswananthan. The digital conversion was done by [[Prasad Studios|Prasad EFX]], [[Chennai]], who had previously restored ''Karnan'' and ''[[Pasamalar]]'' (1961). Since the negatives were entirely damaged, the entire running length was converted. The film was distributed by Divya Films which had earlier released ''Karnan'' in digital format.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=7 December 2013 |title=Aayirathil Oruvan gets digitally enhanced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aayirathil-oruvan-gets-digitally-enhanced/article5430808.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830061946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aayirathil-oruvan-gets-digitally-enhanced/article5430808.ece |archive-date=30 August 2015 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The digitised version of ''Aayirathil Oruvan'' was released on 14 March 2014, and had a theatrical run of 175 days, becoming a [[silver jubilee hit]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=29 August 2014 |title=Aayirathil Oruvan celebrates silver jubilee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/aayirathil-oruvan-celebrates-silver-jubilee/article6361090.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404060333/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/aayirathil-oruvan-celebrates-silver-jubilee/article6361090.ece |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thimmayya |first=Daniel |date=1 September 2014 |title=Re-mastered MGR Film Hits 175th Day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/01/re-mastered-mgr-film-hits-175th-day-654942.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064750/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/01/Re-mastered-MGR-Film-Hits-175th-Day-654942.html |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Rangan">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 March 2014 |title=Aayirathil Oruvan: Old rush |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aayirathil-oruvan-old-rush/article5788423.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703035805/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aayirathil-oruvan-old-rush/article5788423.ece |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="toi review">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |title=Ayirathil Oruvan Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ayirathil-oruvan/movie-review/32133437.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200404052240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ayirathil-oruvan/movie-review/32133437.cms |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="paved">{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2 September 2014 |title=Aayirathil Oruvan paved the way for entry into politics: Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aayirathil-oruvan-paved-the-way-for-entry-into-politics-jayalalithaa/article6370553.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206092348/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aayirathil-oruvan-paved-the-way-for-entry-into-politics-jayalalithaa/article6370553.ece |archive-date=6 December 2014 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="54 years">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=9 July 2019 |title=ஆயிரத்தில் ஒருவன்'... எம்ஜிஆர், ஜெயலலிதா இணைந்த முதல் படம்! – 54 வருடங்கள்... 'ஆயிரத்தில் ஒருவன்' வெளியான நாள் இன்று! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/234046-54.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200404054512/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/234046-54-3.html |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |title=MGR: A Life |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-14-342934-0 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{B. R. Panthulu}}

[[Category:1960s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set on fictional islands]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian seafaring films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Pirate films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Telibandha Lake

2026-05-05T06:56:19Z

जाट: Starting

{{short description|Lake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Telibandha Lake
| location = Telibandha, [[Raipur]], Chhattisgarh, India
| other_name = Marine Drive तेलीबांधा तालाब मरीन ड्राइव
| coordinates = {{coord|21.239|N|81.659|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Lake|Freshwater lake]]
| date-built = 1835
| length = {{convert|0.3|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|28|km2|abbr=on}}
| image = Lockdown in Raipur due to Covid-19 Pandemic.png
| caption = Aerial View of MD during [[COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh|COVID-19 pandemic in Raipur]]
| cities = [[Raipur]]
}}
'''Telibandha Lake''' or '''Marine Drive''' or popularly by its initials '''MD''' is a [[Lake|freshwater lake]] located at [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]. It is located in Telibandha area of the city along the Gaurav Path.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telibandha Lake and Marine Drive in Raipur - Timing, Photographs & Tourist Guide |url=https://www.theindia.co.in/places/telibandha-lake |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.theindia.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Behera |first=Partha |date=13 May 2024 |title=Raipur's famed Telibandha lake in peril as PPP model fails to revive it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/raipurs-famed-telibandha-lake-in-peril-as-ppp-model-fails-to-revive-it/articleshow/110064730.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Behl |first=Manka |date=21 March 2019 |title=Neeri revives Raipur's Telibandha Lake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/neeri-revives-raipurs-telibandha-lake/articleshow/68505223.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== History ==
Telibandha Lake was built by the Malgujars of Raipur in 1835 in a small village called 'Telibandha'. After the creation of the lake, the lake was named as 'Telibandha Lake' which was named after the village. Later on after the urbanization, it was called 'Marine Drive'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandhya |first= |date=23 October 2023 |title=Telibandha Talab: छत्तीसगढ़ का 'मरीन ड्राइव' यानी तेलीबांधा तालाब है आपके सुकून जगह |url=https://khabarlahariya.org/telibandha-talab-chhatisgadhs-marine-drive/ |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=Khabar Lahariya}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
Telibandha Lake is also a famous tourist attraction for entertainment and tourism. It has a parking, selfie point, street food market, a national flag pole and a lush green garden. It is also famous for its musical fountain and various events.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raipur Telibandha Lake; Chhattisgarh's Telibandha Talab and Parking Charge |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/raipur-telibandha-lake-chhattisgarhs-telibandha-talab-and-parking-charge-128682523.html |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deb |first=Rishabh |date=25 November 2018 |title=Exploring the vibrant culture of Raipur through winter photo. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/raipur/exploring-the-vibrant-culture-of-raipur-through-winter-photo-walks/articleshow/66796890.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2018 |title=Live music and revelry at Telibandha Lake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/raipur/live-music-and-revelry-at-telibandha-lake/articleshow/65830469.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2018 |title=Students of MATS University stage street play in Telibandha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/raipur/students-of-mats-university-stage-street-play-in-telibandha/articleshow/63596589.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Vivekananda Sarovar, Raipur]]
* [[List of lakes of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Raipur]]
[[Category:Landforms of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Lakes of Chhattisgarh]]

{{Lake-stub}}

Geevarghese Philoxenos II

2026-05-01T15:20:14Z

जाट: Made some entry w/ infobox

{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Geevarghese Mar Philoxenos II
| title = 11th [[Malankara Metropolitan]] and 5th [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of Thozhiyoor
| church = [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
| predecessor = [[Mar Dionysius II]] Sacharias Mar Philoxenos I
| successor = [[Mar Dionysius III]] (interim 1816-1817) [[Mar Dionysius IV]] Mar Koorilose III
| native_name = Kidangan Geevarghese
| consecration = 1812
| consecrated_by = Sacharias Mar Philoxenos I
| death_date = 7 February 1829
| term_start = 1812
| term_end = 1829
| honorific_suffix = Malankara Metropolitan and Thozhiyoor Metropolitan
| honorific_prefix = His Grace
| image =
}}

'''Geevarghese Mar Philoxenos II''' (born '''''Kidangan Geevarghese'''''; died 1829) was the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] (Thozhiyur Church) from 1811 to 1829, and the 11th [[Malankara Metropolitan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mackenzie |first1=Gordon Thomson |title=Christianity in Travancore |date=1901 |publisher=Printed at Travancore Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVQoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Mar+Philoxenos+II&pg=PA37 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Orthodox Church of India |date=1986 |publisher=New Delhi, India: Rachel David / PrintAid |url=https://archive.org/details/orthodoxchurchof0000davi/page/145/mode/1up}}</ref>

== Early life and priesthood ==
Geevarghese was from the Kidangan family of [[Kunnamkulam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Varughese |first=K. C. |year=1972 |title=Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabhyude Charitram}}</ref>

He served as vicar of the Arthat Church (Chattukulangara) in the Malankara Church.<ref>{{cite book |last=Agur |first=C. M. |title=Church History of Travancore}}</ref>

In 1812, he was consecrated as a bishop with the title Philoxenos by Sacharias Mar Philoxenos I.<ref>{{cite book |last=Agur |first=C. M. |title=Church History of Travancore}}</ref>

== As Malankara Metropolitan ==

In 1816, during the time of [[Thoma IX|Mar Thoma IX]], amid disputes in the Malankara Church, Mar Philoxenos II consecrated [[Pulikkottil Dionysius II|Pulikkottil Ittoop Ramban]] as Mar Dionysius II at Pazhanji Church.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aiya |first=V. Nagam |title=The Travancore State Manual |year=1906 |page=214}}</ref>

Following the death of [[Mar Dionysius II]] in 1816, contemporary missionary records refer to a bishop considered for leadership in the Malankara Church.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Missionary Register for 1818 |year=1818 |page=103}}</ref>

Thomas Norton, a missionary of the Church Missionary Society, wrote:

{{quote
|text=You will regret to hear, that the good old Metropolitan is dead. He died on Sunday, the 24th of November. I trust he has exchanged an earthly for a heavenly crown. He had been very ill for a long time; but was, to all appearance, recovering: his death, therefore, was rather sudden.

You will naturally be anxious to know who is to be his successor. The Resident, I am happy to say, has been most active on the occasion. He has been looking out for a man of true piety, as well as of talents, for that important office; and such an one, I hope, he has found. He is a Bishop, but has at present no jurisdiction: he has for some time lived a retired life, near Calicut.

The Syrians speak of him as such. Nearly all the Casanars are well affected toward him, and wish to have him over them. I have seen several of them, and they all speak of him in the highest terms. One of them, a man of much prayer, told me, 'He is a man of much prayer, and fears God.' From what I have heard, I should think him worthy of the station. He is very reluctant to leave his retired life, to which he had for some time devoted himself; and has written to the Resident to that effect: but I hope he will be persuaded to accept the office, for the real good of his Church.

If he should be the man, I shall expect great things. My heart is quite encouraged. I cannot but think that God is about to effect a change in the state of these people, by bringing in a man, as their leader and ruler, whom he will endow with much of His Spirit.
|sign=Thomas Norton, CMS Missionary
|source=''The Missionary Register for 1818'', p. 103.
}}

Following deliberations at a synod, a royal proclamation dated 26 December 1816 (26 Dhanu 992 M.E.) confirmed his position as Malankara Metropolitan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kulakkatt |first=Augustine J. |title=Trade, Politics and Religion: The Religious Policy of the English East India Company (1757–1857) |year=2002}}</ref>

In 1817, Mar Philoxenos II consecrated Punnathra Geevarghese as [[Mar Dionysius III]] at the [[Kottayam Old Seminary]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Christianity in India and the Mar Thoma Church |author=Juhanon Mar Thoma Metropolitan}}</ref>

In 1825, Mar Philoxenos II consecrated Cheppad Philipose Malpan as [[Mar Dionysius IV]] at the [[Kottayam]] Old Seminary on 27 August 1825.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Indian History |year=1949}}</ref>

== Conflict with Mar Athanasios ==
In 1825, Mar Athanasios Abdul Messih, associated with the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], arrived in Malankara and opposed the authority of local bishops.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanston |first=C. |year=1835 |title=A Memoir of the Primitive Church of Malayala |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society}}</ref>

Contemporary and later accounts record disputes between Athanasios and the existing church leadership.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cheriyan |first=P. |year=1935 |title=The Malabar Christians and the Church Missionary Society}}</ref>

British authorities later intervened in the situation, and Athanasios was deported.<ref>{{cite book |title=Seminary Case Book |volume=Part 2 |page=232}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
Mar Philoxenos II died on 7 February 1829 (27 Makaram 1004 M.E.).<ref>{{cite book |last=Ittup Writer |year=1906 |title=Malayalathulla Suriyani Kristianikalude Charitram |pages=174–175}}</ref>

He was buried at the Thozhiyur Church (St. George's Cathedral).<ref>{{cite book |last=Juhanon Thoma |first=Metropolitan of Mar Thoma Syrian Church |title=A study book for first communicants |year=2010}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Ittup Writer |year=1906 |title=Malayalathulla Suriyani Kristianikalude Charitram |trans-title=History of the Syrian Church of Malabar |pages=174–175}}

* {{cite book |last=Howard |first=G. B. |year=1864 |title=The Christians of St. Thomas and Their Liturgies |location=London |publisher=Oxford and Cambridge |page=64}}

* {{cite book |last=Varughese |first=K. C. |year=1972 |title=Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabhyude Charitram |trans-title=History of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church}}

* {{cite book |last=Kochumon |first=M. P. |year=1995 |title=Parisuddha Kattumangatte Bavamar |trans-title=The Saintly Bishops of Kattumangattu |publisher=Most Rev. Joseph Mar Koorilose Metropolitan}}

* {{cite book |last=Porkulam |first=A. K. C. |year=2003 |title=Parisudha Kattumangatte Bavamar Thiruvachanathiludey |trans-title=St. Kattumangattu Bishops through the Bible |location=Thrissur}}

* {{cite book |last=Cheriyan |first=P. |year=1935 |title=The Malabar Christians and the Church Missionary Society}}

* {{cite journal |last=Swanston |first=C. |year=1835 |title=A Memoir of the Primitive Church of Malayala |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society}}

* {{cite book |title=Seminary Case Book |volume=Part 2 |page=232}}

* {{cite book |title=The Forgotten Bishops: The Malabar Independent Syrian Church |chapter=Chapter 10: The Golden Age}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philoxenos II, Geevarghese Mar}}
[[Category:Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] [[Category:Metropolitans of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur district]]

1984–85 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:16Z

जाट: Created A Data

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1984-85 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 286px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| count = 30
| participants = 24
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Ghulam Parkar]] (Bombay) (660)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1984/85 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1984-85/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Rajinder Goel]] (Haryana) (39)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1984/85 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1984-85/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1983–84
| previous_tournament = 1983–84 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1985–86
| next_tournament = 1985–86 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1984–85 Ranji Trophy''' was the 51st season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. The season was preceded by celebrations on the completion of fifty years and a one-day series by Australia. Mumbai won their 30th title defeating Delhi in the final considered one of the best in the history of Ranji Trophy. During the tournament, [[Ravi Shastri]] batting for Mumbai against Baroda, scored a double-century in 113 minutes, a record that would stand for more than thirty years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1984-85/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/BOM_BARODA_RJI-W_08-10JAN1985.html |title=Ranji Trophy West Zone League, 1984-85:Bombay v Baroda |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Fastest_Double_Hundreds_by_Minutes.html Acscricket.com, Fastest double centuries in first class cricket]</ref>

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''91''' || 2.027
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''78''' || 1.464
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''57''' || 1.779
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''52''' || 0.602
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 0.361
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''74''' || 2.053
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''49''' || 0.841
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''45''' || 1.106
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''39''' || 0.716
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''37''' || 0.775
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''90''' || 1.990
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''47''' || 0.661
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''39''' || 1.051
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''39''' || 0.706
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''29''' || 1.021
|}
{{col-2}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''76''' || 2.167
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''68''' || 1.285
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''50''' || 1.259
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''44''' || 0.880
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 0.333
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''48''' || 1.651
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''46''' || 1.136
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.146
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.453
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|22 Feb 1985 — Delhi|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]|213& 168/2|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''341 & 335/9d'''
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|22 Feb 1985 — Agra|'''[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''|'''157 & 176'''|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]|176 & 102

|7 Mar 1985 — Faridabad|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|223 & 148|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''195 & 177/2'''
|7 Mar 1985 — Madras|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''|'''362 & 197/0'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|297 & 261
|7 Mar 1985 — Bangalore|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''489 & 261/1d'''|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|276 & 231
|7 Mar 1985 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''404'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|124 & 179

|23 Mar 1985 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''548'''|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|409 & 276/8d
|23 Mar 1985 — Bangalore|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|189 & 307/8|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''376'''

|1 Apr 1985 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''333 & 364/7d'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|398 & 209

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=no
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 1–6 April 1985
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = '''333 (102.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 106
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Madan Lal]] 4/42
| score-team2-inns1 = '''398 (138 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ajay Sharma]] 131
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Raju Kulkarni]] 5/106
| score-team1-inns2 = '''364/7 decl (91.3 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 76
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 4/132
| score-team2-inns2 = '''209 (85.5 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Bhaskar Pillai]] 60
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 8/91
| result = Bombay won on by 90 runs
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| umpires = [[Bhairab Ganguli]], [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]]
| motm =
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1984-85/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_DELHI_RJI-FINAL_01-06APR1985.html Scorecard]
| toss = Bombay won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1984-85.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1984-85 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1984 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1985 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1984–85]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Tamil Nadu Day

2026-05-01T04:34:50Z

जाट:

{{Short description|Indian state commemoration day}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Tamil Nadu Day
| type = State
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Political Map of Tamil Nadu
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| litcolor =
| official_name = Tamil Nadu Foundation Day
| longtype = [[Foundation Day]]
| significance = Passing of Resolution to rename Madras State to Tamil Nadu
| begins = 18 July 2022
| ends =
| scheduling = Same day each year
| date = 18 July
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto =
}}

'''Tamil Nadu Day''', also referred to as '''Tamil Nadu Naal,''' is a holiday celebrated in the [[South Indian]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]] to commemorate the formation of the state. Tamil Nadu was created on 1 November 1956 with the name [[Madras State]]. On 14 January 1969, Madras State was officially renamed to Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2021-10-31 |title=Leaders criticise govt. over Tamil Nadu Day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/leaders-criticise-govt-over-tamil-nadu-day/article37276581.ece |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE MADRAS STATE (ALTERATION OF NAME) ACT, 1968 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A1968-53.pdf |access-date=1 November 2025 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html The states of India since 1947]</ref>

== History ==
After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] on 15 August 1947, the [[Madras Presidency]] became the [[Madras Province]]. On 26 January 1950,[[Republic Day (India)|India became republic]] it was formed as [[Madras State]] by the [[Government of India]].

At the time of its formation in 1950, it included the whole of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Coastal Andhra]], [[Rayalaseema]], the [[Malabar region]] of [[North Kerala]] and [[Bellary district|Bellary]], [[South Canara]], [[Kollegal taluk|Kollegal]] of [[Karnataka]]. [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] were separated to form [[Andhra State]] in 1953, while South Canara and Bellary districts were merged with [[Mysore State]], and [[Malabar District]] with the [[Travancore-Cochin|State of Travancore-Cochin]] to form [[Kerala]] in 1956.

As a result of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], the state's boundaries were re-organized following linguistic lines. The Tamil speaking region [[Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State|Kanyakumari]] was merged to Madras state which was earlier a part of Travancore-Cochin.

In 1967, all the political parties of Madras State spoke in one voice, following a fasting protest by [[Sankaralinganar]] '''(resulting in his death)''', on their demand to rename the state as Tamil Nadu. A resolution was passed unanimously in the [[Madras State Legislative Assembly]] by the government led by the then [[Chief Minister of Madras|chief minister]] [[C. N. Annadurai]] seeking to rename the state as Tamil Nadu.

On 18 July 1967, a resolution to change the name of Madras State to Tamil Nadu in English and Tamil languages was introduced by Chief Minister Annadurai, and the resolution was passed unanimously.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-22 |title=From Madras to Tamil Nadu: a forgotten re-naming |url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-28-no-9/from-madras-to-tamil-nadu-a-forgotten-re-naming/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Madras Musings |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, five decades after the state was renamed, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] led by the then chief minister of Tamil Nadu [[Edappadi K Palaniswami]], announced that 1 November of every year will be celebrated as ''Tamil Nadu Day'' from 2019 to mark the formation of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desk |first=The Hindu Net |date=2019-11-01 |title=The history behind Tamil Nadu Day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-history-behind-tamil-nadu-day/article29850917.ece |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jesudasan |first=Dennis S. |date=2019-10-30 |title=Tamil Nadu Day to be observed tomorrow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-day-to-be-observed-tomorrow/article29836354.ece |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-11-01 |title=Tamil Nadu to celebrate state formation day for first time on November 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Nov/01/tamil-nadu-to-celebrate-state-formation-day-for-first-time-on-november-1-2055659.html |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] led by the then chief minister of Tamil Nadu [[M.K.Stalin]], announced that 18 July of every year will be celebrated as ''Tamil Nadu Day'' from 2022 to mark the renaming of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2021-10-30 |title=July 18 to be observed as Tamil Nadu Day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/july-18-to-be-observed-as-tamil-nadu-day/article65026254.ece |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=கவிதா |first=ஷாஜன் |date=2023-07-18 |title=தமிழ்நாடு நாள்: ஜூலை -18 ம் தேதி கொண்டாடப்பட வரலாற்றுக் காரணம் இதுதான்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/policy/historical-reason-for-celebrating-tamil-nadu-day |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-07-18 |title=‘Tamil Nadu Day’: Stalin, Udhayanidhi hail the State CM Stalin and deputy Udhayanidhi sing praises for the State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-day-cm-stalin-and-deputy-udhayanidhi-sing-praises-for-the-state/article69828449.ece |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Revathi |date=2021-11-01 |title=Why Stalin govt’s decision to move ‘Tamil Nadu Day’ to 18 July from 1 November sparked a row |url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-stalin-govts-decision-to-move-tamil-nadu-day-to-18-july-from-1-november-sparked-a-row/760149/ |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian state foundation days}}
[[Category:Culture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Indian state foundation days]]

Maker's Asylum

2026-04-25T20:35:25Z

जाट: put up info

{{Short description|Makerspace / hackerspace which started in Mumbai}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=May 2025}}
{{Primary sources|date=July 2022}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Maker's Asylum
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = MA_Standard_-_Color.png
| image_border =
| image_size =
| image_alt = "M" formed using tools inside a Yellow Triangle with circular saw underneath and next to it reads the text "MAKER'S ASYLUM"
| caption =
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| map_caption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
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| formation = 2013
| extinction =
| type = 
| status = Foundation & Company
| purpose = Learning by Making, enabling makers
| headquarters = [[Goa]]
| location = [[INDIA]]
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| membership =
| language = 
| general_secretary = 
| leader_title = Origin
| leader_name = [[Mumbai]]
| leader_title2 = Platforms
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = Founders
| leader_name3 = Vaibhav Chhabra, Anool Mahidharia
| leader_title4 = Products
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| website = {{URL|http://www.makersasylum.com/}}
| remarks =
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}}

'''Maker's Asylum''' is a [[makerspace]] / [[hackerspace]] which started in [[Mumbai]] back in 2013 and is now headquartered in [[Goa]], India, inspired by [[Artisan's Asylum]], [[Chaos Computer Club]] and other maker organisations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Megha |date=2021-03-31 |title=Richa Shrivastava Chhabra on making a million face shields and breaking pandemic barriers |url=https://www.vogue.in/story/richa-shrivastava-chhabra-on-making-the-m-19-face-shields-digitising-her-learning-platform-and-breaking-all-personal-barriers-during-the-pandemic/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |first=Ruth Dsouza |date=2020-04-21 |title=These face shield's are helping medical workers combat Covid-19 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-face-shields-makers-asylum-helping-medical-workers-combat-covid-19/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Make-Break-Create for SDGs |url=https://www.undp.org/india/stories/make-break-create-sdgs |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Over the years Maker's Asylum has graduated from being a DIY (do it yourself) space to working at the intersection of education and open innovation through its programs and social impact work. With alumni and partners in over 30 countries, Maker's Asylum has enabled a plethora of [[Open-source hardware|open source]] projects and even startups in the areas of hardware, design and sustainability. Nurturing the culture of innovation it has been on the forefront of the [[Maker culture|maker movement]] in India.

Trained over 100,000 individuals in hardware design, additive manufacturing, and digital fabrication.

==Educational Programs ==
Maker's Asylum offers various independent programs that focus on their mission of "Learning by Making" and enabling more makers such as DIY Hour (8+), Innovation School (13+) and SDG School (15+). All their programs do not have an upper limit on age as they believe that anyone can start their maker journeys at any time.

They also offer woodworking residency and workshops and also curate exciting events and workshops with the maker community such as Rapid Prototyping, Boat Making, Pechakucha nights and more. Various corporate organisations have also engaged with Maker's Asylum for their workshops to bring in the hands on learning experience to their teams.

==Social Impact Work ==
During the pandemic, Maker's Asylum, the largest network of decentralized “makers” across India, mobilized its members to produce urgently needed medical supplies locally across India. Major milestones include :

* Producing 1 million face shields in 49 days by open sourcing their designs and activating makers in 42 cities, towns and villages of India to use the laser cutting machine to make during the first national lockdown in 2020;
* Successfully designing and building the M19 high-flow, open-source oxygen concentrator with 150 organizations in April 2021;
* Maker's Asylum has also stepped up to help solve the problem of broken equipment, especially the large number of oxygen concentrators from China, USA, and France that are not working. With support from the European Union, three oxygen concentrator ‘repair camps” have been conducted and in response to a request from the Rotary Club of Margao, Goa, hundreds of non-functioning oxygen concentrators have been assessed and fixed;
* Maker's Asylum undertook a wider study to better understand the scale of broken medical grade equipment in India and is working on how local communities can be skilled on repair and reuse.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.makersasylum.com/ makersasylum.com]

{{coord|19|07|11.58|N|72|52|31.54|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{Hackerspace}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maker's Asylum}}
[[Category:Computer clubs]]
[[Category:Hackerspaces]]

Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)

2026-04-25T14:21:04Z

जाट:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| writer = [[Jayakanthan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (novel)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]''|Jayakanthan}}
| producer = B. Hrudayanath
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]
}}
| cinematography = G. Vittal Rao
| editing = A. Paul Duraisingam
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = A. B. S. Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1977|4|1}}
| runtime = 130 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=429}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal''''' ({{Translation|''Some people at some moments''}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]] and written by [[Jayakanthan]]. Based on Jayakanthan's novel of the [[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (novel)|same name]], it stars [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], with [[Nagesh|C. K. Nagesh]], [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]], [[Neelu|R. Neelakantan]], [[Sukumari]] and [[M. S. Sundari Bai|S. Sundari Bai]] in supporting roles. The film revolves around a girl from an orthodox family whose life changes after a sexual assault.

''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' was released on 1 April 1977 and became a commercial success. Lakshmi won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]], the film's only win at the [[24th National Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
On a rainy night, Ganga, a college girl from an orthodox [[Tamil Brahmin]] family in [[Srirangam]], is sexually assaulted by a stranger after he offers her a ride in his car. She returns home dazed from the experience and when asked by her mother Kanagam about what happened, she confesses. Kanagam creates a ruckus; all the neighbours and relatives learn of it.

Ganga's brother, the family's [[Breadwinner model|breadwinner]], disowns and evicts her from the house. At the request of Kanagam, Ganga's maternal uncle Vengu takes her with him to [[Chennai|Madras]], and Ganga continues her education there. After graduating, she gets employed in a private firm and grows to take the top managerial position. Exploiting her blemished status, Vengu, who was once her guardian, makes sexual advances towards her several times, forcing Ganga to make Kanagam stay with her to keep herself protected from Vengu.

R. K. Viswanatha Sarma, a writer who witnessed Ganga entering the car on that rainy night, writes a story in a magazine in which the lead character, a girl, is molested by a stranger; after she returns home, her mother conceals the truth, cleanses her through a bath and the girl is able to live normally. Ganga reads the story and recommends it to Kanagam, which makes her feel guilty about the ruckus she had created.

Ganga, though successful at her workplace, remains withdrawn and aloof in life. When she rejects Vengu's advances, he challenges her to locate the stranger who had sex with her and live with him if she has the guts. Accepting the challenge, she takes Viswanatha Sarma's help, and locates Prabhakar alias Prabhu who offered her a ride on that rainy night. Prabhu is already married and has an adolescent daughter. He does not initially recognise Ganga. When he is made to recollect the experience, he feels upset. Prabhu says he thought she was a consenting partner and did not realise he was imposing himself.

Ganga and Prabhu's subsequent meetings result in friendship which then matures into love. The new relationship is, however, unacceptable to both families. Unable to transcend the society's norms, Prabhu advises Ganga to marry someone else. When all attempts to convince Prabhu fail, choosing to live with her memories, Ganga parts ways with him.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Ganga{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|pp=149-150}}
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Prabhakar<ref name="movie" />
* [[Nagesh|C. K. Nagesh]] as R. K. Viswanatha Sarma{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=238}}
* [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] as Vengu Mama<ref name="movie" />
* [[Neelu|R. Neelakantan]] as Ganesan<ref name="movie" />
* [[Sukumari]] as "Anni" (Ganesan's wife)<ref name="movie" />
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai|S. Sundari Bai]] as Kanagam<ref name="movie" />
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Padma<ref name="movie" />
* Jayageetha as Manju<ref name="movie" />
* Bhuvanadevi as Immanuel<ref name="movie" />
}}

== Production ==
''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' is based on the novel of the [[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (novel)|same name]], by [[Jayakanthan]] which was a detailed version of his short story ''Agnipravesam''. Jayakanthan wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation,{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=239}} which was in development as early as 1975, with [[C. V. Rajendran]] initially attached to direct.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 1975 |title='சில நேரங்களில் சில மனிதர்கள்' படத்தில் ஶ்ரீகாந்த், லட்சுமி |trans-title=Srikanth and Lakshmi star in ''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_3_228/3.jp2/1186,0,4199,5917/4199,5917/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208234711/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_3_228/3.jp2/1186,0,4199,5917/4199,5917/0/default.jpg |archive-date=8 December 2025 |access-date=8 December 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=3 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> [[A. Bhimsingh]] later took over direction. [[R. Muthuraman]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]] initially gave their dates to act in the film, but Jayakanthan wanted [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ஜெயந்தன் |first=ஆர்.சி. |date=22 October 2021 |title=அஞ்சலி: ஸ்ரீகாந்த்- முழுமை பெற்ற கலைஞன்! |trans-title=Tribute: Srikanth – The Complete Artist! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/729108-actor-srikanth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107072421/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/729108-actor-srikanth.html |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Jayakanthan felt only Lakshmi exhibited the innocence required for the character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasakan |first=Vaikarai |date=2026-04-24 |title=Where Ganga still flows: a writer, an actor, and the echoes of time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/where-ganga-still-flows-a-writer-an-actor-and-the-echoes-of-time/article70901144.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425122744/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/where-ganga-still-flows-a-writer-an-actor-and-the-echoes-of-time/article70901144.ece/amp/ |archive-date=25 April 2026 |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> According to historian [[G. Dhananjayan]], since the film took considerable time to complete, Lakshmi did not cooperate during the time and she did not dub entirely for the film; another actress who appeared in the film had dubbed for her instead.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=239}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]. There are only two songs in the film: "Veru Idam Thedi" and "Kandathai Sollugiren Ungal".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=27 March 2005 |title=Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2005/03/27/sila-nerangalil-sila-manidhargal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814234933/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2005/03/27/sila-nerangalil-sila-manidhargal/ |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=11 September 2020 |website=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thyagam / Vazhkai Alaigal / Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal |url=https://avdigital.in/products/thyagam-vazhkai-alaigal-sila-nerangalil-sila-manithargal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120064514/https://avdigital.in/products/thyagam-vazhkai-alaigal-sila-nerangalil-sila-manithargal |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kandathai Sollugiren Ungal
| lyrics1 = [[Jayakanthan]]
| extra1 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length1 = 3:17
| title2 = Veru Idam Thedi
| lyrics2 = Jayakanthan
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 = 3:16
| total_length = 6:33
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' was released on 1 April 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=1 April 2019 |title=சில நேரங்களில் சில மனிதர்கள்' – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை |trans-title=Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal – then itself such a story |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161725-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902065905/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/161725-.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> In a review dated 17 April 1977, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' was positive towards the film, particularly Lakshmi's performance. The critic also called the film an example of adapting a novel beautifully without changing its essence.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=239}} Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded the faithfulness to the novel, Lakshmi's performance, the relatively less use of dialogues compared to other Tamil films, the absence of unnecessary sets, Vittal Rao's cinematography and Jayakanthan's dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=1 May 1977 |title=சில நேரங்களில் சில மனிதர்கள் |trans-title=Some people at some moments |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/may/01-05-1977/p63.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728081432/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/may/01-05-1977/p63.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta}}</ref> The film became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=239}} At the [[24th National Film Awards]], Lakshmi won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]], the film's only win at the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sgQAQAAMAAJ&q=Best+Actress+%22Sila+Nerangalil+Sila%22 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1978 |pages=319}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
G. Dhananjayan considered ''Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal'' an important film in Tamil cinema for being "a searing criticism at the way marriage, sex and women were treated by society".{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=239}} The film, has, however been frequently criticised by another historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] for relying heavily on dialogues over visuals, including the characters reciting every dialogue in the novel verbatim. He accused the film of perpetuating this flaw of Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=20 October 2002 |title=A language of visuals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/a-language-of-visuals/article28518298.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120054542/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/a-language-of-visuals/article28518298.ece |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=20 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=15 May 2015 |title=His film world |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/his-film-world/article7150605.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802202613/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/his-film-world/article7150605.ece |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=20 November 2021 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=150}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=A.B.S. Productions |year=1977 |time=11:48 |time-caption=Credits, from}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=243920437}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}

[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Jayakanthan]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy

2026-04-25T11:19:14Z

जाट: Made new bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian poet and political thinker}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=January 2008}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. R. Reddy
| image = Sir Reddy.jpg
| caption = Sir Reddy in 1940s
| birth_name = Cattamanchi Ramalinga Subrahmanya Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1880|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kattamanchi]], Chittoor city, Andhra Pradesh
| occupation = Politician, educationist, essayist, & economist
| party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1951|2|24|1880|12|10}}
| death_place = Madras, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}
Sir '''Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy''' (10 December 1880 – 24 February 1951), also popularly known as '''Sir C. R. Reddy''', was an educationist and political thinker, essayist and economist, poet and literary critic.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015058/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/%28docid%29/E5F6BC4BE3E9A15865257139002E5030?OpenDocument&StartKey=Dr.&count=10 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/(docid)/E5F6BC4BE3E9A15865257139002E5030?OpenDocument&StartKey=Dr.&count=10 |title=Dr. C. R. Reddy |year=1973}}</ref> He was a prominent member of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Radhakrishnan|first=P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAxzWmBN-HkC|title=Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836-1982|date=1989|publisher=Radhakrishnan|isbn=978-1-906083-16-8|pages=51|language=en}}</ref> and an ardent champion of the non-Brahmin movement,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INaNAAAAMAAJ|title=Development of Karnataka Legislature|last=Gowda|first=K. S. Mune|date=1988|publisher=Prasaranga, University of Mysore|pages=101|language=en}}</ref> joining the movement to unite the non-Brahmin communities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bS1uAAAAMAAJ|title=Reflections on the Caste Question: An Overview of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka & Keralam|last=Jacob|first=T. G.|date=2000|publisher=NESA Publication|pages=56|language=en}}</ref> He wrote his works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and English; these reveal his deep love for Indian classics and his learning in these texts, as well as the modernity of his outlook.

Reddy was the educationalist who played a major role in shaping the educational policy in India. He was also the recipient of a British Knighthood in honour of his service to the country. He was the founder of [[Andhra University]] and also served as its first Vice-Chancellor from 1926 to 1931 and in a further second term from 1936 to 1949.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&q=c.+r.+reddy+andhra+university&pg=PA25|title=Handbook of Universities|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0607-9|pages=25|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:C_R_Reddy.jpg|thumb|left]]
Reddy was born to late Sri Subrahmanya Reddy and late Smt. Narayanamma in [[Kattamanchi]], a [[suburb]] of [[Chittoor]] city. He was the second son of Subrahmanya Reddy,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Anjaneyulu|first=D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNMCAAAAMAAJ|title=Dr. C. R. Reddy|date=1973|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|pages=3–4|language=en}}</ref> who had built up a lucrative legal practice as a pleader in Chittoor and was known for his high sense of principles and right conduct. C. R. Reddy was named after his grandfather, who was a poet.<ref name=":0" /> He had two brothers, Narasimha Reddy and Bhaskara Reddy . ( sourced from The Incarnate Word - https://incarnateword.in (pp. 469–470)

Reddy completed his high school education in PCR High School in Chittoor with distinction in 1896 and joined the prestigious [[Madras Christian College]] in 1897.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Murty|first1=K. Satchidananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imPXMrFj_-wC&q=c.+r.+reddy++madras+christian&pg=PA26|title=Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas|last2=Vohra|first2=Ashok|date=1990-09-11|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0344-0|pages=26|language=en}}</ref> At Madras Christian College, he was the senior of [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], whom C. R. Reddy shared a close friendship with.<ref name=":1" /> [[Rev Dr Miller]] was the principal of the college in which [[Dr Skinner]] was the professor of Philosophy and Professor Kellet took English classes. All of them were greatly impressed by Reddy's performance as a student and noted the qualities of his sharp and incisive mind.

While as a student of Madras Christian College, when Reddy was about 19, was encouraged to write for a poetry competition held by the Andhra Bhashabhiranjam Sangham. Samardhi Rangaiah Chetti, the Patron of the Sangham, was responsible for persuading him to do it. Reddy wrote '[[commons:File:2015.328620.Musalamma-Maranam.pdf|Musalamma Maranamu]]', which was printed a year in 1900. Excerpt from the book - [https://ia801507.us.archive.org/9/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.219800/2015.219800.Dr-C_text.pdf Makers of Indian Literature DR. C. R. REDDY] - at the behest of [[Sahitya Akademi]] by Shri. D. Anjaneyulu in 1973 to commemorate Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy, after researching archives from [[Prime Ministers' Museum and Library Society|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi]] with permission from the then Mr. B.R Nanda (Director) and Mr. V.C Joshi (Director of Archives).

It had unique features and was viewed as an avant-garde effort in the field of Telugu poetry, quite different from the traditional prabhanda style.

==Career==
In 1901, Reddy graduated with distinction in philosophy and history securing several University prizes. Soon thereafter, he won a Government of India scholarship to study at the [[University of Cambridge]] in England. He joined St. John's College at Cambridge in 1902. His career at St John's College, [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]], was no less distinguished than it had been at [[Madras Christian College]]. Apart from being a brilliant student, he made his mark as an outstanding speaker and debater. He was elected Secretary of the Liberal Club and later Vice-President of the Union Society. He was the first Indian student to be chosen for that office in the Union Society. When he was the Vice-President of the Union Society, future economist [[John Maynard Keynes]] was the Secretary. On 31 October 1905, Reddy invited [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] to address the Union Society. When Gokhale met Keynes, he instantaneously recognised the genius of Keynes and commented, "You are eminently fitted to be a Finance Member in the Viceroy's Executive Council in India".

Even as a student in Cambridge, Reddy campaigned on behalf of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] in the [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906 general election]] which swept the Liberal Party into power that year. Many British politicians admired Reddy's gifts of intellect and eloquence and predicted a great future for him.

On his return to India in 1907, Reddy joined [[Baroda college]] at Baroda as vice-principal in the place vacated by [[Sri Aurobindo]].

Reddy's next appointment was at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]] as professor of History in 1913. He was promoted as principal in 1916 and simultaneously appointed as Inspector General of Education in the Mysore State. It was during this period that Reddy with great foresight threw open all the schools to Panchama children much against the local orthodox opposition. This was long before the days of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s programme of temple entry for Harijans. Reddy is a revered name in Karnataka even today for this epoch-making step of social reform.

In 1921, he entered politics. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Council as an outstanding educationalist. For a short while he was in the Justice party. The [[Justice Party (India)]] found him far too brilliant and individualistic for keeping proper party control over him. In 1926 January, when it was decided to establish Andhra University at Waltaire, Reddy was the natural choice for appointment as its first Vice-Chancellor. He made [[Andhra University]] a great centre of higher education and outstanding research in both sciences and humanities. Towards the end of 1930, he did the extraordinary thing of resigning his Vice-Chancellorship in protest against the repressive policy of the Government of India in arresting the great leaders of Congress [[Salt Satyagraha]] movement. He wrote a classic letter in this context to the Governor of Madras. When he resigned his post as Vice-Chancellor, he was succeeded by Dr [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].

Reddy was back again in the field of politics. He became the president of [[Chittoor]] District Board. In 1936, at a Senate meeting of [[Andhra University]], it was decided to invite Reddy to return again to [[Andhra University]] as its Vice-Chancellor. He returned to Waltaire later that year for the second time as Vice-Chancellor and retained the position till 1949. During this period, the [[Andhra University]] became internationally known. Dr S Bhagavantam, Dr T R Seshadri, Dr V K R V Rao and Dr V S Krishna, [[K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar]] and many other great professors made a beeline to Waltaire, inspired by the idealism and unique moral leadership of Reddy. Reddy was knighted by the British government in the [[1942 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35399 |supp=y|page=2|date=30 December 1941}}</ref> In 1949, Reddy became the Pro-chancellor of [[Mysore University]]. He died in Madras on 24 February 1951.

Iyengar, in his book "Essays and Addresses", describes Reddy as a great educationist, a first-class teacher, humanist, a bold thinker and a reformer. Reddy's lectures on "University reforms" delivered in Madras under the presidency of Dr [[S. Subramania Iyer]], [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] and [[T. V. Seshagiri Iyer]] had set the tone for university reforms in India. Following Reddy's death, the Maharaja of Mysore [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] recalled, "[Reddy] served Mysore in various capacities every one of which was characterised by conspicuous ability, uncommon zeal and indefatigable energy."<ref>{{cite news |title=Late Dr. C.R. Reddy, Mysore Rajpramukh's Tribute |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xANFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z7cMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5974%2C1511864 |newspaper =[[The Indian Express]] |page=5 |date=1 March 1951}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Arthashastra''
* ''Vijnana Chandrika seris''
* ''Bilhaniyamu''
* ''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2015.328620.Musalamma-Maranam.pdf Musalamma Maranamu]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015058/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/%28docid%29/E5F6BC4BE3E9A15865257139002E5030?OpenDocument&StartKey=Dr.&count=10 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/(docid)/E5F6BC4BE3E9A15865257139002E5030?OpenDocument&StartKey=Dr.&count=10 |title=Dr. C. R. Reddy |year=1973}}

==External links==
* [http://www.andhrauniversity.info Official Website of Andhra University]
* [http://www.sircrrengg.ac.in Official Website of SIR C R Reddy Engineering college]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025042604/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/16/stories/2005091614990500.htm C R Reddy's stellar contributions hailed.]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070228005005/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/15/stories/2002071501200200.htm Educationalist par excellence]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, C. R.}}
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja's College, Mysore]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Andhra University]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Andhra movement]]

Patna Sahib Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:48Z

जाट: Adding First Info V1.

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{for|the assembly constituency in Odisha|Patna Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patna Sahib Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 184-Patna Sahib constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ratnesh Kumar Kushwaha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = 184
| established = 2008
| electors = 389,881
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Patna Sahib Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It comes under [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]] Lok Sabha constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Patna Sahib Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/patna-sahib.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 2008: see [[Patna East (Assembly constituency)|Patna East]]''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ratnesh Kumar Kushwaha]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: [[Patna Sahib]]<ref name="results2025">{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04184.htm |title=ECI Trends 2025, Bihar Legislative Assembly Elections |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 November 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ratnesh Kumar Kushwaha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:130366}}
|percentage = 55.44
|change = +3.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shashant Shekhar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:91466}}
|percentage = 38.9
|change = -3.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinita Mishra
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5263}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2099}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.83
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38900}}
|percentage = 16.54
|change = +6.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:235152}}
|percentage = 60.31
|change = +8.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Patna Sahib<ref name="results2020">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 29 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97692}}
|percentage = 51.91
|change = +5.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pravin Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:79392}}
|percentage = 42.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3234}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change = +1.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18300}}
|percentage = 9.72
|change = +8.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188189}}
|percentage = 52.23
|change = -3.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Patna Sahib<ref name="results2015">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2015 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 29 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:88108}}
|percentage = 46.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Santosh Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:85316}}
|percentage = 45.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nandu Kumar
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = {{formatnum:2694}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party
|candidate = Virendra Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:1857}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1332}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2792}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187903}}
|percentage = 55.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Patna Sahib]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|votes = 91,419
|percentage = 68.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Parvej Ahmad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,082
|percentage = 19.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = 8,271
|percentage = 6.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,493
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ram Narayan Singh
|votes = 1,230
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 65,337
|percentage = 48.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,34,301
|percentage = 45.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Government of Patna]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Balluana Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:20Z

जाट: Created A Pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balluana
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 82
| map_image = Fazilka district assembly constituencies.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Amandeep Singh Musafir]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| electors = {{formatnum:186634}} (in 2024){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Balluana''' (Sl. No.: 82) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Fazilka district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ujagar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Hansraj Arya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ujagar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4" | 1987-1992 President's Rule
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Babu Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|Gurtej Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Parkash Singh Bhatti
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |Gurtej Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Nathu Ram<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Amandeep Singh Musafir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Balluana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Amandeep Singh Musafir]]
|votes = {{formatnum:58893}}
|percentage = 40.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Vandana Sangwal]]|votes={{formatnum:39720}}|percentage=27.59|change={{New}}|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajinder Kaur]]
|votes={{formatnum:22747}}|percentage=15.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate= Prithi Ram Megh
|votes={{formatnum:17816}}
|percentage=12.38
|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Independent
|candidate= Surinder Singh Khalsa
|votes={{formatnum:1988}}
|percentage=1.38
|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party= Independent
|candidate= Manjit Kaur
|votes=393
|percentage=0.27
|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes={{formatnum:1236}}
|percentage=0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:19173}}
|percentage = 13.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:183929}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Balluana<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar Central Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nathu Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:65607}}
|percentage = 45.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Partkash Singh Bhatti
|votes = {{formatnum:50158}}
|percentage = 35.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Simarjit Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:22464}}
|percentage = 15.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Giri Raj Rajora
|votes = {{formatnum:1072}}
|percentage = 0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Satish Kumar
|votes = 888
|percentage = 0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|votes = 705
|percentage = 0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = National Adhikar Insaf Party
|candidate = Gurmail Singh
|votes = 667
|percentage = 0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1175
|percentage = 0.82
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 10. 82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2007]]: Balluana<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar Central Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Gurtej Singh|votes=50929|percentage=-|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Partkash Singh Bhatti|votes=36295|percentage=-|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Babu Ram|votes=13213|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Girdhari Lal|votes=2915|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Achhar Singh|votes=1366|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Dalbir Singh|votes=1110|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent (Politician)|candidate=Karnail Kaur|votes=769|percentage=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,98,850
|percentage = 16.97
|change = +14.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,72,801
|percentage = 72.47
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing = +7.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Balluana<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/22|title= Amritsar Central Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Hansraj Arya|votes=22079|percentage=42.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Ujagar Singh|votes=17897|percentage=34.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Harphool Ram|votes=7659|percentage=14.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Balwant Rai|votes=2220|percentage=4.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jakam Singh|votes=942|percentage=1.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Gurucharan Singh|votes=652|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sohan Lal
|votes = 346
|percentage = 0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohan Singh|votes=247|percentage=0.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Jagala Ram|votes=165|percentage=0.32|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

== Previous results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|2012||82||Gurtej Singh||SAD||49418||Giriraj Rajora||INC||41191
|-
|2002||90||Parkash Singh Bhatti||INC||41683||Gurtej Singh||SAD||37363
|-
|1997||90||Gurtej Singh||SAD||44835||Babu Ram||INC||22804
|-
|1992||90||Babu Ram||INC||17192||Satish Kumar||BSP||7102
|-
|1980||90||Ujagar Singh||INC(I)||21688||Dana Ram||CPI||19977
|-
|1977||90||Ujagar Singh||INC||21262||Shiv Chand||SAD||18748
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Fazilka district]]
* [[Abohar Assembly constituency]]
* [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[2019 Indian general election in Punjab]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.22|74.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Fazilka district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Srirastu Subhamastu

2026-04-14T01:12:08Z

जाट:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Srirastu Subhamastu
| image = Srirastu Subhamastu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| writer = Parasuram
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Allu Sirish]]
* [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* [[Rao Ramesh]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Subbaraju]]
}}
| narrator = 
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = S. Manikandan
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|08|05}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹7.1 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Srirasthu Shubhamasthu Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=1970&cid=6&fid=3452 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en |date=23 September 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}₹20.2 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Srirasthu Shubhamasthu Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=1970&cid=6&fid=3452 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en |date=23 September 2026 |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''''Srirastu Subhamastu''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]] for [[Geetha Arts]] banner. The film features [[Allu Sirish]] and [[Lavanya Tripathi]] in the lead roles alongside [[Prakash Raj]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Subbaraju]], [[Sumalatha]], and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] in the supporting roles, while [[Hamsa Nandini]] appears in an [[item song]]. The film opened to mixed to positive reviews and went on to become a commercial success at the box office<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2016 |title=Srirasthu Shubhamasthu Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=1970&cid=6&fid=3452 |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>. The core plot of this movie was heavily inspired by the 2014 Kannada movie ''[[Bahaddur]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-sirish-celebrates-4-years-of-srirastu-subhamastu-had-most-fun-and-memorable-experiences-1708323-2020-08-06|title = Allu Sirish celebrates 4 years of Srirastu Subhamastu: Had most fun and memorable experiences|work=[[India Today]]|date=6 August 2020|first=Logesh|last=Balachandran|access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sirish falls in love with Ananya / Anu. He goes to her as a common man where he says that he "lost his purse" and says that she has to help him get his identity, as when he was beating goons for his purse Anu stops him. One day Anu's friend finds his purse in his back-pack. Sirish reveals to her friend that he is rich and his dad Krishna Mohan said that if Anu fell in love with Sirish without knowing he's rich they would get married. But if she didn't, he would marry a girl of his father's choice. Soon Anu falls in love with Sirish and when she's about to propose, her father says that her godparents would wish that Anu would marry their son Arun. Not wanting to hurt their feelings she accepts. Then Sirish goes to Anu's home in a village to make Anu confess her feelings to him and choose to marry Srish with the help of Shyam Sundar, a marriage broker. And then finally Anu's father learns of Sirish's love and asks him whether his family can take good care of Anu. Sirish realizes even if he marries Anu, she would be treated like an outsider like his sister-in-law and Sirish tells his father about the talk with Anu's Dad. Sirish's father talks to Anu's father and tells them about Sirish's real identity and promises that he changed and realized that his thoughts were wrong and will treat his daughters-in-law as his own daughters from now on. The film ends with Sirish and Anu's marriage.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allu Sirish]] as Sirish / Siri
* [[Lavanya Tripathi]] as Ananya / Anu
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Krishna Mohan, Sirish's father
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Jagannatham, Anu's father
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Anu's would-be father-in-law
* [[Subbaraju]] as [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] Anand
* [[Sumalatha]] as Sirish's mother
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Shyam Sundar
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Siva, Sirish's brother
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Anu's would-be mother-in-law
* [[Randhir Gattla]]
* [[Hamsa Nandini]] (special appearance) as Nandhini
* [[Eden Kuriakose]] as Siva's lover
* Vajja Venkata Gridhar
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Srirastu Subhamastu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 July 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 13:01
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Chuttalabbai]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Thikka]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]] and released by [[Lahari Music]]. The song "Desi Girl" is based on the song of the same name from ''[[Saagasam]]''.
{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:01
| title1 = Srirastu Subhamastu
| lyrics1 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra1 = Krishna Chaitanya, [[Javed Ali]], [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| length1 = 4:11
| title2 = Anu Anu
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra2 = [[S. Thaman]], [[Yazin Nizar]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Desi Girl
| lyrics3 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra3 = [[L. V. Revanth|Revanth]], Simha, [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| length3 = 4:22
}}

== Critical reception ==
Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "To sum up, ''Srirastu Subhamastu'' is a routine story with some regular scenes, but it is a decent effort from the director. The second half is entertaining and the pre-climax is good."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Srirastu Subhamastu movie review: Good hints of of[sic] Bommarillu and DDLJ |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/movie-reviews/060816/srirastu-subhamastu-movie-review-good-hints-of-of-bommarillu-and-ddlj.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Pranita Jonnalagedda of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Srirastu Subhamastu'' might be good in parts but as a package it fails to create an impact."<ref>{{cite news |title=Srirastu Subhamastu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/srirastu-subhamastu/movie-review/53557445.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 August 2016 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416215250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Srirastu-Subhamastu/movie-review/53557445.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Suhas Yellapantula of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave it 2/5 stars and wrote, "With needless emotions, lacklustre love story and an awfully predictable climax, ''Srirastu Subhamastu'' is a complete yawn-fest. Watch it at your own risk."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yellapantula |first1=Suhas |title='Srirastu Subhamastu' review: Forced injection of mindless emotions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2016/Aug/05/srirastu-subhamastu-review-forced-injection-of-mindless-emotions-1505846.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5953556}}

{{Parasuram}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Parasuram]]

R. Ravikumar

2026-04-09T09:47:23Z

जाट: Adding New Bio Added Tags.

{{Short description|Indian Tamil film director (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Tamil name|Rajendran|Ravikumar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Ravikumar
| birth_name = Rajendran Ravikumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1984|05|13}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruppur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Priya Ganesan|2016}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Rajendran Ravikumar''' (born 13 May<ref>{{Cite web |last=ச |date=13 May 2023 |title=HBD Director Ravikumar : 'இன்று நேற்று நாளை என்றும் நீ என் தேவதை..' காலத்துடன் காதலையும் சொன்ன அயலான் இயக்குநர்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/director-ravi-kumar-celebrates-his-birthday-today-fans-are-happy-and-excited-117397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519082726/https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/director-ravi-kumar-celebrates-his-birthday-today-fans-are-happy-and-excited-117397 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta|first=ஹரிஹரன்.}}</ref> 1984) is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works primarily in Tamil films. He is best known for his [[science fiction film]]s ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' (2015) and ''[[Ayalaan]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Sivakarthikeyan-starrer Ayalaan Postponed Yet Again, Pushed to Sankranti 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-starrer-ayalaan-postponed-yet-again-pushed-to-sankranti-2024-8567970.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908170009/https://www.news18.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-starrer-ayalaan-postponed-yet-again-pushed-to-sankranti-2024-8567970.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ravikumar is a native of [[Tiruppur]]. He was not initially passionate about cinema until a friend from Dubai gave him an amateur camera in the early 2000s. With that camera, Ravikumar taught himself filmmaking and made several short films from 2004 to the remainder of the decade. Some of his shorts were later shortlisted for the reality show ''Naalaya Iyakunar'', where he finished at third. After his stint at ''Naalaya Iyakunar'', Ravikumar began to take cinema as his career, and became an assistant director under [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] during ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' (2013). He later made his feature directorial debut with the science fiction film ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' (2015),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Parshathy J. |date=20 August 2015 |title=Time and again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/r-ravi-kumar-the-director-of-indru-netru-naalai-talks-about-his-experience-as-a-debut-film-m/article7561613.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154556/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/r-ravi-kumar-the-director-of-indru-netru-naalai-talks-about-his-experience-as-a-debut-film-m/article7561613.ece |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhavan |first=Anushree |date=22 August 2015 |title='My Next Film Too Will Be a Fantasy Flick' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/aug/22/my-next-film-too-will-be-a-fantasy-flick-803246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112122453/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/aug/22/My-Next-Film-Too-Will-Be-a-Fantasy-Flick-803246.html |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=7 September 2015 |title=Indru Netru Naalai director's next is a fantasy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indru-netru-naalai-directors-next-is-a-fantasy/articleshow/48859274.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015235604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indru-netru-naalai-directors-next-is-a-fantasy/articleshow/48859274.cms |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> for which he won the Behindwoods Gold Medal for Best Screenplay Writer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=26 July 2016 |title=Winners of Behindwoods Gold Medals 2015 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/list-of-winners-of-behindwoods-gold-medal-2015.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154721/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/list-of-winners-of-behindwoods-gold-medal-2015.html |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Ravikumar's second directorial feature was announced in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2016 |title=Project with Ravi Kumar will be very ambitious, says Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-briefs/project-with-ravi-kumar-will-be-very-ambitious-says-sivakarthikeyan-3085889/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207133707/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-briefs/project-with-ravi-kumar-will-be-very-ambitious-says-sivakarthikeyan-3085889/ |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The science fiction film, later titled ''[[Ayalaan]]'', began production in 2018,{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} languished in [[production hell]] and was released only in 2024, but was well received.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2024 |title='Ayalaan' box office collection day 1: Sivakarthikeyan's film gets a steady start, mints more than Rs 13 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-box-office-collection-day-1-sivakarthikeyans-film-gets-a-steady-start-mints-more-than-rs-13-crores/articleshow/106801900.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113081109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-box-office-collection-day-1-sivakarthikeyans-film-gets-a-steady-start-mints-more-than-rs-13-crores/articleshow/106801900.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shortly after the film's success, he was signed on to direct its sequel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Sivakarthikeyan and director Ravikumar reunite for 'Ayalaan' sequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyan-and-director-ravikumar-reunite-for-ayalaan-sequel/article67771705.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124063929/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyan-and-director-ravikumar-reunite-for-ayalaan-sequel/article67771705.ece |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In March 2026, he was revealed to be directing a film produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]], tentatively titled #MythriTamil03.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-24 |title=Soori's next to be helmed by 'Indru, Netru, Nalai' director R Ravikumar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sooris-next-to-be-helmed-by-indru-netru-nalai-director-r-ravikumar-1059278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325003608/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sooris-next-to-be-helmed-by-indru-netru-nalai-director-r-ravikumar-1059278 |archive-date=2026-03-25 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmmaking style ==
An avid reader of [[Tamil literature]], Ravikumar noted that such novels influence his thinking style.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Ravikumar married Priya Ganesan in 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-02 |title=Director Ravikumar blessed with a baby boy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ravikumar-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/108161875.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423122142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ravikumar-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/108161875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> They have a daughter born in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Chandhini |date=12 May 2021 |title=Director Ravikumar Rajendran Recovers From Covid-19, Urges Public Not to Ignore Symptoms |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/director-ravikumar-rajendran-recovers-from-covid-19-urges-public-not-to-ignore-symptoms/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154631/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/director-ravikumar-rajendran-recovers-from-covid-19-urges-public-not-to-ignore-symptoms/ |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naroji |first=Samruddhi |date=12 May 2021 |title=Ayalaan Director R. Ravikumar Recovers From COVID 19 |url=https://www.spotboye.com/south/tamil/ayalaan-director-r-ravikumar-recovers-from-covid-19/609b916825cb7a2565f9d140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112155142/https://www.spotboye.com/south/tamil/ayalaan-director-r-ravikumar-recovers-from-covid-19/609b916825cb7a2565f9d140 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=[[SpotboyE]]}}</ref> and a son born in 2024.<ref name=":1" /> Ravikumar's mother died in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naroji |first=Samruddhi |date=22 March 2021 |title=R Ravi Kumar's Mother Passes Away, Ayalaan Director Grieves His Loss In Silence |url=https://www.spotboye.com/south/tamil/r-ravi-kumar-s-mother-passes-away-ayalaan-director-grieves-his-loss-in-silence/60583ba139ae83052d2d20ea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113053608/https://www.spotboye.com/south/tamil/r-ravi-kumar-s-mother-passes-away-ayalaan-director-grieves-his-loss-in-silence/60583ba139ae83052d2d20ea |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=[[SpotboyE]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]''
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Ayalaan]]''
|Cameo appearance
|-
|TBA
| ''[[Soori 07]]''
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]' third [[Tamil language|Tamil]] production
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm7415469}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

George Birdwood

2026-04-05T22:07:25Z

जाट: Made initial pg v1

{{Short description|Anglo-Indian official, naturalist, and writer (1832–1917)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir George Birdwood
| image = [[File:George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood.jpg|250px]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] [[Legion of Honour|LH]]
| birth_name = George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood
| birth_date = 8 December 1832
| birth_place = [[Belgavi|Belgaum]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 28 June 1917 (aged 85)
| death_place = [[Ealing]], [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| alma_mater = [[Plymouth Grammar School]] [[Edinburgh University]]
| parents = Christopher Birdwood (father) Lydia Juliana Taylor (mother)
| partner = Frances Anne Tolcher
| children =
| occupation = Naturalist, writer
| awards = [[Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Order of the Star of India]] [[Legion of Honour]]
| office1 = [[Sheriff of Mumbai|1st Sheriff of Bombay]]
| term1 = 1846–1858
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = Bomonji Hormusji Wadia
| relatives = [[Herbert Mills Birdwood]]
}}

'''Sir George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood''' (8 December 1832 – 28 June 1917) was an [[Anglo-Indian]] official, [[naturalist]], and writer. He served as the first [[Sheriff of Bombay]] from 1846 to 1858.

==Life==
The son of General Christopher Birdwood, he was born at [[Belgaum]], then in the [[Bombay Presidency]], on 8 December 1832. The botanist and judge [[Herbert Mills Birdwood]] was his brother.<ref name=Head1988>{{cite journal |last1=Head |first1=Raymond |title=Indian Crafts and Western Design from the Seventeenth Century to the Present |journal=RSA Journal |date=1988 |volume=136 |issue=5378 |pages=121–122 |jstor=41374508 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41374508 |issn=0958-0433|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He was educated at [[Plymouth Grammar School]] and [[Edinburgh University]], where he took his MD degree presenting the thesis ''"The origin of ideas"''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birdwood |first=George Christopher Molesworth |date=1854 |title=The origin of ideas |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/32836 |language=en}}</ref> Entering the Bombay Medical Service in 1854, he served in the [[Anglo-Persian War|Persian War of 1856–1857]], and subsequently became professor at the [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]], registrar of the university, curator of the museum, and sheriff at Bombay, besides acting as secretary of the Asiatic and Horticultural societies.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Birdwood interested himself also in the municipal life of Bombay, where he acquired influence and popularity. He was obliged by ill-health in 1868 to return to England, where he entered the revenue and statistics department of the India Office (1871–1902).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In the dedication to his English translation of [[Garcia de Orta]]'s book, Clements Markham calls Birdwood the "Garcia da Orta of British India".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/colloquiesonsimp00orta#page/n9/mode/2up |year=1913 |author=Clements R. Markham |title=Colloquies on the simples and drugs of India by Garcia da Orta |publisher=Henry Sotheran and Co. |place=London}}</ref> He kept up his connection to India with contributions to the Indian press; and established longterm friendships with Indian princes and educated Indians. In 1846 he was selected [[Sheriff of Bombay]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography |page=43}}</ref> In 1887 he was created a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]; and, besides being given his [[Doctor of Laws]] degree by the [[University of Cambridge]], he was also made an officer of the [[Légion d'Honneur]] and a laureate of the [[Académie française|French Academy]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Birdwood redesigned the [[Brookwood Cemetery#Parsee (Zoroastrian) burial ground|Brockwood Cemetery Parsee and Zoroastrian burial ground]] in 1901.

While chairing the Indian Section of the annual meeting of the [[Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce|Royal Society of Arts]] in 1910, Birdwood declared that there was no "fine art" in India. When a particular [[Buddharupa|statue of the Buddha]] was adduced as counter-example, Birdwood is said to have responded: "This senseless similitude, in its immemorial fixed pose, is nothing more than an uninspired brazen image. . . . A boiled suet pudding would serve equally well as a symbol of passionless purity and serenity of soul."<ref>Mark Sedgwick, ''Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century'', Oxford University Press, 2004, page 52. {{ISBN|978-0-19-515297-5}}.</ref>

Birdwood died in Ealing on 28 June 1917.<ref>{{Cite EB1922 |title=Birdwood, Sir George Christopher Molesworth |pages=456–457 |volume=30 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri30chisrich/page/456/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>

{{botanist|Birdw.|Birdwood}}

===Works===
* ''The Economic Vegetable Products of the Bombay Presidency'' (12th edition, 1868){{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
* ''On the Genus Boswellia'' [Frankincense Trees] (1870), Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 27: 111-148.
* ''The Industrial Arts of India'' (1888)
* ''Reports on the Old Records of the India Office'' (1891)
* ''The Register of Letters and of the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies 1600-1619'' (1893) with [[William Foster (historiographer)|Sir William Foster]]
* ''First Letter Book of the East India Company'' (1895)

Birdwood published on the industrial arts of India, the ancient [[India Office Records|records of the India Office]], and the first letter-book of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]]. He encouraged Indian arts, on various aspects of which he wrote monographs, and his name was identified with the representation of India at the major [[International Exhibition]]s from 1857 to 1901.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>''Journal of Indian Art'', vol. viii. ''The Life and Work of Sir George Birdwood''</ref> His researches on the subject of [[incense]],<ref>Trans. Liun. Soc. xxvii., 1871; Ency. Brit. 9th ed., ''Incense'', 1881; revised</ref> became a classic.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

When still young, Birdwood contributed to magazines and newspapers; in India he helped to convert the ''Standard'' into ''[[The Times of India]]'', and edited the Bombay ''Saturday Review''; and after his return to London he wrote for the ''[[Pall Mall Gazette|Pall Mall]]'', ''[[Athenaeum (British magazine)|Athenaeum]]'', ''[[The Academy (periodical)|Academy]]'', and ''[[The Times]]''; and with [[Thomas Chenery]], the editor of ''The Times'', and others he took the initiative (1882) in celebrating the anniversary of [[Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield|Lord Beaconsfield]]'s death as [[Primrose Day]] (19 April).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

===References===
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Birdwood, Sir George Christopher Molesworth|volume=3|page=979}}

==Further reading==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Cite journal |editor-first=C. Hayavadana |editor-last=Rao |date=1915 |title=Birdwood, Sir George Christopher Molesworth |journal=The Indian Biographical Dictionary}}
* {{Cite journal |editor-first=Thompson |editor-last=Cooper |title=Birdwood, George Christopher Molesworth |journal=Men of the Time |edition=11th |date=1884}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birdwood, George}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Dollar Academy]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Anglo-Persian War]]
[[Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:19th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Medical School]]
[[Category:Birdwood family|George]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People educated at Plymouth Grammar School]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Legion of Honour]]

A. R. D. Prasad

2026-04-05T15:37:45Z

जाट: Created A Details

{{Short description|Indian information professional and Information scientist}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Autobiography|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Dr. A.R.D. Prasad
|image = Ardprasad.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Prof. ARD Prasad at OSOD Workshop
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|07|18}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname =
|spouse =
|relations =
|children =
|alma_mater = [[Documentation Research and Training Centre|Indian Statistical Institute (DRTC)]], [[Karnatak University|Karnataka University]]
|occupation = Professor
|signature_alt =
|website =
}}
'''Dr A.R.D. Prasad''' is an Indian [[Library and Information Science]] [[Academic staff|Academic]], [[Information professional]] and [[Information scientist]]. Dr Prasad was a Professor at [[Documentation Research and Training Centre]] ([[DRTC]]), Bangalore as Professor of Library and Information Science and he is retired Head of [[DRTC]], which is India's only proper '''ischool''' with a very strong research program. His areas of specialisation include [[Artificial intelligence]]-Applications in LIS, [[Natural language processing]], Digital Libraries, [[Hypertext]] and Multimedia applications, [[Institutional repository]], [[Open-source software]] used in Libraries, Open Access to Information, [[Semantic Web]] Technology, [[Free and open source software]] etc. His other area of interests are Mythology, Buddhism, Philosophy and Indian History. He is pioneer in the promotion and development of [[Open-source software]] used in Libraries and Information Centres in India, [[Open access (publishing)]] and [[Open Access movement]]. He is visiting Faculty of [[University of Trento]], Italy.

==Early life==
He has Master of Arts (M.A), M.Phil. in Philosophy, [[Bachelor of Library Science|BLIS]], ADIS (from DRTC, ISI) and obtained his doctorate (PhD) on "Application of Natural Language Processing Tools and Technique in Developing Subject Indexing Languages" from [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]].

==Memberships and association==
* Member, Working Group, National Knowledge Commission, Government of India.
* Member, [[DSpace]] Governance Advisory Committee
* Member, Project Evaluation committee on E-Infrastructure, European Commission, Brussels.
* Member, UGC Curriculum Development Committee
* Member, UGC ETDs Guidelines (Electronic Theses and Dissertations)
* Member, Retro-conversion committee of National Library of India
* Consultant, United Nations-Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-FAO)
* A Fulbright Scholar(1999)
* Mentor, [[Google Summer of Code]]
* Invited Speaker, Indian National Science Congress, 2006, Hyderabad

==Literary and scientific activities==
He has been actively involved in the development and promotion of digital library systems and has contributed to the establishment of digital repositories across several Indian institutions, including Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), and universities.

== Contributions to digital libraries ==
Prasad has made significant contributions to the field of digital libraries and knowledge organization:

* Developed digital repositories for endangered tribal languages of Tamil Nadu (<nowiki>https://tholkudi.in</nowiki>) and for the Central Institute of Indian Languages (<nowiki>https://sanchika.ciil.org/info/contributors</nowiki> .
* Presented advanced metadata frameworks at international conferences, including the Gyan Bharatam Conference.
* Served on the DSpace Governance Advisory Board at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.
* Developed and distributed an Ubuntu-based LiveDVD preconfigured with DSpace and Koha, which recorded over 30,000 downloads globally. (<nowiki>https://sourceforge.net/projects/dspace-livedvdkrishna/</nowiki>)
* Conducted more than 50 training workshops across India and internationally, including in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia, Samoa, Maldives, Mauritius and Malaysia, .

Research and Projects

Prasad has participated in and led several national and international research initiatives:

* '''Living Knowledge Project''' (European Commission): Focused on semantic web technologies (<nowiki>http://livingknowledge-project.eu/</nowiki>) .
* '''AgInfra Project''' (European Commission): Focused on agricultural data infrastructure. (<nowiki>https://aginfra.eu/</nowiki> )
* '''India–Trento Programme for Advanced Research''': Led research on ontology development.
* Integrated AGRIS-AP metadata schema into DSpace in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
* Developed an NGO portal for the UNAIDS programme in India for the World Health Organization
.

== External links ==

* Tamil Nadu Endangered Tribal Languages Repository (<nowiki>https://tholkudi.in</nowiki> )
* Central Institute of Indian Languages Repository (<nowiki>https://sanchika.ciil.org</nowiki>)
* Library LiveCD Project on SourceForge (https://liblivecd.sourceforge.net/)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, A.R.D.}}
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Natural language processing researchers]]
[[Category:Data miners]]

Atul Save

2026-04-04T03:37:31Z

जाट: Created New Post

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Minister of Renewable Energy]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 15 December 2024
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor = ''Ministry created''
| office1 = [[Ministry of Dairy Development (Maharashtra)|Minister of Dairy Development]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 15 December 2024
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor1 = [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Other Backward Classes (Maharashtra)|Minister of OBC Welfare]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start2 = 9 August 2022
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Eknath Shinde]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor2 = [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar|Vijay Wadettiwar]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Housing (Maharashtra)|Minister of Housing]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start3 = 2 July 2023
| term_end3 = 26 November 2024
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| predecessor3 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| successor3 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Co-operation (Maharashtra)|Minister of Co-operation]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start4 = 9 August 2022
| term_end4 = 2 July 2023
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| predecessor4 = [[Shamrao Pandurang Patil|Shamrao Patil]]
| successor4 = [[Dilip Walse Patil]]
| office5 = Minister of state [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start5 = 16 June 2019
| term_end5 = 8 November 2019
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname5 = Minister
| 2namedata5 = [[Subhash Desai]]
| 3blankname5 = Department
| 3namedata5 = Industry & Mining
| office6 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 2014
| predecessor6 = [[Rajendra Darda]]
| constituency6 = [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|2|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
| spouse =
| father = [[Moreshwar Save]]
| website =
}}

'''Atul Moreshwar Save''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Save was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the Chh. Sambhajinagar Assembly Constituency of in the 2014 Elections.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsreporter.in/atul-moreshwar-save-of-bjp-wins-the-chh.sambhajinagar-east-constituency-maharastra-maharastra-assembly-election-2014-549113 | title=Atul Moreshwar Save of BJP WINS the chh. sambhajinagar east constituency in the Assembly Election 2014 | work=newsreporter.in | accessdate=12 April 2016 | archive-date=21 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421030318/https://www.newsreporter.in/atul-moreshwar-save-of-bjp-wins-the-chh.sambhajinagar-east-constituency-maharastra-maharastra-assembly-election-2014-549113 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MP / MLA / MLC (Representatives in chh. sambhajinagar District) |url=http://aurangabad.gov.in/newsite/MP_MLA_MLC.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422015936/http://aurangabad.gov.in/newsite/MP_MLA_MLC.htm |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |work=chh.sambhajinagar.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aurangabad East (Maharashtra) Assembly Constituency Election Update |url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/aurangabad-east.html |accessdate=12 April 2016 |work=elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiavotes.com/district/ac/241/1004 | title=BJP WINS the Aurangabad east constituency in the Assembly Election 2014 | work=indiavotes.com | accessdate=12 April 2016}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] chose him to lead the party in the [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]] elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/BJP-chooses-newbies-Save-Tanwani-to-take-on-Sena/articleshow/46570027.cms | title=BJP chooses newbies Save, Tanwani to take on Sena | date=15 March 2015 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Syed | last=Rizwanullah | accessdate=8 November 2019 }}</ref> In the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly Election, Save was elected as the MLA of the BJP from Chh. Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) East, Maharashtra, defeating AIMIM's Mr. Imtiaz Jalil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangabad Election 2024 Results: BJP's Atul Moreshwar wins Aurangabad East, defeats AIMIM's Imtiaz Jaleel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aurangabad-election-2024-results-live-updates-sillod-kannad-phulambri-gangapur-election-results-latest-news-101732327314821.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results November-2024 Assembly Constituency 109 - AURANGABAD EAST (Maharashtra) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13109.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=atul save pulled victory in aurangabad east |url=https://www.lokmat.com/chhatrapati-sambhajinagar/atul-save-pulled-victory-in-aurangabad-east-imtiaz-jalil-of-mim-lost-by-2-thousand-800-votes-a-a320/}}</ref>

== Positions held ==
=== Ministerial ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Portfolio
!colspan="2"|Tenure
|-
|Minister of Co-operation earlier now Minister of Housing Development
|rowspan="2"|9-Aug-2022
|rowspan="2"|present
|-
|Minister of OBC Welfare
|-
|Minister of state for Industry & Mining
|16-Jun-2019
|8-Nov-2019
|}

=== Legislative ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Office
!Constituency
!colspan="3" |Tenure
|-
|rowspan="3"|Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
|2024
|Present
|-
|2019
|2024
|-
|2014
|2019
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Save, Atul Moreshwar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Government of West Bengal

2026-03-29T06:05:15Z

जाट: correct content for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the state government in [[West Bengal]]|the political history of West Bengal|Politics of West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox political system
| background_color = indigo
| name = Government of West Bengal
| image = Emblem of West Bengal (2018-present).svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Emblem of West Bengal]]
| type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary republic]] [[State governments in India|State government]]
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| date_established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1937|4|1}} (as [[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]])
| country = {{flag|India}}
| legislature = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| legislature_type = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
| legislature_place = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly#Assembly building|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Building]], Kolkata
| lowerhouse = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| lowerhouse_speaker = [[Biman Banerjee]]
| lowerhouse_speaker_title = [[Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| title_hos = [[Governor of West Bengal|Governor]]
| current_hos = [[R. N. Ravi]]
| appointer_hos = [[President of India]] (on advice of Central Government)
| title_hog = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| current_hog = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| appointer_hog = Governor
| cabinet = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Council of Ministers]]
| cabinet_leader = Chief Minister
| cabinet_hq = [[Writers' Building]], Kolkata (Permanent) [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna, Howrah]] (Temporary)
| cabinet_ministries = [[Third Banerjee ministry|53 ministries]]
| judiciary = [[Calcutta High Court]]
| courts = [[Judiciary of India]]
| chief_judge = [[Sujoy Paul]]
| court_seat = [[Calcutta High Court]], Kolkata
| court = [[Calcutta High Court]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|370000|c|lk=on}} (2024–25)
| website = [https://wb.gov.in/ wb.gov.in]
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''Government of West Bengal''', also known as the '''West Bengal Government''', is the [[Administrative division|principal administrative authority]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]], created by the [[Constitution of India|National Constitution]] as the state's legislative, executive and judicial authority.<ref name="West Bengal (state)">{{cite web|title=West Bengal (state)|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=WB|publisher=Indian Government|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Governor of West Bengal|Governor]] acts as the head of state and is the highest nominal authority of the state power, however, it is the [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] who is the chief executive authority and head of government.

The [[Chief Minister]] is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. [[Kolkata]], the capital of [[West Bengal]], houses the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. The temporary secretariat is located in the [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna building]] in the district of Howrah, adjacent to the state capital. The [[Calcutta High Court]] is located in Kolkata, which has jurisdiction over the whole of [[West Bengal]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].

The present Legislative Assembly of West Bengal is [[unicameral]], consisting of 294 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref name="The Parliament of West Bengal, India">{{cite web|title=The Parliament of West Bengal, India|url=http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=WEST%20BENGAL|publisher=cpahq.org|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216123229/http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=WEST%20BENGAL|url-status=dead}}</ref> Including one nominated from the [[Anglo-Indian]] community it was 295 before is abolition. Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved.

The [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|current chief minister]] is [[Mamata Banerjee]], who assumed the office on 20 May 2011. She is the founder and leader of the [[Trinamool Congress]] party, which won 184 seats (out of 294) in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], 211 seats (out of 294) in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and 215 seats (out of 294) in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].

==Head Leaders==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:white"; | House
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:white"; | Leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:white"; | Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}};color:white"; | Since
|-
!colspan=4|Constitutional Posts
|-
|[[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]]
|'''[[R. N. Ravi]]'''
|[[File:R.N. Ravi.jpg|75px]]
|12 March 2026
|-
| [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
|'''[[Mamata Banerjee]]'''
|[[File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|75px]]
| 20 May 2011
|-
|[[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|'''[[Biman Banerjee]]'''
|
|30 May 2011
|-
|[[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|'''[[Asish Banerjee|Dr. Asish Banerjee]]'''
| [[File:Dr. Asish Banerjee.jpg|75px]]
|2 July 2021
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|'''[[Mamata Banerjee]]'''
|[[File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|75px]]
| 5 May 2021
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|'''[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]'''
|[[File:Sobhandeb Chattopadhyay - Kolkata 2023-03-29 4888.jpg|75px]]
| 28 July 2022
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|'''[[Suvendu Adhikari]]'''
|[[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|75px]]
| 10 May 2021
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|'''[[Mihir Goswami]]'''
|
| 10 May 2021
|-
| [[Calcutta High Court|Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court]]
|'''[[Sujoy Paul]]'''
|
| 16 January 2026
|-
| Chief Secretary of West Bengal
|'''Dushyant Nariala'''
|
| 16 March 2026
|-
|}<section end="Parties and leaders"/>

== History ==
On 18 January 1862, under the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]], a 12-member Legislative Council for Bengal was founded by the Governor-General of India with the Lt Governor of Bengal and some nominated members. The strength of this council was gradually increased by subsequent acts. Under the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]], the maximum strength of the council was increased to 20 members out of which seven members were to be elected. After the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], the number was raised to 50 members.<ref name="The Parliament of West Bengal, India" />

== Organization ==

* The West Bengal government is divided into different ministries.

=== Departments===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|1
|[[Agricultural marketing|Agricultural Marketing]]
|-
|2
|[[Department of Agriculture (West Bengal)|Agriculture]]
|-
|3
|Animal Resources Development
|-
|4
|Backward Classes Welfare
|-
|5
|Consumer Affairs
|-
|6
|Co-operation
|-
|7
|Correctional Administration
|-
|8
|Disaster Management and Civil Defence
|-
|9
|[[Department of Environment (West Bengal)|Environment]]
|-
|10
|[[Ministry of Finance (West Bengal)|Finance]]
|-
|11
|Fire and Emergency Services
|-
|12
|Fisheries
|-
|13
|Food and Supplies
|-
|14
|Food Processing Industries and Horticulture
|-
|15
|Forests
|-
|16
|GTA
|-
|17
|Health and Family Welfare
|-
|18
|Higher Education
|-
|19
|[[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home and Hill Affairs]]
|-
|20
|Housing
|-
|21
|Industry, Commerce and Enterprises
|-
|22
|[[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information & Cultural Affairs]]
|-
|23
|[[Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics (West Bengal)|Information Technology and Electronics]]
|-
|24
|Irrigation and Waterways
|-
|25
|Judicial
|-
|26
|[[Department of Labour (West Bengal)|Labour]]
|-
|27
|Land and Land Reforms and Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation
|-
|28
|[[Department of Law (West Bengal)|Law]]
|-
|29
|Mass Education Extension and Library Services
|-
|30
|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and Textiles
|-
|31
|Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education
|-
|32
|Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources
|-
|33
|North Bengal Development
|-
|34
|Panchayats and Rural Development
|-
|35
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (West Bengal)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
|-
|36
|Paschimanchal Unnayan Affairs
|-
|37
|[[Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms (West Bengal)|Personnel and Administrative Reforms]]
|-
|38
|Planning and Statistics
|-
|39
|Power
|-
|40
|Programme Monitoring
|-
|41
|Public Enterprises and Industrial Reconstruction
|-
|42
|Public Health Engineering
|-
|43
|[[Department of Public Works (West Bengal)|Public Works]]
|-
|44
|[[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|School Education]]
|-
|45
|Science and Technology and Biotechnology
|-
|46
|Self Help Group and Self Employment
|-
|47
|Sundarban Affairs
|-
|48
|[[Department of Technical Education, Training and Skill Development|Technical Education, Training & Skill Development]]
|-
|49
|[[Department of Tourism (West Bengal)|Tourism]]
|-
|50
|Liquor
|-
|51
|Tribal Development
|-
|52
|Urban Development and Municipal Affairs
|-
|53
|Water resources Investigation and Development
|-
|54
|[[Department of Women and Child Development and Social Welfare|Women and Child Development and Social Welfare]]
|-
|55
|Youth Services and Sports
|}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wb.gov.in/government-departments-page.aspx |title=Departments |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

=== Department and Secretaries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|'''<big>Serial</big>'''
|'''<big>Department</big>'''
|'''<big>Secretary</big>'''
|-
|1
|[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
|[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], Dushyant Nariala, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|-
|2
|Home and Hill Affairs
|Additional Chief Secretary, Sanghamitra Ghosh, IAS
|-
|3
|Agriculture
|Principal Secretary, Onkar Singh Meena, IAS
|-
|4
|Agricultural Marketing
|Principal Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Onkar Singh Meena, IAS
|-
|5
|Animal Resources Development
|Additional Chief Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Vivek Kumar, IAS
|-
|6
|Backward Classes Welfare
|Secretary, Sanjay Bansal, IAS
|-
|7
|Consumer Affairs
|Principal Secretary, Neelam Meena, IAS
|-
|8
|Co-operation
|Additional Chief Secretary, Dr. Krishna Gupta, IAS
|-
|9
|Correctional Administration
|Secretary, Rajesh Kumar, IPS
|-
|10
|Disaster Management and Civil Defence
|Additional Chief Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Rajesh Kumar Sinha, IAS
|-
|11
|Environment
|Principal Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Rajesh Kumar, IAS
|-
|12
|Finance
|Special Secretary, Goutam Kumar Ghosh, IAS
|-
|13
|Fire and Emergency Services
|Principal Secretary, Khalil Ahmed, IAS
|-
|14
|Fisheries
|Secretary, Roshni Sen, IAS
|-
|15
|Food and Supplies
|Special Secretary, Anindya Mitra, IAS
|-
|16
|Food Processing Industries and Horticulture
|Principal Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Surendra Gupta, IAS
|-
|17
|Forests
|Additional Chief Secretary, Debal Ray, IAS
|-
|18
|GTA
|Principal Secretary, Dushyant Nariala, IAS
|-
|19
|Health and Family Welfare
|Principal Secretary, Narayan Swaroop Nigam, IAS
|-
|20
|Higher Education
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'' Binod Kumar, IAS
|-
|21
|Housing
|Principal Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Sinha, IAS
|-
|22
|Industry, Commerce and Enterprises
|Secretary, Vandana Yadav, IAS
|-
|23
|Information and Cultural Affairs
|Secretary, Santanu Basu, IAS
|-
|24
|Information Technology and Electronics
|Joint Secretary, Sumant Sahay, IAS
|-
|25
|Irrigation and Waterways
|Principal Secretary, Manish Jain, IAS
|-
|26
|Judicial
|Principal Secretary, Siddhartha Kanjilal, WBJS
|-
|27
|Labour
|Secretary, Avanindra Singh, IAS
|-
|28
|Land and Land Reforms & Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation
|Additional Chief Secretary, Vivek Kumar, IAS
|-
|29
|Law
|Principal Secretary, Pradip Kumar Panja, WBJS
|-
|30
|Mass Education Extension and Library Services
|Special Secretary, Anshul Gupta, IAS
|-
|31
|Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises and Textiles
|Principal Secretary, Rajesh Pandey, IAS
|-
|32
|Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education
|Secretary ''(additional charge)'', P. B. Salim, IAS
|-
|33
|North Bengal Development
|Additional Chief Secretary, Dushyant Nariala, IAS
|-
|34
|Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources
|Additional Chief Secretary, Barun Kumar Ray, IAS
|-
|35
|Panchayats and Rural Development
|Secretary, Dr. P. Ulaganathan
|-
|36
|Parliamentary Affairs
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'', Nandini Chakraborty, IAS
|-
|37
|Pashimanchal Unnayan Affairs
|Secretary, Dr. Rashmi Kamal, IAS
|-
|38
|Personnel and Administrative Reforms
|Secretary, Jagdish Prasad Meena, IAS
|-
|39
|Planning and Statistics
|Additional Chief Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Prabhat Kumar Mishra, IAS
|-
|40
|Programme Monitoring
|Secretary, Dr. P. B. Salim, IAS
|-
|41
|Power
|Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Santanu Basu, IAS
|-
|42
|Public Health Engineering
|Principal Secretary, Surendra Gupta, IAS
|-
|43
|Public Works
|Secretary, Antara Acharya, IAS
|-
|44
|Public Enterprises and Industrial Reconstruction
|Secretary, Smita Pandey, IAS
|-
|-
|-
|45
|School Education
|Principal Secretary, Binod Kumar, IAS
|-
|46
|Science and Technology and Bio-technology
|Additional Chief Secretary, Dr. Subrata Gupta, IAS
|-
|47
|Self Help Group and Self Employment
|Principal Secretary, Dr. Ravi Inder Singh, IAS
|-
|48
|Sundarban Affairs
|Additional Chief Secretary, Atri Bhattacharya, IAS
|-
|49
|Technical Education, Training & Skill Development
|Additional Chief Secretary, Anoop Kumar Aggarwal, IAS
|-
|50
|Tourism
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'', Barun Kumar Ray, IAS
|-
|51
|Transport
|Secretary, Dr. Saumitra Mohan, IAS
|-
|52
|Tribal Development
|Principal Secretary, Choten Dhendup Lama, IAS
|-
|-
|53
|Urban Development and Municipal Affairs
|Secretary, Md. Ghulam Ali Ansari, IAS
|-
|54
|Water Resources Investigation and Development
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'', Manish Jain, IAS
|-
|55
|Women and Child Development and Social Welfare
|Principal Secretary, Sanghamitra Ghosh, IAS
|-
|56
|Youth Services and Sports
|Principal Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Sinha, IAS
|}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wb.gov.in/government-secretaries.aspx |title=Secretaries |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
{{main|West Bengal Council of Ministers|Third Banerjee ministry}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No
!Name<ref name =m1>{{Cite magazine|author=Anupam Mishra Suryagni Roy |date=May 9, 2021 |title=43 TMC leaders, including 17 new faces, to be sworn in as ministers in West Bengal cabinet on Monday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-tmc-cabinet-ministers-list-1800594-2021-05-09|access-date=2021-05-10|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
!Portrait
!Constituency
!Assumed office<ref name=m2>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-09|title=Mamata's list of ministers features 17 new faces, including Manoj Tiwari|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mamatas-list-of-ministers-for-third-cabinet-features-17-new-faces-including-manoj-tiwari-7308489/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
!Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| 1
| '''[[Mamata Banerjee]]''' ([[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]])
| [[File:Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|100px]]
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|5 May 2021
|
*[[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home & Hill Affairs]]
*Personnel & Administration
*[[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health and Family Welfare]]
*[[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Land and Land Reforms]]
*Planning & Statistics Program Implementation
*Refugee and Rehabilitation
*[[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information & Cultural Affairs]]
*[[Department of Law (West Bengal)|Law, Judicial]]
*Youth Affairs and Sports
*[[Ministry of Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education (West Bengal)|Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education]]
|bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Ministers]]'''
|-
| 2
| '''[[Bankim Chandra Hazra]]'''
|
|[[Sagar (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
|10 May 2021
|
*[[Department of Sundarban Affairs (West Bengal)|Sundarban Affairs]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 3
| '''[[Manas Bhunia]]'''
|[[File:Manas Ranjan Bhunia - Kolkata 2012-01-21 8523.JPG|100px]]
|[[Sabang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabang]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Water Resources Investigation and Development
*Irrigation and Waterways
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 4
| '''[[Snehasis Chakraborty]]'''
|
|[[Jangipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jangipara]]
|3 August 2022
|
*[[Department of Transport (West Bengal)|Transport]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 5
| '''[[Moloy Ghatak]]'''
|
|[[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]]
|10 May 2021
|
*[[Department of Public Works (West Bengal)|Public Works]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 6
| '''[[Aroop Biswas]]'''
|[[File:Aroop Biswas 2021.jpg|100px]]
|[[Tollyganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tollyganj]]
|10 May 2021
|
*[[Ministry of Power (West Bengal)|Power]]
*Housing
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 7
| '''[[Rathin Ghosh]]'''
|
|[[Madhyamgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhyamgram]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Food and Supplies Department
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 8
| '''[[Firhad Hakim]]'''
| [[File:Firhad Hakim.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port]]
|10 May 2021
|
*[[Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs|Urban Development & Municipal Affairs]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 9
| '''[[Chandranath Sinha]]'''
|
|[[Bolpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
*Textiles
*Correctional Administration
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 10
| '''[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]'''
|[[File:Sobhandeb Chattopadhyay - Kolkata 2023-03-29 4888.jpg|100px]]
|[[Khardaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khardaha]]
|10 May 2021
|
*[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (West Bengal)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
*[[Department of Agriculture (West Bengal)|Agriculture]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 11
| '''[[Bratya Basu]]'''
|[[File:Bratya Basu, 5th International Theatre Festival, Kolkata, 2016.jpg|100px]]
|[[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|10 May 2021
|
*[[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|School and Higher Education]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 12
| '''[[Pulak Roy]]'''
|
|[[Uluberia Dakshin]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Public Health Engineering
*
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 13
| '''[[Shashi Panja]]'''
|[[File:Shashi Panja, Trinamul Congress leader and Minister 01.jpg|100px]]
|[[Shyampukur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyampukur]]
|10 May 2021
|
*[[Department of Women and Child Development and Social Welfare|Women and Child Development and Social Welfare]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 14
| '''[[Biplab Mitra]]'''
|
|[[Harirampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harirampur]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Agricultural Marketing
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 15
| '''[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]'''
|[[File:Javed Ahmed Khan - Kolkata 2023-03-29 4893.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kasba, Kolkata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Disaster Management and Civil Defence
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 16
| '''[[Swapan Debnath]]'''
|
|[[Purbasthali Dakshin]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Animal Resources Development
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 17
| '''[[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]'''
|[[File:Siddiqullah Chowdhury 2018.jpg|100px]]
|[[Manteswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manteswar]]
|10 May 2021
|
*Mass Education Extension and Library Services
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
|-
| 18
| '''[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]'''
|
| [[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum Uttar]]
|9 March 2002
|
*[[Finance]] ''(I/C)''
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 19
| '''[[Udayan Guha]]'''
|[[File:UdayanGuha.jpg|100px]]
|[[Dinhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dinhata]]
|3 August 2022
|
*[[Department of North Bengal Development|North Bengal Development]]
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
| 20
| '''[[Babul Supriyo]]'''
|[[File:Babul Supriyo 2018.jpg|100px]]
|[[Ballygunge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ballygunge]]
|3 August 2022
|
*Information Technology and Electronics
*Public Enterprises and Industrial Reconstruction
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-

| 21
| '''[[Pradip Mazumdar]]'''
|
|[[Durgapur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur Purba]]
| 3 August 2022
|
*Rural Development and Panchayati Raj
*Co-operatives
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
|-
| 22
| '''[[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]'''
|
|[[Goalpokhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goalpokhar]]
| 7 August 2024
|
*Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources
| bgcolor="#3CB371" |
| [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
|}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite web
| url = https://wbxpress.com/subject/nabanna/
| title = West Bengal Government Publications| access-date = 2006-10-28| work = New Administrative Building at Nabanna| publisher = wbxpress.com }}
* {{cite web| url = http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States%5Cwestbengal%5Cwesbengal-w.htm| title = West Bengal Legislative Assembly| access-date = 2006-10-28| work = Legislative Bodies in India| publisher = National Informatics Centre| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160313022603/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/states/westbengal/wesbengal-w.htm| archive-date = 13 March 2016| url-status = dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/DataBase/DataBase_fs.htm
|title=Election Database
|access-date=2006-08-26
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818182708/http://eci.gov.in/DataBase/DataBase_fs.htm
|archive-date=2006-08-18
}}
* {{cite web
| url = https://wbxpress.com/council-ministers-west-bengal-2016/| title = Council of Ministers in West Bengal, 2016| access-date = 2012-08-16| publisher = West Bengal Govt. Orders}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.wb.gov.in/}}
{{Government of India by state or territory}}

{{West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]

List of Hindi films of 1972

2026-03-28T18:07:56Z

जाट: adjust information per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Bollywood films}}

The following is a list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1972:

== Top-grossing films ==
The top grossing films at the Indian Box Office in
1972:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg==|title=Top Earners 1972|access-date=2017-07-06|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010158/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg==|archive-date=2010-01-02}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! 1972 Rank
! Title
! Cast
|-
| 1.
| '''''[[Pakeezah]]'''''
| [[Meena Kumari]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]
|-
| 2.
| '''''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'''''
| [[Hema Malini]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
| 3.
| '''''[[Dushman (1972 film)|Dushman]]'''''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]]
|-
| 4.
| '''''[[Amar Prem]]'''''
| [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Rajesh Khanna]]
|-
| 5.
| '''''[[Raja Jani]]'''''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]]
|-
| 6.
| '''''[[Be-Imaan]]'''''
| [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]]
|-
| 7.
| '''''[[Gora Aur Kala]]'''''
| [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Rekha]]
|-
| 8.
| '''''[[Apna Desh]]'''''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
| 9.
| '''''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'''''
| [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Navin Nischol]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
| 10.
| '''''[[Jawani Diwani]]'''''
| [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Nirupa Roy]]
|-
| 11.
| '''''[[Samadhi (1972 film)|Samadhi]]'''''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]]
|-
| 12.
| '''''[[Bawarchi]]'''''
| [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Usha Kiran]]
|-
| 13.
| '''''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'''''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Bachchan]]
|-
| 14.
| '''''[[Joroo Ka Ghulam]]'''''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Om Prakash]]
|-
| 15.
| '''''[[Raampur Ka Lakshman]]'''''
| [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Rekha]]
|}

== A–Z ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Sources
|-
|''[[Aan Baan]]'' || [[Prakash Mehra]] || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Raakhee]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Aankh Micholi]]'' || [[Ramanna (film director)|Ramanna]] || [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]], [[Farida Jalal]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]'' || [[Raghunath Jhalani]] || [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Raakhee]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama and suspense ||
|-
|''[[Amar Prem]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Vinod Mehra]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Annadata (1972 film)|Annadata]]'' || [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] || [[Jaya Bhaduri]], [[Anil Dhawan]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Anokha Daan]]'' || [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] || [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Tarun Bose]], [[Anil Dhawan]], [[Zaheera]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Anokha Milan]]'' || [[Jagannath Chatterjee]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Pranoti Ghost]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Anokhi Pehchan]]'' || [[Satyen Bose]] || [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Raakhee]], [[Simi Garewal]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Jagdeep]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'' || [[Shakti Samanta]] || [[Nutan]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Mousumi Chatterji]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Apna Desh]]'' || [[Jambulingam (director)|Jambu]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Apradh]]'' || [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] || [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Babul Ki Galiyaan]]'' || [[S.D. Narang]] || [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || Drama ||
|-
|''Baharon Phool Barsao'' || [[Indira Mathur]] || [[Dheeraj Kumar]], [[Anjana (actress)|Anjana]], [[Sulochana Latkar]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Bandagi]]'' || [[K. Shankar]] || [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Shandya Roy]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Sujit Kumar]], [[Madan Puri]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Bansi Birju]]'' || [[Prakash Verma]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Bharat Ke Shaheed]]'' || [[Vishram Bedekar]] || [[Subhash Ghai]], [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Seema Deo]], [[Tabassum Govil]], [[Azaad Irani]], [[Mehmood Jr.]], [[Reema Rakesh Nath]], [[Kartar Singh]] (Sikh man in army), [[Ram Avtar]], [[Bhushan Tiwari]], [[Kedarnath Saigal]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Bawarchi]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]] || Comedy ||
|-
|''[[Be-Imaan]]'' || [[Sohanlal Kanwar]] || [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Raakhee]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Bees Saal Pehle]]'' || [[Probir Roy]] || [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Sharita Joshi]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Lalita Pawar]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Bindiya Aur Bandook]]'' ||[[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Asha Sachdev]], [[Laxmi Chaya]], [[Raza Murad]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Bhai Ho To Aisa]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'' || [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Buniyaad (film)|Buniyaad]]'' || [[Virender Sinha]] || [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Yogeeta Bali]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Dastaan (1972 film)|Dastaan]]'' || [[B. R. Chopra]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Dharkan]]'' || [[Devendra Goel]] || [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || Thriller ||
|-
|''[[Dil Daulat Duniya]]'' || [[Prem Narayan Arora]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Dil Ka Raja]]'' || [[P. Madhavan]] || [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Raaj Kumar]] || Action ||
|-
|''Do Bachche Dus Haath'' || [[Kalpataru]] || [[Nasir Ahmad Ansari]], [[Prem Nath]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Do Chor]]'' || [[Padmanabh]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Tanuja]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Do Gaz Zameen Ke Neeche]]'' || [[Tulsi Ramsay]] || [[Satyendra Kapoor]] || Horror ||
|-
|''[[Do Yaar]]'' || [[Kewal Misra]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Rekha]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Double Cross (1972 film)|Double Cross]]'' || [[Gogi Anand]] || [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]], [[Rekha]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Ek Adhuri Kahani]]'' || [[Mrinal Sen]] || [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Shekhar Chatterjee]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Ek Bar Mooskura Do]]'' || [[Ram Mukherjee]] || [[Shobhna Samarth]], [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Tanuja]], [[Deb Mukherjee]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Ek Bechara]]'' || [[S. M. Abbas]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Ek Hasina Do Diwane]]'' || [[S. M. Abbas]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Babita]], [[Vinod Khanna]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Ek Khiladi Bawan Pattey]]'' || [[Ravi Khanna]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Ravi Khanna]], [[Laxmi Chahya]] || ||
|-
|''[[Ek Nazar]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Gaon Hamara Shaher Tumhara]]'' || Naresh Kumar || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Rekha]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Garam Masala]]'' || [[Aspi Irani]] || [[Aruna Irani]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] || Comedy ||
|-
|''[[Gomti Ke Kinare]]'' || [[Saawan Kumar Tak]] || [[Meena Kumari]], [[Sameer Khan]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Gora Aur Kala]]'' || Naresh Kumar || [[Rekha]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Hema Malini]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Grahan (1972 film)|Grahan]]'' || [[Arvind Kumar Sinha]] || [[Nutan]], [[Shubash Gai]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Haar Jeet (1972 film)|Haar Jeet]]'' || [[C. P. Dixit]] || [[Rehana Sultan]], [[Anil Dhawan]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Hari Darshan]]'' || [[Chandrakant]] || [[Dara Singh]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] || Fantasy ||
|-
|''[[Jai Jwala]]'' || [[Manohar Deepak]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Madhumati]], [[Nazneen]], [[Sujit Kumar]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Jangal Mein Mangal]]'' || [[Rajendra Bhatia]] || [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Janwar Aur Insaan]]'' || [[Tapi Chanakya]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Raakhee]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Jawani Diwani]]'' || [[Narendra Bedi]] || [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Jeet (1972 film)|Jeet]]'' || [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] || [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Babita]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Joroo Ka Ghulam]]'' || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Nanda (film)|Nanda]], [[Om Prakash]] || Comedy ||
|-
|''[[Koshish]]'' || [[Sampooran Singh Gulzar]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]] || Romance, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Lalkar]]'' || [[Ramanand Sagar]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kum Kum]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Maalik (1972 film)|Maalik]]'' || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Man Jaiye]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || [[Rakesh Pandhya]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Maya Darpan]]'' || [[Kumar Shahani]] || [[Aditi]], [[Anil Pandya]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Mehmil]]'' || [[Bibhuti Mitra]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mere Bhaiya]]'' || [[Satyen Bose]] || [[Vijay Arora]], [[Nazima]], [[Suresh Chatwal]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'' || [[Ravikant Nagaich]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Tanuja]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Midnight (1972 film)|Midnight]]'' || [[Raju]] || [[Nazreen]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Milap (1972 film)|Milap]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Mome Ki Gudiya]]'' || [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || [[Ratan Chopra]], [[Tanuja]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Pakeezah]]'' || [[Kamal Amrohi]] || [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Ashok Kumar]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Parchhaiyan (film)|Parchhaiyan]]'' || [[Sharankumar Chand]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], Reshma, [[Sujit Kumar]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' || [[Sampooran Singh Gulzar]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Asrani]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]'' || [[Basu Chatterjee]] || [[Anil Dhawan]], [[Jaya Badhuri]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Pyaar Diwana]]'' || [[Samar Chatterjee]] || [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || Comedy ||
|-
|''[[Raampur Ka Lakshman]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Rekha]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Raaste Kaa Patthar]]'' || [[Mukul Dutt]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Laxmi Chaya]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Raja Jani]]'' || [[Mohan Segal]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Prem Nath]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Rakhi Aur Hathkadi]]'' || [[S. M. Sagar]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Vijay Arora]], [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Asha Parekh]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Rani Mera Naam]]'' || [[S. M. Sagar]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Vijaya Lalitha]], [[Prem Nath]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Rivaaj]]'' || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Shatrugan Sinha]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Roop Tera Mastana]]'' || [[Khalid Akhtar (director)|Khalid Akhtar]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa]]'' || [[Satyen Bose]] || [[Vishal Anand]], [[Nazneen]], [[Nana Palshikar]], [[Ashok Kumar]] || Drama ||
|-
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Sabse Bada Sukh]]}} || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Vijay Arora]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Meeta]], [[Utpal Dutt]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Samaanta]]'' || [[Nitin Bose]] || [[Dheeraj Kumar]], Snehlata || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Samadhi (1972 film)|Samadhi]]'' || [[Prakash Mehra]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]], [[Asha Parekh]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Sazaa (1972 film)|Sazaa]]'' || [[Chand (director)|Chand]] || [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Rekha]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Yogeeta Bali]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Thriller ||
|-
|''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' || [[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Hema Malini]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]'' || [[L.V. Prasad]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Raakhee]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Shararat (1972 film)|Shararat]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Shayar-e-Kashmir Mahjoor]]'' || [[Prabhat Mukherjee]] || [[Balraj Sahni]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Shehzada]]'' || [[K. Shankar]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Raakhee]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]'' || [[Manoj Kumar]] || [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Nanda (film)|Nanda]], [[Jaya Bachchan]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Sub Ka Saathi]]'' || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], Bharthi || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Subah-O-Shaam]]'' || [[Tapi Chanakya]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Sultana Daku (1972 film)|Sultana Daku]]'' || [[Mohammed Hussain]] || [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Dara Singh]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Tangewala]]'' || Naresh Kumar || [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Sujit Kumar]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Tanhai (film)|Tanhai]]'' || Naresh Kumar || [[Rehana Sultan]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Trisandhya]]'' || [[Raj Marbros]] || [[Baskar Roy Chawdhury]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Latha Menon]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'' || [[Brij]] || [[Navin Nischol]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Wafaa (1972 film)|Wafaa]]'' || [[Ramanna (film director)|Ramanna]] || [[Raakhee]], [[Nasir Hussain]], [[Sanjay Khan]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Yaar Mera]]'' || [[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Yeh Gulistan Hamara]]'' || [[Atma Ra]] || [[Dev Anand]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Zameen Aasman]]'' || [[A. Veerappan]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Yogeeta Bali]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Zaroorat]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || [[Reena Roy]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Zindagi Zindagi]]'' || [[Tapan Sinha]] || [[Deb Mukherjee]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Ashok Kumar]] || Romance ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi films of 1971]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 1973]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1972&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1972;Hindi&&related=9;1972;1972;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1972/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1972] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1972.html Indian Film Songs from the Year 1972] – A look back at 1972 with a special focus on the Hindi film song

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1972 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 1972}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1972]]
[[Category:Lists of 1972 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1972 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Druk White Lotus School

2026-03-26T11:55:35Z

जाट: minor cleanup

{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Druk Padma Karpo School
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| location =
| country = India
| type = Public
| established = 
| opened =
| closed =
| district =
| superintendent =
| principal =
| faculty =
| grades =
| campus_size =
| campus_type = Rural
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| communities =
| website = {{URL|http://www.dwls.org/}}
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|04|28|N|77|38|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| enrollment =
| colors =
| feeder_schools =
}}

[[File:Druk white lotus school kid.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Three children after morning roll call.]]

The '''Druk White Lotus School''' is located in [[Shey]], [[Ladakh]], in northern [[India]], and is known locally as the Druk Padma Karpo School. Karpo means White and Padma means Lotus in the local language Bodhi.

== About ==
The school was started at the request of the people of Ladakh who wanted a school that would help maintain their rich cultural traditions, based on [[Tibetan Buddhism]], while equipping their children for a life in the 21st century.

The masterplan and school buildings, designed by architects and engineers from [[Arup Group Limited|Arup Associates]] and Ove Arup & Partners, combine local building techniques and materials with leading edge environmental design to make them effective in the extreme climate. In 2012, landscape architects from the School of Architecture, Design and Construction at the [[University of Greenwich]] began work on a landscape master plan and garden for the DWLS School.

The school offers a broad education, initially in the [[Ladakhi language]] and English. Residential blocks allow children from Ladakh's remote areas to attend, and a programme of sponsorship ensures that the poorest are not excluded. It is managed by the [[Druk]] Pema Karpo Educational Society and financed with money raised internationally.

Druk White Lotus/Padma Karpo school is being built in stages. The Nursery and Infant Courtyard opened in September 2001, and the Junior School in November 2004. Middle and Secondary School facilities were built year by year as funds permitted, with the last two secondary school classrooms completed in 2014. Additional facilities for residential students and the school are ongoing.

The school was featured in a 2007 episode of the [[PBS]] series Design e2,<ref>http://www-tc.pbs.org/e2/rss/media/207_the_druk_white_lotus_school_ladakh_podcast.mov {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref> [[Cisco Systems]] "Human Network" advertisement as well as the Aamir Khan movie ''[[3 Idiots]]''. The school was damaged in August 2010 when cloudbursts caused flash floods that washed mud and boulders into many school buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/futuristic-buddhist-school-in-leh-fights-nature-aamir-to-its-rescue-news-national-kilqaccacgc.html |title=Futuristic Buddhist school in Leh fights nature, Aamir to its rescue |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815093308/http://sify.com/news/futuristic-buddhist-school-in-leh-fights-nature-aamir-to-its-rescue-news-national-kilqaccacgc.html |archive-date=15 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/11213/arup-associates-druk-white-lotus-school-hit-by-flash-floods.html |title=Arup associates: Druk white lotus school hit by flash floods |access-date=2010-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820042638/http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/11213/arup-associates-druk-white-lotus-school-hit-by-flash-floods.html |archive-date=2010-08-20 }}</ref> The Bollywood star [[Aamir Khan]] made a special effort to lend a helping hand.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/87951/ranchos-school-limps-back-normalcy.html| title = Rancho's school limps back to normalcy {{!}} Deccan Herald| newspaper = Deccan Herald| date = 11 August 2010}}</ref>

==Founder, patrons and supporters==
[[File:druk white lotus school gya.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Gyalwang Drukpa]], the spiritual leader of [[Ladakh]]]]
'''Founder'''
*The [[Gyalwang Drukpa]]
'''Patrons'''
*The [[14th Dalai Lama]]
*The 2nd Thuksey Rinpoche

'''Honorary patrons'''
*[[Joanna Lumley]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] [[FRGS]]
*[[Richard Gere]]
*[[Dowager]] Countess [[Cawdor]]
*[[Viscount Cowdray]] and Viscountess Cowdray

'''Supporters'''
*[[The Yardbirds]]
*[[Donovan]]
*Peaks Foundation

==Awards==
[[File:Druk white lotus school.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Solar panels for generating electricity, part of the school's award-winning, eco-friendly, architecture.]]{{More citations needed section|date=April 2020}}

*The International Architecture in Stone Award, 2013:
*The Emirates Glass LEAF Awards, 2012 for 'Best Sustainable Development':
*‘Test of Time: Environmental’ Award from the British Council for School Environments, 2012:
*Design for Asia Grand Award, 2009:
*Award for ‘Inspiring Design – International’ from the British Council for School Environments, 2009:
*Australian National Association of Women in Construction, 2005:
**''Sinclair Knight Merz Award for Achievement in Development''
*British Consultants and Construction Bureau – International Expertise Awards, 2003:
**''Large Consultancy Firm of the Year 2003'' ([[Arup Associates]])
*World Architecture Awards, 2002, ([[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] Associates):
**''Best Asian Building''
**''Best Education Building''
**''Best Green Building (joint winner)''

==See also==
* [[Tibetan Children's Villages]]
* [[List of academic and research institutes in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dwls.org/ The Druk White Lotus School].
*[http://www.arup.com/ Arup Associates] article on [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016175210/http://www.arup.com/feature.cfm?pageid=336 the school] and its [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310184811/http://www.arup.com/newsitem.cfm?pageid=968 awards].
*[http://www.drukpa.org/ His Holiness the Gyalwang Drukpa], school founder.
*[http://www.buffalo.edu/news/fast-execute.cgi/article-page.html?article=81550009 'A Visionary School Takes Shape in the Himalaya'] by the [[University at Buffalo]].
*[http://www.cisco.com/web/thehumannetwork/index.html 'Cisco Systems Human Network'] microsite.
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/dragon_garden_dwls_druk_white_lotus_school The Dragon Garden at the Druk White Lotus School].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Druk White Lotus school}}
[[Category:Buddhist schools in India]]
[[Category:Education in Ladakh]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

Unacademy

2026-03-26T09:37:48Z

जाट:

{{Short description|Indian multinational educational technology company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited
| logo = Unacademy-logo-official.svg
| logo_size = 300px
| logo_caption = Company Logo
| trading_name = unacademy
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Edtech]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2015}}
| founders = {{plainlist|
*Gaurav Munjal
*Hemesh Singh
*Roman Saini
*[[Sumit Jain]]
}}
| hq_location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| products =
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|988|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Unacademy narrows down losses by 62% in FY24; revenue remains flat |url=https://entrackr.com/2024/09/unacademy-narrows-down-losses-by-62-in-fy24-revenue-remains-flat/|work=EnTrackr |date=26 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| profit = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-628|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy23"/>
| subsid = *WiFiStudy
*Kreatryx
*[[CodeChef]]
*PrepLadder
*Mastree
*Coursavy
*TapChief
*Rheo TV
*Swiflearn
*Relevel
*Graphy
*Chamomile Tea With Toppers
| website = {{URL|unacademy.com/}}
}}

'''Unacademy''' is an [[India|Indian]] multinational [[educational technology]] company. The company's headquartered is in [[Bangalore]]. It provides an [[Distance education|online educational platform]] that hosts online courses and exam preparation materials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unacademy launches offline classes to take on Byju's-owned Aakash Institute |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/unacademy-launches-offline-classes-to-take-on-byjus-owned-aakash-institute/articleshow/91639300.cms |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518183601/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/unacademy-launches-offline-classes-to-take-on-byjus-owned-aakash-institute/articleshow/91639300.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company was founded by Gaurav Munjal, Hemesh Singh and Roman Saini in 2015. As of May 2022, Unacademy was valued at [[United States dollar|US$]]3.44 billion.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Nikhil |date=13 July 2022 |title=Unacademy's Downward Spiral: Product Fumbles & Failed Acquisitions Take Heavy Toll |url=https://inc42.com/features/unacademy-product-acquisition-blitz-downward-spiral/ |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Unacademy started off as a [[YouTube]] channel created by Gaurav Munjal in 2015 when he was an engineering student in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rajiv |date=22 June 2022 |title=Unacademy's Gaurav Munjal is ready to drink the polyjuice potion. |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/photogallery/2022-edtech-special/unacademys-gaurav-munjal-is-ready-to-drink-the-polyjuice-potion-can-professor-snape-transfigure-into-professor-mcgonagall/77497/1 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Gaurav uploaded a short video tutorial on computer graphics on his YouTube channel to help his peers prepare for the semester exams. In December 2015, Gaurav Munjal roped in two of his friends, Hemesh Singh and Roman Saini, and launched Unacademy app to create free interactive content.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Hemant |date=14 June 2022 |title=Allen Teachers Jump Ship To Unacademy; Will Students Follow? |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/teachers-row-allen-unacademy-learning-centres-kota/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhamija |first=Anshul |date=6 February 2018 |title=Unacademy: A New (digital Education) Academy |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2018/unacademy-a-new-(digital-education)-academy/49329/1 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaurav Munjal, Roman Saini, Hemesh Singh – India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2019 – Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/gaurav-munjal-roman-saini-hemesh-singh?year=2019 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Unacademy acquired WiFiStudy for $10 million, a [[Jaipur]]-based online exam preparation and learning platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarda |first=Pranit |date=17 February 2020 |title=Why YouTube Still Rules The Edtech Roost |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/edtech-special/why-youtube-still-rules-the-edtech-roost/57761/1 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, it acquired Kreatryx, an online preparation platform for [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] and [[Engineering Services Examination|ESE]]. That same year, Unacademy acquired [[CodeChef]], an [https://www.prepladder.com PrepLadder], a postgraduate medical entrance exam preparation platform,<ref name=":0" /> Mastree, and Coursavy, a [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) preparation platform.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=Edtech Unicorn Unacademy Acquires UPSC Test Prep Platform Coursavy |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/edtech-unicorn-unacademy-acquires-upsc-test-prep-platform-coursavy/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> Unacademy shut down the operations at Mastree after a year of acquisition.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unacademy shuts Mastree after a year of acquisition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/unacademy-shuts-mastree-after-a-year-of-acquisition/articleshow/85909207.cms |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2019, Unacademy launched its subscription-based model, Unacademy Plus and reported an [[Revenue stream|ARR]] of US$30 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Yuvraj |date=16 April 2019 |title=Unacademy: Helping people turn educators to millions of students |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/unacademy-helping-people-turn-educators-to-millions-of-students-119041600486_1.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Unacademy eyes USD 300 mn recurring revenues in coming years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/unacademy-eyes-usd-300-mn-recurring-revenues-in-coming-years/articleshow/74194940.cms |access-date=30 June 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In the same year, Unacademy secured nearly $87 million from investors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=13 September 2017 |title=Unacademy secures $11.5M funding led by Sequoia India & SAIF Partners |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/startups/unacademy-secures-11-5m-funding-led-by-sequoia-india-saif-partners/articleshow/60498041.cms |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> It was the second company in India to receive a direct investment from [[Facebook]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vankipuram |first=Meera |date=24 February 2020 |title=Unacademy, Byju's success lifts fortunes of edtech start-ups |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/unacademy-byju-s-success-lifts-fortunes-of-edtech-start-ups-11582565410821.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Unacademy launched Graphy, a platform that allows users to launch online schools.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Debleena |last2=Sharma |first2=Disha |title=From Unacademy's Graphy to Teachmint, how tech platforms are driving the teacher-creator economy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/technology-and-startups/from-unacademys-graphy-to-teachmint-how-tech-platforms-are-driving-the-teacher-creator-economy/primearticleshow/85844790.cms |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, Unacademy opened its platform to schools and colleges to conduct live classes for their students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vankipuram |first=Meera |date=20 March 2020 |title=Covid-19 impact: Online learning companies see spike in number of students |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/covid-19-impact-online-learning-companies-see-spike-in-number-of-students-11584724448197.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, the company launched its Legends on Unacademy, which includes live lectures from athletes, business executives and other public figures. Among the personalities who delivered live lectures are [[Brian Lara]], [[Brett Lee]], [[Jonty Rhodes]], [[Virat Kohli]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]], [[Sourav Ganguly]], former diplomat [[Shashi Tharoor]], retired IPS Officer [[Kiran Bedi]], [[Zev Siegl]], [[Mary Kom]], [[Randi Zuckerberg]], [[Abhijit Banerjee]], [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] chief [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Wikipedia]] co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Infosys Foundation]] chairperson [[Sudha Murty|Sudha Murthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virat Kohli, Anushka Sharma, Shashi Tharoor and Kiran Bedi to deliver live lectures on Unacademy |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/education/news/virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-shashi-tharoor-and-kiran-bedi-to-deliver-live-lectures-on-unacademy/articleshow/75175267.cms |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718104937/https://www.businessinsider.in/education/news/virat-kohli-anushka-sharma-shashi-tharoor-and-kiran-bedi-to-deliver-live-lectures-on-unacademy/articleshow/75175267.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Legends on Unacademy' to be on Times Now, ET Now – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/legends-on-unacademy-to-be-on-times-now-et-now/articleshow/76699502.cms |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Unacademy acquired TapChief, Rheo TV and Swiflearn.<ref name=":4" /> In May 2021, Unacademy launched Educate India, an initiative supported by Feeding India, that provided free 1-year subscriptions to 10,000 children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thacker |first=Hency |date=28 May 2021 |title=Indian Entities Extending Support to COVID Orphans |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/indians-entities-support-covid-orphans-csr/ |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=The CSR Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In December 2021, Unacademy had launched their Shikshodaya initiative that aims to educate over 5,00,000 girl students across India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This edtech company is aiming to teach 5 lakh girls, check details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/story/-shikshodaya-an-initiative-launched-by-unacademy-aims-to-educate-five-lakh-girl-students-1884087-2021-12-04 |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2021, the company was valued at $3.44 billion and had raised $860 million in funding from investors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2021-08-02 |title=Indian edtech Unacademy valued at $3.44 billion in $440 million fundraise |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/01/indian-edtech-unacademy-valued-at-3-44-billion-in-440-million-fundraise/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Nikhil |date=2024-12-08 |title=What's Happening At Unacademy? |url=https://inc42.com/features/unacademy-acquisition-allen-gaurav-munjal/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>In 2022, Unacademy became one of the founding members of [[Internet and Mobile Association of India|IAMAI]]'s India EdTech Consortium along with other edtech firms like Simplilearn, PrepInsta Prime, UpGrad, [[Byju's|Byjus]] and [[Vedantu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pushkarna |first=Akshit |title=What's Wrong With India's Booming Edtech Industry |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/431482 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> That year, Unacademy opened its first offline learning centre in [[Kota, Rajasthan]], followed up with other centers in Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=23 June 2022 |title=Unacademy CEO Gaurav Munjal bullish on edtech sector. Here' why |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/edtech-here-to-stay-unacademy-ceo-gaurav-munjal-bullish-on-edtech-sector-11655999326769.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Abrar |first=Peerzada |date=28 June 2022 |title=Edtech firms build brick-and-mortar centres across India to woo students |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/edtech-firms-build-brick-and-mortar-centres-across-india-to-woo-students-122062801436_1.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dilipkumar |first=Bhavya |title=Edtech's post-Covid offline push continues with Unacademy Centres |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/edtechs-post-covid-offline-push-continues-with-unacademy-centres/articleshow/91640543.cms |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Unacademy has signed MoUs with various Indian state governments to support meritorious students in these states to prepare for competitive exams like [[K–12|K-12]], [[Joint Entrance Examination|IIT-JEE]], [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET UG]], and Defence exams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unacademy signs MoU with Himachal Pradesh Government, empowering aspirants for competitive exams |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/unacademy-signs-mou-with-hp-government-empowering-aspirants-for-competitive-exams/2434879/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NSDC partners with Relevel by Unacademy to provide employment opportunities |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/nsdc-partners-with-relevel-by-unacademy-to-provide-employment-opportunities/2504058/ |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, upGrad agreed to acquire Unacademy in a 100% share-swap deal, with Gaurav Munjal continuing as CEO post-acquisition. The deal came after Unacademy's valuation had dropped to below $500 million — an approximately 85% decline from its 2021 peak of $3.44 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=Unacademy to be acquired by upGrad in share-swap deal |url=https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/15/unacademy-to-be-acquired-by-upgrad-in-share-swap-deal-as-indias-edtech-sector-consolidates/ |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
In January 2020, Unacademy suffered a data leak by the hacker group [[ShinyHunters]] that led to the exposure of personal data of nearly 22 million users. The breach included user records of employees from [[Reliance Industries]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]], [[State Bank of India|SBI]], [[Infosys]], [[Cognizant]], [[Wipro]], [[Accenture]], [[Facebook]] and [[Google]], among others.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Chandrashekhar |first=Anandi |title=Unacademy information on sale on the darkweb |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/unacademy-information-on-sale-on-the-darkweb/articleshow/75609772.cms |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref> The records appeared for sale on a [[dark web]] forum, with the seller asking for $2000. Unacademy officials later confirmed that nearly 11 million accounts were compromised, but nothing valuable was leaked or misused. Unacademy re-assured the fact that no sensitive information has been compromised in their official statement on the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Lawrence |date=6 May 2020 |title=Hacker sells 22 million Unacademy user records after data breach |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hacker-sells-22-million-unacademy-user-records-after-data-breach/ |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=[[Bleeping Computer]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11 million Unacademy user accounts were hacked in January — and they are now up for sale on Dark Web |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/11-million-unacademy-user-accounts-are-up-for-sale-on-dark-web/articleshow/75595084.cms |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

In May 2021, it was criticized for posting questions in their Test Series that were religiously inclined and were claimed to be anti-national in nature. Learners complain that often their educators are removed from the system, leaving the syllabus mid-way. In 2022, Unacademy was under scrutiny for laying off both educators as well as full-time employees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2021 |title=Unacademy educator calls tribals stupid in lecture, firm regrets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/unacademy-educator-calls-tribals-stupid-in-lecture-firm-regrets-7534742/ |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#ShameOnUnacademy trends on Twitter after the education app sponsors 'Anti-Hindu skit' that has left netizens fuming |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/shameonunacademy-trends-on-twitter-as-the-education-app-sponsors-anti-hindu-skit-that-has-left-netizens-fuming |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Unacademy educator's racist comments against tribals spark outrage; here's what happened |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/watch-unacademy-educators-racist-comments-against-tribals-spark-outrage-heres-what-happened |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Unacademy suspended contracts of educators to cut cost due to funding winter in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Teena |date=3 August 2022 |title=Edtech Unicorn Unacademy Suspends Contracts Of Educators To Cut Cost |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/432647 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

=== PrepLadder ===
In 2021, Sri Lankan company Medical Joyworks filed a suit in the Bombay Civil Court alleging that PrepLadder, a subsidiary of Unacademy, has plagiarized Medical Joyworks' Prognosis application and other property.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Bombay HC stays order that barred Unacademy from using PrepLadder app |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/bombay-hc-stays-order-that-barred-unacademy-from-using-prepladder-app/articleshow/86475995.cms |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref> The court in its order on 20 September 2021 stated that "Unacademy cannot use its PrepLadder app, website and any other content until all proprietary information, know-how, and technology belonging to Medical Joyworks have been removed to the satisfaction of Medical Joyworks and an independent auditor."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundhra |first=Laxitha |date=22 September 2021 |title=Edtech Startup Unacademy 'reviewing' Court Order Restraining It To Use PrepLadder In Plagiarism Row |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/edtech-startup-unacademy-reviewing-court-order-restraining-it-to-use-prepladder-in-plagiarism-row/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

However, on 24 September 2021, the [[Bombay High Court]] stayed this judgement when the legal counsel appearing for PrepLadder alleged that the civil court's order was completely erroneous since the civil judge had passed it without jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bombay HC stays order that barred Unacademy from using PrepLadder app |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/bombay-hc-stays-order-that-barred-unacademy-from-using-prepladder-app/articleshow/86475995.cms |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

=== 'Vote for educated' leaders controversy ===
On 17 August 2023 Unacademy fired Karan Sangwan, a teacher, after a video of him urging students to not vote for those who only focus on changing names, and to elect well-educated politicians, went viral on 14 August.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2023-08-18 |title=Unacademy Teacher Karan Sangwan Fired After He Urged Students to Vote for 'Educated Leaders' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/education/karan-sangwan-unacademy-educated-leaders-viral-video-controversy |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Roman Saini, Unacademy cofounder defended his removal by pointing that classroom is not a place to share personal opinions and views. He further noted that platform was forced to terminate due to strict code of conduct policies of the company.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Unacademy sacks teacher who urged students to vote for 'educated candidates': 'Classroom not a place to share personal views' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/unacademy-sacks-teacher-vote-for-educated-candidates-viral-video-8897622/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Unacademy fires teacher who urged students to vote for 'educated candidates' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/unacademy-fires-teacher-who-urged-students-to-vote-for-educated-candidates-11692349056276.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Unacademy gets pulled up by politicians after sacking tutor over 'vote for educated' remark, issues clarification |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/unacademy-gets-pulled-up-by-politicians-after-sacking-tutor-over-vote-for-educated-remark-issues-clarification/3214436/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Reacting, Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] questioned if it is a crime to ask people to vote for educated people. [[Supriya Shrinate]] wrote: “Sad to see such spineless and weak people run an education platform.”<ref name="financialexpress.com"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

== See also ==

* [[Educational technology]]
* [[Sri Chaitanya Educational Institutions#Infinity Learn|Infinity Learn]]
* [[Byju's]]
* [[Physics Wallah]]
* [[Online education in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://unacademy.com/}}

[[Category:Indian educational websites]]
[[Category:Education companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2015]]
[[Category:Online tutoring]]
[[Category:Virtual learning environments]]
[[Category:Distance education institutions based in India]]
[[Category:Test preparation companies]]
[[Category:Educational technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Ultranationalism

2026-03-17T07:46:22Z

जाट: small add article for consistency

{{short description|Extreme form of nationalism}}
{{redirect|Ultranationalist|the fictional "Ultranationalists" faction from the Call of Duty video game series|Call of Duty#Modern Warfare series}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date = December 2024}}
{{nationalism sidebar|types}}
{{fascism sidebar}}
'''Ultranationalism''', or '''extreme nationalism''', is an [[extremist]] form of [[nationalism]] in which a country asserts or maintains [[hegemony]], supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021746/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ultranationalism/ Ultranationalism]. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ultranationalism Ultranationalism]. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref><ref name="Griffin"/> Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of [[political violence]] even during peacetime.<ref name="Holy"/>

In [[ideological]] terms the British political theorist [[Roger Griffin]] said that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern [[nation state]]s as living [[organism]]s, and that in stark [[mythological]] ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those that are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those perceived as having great [[cultural]] destinies. Ultranationalism has been an aspect of [[fascism]], with historic governments such as the regimes of [[Fascist Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]] building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.<ref name="Griffin"/> Another major example was the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime in [[Democratic Kampuchea]] ([[Cambodia]]) that promoted ultranationalism.<ref name="Dunst 2018">{{cite news |last=Dunst|first=Charles|date=2018-11-16 |title=Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2173574/khmer-rouge-leaders-convicted-genocide-landmark-court |access-date=2023-01-18 |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

==Background concepts and broader context==
[[File:Review of reviews and world's work (1890) (14598069657).jpg|thumb|260px|right|Monarchist ultranationalists within the [[Black Hundreds]] movement marched in [[Odesa]], at the time part of Russia's empire, after the [[October Manifesto]] came out in 1905.]]
[[File:19270508 Défilé Jeanne d'Arc Action française.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Charles Maurras]] with members of ''[[Action Française]]'', a monarchist and ultranationalist political party in France, in 1927]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-065-24, Münchener Abkommen, Ankunft Mussolini.jpg|thumb|Germany's ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] (right) beside Italy's ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] (left)]]

British political theorist [[Roger Griffin]] argued that ultranationalism is essentially founded on [[xenophobia]] in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics, [[eugenics]] specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and [[dehumanization|subhumanness]]" in Griffin's opinion. According to Griffin, ultranationalists view the modern nation state as a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally can experience rebirth. He highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime founded on ultranationalism.<ref name="Griffin">{{cite book|title=World Fascism: A-K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C|year=2006|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|pages=451–453|isbn=9781576079409|last=Blamires|first=Cyprian}}</ref>

Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace. For instance, the [[British Union of Fascists]] adopted a secularist-minded platform centered on perceived technological progress. In contrast, the [[Iron Guard]] in the [[Kingdom of Romania under Fascism|Kingdom of Romania]] utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the psychological framework behind these movements.<ref name="Griffin"/>

According to American scholar [[Janusz Bugajski]], summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for [[authoritarian]] political arrangements verging on [[totalitarianism]], and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation." Bugajski believes that [[civic nationalism]] and the related concept of [[patriotism]] both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities. In his view, these doctrines stand in contrast to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe: State-building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization|isbn=9780765605283|first=Jonathan P.|last=Stein|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeFNV40_EUAC|pages=65–66|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]}}</ref>

==Historical movements and analysis==
[[File:Propaganda_posters_of_Manchukuo.JPG|thumb|right|260px|In 1930s and 1940s era ultranationalist Japan, the state routinely distributed [[Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II|political propaganda]] preaching the virtues of domination and expansion, with this photograph showing efforts in [[Manchukuo]].]]

American historian Walter Skya wrote in ''Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism'' that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional [[Shinto]] spiritual beliefs and [[militaristic]] attitudes regarding the nation's [[Race (human categorization)|racial identity]]. By the early 20th century, [[fanaticism]] arising from this combination of [[ethnic nationalism]] and [[religious nationalism]] caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly observed in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how between 1921 and 1936 three serving and two former [[List of Prime Ministers of Japan|Prime Ministers of Japan]] were assassinated. The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s ([[Statism in Shōwa Japan|Shōwa Japan]]) did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military. It additionally received widespread popular support.<ref name="Holy">{{cite book|title=Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|date=2009|isbn=9780822392460|first=Walter|last=Skya}}</ref>

Cambodian historian Sambo Manara found that the belief system sets forth a vision of [[supremacism]] in terms of [[international relations]] whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He argued that the [[Cambodian genocide]] is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. He stated, "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of [[class struggle]] in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to a "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation."<ref name="Khmer">{{cite news|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501134064/ultranationalism-destroyed-good-ties-between-nations/|title=Ultranationalism destroyed good ties between nations|accessdate=30 December 2022|date=18 August 2022|journal=[[Khmer Times]]}}</ref>

The totalitarian dictatorship of the Romanian leader [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] has been described as an example of [[Communist state|Communism]] taking an ultranationalist approach by ''[[Haaretz]]'', which cited the [[antisemitism]] of Ceaușescu in terms of actions such as his [[historical denialism]] of [[the Holocaust]]. He also made efforts to [[purge]] Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority.<ref name=Zoltan>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2022-08-16/ty-article-opinion/.premium/orbans-unsettling-similarity-to-romanias-deposed-executed-dictator/00000182-a64f-d803-a7f6-fe7f94320000|title=Viktor Orbán's Unsettling Similarity to Romania's Deposed, Executed Dictator|journal=[[Haaretz]]|first=Zoltán|last=Tibori-Szabó|accessdate=18 August 2022|date=16 August 2022}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] an ultranationalist due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly Orbán's public condemnation of "[[Miscegenation|race-mixing]]".<ref name="Zoltan" /> He has also been called an ultranationalist by [[NPR]], an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/04/1058834216/a-discomfort-with-western-liberalism-is-growing-in-eastern-europe|title=A discomfort with Western liberalism is growing in Eastern Europe|publisher=[[NPR]]|first=Joanna|last=Kakissis|date=4 December 2021|accessdate=24 August 2022}}</ref>

In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist [[Gideon Levy]] wrote that the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades. He wrote:
{{blockquote|"They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited the weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal – the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution – they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of the public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-religious-zionists-have-won-israel-1.5381210|title=Religious Ultranationalist Zionists Have Taken Over Israel|date=25 December 2015|first=Gideon|last=Levy|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=[[Haaretz]]|authorlink=Gideon Levy}}</ref>}}

[[Russian irredentism]], in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', with the aggressive actions of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] being credited as an evolution of political arguments made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Aleksandr Dugin]] (the author of 1997's ''[[The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia]]''), [[Lev Gumilyov]], and [[Ivan Ilyin]]. The newspaper highlighted the justifications given in support of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies", created by the United States in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jaweed|last=Kaleem|date=28 March 2022|accessdate=16 June 2022|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-03-28/putin-ultranationalism-ideology-russia-ukraine|title=A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism|journal=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

In a 2021 story, [[Bloomberg News]] stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China, particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media, presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with the paramount leader [[Xi Jinping]] facing opposition to his attempts to set forth [[climate change]]-based economic reforms in relation to [[greenhouse gas]]es. According to Bloomberg, Chinese political activists asserted a [[conspiracy theory]] that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people. [[Environmentalist]] policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-29/china-s-rising-ultra-nationalism-complicates-xi-s-climate-ambitions|journal=[[Bloomberg News]]|accessdate=24 August 2022|title=China's Rising Ultra-Nationalism Complicates Xi's Climate Ambitions|date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

Under the rule of [[Mohammed bin Salman]], who formally serves as a [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]], Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism in a shift away from the government's previous reliance on [[Islamist]] political arguments.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Son King: Reform and Repression in Saudi Arabia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|chapter=The New Populist Nationalism|first=Madawi|last=al-Rasheed|pages=139–182}}</ref><ref name=FT>{{cite news|work=[[Financial Times]]|title=Nationalism on the rise as Saudi Arabia seeks sense of identity|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31845386-6cb9-11e9-80c7-60ee53e6681d|quote=The attacks on the 10-second video, which was posted on Snapchat, were the latest example of a wave of ultranationalism that has swept across the kingdom in the three years since Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman consolidated his power.|date=7 May 2019|accessdate=23 February 2024}}</ref><ref name=France>{{cite news|work=[[France 24]]|title=Glittery party spotlights Saudi era of 'extreme openness'|accessdate=23 February 2024|date=24 December 2019|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191224-glittery-party-spotlights-saudi-era-of-extreme-openness}}</ref> For instance, [[France 24]] stated in a 2019 report that while "promoting ultra-nationalism" the Crown Prince had introduced "glitzy concerts, magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties".<ref name=France/> Also in 2019, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' likewise described the ideological shift as "a wave" that the leader had "swept across the kingdom".<ref name=FT/>

==Ultranationalist political parties==
=== Currently represented in national governments or legislatures ===
Many [[political parties]] have been described as ultranationalist.
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}''': [[Taliban]]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Verso|year=2020|first=Conor|last=Foley|title=The Thin Blue Line|quote=A key part of the Taliban's ideology was based on Pashtun ultra-nationalism}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Armenia}}''': [[Republican Party of Armenia]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armenian Nationalism and the Struggle against Intolerance|first=Yelena|last=Osipova|quote=The Republican Party has openly adopted this ideology, the core concept of which is ethnocentric racism and ultranationalism, along with an unquestioning allegiance to the Armenian Church.|journal=Scholar Forum|issue=15|date=1 September 2012|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/314fb736-6f2d-4dab-a188-a9dbfe9dcdd1/scholarforum-15-20130514.pdf|page=5}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Anti-Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives: Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia|last=Stewart|first=James|journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues|date=2 November 2019|volume=54|issue=4|pages=418–435|doi=10.1002/ajs4.83|s2cid=211418443}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Austria}}''': [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-14 |title=South Tyrol – a distorting mirror for Vienna, Rome and liberal London |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/south-tyrol-distorting-mirror-for-vienna-rome-and-liberal-lond/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=Even Austria's far right wants to demolish Hitler's birthplace |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/weird-news/2016/09/13/even-austria-s-far-right/24189754007/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jarausch |first=Konrad Hugo |title=Out of ashes : a new history of Europe in the twentieth century |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-8347-9 |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=742 |oclc=954000237}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Belgium}}''': [[Vlaams Belang]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elman |first=R. Amy |title=The European Union, antisemitism, and the politics of denial |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-8032-6693-3 |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=120 |oclc=897814752}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fotheringham |first=Alasdair |date=2021-02-03 |title=In the pandemic, are Europeans more attracted to the far right? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/2/3/far-right-europe-pandemic |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''': [[United Srpska]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaneu.com/bih-united-srpska-party-banned-from-participating-in-the-upcoming-local-election/|title=BiH: United Srpska party banned from participating in the upcoming local election|date=7 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarajevotimes.com/168578-2/|title=Scandalous Video of the United Srpska caused Criticism on Social Networks|date=20 September 2020}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': [[Revival (Bulgarian political party)|Revival]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Europe, Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron 'Tidal Wave' |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-covid-omicron-record/31650413.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2021 |title=Bulgaria: A heterogeneous coalition in the making |url=https://www.unicreditbulbank.bg/media/filer_public/af/1d/af1d10e0-03e0-4dc6-9d3b-ce7777a8b3dc/emergingmarkets_docs_2021_181696.pdf |journal=UniCredit Research |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weary of promises, Bulgarians protest against COVID curbs, inflation |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140002/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/weary-of-promises--bulgarians-protest-against-covid-curbs--inflation/47372690 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Velichie]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Euronews|title=Velichie party joins Bulgarian parliament, coalition majority now at risk|quote=the ultranationalist and pro-Russian Velichie party|date=14 March 2025|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/03/14/vote-recount-changes-political-landscape-in-bulgaria}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Chile}}''': [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019)|Republican Party]]<ref>{{cite web|work=Euronews|title=Partido oposto a reforma conduzirá processo de revisão constitucional|quote=Ultranacionalistas do Partido Republicano venceram eleições deste domingo no Chile|date=8 May 2023|url=https://pt.euronews.com/2023/05/08/partido-oposto-a-reforma-conduzira-processo-de-revisao-constitucional}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': [[Homeland Movement (Croatia)|Homeland Movement]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Elections in Croatia: 2020 Parliamentary Elections |publisher=International Foundation for Electoral Systems |date=July 2020 |location=Arlington, Virginia |pages=3}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Cyprus}}''': [[ELAM (Cyprus)|ELAM]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Journalism and ethics : breakthroughs in research and practice |date=2019 |publisher=IGI Global |editor=Information Resources Management Association |isbn=978-1-5225-8360-8 |location=Hershey, Pennsylvania |pages=585 |oclc=1096219393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Cyprus and the roadmap for peace : a critical interrogation of the conflict |date=2018 |editor1=Michális S. Michael |editor2=Yücel Vural |isbn=978-1-78643-049-6 |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |pages=87 |oclc=1043865663}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Freedom and Direct Democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech MP who compared Muslim immigrants to "invasive species" will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution |url=http://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-mp-who-compared-muslim-immigrants-to-invasive-species-will-not-be-stripped-of-immunity-from-prosecution |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=romea.cz|date=3 June 2020 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': [[Danish People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Freedom in the world : the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001 |date=2001 |publisher=Transaction Pub |author=Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team |isbn=0-7658-0101-9 |location=Piscataway, N.J. |pages=171 |oclc=48233321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Martin A. |title=The beast reawakens |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-28124-3 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=46 |oclc=858861623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Racial and ethnic economic inequality : an international perspective |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |author1=Samuel L. Myers |author2=Bruce P. Corrie |isbn=0-8204-5656-X |location=New York |pages=205 |oclc=52312447}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Liberal Estonia, Right-Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/liberal-estonia-right-wing-populists-are-making-their-mark|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Freedom House|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="The East-Europeanization of Estonian Politics" {{!}} Baltic Rim Economies|url=https://sites.utu.fi/bre/the-east-europeanization-of-estonian-politics/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=sites.utu.fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Europe's far right has stalled|url=https://www.afr.com/world/europe/europes-far-right-has-stalled-20200101-p53nzr|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|France}}''': [[National Rally]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Erlanger|first1=Steven|last2=de Freytas-Tamura|first2=Kimiko|title=E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/european-union-france-frexit-marine-le-pen.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 December 2016|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Finland}}''': [[Finns Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morden |first=Tony |title=Equality, diversity and opportunity management : costs, strategies and leadership |date=2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4094-3279-1 |location=Farnham, Surrey |oclc=847526846}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Georgia}}''': [[People's Power (Georgia)|People's Power]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Eunews.it|title=Georgia: Mikheil Kavelashvili has been elected president|date=16 December 2024|url=https://www.eunews.it/en/2024/12/16/georgia-mikheil-kavelashvili-has-been-elected-president/|quote=candidate of the ultranationalist Power of the People party}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Alternative for Germany]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/|title=The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history|quote=A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ...|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/frankenstein-pact-puts-afd-in-coalition-rcs0bp2lw|title=Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition|quote=A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel's party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.|work=[[The Times]]|date=23 July 2019|last1=Berlin|first1=Oliver Moody}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Greece}}''': [[Spartans (Greek political party)|Spartans]],<ref>{{cite news|quote=a previously little-known ultranationalist group called the Spartans|work=Vice News|title=The Far-Right Just Made a Shock Comeback in Greece|date=27 June 2023|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/greece-spartans-golden-dawn/}}</ref> [[Greek Solution]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/07/greeks-choose-between-beach-and-ballot-in-first-post-debt-bailout-poll|title=Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party|quote=Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.|work=The Guardian|date=7 July 2019}}</ref> [[Victory (Greek political party)|Victory]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Deutsche Welle|title=Germany's AfD reflects Europe's shift to the right|date=26 June 2023|quote=the ultranationalist and ultrareligious Niki (Victory)|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-afd-reflects-europes-shift-to-the-right/a-66039658}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Our Homeland Movement]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ | title=Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship | date=18 November 2019 | access-date=3 June 2022 | archive-date=19 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031633/https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2012 |first=Mark |last=Magnier |work=Los Angeles Times, [[Maharashtra navnirman sena]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-mar-08-la-fg-india-temple-20120309-story.html |title=In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref>

*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Otzma Yehudit]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Axios|title=U.S. slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker's remarks at Kahane memorial|date=11 November 2022|url=https://www.axios.com/2022/11/11/ultranationalist-ben-gvir-meir-kahane-israel-price}}</ref> [[Religious Zionist Party]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Jewish Chronicle|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/smotrich-and-ben-gvir-threaten-to-topple-coalition-if-netanyahu-backs-hostage-ceasefire-deal-xvo30afb|quote=The heads of the two ultranationalist parties, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich of Religious Zionism|title=Smotrich and Ben-Gvir threaten to topple coalition if Netanyahu backs hostage-ceasefire deal|date=2 June 2024}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[Brothers of Italy]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-21 |title=Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2019/0821/Political-turmoil-in-Italy-as-far-right-reaches-for-the-reins |access-date=2022-03-02 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put |url=https://euobserver.com/democracy/154256 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=EUobserver |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Conservative Party of Japan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Defeated in the polls, Ishiba seeks path to minority government |quote=for the first time the Conservative Party of Japan, an ultranationalist force that is openly xenophobic and prone to revisionist rhetoric on the country's history, will enter the Japanese parliament with three seats. |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Defeated-in-the-polls%2C-Ishiba-seeks-path-to-minority-government-61797.html#google_vignette |agency=AsiaNews |date=2024-10-28 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Awakened conservatives' in Japan targeting foreigners |quote=Like Sanseito, a right-wing anti-immigration party founded in 2020, the ultranationalist Conservative Party of Japan led by novelist Naoki Hyakuta has been edging toward a harder line. |url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20250627/p2g/00m/0na/039000c |agency=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |date=June 28, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2025}}</ref> [[Sanseitō]]<ref>{{cite news|work=UnHerd|title=Japan's Right-wing populists are on the march|date=24 June 2025|url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/japans-right-wing-populists-are-on-the-march/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|quote=Sanseitō, an ultranationalist populist party.|work=The Conversation|title=Rightwing populist Sanseitō party shakes Japan with election surge|date=21 July 2025|url=https://theconversation.com/rightwing-populist-sanseito-party-shakes-japan-with-election-surge-261303}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''': [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/far-right-buddhist-nationalist-candidates-among-biggest-losers-in-2020-election|title=Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election |author=Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai|date=20 November 2020|agency=Myanmar Now|access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|last=Internal Crisis Group|date=5 September 2017|title=Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/290-buddhism-and-state-power-myanmar}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Namibia}}''': [[Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters]]<ref name="sun_eff">{{cite web|url=http://www.namibiansun.com/politics/local-party-apes-malemas-eff.67539|title=Local party apes Malema's EFF|work=Namibian Sun|date=24 June 2014|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702012853/http://www.namibiansun.com/politics/local-party-apes-malemas-eff.67539|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Netherlands}}''': [[Party for Freedom]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Euronews|title=Netherlands requests opt-out clause from EU asylum rules, a bold move with low chances of success|date=18 September 2024|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/18/netherlands-requests-opt-out-clause-from-eu-asylum-rules-a-bold-move-with-low-chances-of-s|quote=Faber belongs to the Party for Freedom (PVV), the far-right, ultra-nationalist party led by Geert Wilders}}</ref> [[Forum for Democracy]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Leidsch Dagblad|title=Promoting internship at Forum for Democracy causes a stir at Leiden University: 'Too weird for words'|date=1 November 2022|url=https://www.leidschdagblad.nl/cnt/dmf20221101_68608230|quote=De ideologie is ultraconservatief, ultranationalistisch}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|North Korea}}''': [[Workers' Party of Korea]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheong |first1=Seong-Chang |year=2000 |title=Stalinism and Kimilsungism: A Comparative Analysis of Ideology and Power |journal=Asian Perspective |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=133–161 |doi=10.1353/apr.2000.0039 |url=http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/North%20Korea%20materials/240105-Cheong.pdf |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017044810/http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/North%20Korea%20materials/240105-Cheong.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Palestine}}''': [[Hamas]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Comparison Between Hamas and Likud Disingenuous|date=10 February 2006|work=The Harvard Crimson|quote=Hamas combines ultra-nationalism with fundamentalist Islamism.|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/10/comparison-between-hamas-and-likud-disingenuous/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Perspectives on the Past and Future of Israel and Palestine Conflict|date=29 December 2023|work=Quest Journals|quote=The ideologies of Fatah and Hamas are completely different. Hamas supports extreme nationalism.|url=https://www.questjournals.org/jrhss/papers/vol11-issue12/1112180185.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Hijacking of Democracy in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|work=Palestine–Israel Journal|quote=Hamas, a radical nationalist-religious party|url=https://www.pij.org/articles/2272/the-hijacking-of-democracy-in-the-israelipalestinian-conflict}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amid Israel-Hamas War, Revisit 'Shattered Dreams of Peace'|date=20 October 2023|work=PBS|quote=radical nationalist factions among both Jews and Palestinians — groups, including Hamas, that opposed all compromise between the two peoples.|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-shattered-dreams-of-peace-documentary/}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Confederation Liberty and Independence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Poland election race too close to call as voters prepare to go to polls|date=14 October 2023|work=The Guardian|quote=Ultranationalist Confederation party candidate Sławomir Mentzen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/poland-election-race-too-close-to-call-as-voters-prepare-to-go-to-poll}}</ref> ([[National Movement (Poland)|National Movement]]),<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Algemeiner]]|title=Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw|date=31 January 2018|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/01/31/polish-interior-minister-issues-last-minute-ban-on-neo-fascist-show-of-force-outside-israeli-embassy-in-warsaw/}}</ref> [[Confederation of the Polish Crown]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Times of Israel|title=Ukraine features prominently as far-right Poles stage Independence Day march
|date=12 November 2022|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-features-prominently-as-far-right-poles-stage-independence-day-march/|quote=Some activists from a small ultra-nationalist party, the Confederation of the Polish Crown}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Portugal}}''': [[Chega (political party)|Chega]]<ref>{{cite news|work=SBS|title=Maioria no parlamento português reprova protesto de partido ultranacionalista durante discurso de Lula|date=26 April 2023|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/pt/podcast-episode/maioria-no-parlamento-portugues-reprova-protesto-de-partido-ultranacionalista-durante-discurso-de-lula/fjdn85idp|quote=the ultranationalist Chega party}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Joyner |first= Ella |date= 20 May 2025 |title= Portugal: Far-right rise a warning for political center |url= https://www.dw.com/en/portugal-election-2025-far-right-chega-ad/a-72602502 |work= [[Deutsche Welle]] (DW) |access-date= 29 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Hernández-Morales |first= Aitor |date= 29 May 2025 |title= Far-right Chega group confirmed as Portugal's main opposition party |url= https://www.politico.eu/article/far-right-chega-group-confirmed-portugal-main-opposition-party/ |work= Politico |access-date= 29 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matamoros-Becerra |first=Javier |date=2024-12-05 |title=Economic Stances of Ultranationalist Parties in Western Europe |url=https://www.methaodos.org/revista-methaodos/index.php/methaodos/article/view/814 |journal=methaodos revista de ciencias sociales |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=m241202a09 |doi=10.17502/mrcs.v12i2.814 |issn=2340-8413|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Alliance for the Union of Romanians]],<ref name="ftd14">{{cite news |title=Far-right party changes political landscape in Romania |url=https://www.ft.com/content/040ab76c-cbef-4f2d-9b88-9f2d9ae7acfd |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/040ab76c-cbef-4f2d-9b88-9f2d9ae7acfd |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=14 December 2020|last1=Hopkins |first1=Valerie }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://transylvanianow.com/record-low-turnout-brings-extremist-party-into-romanias-parliament/|title=Record low turnout brings extremist party into Romania's Parliament|date=7 December 2020|publisher=Transylvania Now|website=transylvanianow.com}}</ref> [[S.O.S. Romania]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Reuters|title=Romania's top court says it barred presidential candidate over pro-Russian views|date=8 October 2024|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romanias-top-court-says-it-barred-candidate-presidential-race-over-pro-russian-2024-10-08/}}</ref> [[Party of Young People]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Devdiscourse|title=Romania's Political Landscape: Social Democrats Take the Lead|date=2 December 2024|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/3177959-romanias-political-landscape-social-democrats-take-the-lead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130221/179612948/Ultranationalists-Move-to-Slap-Fines-on-Use-of-Foreign-Words.html|title=Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words|date=21 February 2013}}</ref> [[Rodina (political party)|Rodina]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Herpen|first=Marcel H.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|title=Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy|page=34|year=2015}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]<ref name="ultranationalism">{{cite web |date=March 12, 2018 |title=Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-zavetnici-oath-keepers-ultranationalism-russia-lavrov/29094995.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota |url=https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/ |website=voice.org.rs |publisher=VOICE |language=Serbian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Balkan Insight|quote=As expected, Milica Djurdjevic Stamenkovski, the leader of far-right party Zavetnici (Oathkeepers), which did not make it into parliament in December’s elections, was given a post in the government, leading the Ministry for Demography and Family Care.|date=30 April 2024|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/04/30/serbia-names-us-sanctioned-pro-russian-politicians-as-ministers/|title=Serbia Names US-Sanctioned, Pro-Russian Politicians as Ministers}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Africa}}''': [[Economic Freedom Fighters]], [[uMkhonto weSizwe (political party)|uMkhonto weSizwe]]<ref>[http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 The Turn of the Fascist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412152256/http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 |date=12 April 2015 }}, Jane Duncan, ''SACSIS'' (2011).</ref><ref>Imraan Baccus,[http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa "Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006170505/http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa/ |date=6 October 2013 }}, ''City Press'' (2013).</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Buccus |first1=Imraan |title=Reevaluating the EFF and MK: Authoritarian nationalism versus leftism |url=https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/2024-06-19-reevaluating-the-eff-and-mk-authoritarian-nationalism-versus-leftism/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=The Mail & Guardian |date=19 June 2024 |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/politics/2024-01-14-jacob-zuma-campaigns-on-ticket-using-race-land-same-sex-laws-as-flashpoints/|title=Jacob Zuma campaigns on ticket using race, land, same-sex laws as flashpoints|website=TimesLIVE |date=14 January 2024 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak National Party]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/artikel/5410660/verkiezingen-slowakije-robert-fico-rusland-lhbti | title=Pro-Russische oud-premier Robert Fico wint verkiezingen Slowakije | date=October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century|last=Jeffries |first= Ian|year= 2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415236713 |page= [https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff/page/n366 352]|url=https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeatt00jeff|url-access= limited|quote=Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist}}</ref><ref name=Ramet>{{Cite book|title= Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe|last=P. Ramet|first=Sabrina |year=1997 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn= 9780847683246|page= 128|quote=...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina...}}</ref><ref name=IHT>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/07/europe/EU_GEN_EU_Slovakia.php |title=International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=10 January 2011}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Spain}}''': [[Vox (political party)|Vox]]<ref name=acha20190106>{{Cite journal|first=Beatriz|last=Acha|title=No, no es un partido (neo)fascista|date=6 January 2019|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711235730/http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mellon>{{Cite journal|journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/vox-del-nacional-catolicismo-al-ultranacionalismo-neoliberal/|title=Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal|first=Joan|last=Antón-Mellón|date=29 April 2019}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Sweden}}''': [[Sweden Democrats]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hällhag |first=Roger |title=New Sweden: Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model? |publisher=Friedrich Ebert Foundation |date=April 2007 |location=Bonn |pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges |date=2018 |editor1=Mikael Stenmark |editor2=Steve Fuller |editor3=Ulf Zackariasson |isbn=978-3-319-96559-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=169 |oclc=1052796925}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardell |first=Mattias |date=2014 |title=Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=130 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 |s2cid=144489939 |issn=0954-6553|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''': [[Swiss People's Party]]<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/arts/music/28abroad.html: "the ultranationalist Swiss People's Party"</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots|last=Estrin|first=Barbara L.|page=17|isbn=978-1611493702|date=2012|publisher=Lexington Books }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Thailand}}''': [[Palang Pracharath Party]],<ref>{{cite web|date=19 September 2023|title=Establishment Wins, People Lose in Thai Political Compromise|work=Focus on the Global South|quote=The Palang Pracharath Party was formed in 2018 as a civil-military and ultra-nationalist party|url= https://focusweb.org/establishment-wins-people-lose-in-thai-political-compromise/}}</ref> [[United Thai Nation Party]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Inkl|title=Thai army needs to march to a new tune|date=12 May 2023|url=https://www.inkl.com/news/thai-army-needs-to-march-to-a-new-tune}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Nationalist Movement Party]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arman, Murat Necip|title=The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism|journal= CEU Political Science Journal| issue=2|date= 2007 |pages= 133–151}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|author=Eissenstat, Howard. |title=Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism|conference=Middle East Studies Association Conference|location=Washington, D.C.|date= November 2002}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[Svoboda (political party)|Svoboda]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20824693 |title=Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists |work=BBC |date=25 December 2012 |access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=J. L. |last2=Johns |first2=Michael |last3=Theriault |first3=Alanda |title=The new world disorder: challenges and threats in an uncertain world |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9781498576376 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBKSDwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hahn |first1=Gordon M. |title=Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the West and the "new Cold War" |date=2018 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9781476628752 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCpADwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
Several political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions.

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*'''{{flag|Argentina}}''': [[La Libertad Avanza]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Europa Press|title=Vox felicita a Milei por el resultado en las elecciones de Argentina y le traslada su "apoyo" para la segunda vuelta|date=23 October 2023|url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-vox-felicita-milei-resultado-elecciones-argentina-le-traslada-apoyo-segunda-vuelta-20231023140722.html|quote=El ultranacionalista Milei, candidato de La Libertad Avanza}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=El Confidencial|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/mundo/2023-10-22/elecciones-argentina-2023-hoy-directo-milei_3759114/|title=Resultados elecciones en Argentina 2023: quién ha ganado el escrutinio y última hora de Sergio Massa y Javier Milei|date=23 October 2023|quote=Milei, representante de La Libertad Avanza y conocido por su enfoque ultranacionalista}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''': [[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Radio Free Europe|title=Who Is The Ethnic Serb Nationalist Slated To Lead Bosnia-Herzegovina?|date=20 November 2019|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/tegeltja-ethnic-serb-nationalist-prime-minister-bosnia-herzegovina-/30283267.html|quote=ultranationalist Milorad Dodik, the Serb member of Bosnia's tripartite presidency and the leader of Republika Srpska's ruling Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD).}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Brazil}}''': [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite book|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Julie|last=Cupples|title=Development and Decolonization in Latin America|quote=election of right-wing ultranationalist populist, Jair Bolsonaro}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|China}}''': [[Chinese Communist Party]]<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=ThinkChina|title=Class struggle and extreme nationalism have become CCP's ideological weapons |date=10 August 2022|url=https://www.thinkchina.sg/politics/class-struggle-and-extreme-nationalism-have-become-ccps-ideological-weapons}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Diplomat|title=The Great Translation Movement Shines a Spotlight on China's Propaganda |quote=With this “name and shame” tactic, the movement also became a tool to fight against extreme nationalism in China and the government’s propaganda efforts to promote those messages. |date=April 5, 2022 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/the-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IzDwAAQBAJ&q=%22ultranationalism%22+CCP |title=History and Nationalist Legitimacy in Contemporary China: A Double-Edged Sword |author1=Robert Weatherley |author2=Qiang Zhang |quote=... ultranationalism of the Chinese public is exclusively attributable to the farreaching propaganda campaigns implemented by the CCP since the early 1990s which serve as constant reminders of the Century of Humiliation. |date=August 30, 2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] |pages=2 |isbn=978-1-137-47947-1 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Georgia}}''': [[Georgian Dream]]<ref>{{cite web|work=University of Georgia & Linnaeus University|title=Georgian Election Observatory: Debunking pre-election propaganda narratives|page=14|url=https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1921129/FULLTEXT03.pdf}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Fidesz]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co-optation of ultranationalist narratives|title=Transforming the Transformation?|year=2015|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2021|title=Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate|quote=With its ultranationalist policy, Orban's Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far-right Jobbik party|page=255|first=Alvin|last=Rosenfeld}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Political Parties|page=19|quote=The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three|first=Peter Ronald|last=deSouza|year=2006|publisher=SAGE}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': [[Gerindra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reformasi Reloaded? Implications of Indonesia's 2014 Elections|date=9 September 2014|quote=Prabowo’s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra|url=https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386|work=Center for Security Studies|access-date=8 June 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101212/https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/183386|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ireland}}''': [[Sinn Féin]]<ref name="Dunphy2015">{{cite book|author=Richard Dunphy|chapter=Ireland|editor=Donatella M. Viola|title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50363-7|page=247|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015850/https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Likud]]<ref>{{cite news|work=AP News|title=Netanyahu taps far-right minister for New York consul post|date=20 April 2023|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-us-consul-american-jews-1a4ba7cbb2cffdb5d19dee4cabcf3871|quote=Golan is part of the ultranationalist wing of Netanyahu ‘s Likud}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[Lega (political party)|Lega]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=it has maintained connections with anti-EU, ultranationalist radical elements of ... Lega Nord|title=Subversion: The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives|year=2023|first=Andreas|last=Krieg|publisher=Georgetown University Press}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Frenchy |editor-last=Lunning |title=Mechademia 4: War/Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy90DwAAQBAJ&dq=ultranationalist+Liberal+Democratic+Party+Japan&pg=PA291 |quote= The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ... |date=2013 |page=291 |publisher=[[U of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=9781452942650 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/why-steve-bannon-admires-japan/|title=Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan|quote=In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Maki Kimura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjvvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |title=Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices |quote=... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137392510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Masanori Nakamura |title=The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991 |quote=On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ... |date=2016 |page=1992 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9781563241093 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Law and Justice]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Minkenberg|year=2023|publisher=Manchester University Press|title=Depleting Democracies|quote=PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Banu|last=Baybars Hawks|page=43|year=2018|quote=In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share|title=Non-state actors in conflicts}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[United Russia]]<ref name="Putinism">{{cite book |editor=Sabri Kiçmari |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fpegEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History |quote=Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8). |date=2022 |page=59 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9789811984020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Chuck Stewart |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide |quote=In particular, Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya) and Ours (Nashi, or Youth Movement - Ours!). |date=2010 |page=360 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=9780313342356 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[Democratic Unionist Party]] (Northern Ireland)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bnaibrith.org/the-new-york-jewish-week-british-jews-new-labour-pains-html/ |title=the New York Jewish Week: British Jews' New Labour Pains |quote=Despite his Labour’s surprising showing, the ruling Conservative Party still outpolled it. But to remain in power, May was forced to form an alliance with the Democratic Unionist Party [DUP], an ultranationalist party based in Northern Ireland’s overwhelmingly Protestant community. |date=14 June 2017 |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=[[B’nai B’rith International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug4GEQAAQBAJ&dq=ultra-nationalist+DUP&pg=PT105 |title=Slapper and Kelly's The English Legal System |quote=However, time soon revealed the withdrawal agreement to be less than 'oven-ready' and the recognition of its shortcomings in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol could not be countenanced by the nationalists in the Conservative party, let alone the ultra-nationalists in the DUP. |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=23 September 2025 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-040-02649-6 }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions ===
Several political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies.
* '''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''': [[Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Serb Democratic Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=1997-07-21|title=Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/21/world/bosnia-serbs-oust-leader-from-her-party.html|access-date=2021-06-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/holbooke-to-seek-removal-of-bosnian-serb-leader-1.67958|access-date=2021-06-19|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>
* '''{{flag icon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]''': [[Kuomintang]]<ref name="Kuomintang">{{cite book|year=1950|title=Roof of the World, Tibet|first=Amauary|last=De Riencourt|page=176|publisher=Rinehart|quote=Chiang Kai-Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Jobbik]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299651334|title=Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion: a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn|date=April 2016|last=Kyriazi|first=Anna|publisher=University of Milan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/7cf399b561394a3193927603d0668b14|title=Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight|date=9 September 2015|publisher=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/24/315445164/ultra-nationalist-party-surges-in-hungary|title=Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary|newspaper=NPR.org|date=24 May 2014|publisher=National Public Radio}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': [[Golkar]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition |jstor=27751535 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27751535|last1=Mietzner |first1=Marcus |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2008 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=431–453 |doi=10.1017/S0022463408000337 |s2cid=143374343 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Lebanon}}''': [[Kataeb Party]]<ref>{{cite book|page=19|title=Hezbollah and Hamas|quote=It emphasized internal discipline, paramilitary organization and ultranationalist ideals|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2012|first=Joshua|last=Gleis}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''': [[United Malays National Organisation]]<ref>{{cite book|year=1966|page=102|title=Studies on Asia|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|quote=the ultranationalist faction within UMNO|first=Robert|last=Sakai}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|North Macedonia}}''': [[VMRO-DPMNE]]<ref>Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; {{ISBN|1910781878}}, p. 87.</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=New Europe|title=North Macedonia takes a small step forward and one backwards this week|url=https://www.neweurope.eu/article/north-macedonia-takes-a-small-step-forward-and-one-backwards-this-week/|date=13 February 2020|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102182038/https://www.neweurope.eu/article/north-macedonia-takes-a-small-step-forward-and-one-backwards-this-week/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Friedrich Ebert Stiftung]]|title=The Radical Right in Macedonia|quote=VMRO-DPMNE succeeded in bringing many ultranationalist views into the mainstream|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09568.pdf|date=December 2012}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Serbian Renewal Movement]]<ref name="bochsler2">{{cite web|last1=Stojarová|first1=Věra|last2=Emerson|first2=Peter|title=Political parties in Serbia|url=https://www.bochsler.eu/publi/bochsler_serbiacountry.pdf|website=bochsler.eu|publisher=Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210104528/https://www.bochsler.eu/publi/bochsler_serbiacountry.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Syria}}''': [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Escaping Ethnocentrism: The Radical Right in the Middle East and Africa|work=Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right|date=6 April 2018|url=https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2018/04/06/escaping-ethnocentrism-the-radical-right-in-the-middle-east-and-africa/|quote=Moreover, the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa. Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), founded in 1932 by Antun Sa’adih, who had a specific mission: to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny.|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712095551/https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2018/04/06/escaping-ethnocentrism-the-radical-right-in-the-middle-east-and-africa/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}''': [[ZANU–PF]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2056341,00.html |title=Power to the Mob |first=Simon |last=Robinson |date=1 May 2000 |magazine=Time |access-date=2 March 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406004941/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2056341,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |year=2009 |title=Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: 'So Blair, keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe' |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=30 |number=6 |pages=1139–1158 |doi=10.1080/01436590903037424 |s2cid=143775424 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |author-mask={{long dash}} |contribution=Introduction: Mugabeism and Entanglements of History, Politics, and Power in the Making of Zimbabwe |title=Mugabeism? History, Politics, and Power in Zimbabwe |editor=Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni |year=2015 |pages=1–25 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-54344-8 }}</ref>

Several political parties have historically been described as having ultranationalist factions.
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Yisrael Beiteinu]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|title=Avigdor Lieberman: Moldova's Mr. Nice Guy|date=11 February 2009|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/In_Moldova_Liebermans_Known_As_A_Nice_Guy/1491561.html}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Taiwan}}''': [[Democratic Progressive Party]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mainland to set up special economic zone to favour closer cooperation with Taiwan |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Mainland-to-set-up-special-economic-zone-to-favour-closer-cooperation-with-Taiwan-15160.html |accessdate=2023-02-10 |agency=AsiaNews |date=2009-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Xiaokun Song |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dBdby_Ck24C&dq=DPP+taiwan+%22extreme+nationalist%22&pg=PA199 |title=Between Civic and Ethnic: The Transformation of Taiwanese Nationalist Ideologies (1895-2000) |date=2009 |publisher=VUBPRESS |pages=199 | isbn=978-90-5487-575-8 |quote=After the defeat in the 1996's presidential election, the ideological difference between the extreme nationalist and the moderate eventually led to the split of the DPP}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-4bpRs1R7UC&dq=%22extreme+nationalist%22+DPP&pg=PA202 |author1=Matthew D. McCubbins |author2=Stephan Haggard |title=Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy |quote=The extreme nationalist stance of the radical wing of the DPP, which called for Taiwan's independence, also tended to alienate middle-class and business voters. |date=January 15, 2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=202|isbn=978-0-521-77485-7 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Good Party]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Middle East Eye|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/our-bodies-are-turkish-our-souls-islamic-rise-turkeys-ultra-nationalists|title='Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists|date=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Deutsche Welle|title=Turkish nationalists form new party challenging Erdogan|date=25 October 2017|url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkish-nationalists-form-new-party-challenging-erdogan/a-41101708}}</ref>

=== Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures ===
*'''{{flag|Belgium}}''': [[Vlaams Blok]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Low Countries|page=229|quote=The ultranationalist Vlaams Blok|year=2018|first=Paul|last=Arblaster}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': [[Attack (political party)|Attack]],<ref>{{Cite book|first=Stefanos |last=Katsikas |title=Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2011 |page=64}}</ref> [[IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement|VMRO]],<ref name="VMRO">{{cite news |date= 20 May 2021 |title= Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections |url= https://sofiaglobe.com/2021/05/20/ultra-nationalists-populists-form-bulgarian-patriots-alliance-for-july-elections/ |work= The Sofia Globe |access-date= 17 June 2021 |quote= Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria's July 11, 2021 parliamentary elections under the name "Bulgarian Patriots", the parties announced on May 20.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria's progress |url= https://www.ft.com/content/2b259a24-9a05-11e6-8f9b-70e3cabccfae?ftcamp=published_links%2Frss%2Fworld_europe%2Ffeed%2F%2Fproduct |work= Financial Times (FT) |access-date= 17 June 2021}}</ref> [[National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria]],<ref name="VMRO"/> [[Velichie]]<ref>{{cite news|work=UniCredit|url=https://www.research.unicredit.eu/DocsKey/emergingmarkets_docs_2024_186684.ashx?EXT=pdf&KEY=l6KjPzSYBBGzROuioxedUNdVqq1wFeRoEejps0NeT8gCVKLelBa_pw==&T=1|page=21|quote=Another ultra-nationalist, Eurosceptic, populist party, Grandeur (Velichie)|title=New pro-European government to try to end political impasse|date=26 June 2024}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Cambodia|1975}}''': [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]]<ref name="Dunst 2018"/>
* '''{{flag|Croatia}}''': [[Ustaše]],<ref>{{cite book|page=194|publisher=Lit|first=Karlo|last=Ruzicic-Kessler|title=From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe|year=2011|quote=the ultra-nationalist Ustase of Ante Pavelic}}</ref> [[Croatian Party of Rights]],<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter |last2=Lynch |first2=Derek |title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13460-952-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&pg=PT345}}</ref> [[Croatian Pure Party of Rights]]<ref name="Routledge"/>
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia]],<ref>{{cite book|page=105|quote=the ultranationalist Coalition for Republic-Republican Party of Czechoslovakia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|title=Turkey and the European Union|first=Firat|last=Cengiz}}</ref> [[National Fascist Community]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Parties of Europe: Albania-Norway|year=1983|publisher=Greenwood Press|page=149}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Finland}}''': [[Patriotic People's Movement]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Scandinavia during the Second World War|page=25|quote=The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement)|publisher=Universitetsforlaget|first=Henrik|last=Nissen|year=1983}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[National Socialist German Workers' Party]],<ref>{{cite book|title= Fascism Through History: Culture, Ideology, and Daily Life|first=Patrick|last=Zander|year=2020|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=314|quote=In Germany, the pressures of the depression helped the ultranationalist Nazi Party come to power by 1933}}</ref> [[German National People's Party]],<ref>{{cite book|page=163|quote=The chief political party of the ultranationalist right was the DNVP|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|year=1996|first=Stanley|last=Payne|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press}}</ref> [[German Right Party]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=The German Reich Party (conservative ultra-nationalist), which sent five members to the Federal Parliament in 1949|year=1952|page=17|title=Germany's New Nazis|publisher=Philosophical Library}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Greece}}''': [[Freethinkers' Party]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Sites of the Dictators|first=Xose|last=Nunez|year=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]],<ref>{{Citation |first=Emmanouil |last=Tsatsanis |title=Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=11–31 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2011.540939 |s2cid=143633586 |quote=...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group ''Chrysi Avgi'').}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Elisabeth |last=Ivarsflaten |title=Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005 |publisher=Nuffield College, University of Oxford |year=2006 |page=15 |url=http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/Politics/papers/2006/ivarsflatenapsa2006.pdf}}</ref><ref>[http://world.time.com/2012/10/31/on-the-road-with-golden-dawn-greeces-ultra-nationalist-party/ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece's Ultra-Nationalist Party]. ''Time''. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</ref> [[Popular Orthodox Rally]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Ekathimerini|title=LAOS chief accuses PASOK, ND of betraying the country|date=9 April 2012|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/140718/laos-chief-accuses-pasok-nd-of-betraying-the-country/}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Arrow Cross Party]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Sabrina|last=Ramet|title=Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia|page=113|year=1992|publisher=Duke University Press|quote=the ultranationalist Arrow Cross Party}}</ref> [[Unity Party (Hungary)|Unity Party]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Journey through the Ages|year=2019|first=MB|last=Nair|publisher=Notion Press}}</ref> [[Hungarian Justice and Life Party]]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Benchmark Books|title=Hungary|year=2005|first=Richard|last=Esbenshade|page=37|quote=A new ultranationalist, extremist party, the Hungarian Justice and Life Party}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|India}}''': [[Hindu Mahasabha]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Problems of Genocide|page=367|year=2021|first= A. Dirk|last=Moses|quote=the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Iran}}''': [[Pan-Iranist Party]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boroujerdi |first1=Mehrzad |last2=Rahimkhani |first2=Kourosh |title=Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook |date=2018 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=344}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ireland}}''': [[National Party (Ireland, 2016)|National Party]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Washington Marovatsanga |editor2=Paul Michael Garrett |title=Social Work with the Black African Diaspora |page=24 |date=January 16, 2024 |publisher=Policy Press}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Movement for Greater Israel]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Aronoff |first=Myron J. |title=Israeli Visions and Divisions |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1989 |page=67}}</ref> [[Kach (political party)|Kach]],<ref name="Weinblum2015">{{cite book|first=Sharon|last=Weinblum|title=Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|year= 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58450-6|page=10}}</ref> [[Religious Zionist Party]],<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/296180 Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together], ''Arutz7''</ref> [[Tehiya]],<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist Tehiya Party|page=447|first=Bernard|last=Reich|year=2008|title=Historical Dictionary of Israel|publisher=Scarecrow Press}}</ref> [[Moledet]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Myron|last=Aronoff|publisher=Taylor & Francis|title=Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party|year=2015|quote=Rehavim Zeevi, leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet (Homeland) Party}}</ref> [[Hatikva (political party)|Hatikva]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Power of Populism|quote=the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad's Hatikva party|year=2016|first=Koen|last=Vossen|page=81|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Jewish National Front]],<ref name="orangecamp">{{cite book|page=50|title=Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel|first=David|last=Khalfa|year=2009|quote=The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the "orange camp," dedicated to retaining all parts of the “remained Land of Israel” at any cost: Benny Elon's HaIchud Haleumi, Baruch Marzel's Jewish National Front, and Mikael Kleiner's Herut party.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> [[Herut – The National Movement]]<ref name="orangecamp"/>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[National Fascist Party]],<ref>{{cite book|year=2015|first=Allan|last=Todd|quote=Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party|title=European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939)|page=19|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> [[Italian Social Movement]]<ref>{{cite book|quote=the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI|year=2004|title=Monetary Union in Crisis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|first=Bernhard|last=Moss}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Imperial Rule Assistance Association]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James R. |editor-last=Brandon |title=Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Cqu7HjqVtoC&dq=ultranationalist+Imperial+Rule+Assistance+Association&pg=PA113 |quote= .2 All existing political parties "voluntarily" dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association. |date=2009 |page=113 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824832001 }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Camp of National Unity]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Peter|last=Davies|page=23}}</ref> [[United Poland]]<ref>{{cite news|work=GZERO|title=Malaysian PM hopeful, Mozambique needs EU help vs ISIS, Polish fur politics|url=https://www.gzeromedia.com/what-were-watching-malaysian-pm-hopeful-mozambique-needs-eu-help-vs-isis-polish-fur-politics|date=23 September 2020|quote=The leader of United Poland, the ultranationalist Zbigniew Ziobro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Green European Journal]]|title=Poland's High-Stakes Parliamentary Elections|date=15 February 2023|url=https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/polands-high-stakes-parliamentary-elections/|quote=PiS’ junior coalition partner is the ultra-nationalist and anti-EU party United Poland}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': [[National Union (Portugal)|National Union]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party|journal=Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies|url=https://ojs.library.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/download/PLCS36_37_Amado_page129/1361/5217|quote=The União Nacional was initially founded as a “patriotic league,” tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism|first=Abel|last=Djassi Amado|page=132|archive-date=10 June 2023|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610103337/https://ojs.library.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/download/PLCS36_37_Amado_page129/1361/5217|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Villegas |first=Bernardo M. |author-link=Bernardo Villegas |date=1958-02-01 |title=The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/27/2/194/22346/The-Philippines-in-1986-Democratic-Reconstruction |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=194–205 |doi=10.2307/2644614 |jstor=2644614 |issn=0004-4687 |quote="Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos."|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Iron Guard]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Liverpool University Press|page=42|quote=The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania|first=Elisabeta|last=Zelinska|year=2013|title=Racism Postcolonialism Europe}}</ref> [[National Christian Party]],<ref>{{cite book|quote=King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement, namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga|title=Fascism and Criminal Law|year=2015|page=112|publisher=Bloomsbury|first=Cosmin|last=Cercel}}</ref> [[National-Christian Defense League]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=Roland|last=Clark|title=From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists: Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania|year=2019|journal=Studies on National Movements|volume=4 |issue=4|doi=10.21825/snm.85386 |s2cid=197814926 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Romanian National Unity Party]],<ref>{{cite book|year=2001|page=169|title=Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe|quote=Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex-Communist PDSR and the ultra-nationalist National Unity Party}}</ref> [[Greater Romania Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia|first=Edmond|last=Coleman|page=63|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|quote=the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Rwanda}}''': [[Coalition for the Defence of the Republic]]<ref>{{cite journal|issue=51–54|title=Rwanda|journal=CovertAction Quarterly|quote=The CDR is an ultranationalist Hutu party|year=1994|page=12}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[Serbian Radical Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1230/p07s01-woeu.html|title=Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform|website=Christian Science Monitor|first=Peter|last=Ford|year=2018|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> [[Party of Serbian Unity]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/12/24/serbia.arkan/index.html|title=Warlord's party hopeful of winning seats|date=24 December 2020|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zeljko-Raznatovic|title=Željko Ražnatović|publisher=Britannica|website=britannica.com|date=12 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="BW">{{cite journal|title=The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post-Milošević Serbia|date=December 2008|last=Wiesinger|first=Barbara|journal=Balkanologie|volume=11|issue=1–2|doi=10.4000/balkanologie.1363|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Dveri]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|title=The Far-Right Parties Keeping The Serbian President In Check Over Ukraine
|date=5 June 2022|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-far-right-russia-sanctions/31884417.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-31|title=Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110531-judges-decide-mladic-war-crimes-extradition-appeal-srebrenica|access-date=2021-06-19|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show|url=https://apnews.com/article/9f04e6378a1c4dccb6982fccd87dc5cd|access-date=2021-06-19|website=AP NEWS|date=24 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Armakolas|first1=Ioannis|last2=Maksimović|first2=Maja|date=May 2013|title=The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/165156/BN1.pdf|access-date=19 June 2021|website=ETH Zürich}}</ref> [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers]]<ref name="ultranationalism"/><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2020 |title=Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota |url=https://voice.org.rs/digitalni-sovinizam-na-fejsbuku-dani-srpskih-nacionalistickih-mrmota/ |website=voice.org.rs |publisher=VOICE |language=Serbian}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak People's Party]],<ref>{{Cite book|page=244|title=Genocide and Fascism|quote=The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[People's Party Our Slovakia]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[New York Times]]|date=17 December 2016|title=Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/slovakia-european-union-populists-migrants.html}}</ref> [[Republic (Slovakia)|Republic]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Atlantic Council|title=Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond?|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/slovakia-risks-becoming-another-hungary-style-eu-spoiler-how-should-the-west-respond/|date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|South Africa|1928}}''': [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]], [[Conservative Party (South Africa)|Conservative Party]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid|url=https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab|url-access=limited|first=Ron|last=Krabill|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/starringmandelac00krab/page/n65 51]|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[Korean National Youth Association|National Youth]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46626&docId=541989&categoryId=46626|title=이범석 |website=Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia|language=ko|trans-title=Lee Bum Suk|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Spain|1945}}''': [[FET y de las JONS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30831069.pdf|title=The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco|publisher=Hedda Samdahl Weltz|date=2014|website=core.ac.uk}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Syria|1980}}''': [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region]]<ref>{{cite news|quote=Assad, like Saddam Hussein of Iraq, is a member of a wing of the Ba’ath Party, an ultra-nationalist, Arab supremacist party that calls for an Arab-led dictatorship|url=https://dckurd.org/2020/03/24/between-erdogan-and-assad-kurds-remain-reliable-ally/|date=24 March 2020|title=Between Erdogan and Assad, Kurds remain reliable ally|work=[[Washington Kurdish Institute]]}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2025}}
* '''{{flag|Taiwan}}''': [[New Party (Taiwan)|New Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Dafydd Fell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8hHDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+NP%27s+shift+to+extreme+nationalist&pg=RA1-PT162 |title=Government and Politics in Taiwan |date=January 22, 2018 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-317-28506-9 |quote=The NP's shift to extreme nationalist positions after the late 1990s was also a reaction to the widespread departure of party moderates and subsequent domination by extremists. In the case of the NP, it appears that defeats no longer have any effect; instead, it operates consistently.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gunter Schubert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxIzDAAAQBAJ&dq=taiwan+NP+extreme+nationalist&pg=PT201 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Taiwan |date=May 20, 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-66969-2 |quote=... the rise of Chinese nationalist radicals in the NP after 1997 meant the party continued its move towards more extreme positions even after electoral setbacks (Fell 2006b: 47-67)}}</ref> [[Taiwan Solidarity Union]]<ref>{{cite book |title=American Journal of Chinese Studies |date=2005 |publisher=American Association for Chinese Studies |pages=12 |quote=... Taiwan Solidarity Union (an ultranationalist pro-independence party created by former president Lee Teng-hui) won ...}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Republican Villagers Nation Party]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Indiana University|title=Taming the Gray Wolf|quote=Türkeş reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda|page=10|first=Gregory|last=Burris|year=2007}}</ref> [[Victory Party (Turkey)|Victory Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Balkan Insights |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-28 |title=Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/four-candidates-officially-running-in-turkeys-2023-presidential-elections-news-62103 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Duvar English |language=tr-TR}}</ref> [[Great Union Party]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Göçek |first1=Fatma Müge |author1-link=Fatma Müge Göçek |title=Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-933420-9 |language=en|page=402|title-link=Denial of Violence }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[Right Sector]]<ref>{{cite news|date=28 April 2014|title=Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27173857|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2014|title=Ukraine|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211142/http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=6 September 2018|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yarosh-muilitary-adviser/26941352.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=6 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[UK Independence Party]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Peter Sheldon |editor2=Sarah Gregson |editor3=Russell Lansbury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CztDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22ultranationalist%22+UK+Independence+Party&pg=PT62 |title=The Regulation and Management of Workplace Health and Safety: Historical and Emerging Trends |quote=Britain's ultranationalist UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) has created the most extreme form of EU split |date=July 12, 2020 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-429-56066-8 }}</ref>

== Ultranationalist organizations ==
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[National Socialist Network]]<ref name="McKenzie-2021">{{cite news |last1=McKenzie |first1=Nick |last2=Tozer |first2=Joel |date=27 January 2021 |title=Neo-Nazis go bush: Grampians gathering highlights rise of Australia's far right |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/neo-nazis-go-bush-grampians-gathering-highlights-rise-of-australia-s-far-right-20210127-p56xbf.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |quote=According to extremist experts, two right-wing groups, the Lads Society and Antipodean Resistance, recently helped form a new Australian extremist outfit, the National Socialist Network, which in turn helped organise the 38 young white men to assemble in the Grampians over the Australia Day weekend. |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303144350/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/neo-nazis-go-bush-grampians-gathering-highlights-rise-of-australia-s-far-right-20210127-p56xbf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Chile}}''': [[Social Patriot Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Villa Grimaldi denuncia ataque del Movimiento Social Patriota|trans-title=Villa Grimaldi denounces attack by the Patriot Social Movement|url=https://www.eldinamo.cl/nacional/2018/08/30/villa-grimaldi-denuncia-ataque-del-movimiento-social-patriota/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=El Dinamo|language=es|publication-date=2018-09-30|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727183553/https://www.eldinamo.cl/nacional/2018/08/30/villa-grimaldi-denuncia-ataque-del-movimiento-social-patriota/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-08-30|title=Grupo Neo Nazi realiza atentado en Villa Grimaldi: Se burlan de los muertos y festejan la violencia|trans-title=Neo Nazi group carries out attack in Villa Grimaldi: They mock the dead and celebrate violence|url=https://www.ilustrado.cl/2018/08/30/foto-grupo-neo-nazi-realiza-atentado-en-villa-grimaldi-se-burlan-de-los-muertos-y-festejan-la-violencia/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Ilustrado - Mantente informado.|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-27|title=Discursos contra homosexuales y migrantes: Los miembros del Movimiento Social Patriota|trans-title=Speeches against homosexuals an immigrants: The members of the Social Patriot Movement|url=https://www.chvnoticias.cl/reportajes/discursos-contra-homosexuales-y-migrantes-los-miembros-del-movimiento-social-patriota_20180827/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=[[Chilevisión]]|language=es}}</ref>
*'''{{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]''': [[Blue Shirts Society]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Hiroaki|last=Kuromiya|year=2022|quote=Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Colombia}}''': [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia]]<ref>[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] Conflict Encyclopedia, Colombia, One-Sided violence, AUC-Civilians, 1997–2005, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606082744/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=35&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas |date=2013-06-06 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Finland}}''': [[Suomen Sisu]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding the Populist Shift|page=10|year=2016|first=Giovanna|last=Campani|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|France}}''': [[Action Française]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Warfare & Society in Europe|quote=Several ultra - nationalist groups such as Action française and the veterans' group Croix de Feu|year=2004|page=96|publisher=Routledge|first=Michael|last=Neiberg}}</ref> [[Bloc Identitaire]]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Brill|first=Per-Erik|last=Nilsson|title=Unveiling the French Republic: National Identity, Secularism, and Islam in Contemporary France|year=2017|page=70|quote=Ultra-nationalist groups and parties like the Bloc identitaire}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|India}}''': [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]],<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Sankalp Publication|title=Historical And Political Economy Of Education In India|first=M.|last=Kumar|year=2020|page=323|quote=RSS was itself an ultra-nationalist organization}}</ref> [[Bajrang Dal]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Irm|last=Haleem|title=The Essence of Islamist Extremism|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=213}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''': [[Pancasila Youth]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPugCgAAQBAJ&dq=pemuda+pancasila+ultranationalist&pg=PA106 |title=Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014 |date=2015 |publisher=ISEAS Publishing |isbn=9789814620833 |editor-last=Fionna |editor-first=Ulla |page=106 |quote=Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the (notorious) radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam (Defenders of Islam Front) and the ultra-nationalist Pemuda Pancasila.}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Iraq}}''': [[Golden Square (Iraq)|Golden Square]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The German Side of the War in the Middle East 1939-1942|page=41|publisher=Stanford University|year=1962|quote=the notorious "Golden Square", four young ultra-nationalist colonels}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Im Tirtzu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/israeli-human-rights-groups-alarmed-by-zionist-video-attack-20151217-glpzu7.html|work=Sydney Morning Herald|quote=An ultra-nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel's leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians "involved in terrorism". The widely-viewed 68-second video, made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu|title=Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack|date=1 January 2016}}</ref> [[Lehava]],<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-35526495|title=Jerusalem Jewish group on anti-Arab patrol|quote=an ultra-nationalist Jewish group called Lehava has been organising patrols aimed at stopping Jewish Israelis from even talking to Arabs.|date=9 February 2016}}</ref> [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Israeli Response to Jewish Extremism and Violence|first=Ami|last=Pedahzur|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2013|quote=Of the movements associated with ultranationalist right-wing notions, the Etzel and the Lehi were the most noteworthy in their use of violence and terrorism}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right|page=23|quote=It was the ultranationalist wing of Revisionism, and was articulated by organizations such as Brit Habirionim and Lehi|year=1991|first=Ehud|last=Sprinzak|publisher=OUP}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ireland}}''': [[Army Comrades Association]]<ref>{{cite book | last1 = O'Connor | first1 = Eimear | title = Sean Keating in Context: Responses to Culture and Politics in Post-civil War Ireland | date = 2009 | publisher = Carysfort Press | isbn = 978-1904505419 | page = 36}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Italy}}''': [[CasaPound]]<ref>{{cite web|work=CNBC|title=The dark side of Italian politics — Italy's swing to the right could see a more extremist agenda|date=1 March 2018|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/01/italy-election-darker-side-politics-far-right.html}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Nippon Kaigi]],<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-02/nippon-kaigi-and-the-rise-of-nationalism-in-japan/6994560 Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire]. ''ABC News Online''. Author - [[Matthew Carney]]. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.</ref><ref name="Abe's cabinet reshuffle">{{cite web|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/09/14/abes-cabinet-reshuffle/ |title=Abe's cabinet reshuffle|work=East Asia Forum |quote= Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government's policy leader on national education.|date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3033382/japanese-minister-becomes-first-two-years-visit-tokyos |title=Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine |quote=Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the "national consciousness" surrounding the prosecution of Japan's war criminals and to change the nation's pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes "patriotic education".|date=17 October 2019|access-date=5 June 2020|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Michal |editor-last=Kolmas |title=National Identity and Japanese Revisionism |date=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUNvDwAAQBAJ&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PT245 |quote= ... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ...|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781351334396 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Ugo |editor-last=Dessì |title=Japanese Religions and Globalization |date=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNhgxGsyzwsC&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PA146 |page=146|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9780415811705 }}</ref> [[Zaitokukai]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Japan combats rise in hate speech|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/11/30/japan-encounters-rise-in-hate-speech.html |access-date=5 June 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]|date=30 November 2015|quote=... and many don't speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan's very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/11/12/national/head-of-anti-foreigner-group-zaitokukai-to-step-down/#.XtnM2NUzaUk |work=[[Japan Times]]|date=30 November 2015 |access-date=5 June 2020 |quote=The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization's influence.}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Latvia}}''': [[Pērkonkrusts]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul R. Bartrop |author2=Eve E. Grimm |year=2019 |title=Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |page=1905 |quote=Pērkonkrusts (Thunder Cross), an ultranationalist, anti-German and antisemitic political party. |ISBN=9798216127673}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle Kallis |year=2008 |title=Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |page=293 |quote=Ultranationalist and fascist (or 'fascistised') forces in Latvia and Lithuania—''Pērkonkrusts'' (Thundercross) and ''Geležinis Vilkas'' (Iron Wolves) |ISBN=9781134300341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Valerie Hébert |year=2023 |title=Framing the Holocaust |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |page=67 |quote=While it remained on the fringes of the society until it was shut down in 1925, it nevertheless laid the groundwork of more pernicious threats in the following decade, especially as its members became the core of the ultranationalist and antisemitic group Pērkonkrusts during the early 1930s. |ISBN=9780299344108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Christopher Hale |year=2011 |title=Hitler's Foreign Executioners: Europe's Dirty Secret |publisher=[[History Press]] |page=175 |quote=Kreišmanis forcefully argued that the most effective way of pleasing the Germans would be to appeal to the Pērkonkrusts, the ultranationalist faction previously banned by the Latvian government. |ISBN=9780752463933}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''': [[Perkasa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newmandala.org/is-there-a-need-for-more-interfaith-dialogue-in-malaysia-part-1/|title=Is there a need for more interfaith dialogue in Malaysia? Part 1|website=newmandala.org|first=Dina|last=Zaman|date=23 June 2012|accessdate=26 April 2021|quote="Perkasa (an all Malay ultranationalist group) ready to crusade against ungrateful Christians,"}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Mexico}}''': [[Nationalist Front of Mexico]], [[National Synarchist Union]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marxismocritico.com/2018/06/26/la-nueva-ultraderecha-latinoamericana/|title=La nueva ultraderecha latinoamericana (1992-2018)|trans-title=The New Latin American Far-right (1992-2018)|work=Marxismo Critico|date=26 June 2018|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flores|first1=González|last2=Gustavo|first2=José|date=June 2015|title=The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1870-11912015000100002&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es|journal=Culturales|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=49–76|issn=1870-1191}}</ref> [[Revolutionary Mexicanist Action]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Backal |first1=Alicia G. de|date=2000 |title=Camisas, escudos y desfiles militares, los Dorados y el antisemitismo en México, 1934-1940}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Myanmar}}''': [[Patriotic Association of Myanmar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/03/12/buddhist-nationalism-threatens-myanmars-democratic-transition/|title=Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar's democratic transition|last=Nilsen|first=Marte|date=12 March 2015|work=East Asia Forum|accessdate=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=rfa>{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/ban-05232017152958.html|title=Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar's Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group|date=23 May 2017|work=Radio Free Asia|accessdate=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]|title=Brawling Myanmar Monks Show Buddhist Nationalists Backing Coup|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-09/brawling-myanmar-monks-show-buddhist-nationalists-backing-coup|access-date=28 May 2021|date=10 March 2021}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': [[New Zealand National Front]]<ref>{{cite report |last=Allchorn |first=William |date=2021 |author= |author-link= |title=From Gangs to Groupuscules and Solo-Actor Terrorism: New Zealand Radical Right Narratives and Counter-Narratives In The Context of the Christchurch Attack |url=https://hedayah.com/app/uploads/2021/09/2021APR1_FINAL_NewZealand_Country-Report.pdf |publisher=Hedayah and Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right |page=16, 18 |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Palestine}}''': [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Palestinian Islamic Jihad's US Cell|date=December 2009|work=Foreign Policy Research Institute|quote=a central feature of the PIJ platform combines Islamic fanaticism and extreme nationalism|url=https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/helfont_t_pij_monograph_final.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=מילון ארגוני טרור|work=Shabak|quote=בהשפעת הענף המצרי הוקם בעזה, בשנת 1981, "הג'האד האסלאמי בפלסטין", המשלב אידיאולוגיה לאומית קיצונית עם התפיסות האסלאמיות: השמדת מדינת ישראל והחלפתה במדינה פלסטינית אסלאמית, שתוקם על כל שטחי פלסטין.|url=https://www.shabak.gov.il/reports/terrororganizations/}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[All-Polish Youth]]<ref>''Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Shifts''. Tomas Kavaliauskas. Lexington Books. 2012. {{ISBN|9780739174111}}. Chapter 4, page 60.</ref><ref>''The Place of Artists' Cinema: Space, Site, and Screen''. Maeve Connolly. Intellect Books. 2009. Page 122. {{ISBN|9781841503295}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[Club of Angry Patriots]],<ref>{{cite news|quote=they created the Club of Angry Patriots, an ultranationalist group that live-streamed their criticism of Russia's political and military leadership|work=ABC|title=Igor Girkin, the Russian military commander found guilty of downing MH17, was arrested in Moscow. Here's what we know|date=21 July 2023|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-22/igor-girkin-mh17-commander-and-putin-critic-arrested/102634622}}</ref> [[Night Wolves]],<ref>{{cite news|work=IBT|title=Russian ultranationalist bikers The Night Wolves to descend on Berlin for WWII rally|date=30 April 2016|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/russian-ultranationalist-bikers-night-wolves-descend-berlin-wwii-rally-1557635}}</ref> [[Russian Imperial Movement]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pamuk |first1=Humeyra |title=U.S. Designates Russian Ultra-Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-06/us-designates-russia-based-ultranationalist-group-as-terrorist-organisation-us-official |access-date=9 October 2020 |publisher=US News}}</ref> [[Wagner Group]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |title=Russia could strike back at the West by calling on its network of white-supremacist groups to commit terror attacks there, analysts warn |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-could-retaliate-west-leverage-white-supremacist-group-attacks-analysts-2022-4 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[White Shirts Society]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Kang |first=Jun-man |title=한국 현대사 산책 1940년대편 1 : 8·15 해방에서 6·25 전야까지(개정판) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3nhBAAAQBAJ |publication-date=November 13, 2006 |trans-title=A Walk Through Modern Korean History, 1940s Vol. 1: From the 15 August Liberation until the Eve of the Korean War (Revised Edition) |access-date=May 15, 2023 |page=326 |publisher=인물과사상사 |isbn=978-89-5906-044-3 |language=ko |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215114635/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3nhBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''': [[Bodu Bala Sena]], [[Sinhala Ravaya]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beech|first=Hannah|title=When Buddhists go Bad|journal=Time (New Zealand Edition)|date=1 July 2013|volume=182|issue=1|page=19}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=SCF|date=2018-10-09|title=Germany seeks to ban ultranationalist Turkish Grey Wolves' symbols|url=https://stockholmcf.org/germany-seeks-to-ban-ultranationalist-turkish-grey-wolves-symbols/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Stockholm Center for Freedom|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=van Wilgenburg|first=Wladimir|date=2019-02-14|title=Austria bans symbols of PKK, Turkish Grey Wolves, and Muslim Brotherhood|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/18873-Austria-bans-symbols-of-PKK,-Turkish-Grey-Wolves,-and-Muslim-Brotherhood|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.kurdistan24.net|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Selcen|first=Aydın|date=2020-09-05|title=Far-right group attempts to attack Grup Yorum member Gökçeks grave to burn his body|url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/human-rights/2020/05/09/far-right-group-attempts-to-attack-grup-yorum-member-gokceks-grave-to-burn-his-body|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Duvar English|language=}}</ref> [[Turkish Revenge Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkish-ultranationalist-militant-organization-threatens-hdp-member-with-death-news-62948 | title=Turkish ultranationalist militant organization threatens HDP member with death | date=31 August 2023 }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[Azov Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-azov-battalion-extremists-defending-mariupol/a-61151151 | title=The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol – DW – 03/16/2022 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-azov-idUSKBN0ML0XJ20150325 | title=Ultra-nationalist Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/who-are-the-azov-regiment | title=Profile: Who are Ukraine's far-right Azov regiment? }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/us-lifts-10-year-weapon-ban-on-ukraines-controversial-azov-brigade-which-russia-calls-neo-nazis-as-kharkiv-sees-calm-with-american-arms-13151380 | title=US lifts 10-year weapon ban on Ukraine's controversial Azov Brigade }}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[English Defence League]],<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dominic |last1=Alessio |first2=Kristen |last2=Meredith |year=2014 |title=Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League |journal=Social Identities |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=104–118 |doi=10.1080/13504630.2013.843058 |s2cid=143518291 }}</ref> [[Siol nan Gaidheal]] (Scotland)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26924026|title = The Scottish National Party at 80|work = BBC News|date = 11 April 2014}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|United States}}''': [[Proud Boys]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Cynthia|last=Combs|title=Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century|quote=The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Patriot Front]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Texas Observer|title=THE MOST NOTORIOUS NEO-FASCIST HATE GROUP IN TEXAS CAN'T CATCH A BREAK|date=2 November 2022|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/patriot-front-lawsuit-vandalism/|quote=As much as 10 percent of the white supremacist, ultranationalist Patriot Front, including its leader Thomas Rousseau, are currently facing civil or criminal cases.}}</ref> [[Nationalist Social Club-131]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A reputed white supremacist group is making forays into Connecticut with demonstrations and flyers |url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-ct-white-supremacist-group-20220418-dlu5uegilvdclcfsfl4e5qot3y-story.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hartford Courant}}</ref> [[Aryan Brotherhood]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Aryan Brotherhood |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |access-date=January 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221065013/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood |archive-date=February 21, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Identity Evropa]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/white-nationalist-leader-plotting-take-over-gop-n920826|title=White nationalist leader is plotting to 'take over the GOP'|date=2018-10-17|work=NBC News US|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017201333/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna920826|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ultranationalist terrorism ==
{{Main|Nationalist terrorism}}

[[File:LTTE bike platoon north of Killinochini may 2004.jpg|thumb|right|260px|A group of [[bicycle infantry]] militants that fought in the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) travel just north of [[Kilinochchi]] inside of [[Sri Lanka]] in June 2004.]]

Arising out of strident [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds, the militant faction known as the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka, which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism and revolutionary ideologies aligned against [[capitalist]] policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook [[List of attacks attributed to the LTTE|a series of violent actions]] against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the [[Anuradhapura massacre]] committed by the LTTE on 14 May 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a [[holy city]] associated with local [[Buddhist]] worshippers. The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly [[florist]] serving religious travelers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tempest|first=Rone|date=21 June 1985|title=Massacre That 'Woke Everybody Up' Helped Bring Truce in Sri Lanka|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-21-mn-11531-story.html|accessdate=27 December 2023|journal=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/19/world/sri-lanka-raid-leaves-grief-and-new-fear.html|journal=The New York Times|title=SRI LANKA RAID LEAVES GRIEF AND NEW FEAR|date=19 May 1985|first=Barbara|last=Crossette|accessdate=27 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Davison"/>

In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the ''Journal of Hate Studies'' found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family". Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the academic journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self". In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as [[ethnic cleansing]] or deportation".<ref name="Davison">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228547464|title=The Politics of Hate: Ultranationalist and Fundamentalist Tactics and Goals|journal=Journal of Hate Studies|accessdate=27 December 2023|first=Joan|last=Davison|date=January 2006|volume=5 |pages=37–61 |doi=10.33972/jhs.41 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Golden Dawn members at rally in Athens 2015.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] activists rally in [[Athens]] during a March 2015 event.]]

The assassination of [[Pavlos Fyssas]] in September 2013, a [[hip-hop]] musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an [[Athens]] suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection [[Nikos Dendias]] remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".<ref name="Helena"/><ref name="Rapper"/><ref name="TheConversation"/>

At the same, Golden Dawn held 18 of the 300 seats in the [[Hellenic Parliament]]. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of [[Adolf Hitler]], support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking [[immigration to Greece]]. The Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left wing trade unionists and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas."<ref name="Helena">{{cite news|journal=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/11/its-incredible-why-do-two-convicted-greek-neo-nazis-golden-dawn-remain-at-large|title='It's incredible': why do two convicted Greek neo-Nazis remain at large?|date=11 January 2021|accessdate=2 January 2024|first=Helena|last=Smith}}</ref><ref name="Rapper">{{cite news|first=Joseph|last=Charlton|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greek-anti-fascist-rapper-murdered-by-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-supporter-8824664.html|title=Greek anti-fascist rapper murdered by 'neo-Nazi' Golden Dawn|date=18 September 2013|journal=The Independent|accessdate=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="TheConversation">{{cite news|last=Samaras|first=Georgios|title=The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis?|url=http://theconversation.com/the-end-of-golden-dawn-has-greece-shown-us-how-to-deal-with-neo-nazis-150239|accessdate=2 January 2024|journal=The Conversation|date=26 November 2020}}</ref>

== Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction ==
The action film ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' features a [[terrorist]] mastermind named Egor Korshunov, played by actor [[Gary Oldman]], who kidnaps a set of hostages including the United States president by hijacking the leader's plane. Korshunov seeks revenge due to the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek, played by actor [[Jürgen Prochnow]], and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as a Soviet soldier. In February 2022, the United States Armed Forces related website [[Military.com]] published a story labeling the character as one of the best "Russian Movie Villains" in American cinematic history.<ref name="Barber">{{cite news|url=https://www.military.com/off-duty/movies/2022/02/28/8-great-russian-movie-villains.html|title=8 Great Russian Movie Villains|journal=[[Military.com]]|date=28 February 2022|first=James|last=Barber|accessdate=21 June 2023}}</ref> Writer [[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' also lauded the nature of Oldman's "fanatical" character, with McCarthy stating that "in his second malevolent lead of the summer, after ''[[The Fifth Element]]'', [he] registers strongly as a veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country."<ref>{{cite news|date=July 27, 1997|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|author-link= Todd McCarthy|title=Air Force One|url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117329619|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=June 22, 2023|archivedate=September 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901234944/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117329619/}}</ref>

The Israeli movie ''[[Incitement (film)|Incitement]]'' portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer [[Yigal Amir]]. The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]]. Film critic [[Nell Minow]] stated that the killer, played by actor Yehuda Nahari, projects a [[superficial charm]] and skill at [[persuasion]] while at the same time failing to generate audience sympathy due to his true nature still coming out. Amir seeing himself in a callous, "instrumentalist" way as a living weapon up to and including [[Rabin's assassination]] feeds into, in Minow's opinion, the movie's "chillingly" [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]-type quality.<ref name="Minow">{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/incitement-movie-review-2020|title=Incitement|first=Nell|last=Minow|author-link=Nell Minow|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|date=31 January 2020|accessdate=21 June 2023}}</ref> Writer Carla Hay of CultureMixOnline.com also found Nahari's performance to be a compelling portrayal of a [[Fictional portrayals of psychopaths|sociopath in film]], with much left to audience interpretations.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2020|first=Carla|last=Hay|url=https://culturemixonline.com/review-incitement-starring-yehuda-nahari-halevi/|title=Review: 'Incitement'|accessdate=23 June 2023|website=CultureMixOnline.com}}</ref>

The 2007 video game ''[[Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]]'' gained notice for its depiction of a [[civil war]] inside Russia between the country's government and an ultranationalist faction. Its sequels, ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2]]'' (2009) and ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]'' (2011), are set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist [[coup d'état]] in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military. Militant leader Vladimir Makarov, a character in multiple games, notably declares at one point, "Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes."<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=21 August 2023|work=The Guardian|title=Modern Warfare 3 hits the $1bn mark in record time|date=13 December 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/dec/12/modern-warfare-3-breaks-1bn-barrier}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|title=Russia's Ultra-Nationalism, False Flag Op: 'Call Of Duty' Predicted It 10 Years Ago|date=5 March 2022|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/international/russia-ultra-nationalism-false-flag-op-call-of-duty-news-185308|accessdate=21 August 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|History|Politics|Society}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Global Times]]'' – ultra-nationalistic Chinese media<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-11-29 |title=China's Pursuit of a New World Media Order |url=https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/en_rapport_chine_web_final_3.pdf |accessdate=2022-06-24 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |quote=Global Times is an ultra-nationalist tabloid established by People's Daily in 1993 to comment on international news.}}</ref>
*[[Ilminism]]
*[[Jingoism]]
*[[Palingenesis]] / [[palingenetic ultranationalism]]
*[[Putinism]]<ref name="Putinism"/>
*[[Totalitarianism]]
*[[Ultranationalism (Japan)|Ultranationalism in Japan]] (''[[Uyoku dantai]]'')
*[[Völkisch nationalism|''Völkisch'' nationalism]]
*[[Wolf warrior diplomacy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Ultranationalism}}

{{Nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ultranationalism| ]]
[[Category:Fascism]]
[[Category:Nationalism]]
[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
[[Category:Political extremism]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Sectarianism]]
[[Category:Supremacism]]
[[Category:Totalitarianism]]
[[Category:Xenophobia]]

Kalpana Sharma

2026-03-14T17:19:28Z

जाट: put up a bio

{{Short description|Indian journalist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Kalpana Sharma
|image =
|caption =
|known_for = Journalist, editor, and writer
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer = [[The Indian Express]], [[The Times of India]], and [[The Hindu]]
|organization =
|years_active = 1972–present
|birth_date = 1949
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse =
|awards = 1987 – [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons]]
}}
'''Kalpana Sharma''' (born 1947) is an Indian journalist, editor, and writer. Currently freelance, she has worked with several Indian dailies, including ''[[The Indian Express]], [[The Times of India]]'', and ''[[The Hindu]],'' where she was a deputy editor and chief of the Mumbai bureau. In 1987, she received the [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons]]. She has written and edited several books of reportage from India, including ''Rediscovering Dharav''i (2000), which consists of reporting about [[Dharavi]], a large slum in the city of [[Mumbai]], India, and ''The silence and the storm: narratives of violence against women in India'' (Aleph 2019).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Career ==
Sharma began her career in print journalism in 1972, working with ''[[Himmat Weekly]]'', a local publication in Mumbai, where she was editor during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], and faced censorship of their content by governmental authorities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Kalpana Sharma will be Scroll.in's new Readers' Editor |url=https://scroll.in/article/902752/veteran-journalist-kalpana-sharma-will-be-scroll-ins-new-readers-editor |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kalpana |title='Himmat' during the Emergency: When the Press crawled, some refused to even bend |url=http://scroll.in/article/735844/himmat-during-the-emergency-when-the-press-crawled-some-refused-to-even-bend |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> She went on to work at the ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' as the editor of their Sunday supplement, ''Express Magazine'', and at ''[[The Times of India]],'' where she was a senior assistant editor.<ref name=":0" /> She later worked for ''[[The Hindu]],'' where, in addition to reporting, she was Deputy Editor, and Chief of their Mumbai bureau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2013-01-26 |title=Kalpana Sharma |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/kalpana-sharma/article4336236.ece |access-date=2022-11-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Currently working independently, her journalism has focused on environmental, developmental and gender issues.<ref name=":1" /> She has also been a consulting editor for ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'', a peer-reviewed social sciences journal in India.<ref name=":1" /> In 2018, she became a readers' editor at ''[[Scroll.in]]'', a news and reporting website from India, where she took on responsibility for responding to readers' concerns and complaints, replacing C Rammanohar Reddy.<ref name=":0" /> She has written a column reporting on gender issues in India titled ''The Other Half,'' which was published by ''The Indian Express'' from 1985 onwards, and later in ''The Hindu,'' until 2016.<ref name=":0" />

Sharma won the [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons]], a journalism award, in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharma Kalpana |url=https://penguin.co.in/book_author/sharma-kalpana/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravindranath |first=Sushila |date=29 April 2012 |title=Does a journalist's gender matter? |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/does-a-journalist-s-gender-matter-/942858/0 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> She has been a visiting faculty member at the [[UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpana Sharma |url=https://journalism.berkeley.edu/person/kalpana_sharma/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism |language=en-US}}</ref>

As an author, Sharma published ''Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia’s Largest Slum'' (Penguin, 2000), which consisted of reporting about Dharavi, a large slum in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roell |first=Sophie |date=12 October 2021 |title=The best books on Mumbai recommended by Saumya Roy |url=https://fivebooks.com/best-books/mumbai-saumya-roy/ |website=Five Books}}</ref> In 2019, she edited a volume of personal essays of notable women in India who had chosen not to marry, titled ''Single by Choice'' (Women Unlimited).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=Malavika |date=2019-07-17 |title=Marriage? No, thank you: meet the women who are single by choice |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/single-by-choice-essays-laila-tyabji-bama-kalpana-sharma/article28514321.ece |access-date=2022-11-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=Indulekha |title=There is a big misconception that single women aren't contented: Journalist Kalpana Sharma |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/lifestyle/there-is-a-big-misconception-that-single-women-arent-contented-journalist-kalpana-sharma/articleshow/70308582.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref> It included essays by the author, [[Bama (writer)|Bama]]; sports journalist [[Sharda Ugra]], social worker and designer [[Laila Tyabji]], journalist [[Freny Maneckshaw]], sociologist [[Sujata Patel]], and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Single by Choice: Happily Unmarried Women! |url=https://womenunlimited.in/single-by-choice-happily-unmarried-women.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=womenunlimited.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title='There is a world of women who can't write their own stories': Kalpana Sharma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/there-is-a-world-of-women-who-cant-write-their-own-stories-kalpana-sharma-5842927/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sharma was born in 1947, and lives in Mumbai, India.<ref name=":2" />

== Bibliography ==

* Kalpana Sharma, ''Missing Half the Story: Journalism as if Women Mattered'' ([[Zubaan Books]], 2010) {{ISBN|9788189884833}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Supriya |title=Telling the Untold review |url=https://www.thebookreviewindia.org/telling-the-untold/ |website=The Book Review Literary Trust |access-date=4 December 2022 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* Kalpana Sharma, ''The silence and the storm : narratives of violence against women in India'' ([[Aleph Book Company]], 2019) {{ISBN|9788194233718}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Book Review: The Silence And The Storm By Kalpana Sharma |author=Namrata |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/01/20/book-review-silence-storm-kalpana-sharma/ |website=Feminism in India |access-date=4 December 2022 |date=20 January 2020}}</ref>
* Kalpana Sharma (editor), ''Single By Choice'' ([[Women Unlimited]], 2019) {{ISBN|978-93-85606-22-9}}
* Kalpana Sharma, ''Rediscovering Dharavi'' (Penguin India, 2000) {{ISBN|9780141000237}}
* Kalpana Sharma and Ammu Joseph (editors), ''Whose News? The Media and Women's Issues'' (Sage Publications, 2006) {{ISBN|9780761934936}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Kalpana}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Journalists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons winners]]

Automotive Research Association of India

2026-03-11T12:49:12Z

जाट: content fix

{{Short description|Industrial research association}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Automotive Research Association of India ''(ARAI)''
| logo =
| caption =
| type = Public
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1966
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Kothrud]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.araiindia.com/contact_us.asp|title=Automotive Research And Development, Automotive Service Provider, India, Vehicle Type Certification, Automotive Testing And Calibration, Vehicle Design Labs, Advanced Automotive Design Standards, Automotive Engineering Course|website=www.araiindia.com}}</ref>
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Dr. Reji Mathai, Director <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/arai-dsm-join-hands-for-automotive-development/396356/ |title=ARAI, DSM join hands for automotive development |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2010-05-29 |accessdate=2010-12-13}}</ref>
| industry = [[Automotive]], [[Research]]
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|https://www.araiindia.com/|ARAI}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)''' is a co-operative industrial research association by the [[automotive industry]] with the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]] and the [[Government of India|Government Of India]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/node/1444 |title=Automotive Research Association of India |publisher=Clean Air Initiative |accessdate=2010-12-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717081230/http://www.cleanairinitiative.org/portal/node/1444 |archivedate=2011-07-17 }}</ref> The objectives of the Association are Research and Development in automotive engineering for industry, product design and development, evaluation of automotive equipment and ancillaries, standardization, technical information services, execution of advanced courses on the application of modern technology and conduct of specific tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dow.com/news/corporate/2009/20090121a.htm |title=Dow India participates in the Symposium on International Automotive Technology |publisher=Dow.com |date=2009-01-21 |accessdate=2010-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114162633/http://www.dow.com/news/corporate/2009/20090121a.htm |archive-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Automotive Research Association of India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=ARAI - what it is and what does it do ? |url=https://bauaelectric.com/news/arai-what-it-is-and-what-does-it-do/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Bauaelectric Auto News |language=en-US}}</ref> (ARAI) is located in the western part of [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/05/20002201/For-the-first-time-made-in-In.html |title=For the first time, made in India cars to be made for Indians - Home |publisher=livemint.com |date=2009-05-20 |accessdate=2010-12-13}}</ref> The {{convert|105|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of land houses various laboratories, test facilities spread over 8343 m2 of area. It is well connected by air, rail and road about 25 km from [[Pune Airport]] and 12 km from the railway station. The Institute has been set up by the Indian Vehicle and automotive ancillary manufacturers and the (Government of India), Ministry of Heavy Industries, as a co-operative industrial research body to provide services to the industry in the fields of applied research and product development in automotive engineering.

It is also responsible for car mileage figure for every car sold in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/apr/23now-car-mileage-officially-verified.htm |title=Now, car mileage 'officially' verified |work=Rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-13}}</ref> ARAI claims to be the first Indian institute to develop HCNG fuel engine.<ref>{{cite web|author=Express News Service |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/automotive-research-body-develops-greener-fuel-engine-for-light-vehicles/656704/ |title=Automotive research body develops greener fuel engine for light vehicles |publisher=Express India |date=2010-08-06 |accessdate=2010-12-13}}</ref>

==History==
ARAI established in 1966 is located at Pune, India, 150 km from [[Mumbai]]. It was incorporated as Industrial Research Organisation formed by the Indian Automotive Industry, affiliated to the Ministry of Heavy Industries, Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/assoc1.htm |title=INFO BANK: Automobile Associations - Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) |publisher=Indiacar.com |accessdate=2010-12-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628024332/http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/assoc1.htm |archivedate=2010-06-28 }}</ref> The Institute is registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.

==Automotive research==
In order to meet the development requirements of Industry, several facility and competence build-up projects have been completed. Most notable amongst these are Engine Design/Simulation Software Installation, development of bi-fuel CNG kits, new techniques and software capabilities in Noise, Vibration, Harshness Analysis as well as Vehicle Crash Analysis and VDACS software for chassis [[dynamometer]] control. Amongst the new facilities added are the Particulate Measurement System and most modern Digitally Controlled Load Simulation. ARAI has also developed a Simulation Lab, offering end to end services to the automotive industry as well as allied non-automotive industries.

It is the first automotive engineering R&D institute in India to be awarded ISO 9001 Quality System Certification, ISO 14001 Environmental System Certification & [[OHSAS 18001]] Occupational Health & Safety Certification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dipp.nic.in/grant/arai.htm |title=Automotive Research Association Of India |publisher=Dipp.nic.in |accessdate=2010-12-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101123165520/http://dipp.nic.in/grant/arai.htm| archivedate= 23 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

'''Research & Development Divisions'''
*AED : Automotive Electronics Department
*ERL : Environmental Research Laboratory
*TG : Technology Group
*DTL : Digital Twin Lab
*CAE : Computer Aided Engineering
*FID : Forging Industry Division
*NVH : Noise, Vibration & Harshness
*PTE : Power Train Engineering
*SDL : Structural Dynamics Laboratory
'''Homologation Divisions'''
*ECL : Emission Certification Laboratory
*HMR : Homologation & Management Regulation
*HTC : Homologation and Technology Center
*SHL : Safety & Homologation Laboratory
*PSL : Passive Safety Laboratory
*VEL : Vehicle Evaluation Laboratory
'''Support Divisions'''
*BDCP : Business Development & Corporate Planning
*CAL : Calibration
*CMC : Central Maintenance Cell
*F&A : Finance & Accounts
*HRMA : Human Resources, Management & Administration
*ID : Infrastructure Development
*ITM : Information Technology Management
*KC : Knowledge Centre
*PMD : Prototype Manufacturing Department
*QMD : Quality Management Department

==See also==
*[[Automotive Industry Standards]]
*[[International Centre for Automotive Technology]]
*[[NATRiP]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies established in 1966]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Pune]]
[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]
[[Category:Business organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Mousumi Murmu

2026-03-04T21:32:22Z

जाट:

{{Short description|Indian women's footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mousumi Murmu
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Mousumi Murmu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|12|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tilakhuli, [[Salboni]], [[West Bengal]], India
| currentclub = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| clubnumber = 18
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Rampur Milan Sangha
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Police AC
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2022–2023
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2023–
| clubs4 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2024–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 27 October 2025
}}
'''Mousumi Murmu''' (born 26 December 2004) is an Indian professional footballer from [[West Bengal]] who plays for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] and the [[India women's national football team]]. She plays as a midfielder or a forward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mousumi Murmu |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/132517 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> She has also previously represented the club [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]].

== Early life and career ==
Murmu hailed from Tilakhuli village near [[Salboni]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moushumi Murmu: Salboni’s civic volunteer turned India’s women football team player – GetBengal story |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/moushumi-murmusalboni-s%20civic%20volunteer%20turned%20india-s%20women%20football%20team%20player%20getbengal%20story |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Get Bengal}}</ref> Murmu made her senior India debut in July 2024 against [[Myanmar]] in the final friendly match at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=India hold Myanmar to 1-1 draw in women's football friendly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-hold-myanmar-to-1-1-draw-in-womens-football-friendly/articleshow/111692583.cms |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=AIFF announces 23-member Indian women's squad for Myanmar friendlies |url=https://thebridge.in/football/23-member-blue-tigresses-squad-face-myanmar-48229 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in June, she was selected for the National camp to be held at the National Centre of Excellence in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vm |first=Rishab |date=2024-06-21 |title=Indian senior women's football team probable squad for Kolkata camp announced |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-indian-senior-women-s-football-team-probable-squad-kolkata-camp-announced |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-07-06 |title=India women's 23-member squad for Myanmar friendlies announced |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-team-squad-myanmar-friendlies-pyari-xaxa-hemam-shilky-devi/article68374581.ece |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In February 2025, the new chief coach Crispin Chettri included her in the National camp to be held at Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh from 7 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-02-02 |title=Pink Ladies Cup: India's Women's Team Prepares for Dubai |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/coach-crispin-chettri-names-32-probables-pink-ladies-cup-944 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=NewKerala.com |language=en}}</ref> She made her senior India debut against Jordan at the Al Hamriya Sports Club Stadium, Sharjah on 20 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior India women produce a dominant display to tame Jordan in Sharjah opener |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/senior-india-women-produce-a-dominant-display-to-tame-jordan-in-sharjah-opener |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

In December 2024, she represented West Bengal in the 29th [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] held at Narainpur, Chhattisgarh, for the Rajmata Jijabai Trophy 2024–2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal, Haryana register fluent wins In Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/west-bengal-haryana-register-fluent-wins-in-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|27 October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=2|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2024
|1
|0
|-
|2025
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!3
!0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/132517 Mousumi Murmu] at All India Football Federation.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Mousumi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Tenali Rama (film)

2026-03-03T21:48:16Z

जाट: New

{{Short description|2006 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tenali Rama
| image = Tenali Rama (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Magadi Pandu
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. V. Babu
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Jaggesh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ananaji Nagaraj
| editing =
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|11|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tenali Rama''''' is a 2006 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Magadi Pandu and starring [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Jaggesh]] as the titular characters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/06ten.htm|title=First Look: Ramesh and Jaggesh unite|date=2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref> It is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Nadodikattu]]''. The film released to mixed reviews from critics,<ref name="Rediff"/> but was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/jothe-beats-hubballi-at-kannada-box-office/8852/story.htm&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|title='Jothe...' beats 'Hubballi' at Kannada box office|date=15 December 2006|via=Nowrunning|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Tenali
*[[Jaggesh]] as Rama
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*Dharma
*Deepu
*[[Santhoshi]]
*Manasi
*[[Kazan Khan]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[Vaijanath Biradar]]
*[[B. V. Radha]]
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Honeymoon Express (2006 film)|Honeymoon Express]]'', director Magadi Pandu and producer SV Babu teamed up again for this film.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tenali/20061211.htm|title=Tenali Rama disappoints|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 December 2006|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6ExKKuRD8hLCr6NHWyNgNt | title=Thenali Rama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | website=[[Spotify]] }}</ref>
*"Hoye Mama" - Manu, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
*"Madaithe Madaithe" - Karthik, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
*"Thenali Rama" - [[Malgudi Subha]], R. P. Patnaik
*"Neene Neene" - [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
*"Oh Myna" - Manu, Karthik

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined that "''Tenali Rama'' could have been a continuous laugh riot like the Malayalam original, but the script lets the film down. Ramesh and Jaggesh have tried their best to salvage the film, complementing each other very well".<ref name="Rediff"/> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' said that "''Tenali Rama'' is an ordinary film which could have been better presented".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3388/kannada/tenali-rama-going-to-dubai/972/review.htm&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|title=Tenali Rama Review|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|work=IANS|date=9 December 2006 |via=Nowrunning}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]

Khushi (2003 Hindi film)

2026-03-03T11:48:01Z

जाट: expand structure after review and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khushi
| image = Khushi2003.jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = SJ Suryah '''Dialogue:''' Aman Jaffery Bolu Khan
| based_on = ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' by SJ Suryah
| starring = [[Fardeen Khan]] [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| director = [[SJ Suryah]]
| producer = [[Boney Kapoor]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Background Score:''' Naresh Sharma
| editing = [[Merzin Tavaria]]
| studio = BSK Films
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Entertainment]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2003|2|7}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Khushi''''' ({{Abbr|transl.|Translation}} Happiness; {{IPA|hi|ˈxʊʃi}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[SJ Suryah]] and produced by [[Boney Kapoor]]. It is a remake of the director's own 2000 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]].'' The film stars [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]].

== Plot ==
Khushi tells the story of a boy and a girl who are in love but are kept apart by their inflated egos. Karan was born and raised in Kolkata, whilst Khushi was born and brought up in a village in [[Uttarakhand]]. Karan intends to move to Canada to pursue further studies; however, due to an accident, he is forced to attend the [[Mumbai University|University of Mumbai]]. Khushi insists on pursuing her education at the [[Mumbai University|University of Mumbai]]. At the university, Karan meets Khushi through his friends, Vicky and Priya. Vicky and Priya fall in love with each other, and Karan and Khushi decide to bring them together. In the process, Karan and Khushi fall in love with each other; however, they aren't able to reciprocate their love for one another.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Fardeen Khan]] as Karan Roy
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]] as Khushi Singh
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Vir Bhadra Singh
* [[Navin Nischol]] as Mr. Roy
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Madhu Roy
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Milestone
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Zohravar Singh
* [[Sakshi Shivanand]] as Roma Singh
* [[Anoop Soni]] as Vicky
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as a pedestrian in Kolkata (guest appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khushi
| type = Soundtrack album
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 November 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Industries]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 1.2 million units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the tenth highest-selling album of the year. The song "Jiya Maine Jiya" was taken from the song "Cheliya" from the Telugu film ''Kushi''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archivedate=15 February 2008 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aaj Piya"
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 2
| "Good Morning India"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| 3
| "Hai Re Hai Re"
| [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Hema Sardesai]]
|-
| 4
| "Jiya Main Jiya"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 5
| "Khushi Aaye Re Aaye Re"
| Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
| 6
| "Tere Bina"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Alka Yagnik (Male back up Vocals: [[Kunal Ganjawala]])
|}

== Reception ==
[[Komal Nahta]] of ''India Syndicate'' wrote, "On the whole, Khushi remains a dull and dreary love story and will have an unhappy and short innings at the box-office. Although designed as a film for the youth, it will be rejected even by them. A heavy loser".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/khushi-review-bollywood-pcluzdfabfaff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226093015/https://m.sify.com/movies/khushi-review-bollywood-pcluzdfabfaff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2022|title = Khushi|via=[[Sify]]|first=Komal|last=Nahta|author-link=Komal Nahta|work=India Syndicate|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/khushi---review-continued-review-bollywood-pcluzcjjjihec.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117030442/https://www.sify.com/movies/khushi---review-continued-review-bollywood-pcluzcjjjihec.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2022|title = Khushi - Review continued|via=Sify |first=Komal|last=Nahta|work=India Syndicate|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote, "On the whole, ''KHUSHI'' has several engaging moments to appeal to the youth and family audiences".<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/khushi-2/critic-review/khushi-2-movie-review/|title=Khushi Review 2/5|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118184242/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/khushi-2/critic-review/khushi-2-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|khushi-2}}

{{S. J. Suryah}}

[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. J. Suryah]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]

German School, New Delhi

2026-03-03T09:54:40Z

जाट: Made new details needs work

{{Short description|Private, international Embassy school}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{One source|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = German Embassy School New Delhi
| native_name = Deutsche Botschaftsschule New Delhi
| location = [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi, India]]
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5992|N|77.1872|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}}
| type = Private, International
| website = {{url|dsnd.de}}
}}

'''German Embassy School New Delhi''' ({{langx|de|'''Deutsche Botschaftsschule New Delhi'''}}, '''DSND''', is a German international school in [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>"[http://dsnd.de/en/contact.html Contact]." German Embassy School New Delhi. Retrieved on 11 February 2015. "2, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri New Delhi 110 021 India" - Also listed as: "Block F, Diplomatic Enclave, Chanakyapuri"</ref> It has kindergarten, primary school, and secondary school levels.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dsnd.de/en/home.html German School New Delhi]
* [http://dsnd.de/home.html German School New Delhi] {{in lang|de}}
{{Portalbar|Germany|Schools|India}}

{{International schools in India}}
{{German schools in Asia}}

[[Category:International schools in Delhi|German]]
[[Category:German international schools in India|Delhi]]
[[Category:Schools in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Germany–India relations]]

{{Delhi-school-stub}}
{{Germany-school-stub}}

List of institutions of higher education in Kerala

2026-03-03T08:21:37Z

जाट: brief adjust page per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|None}}
{{One source|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

[[Kerala]] is home to some of the most reputed institutes for higher education in India.

==Top Institutions in Kerala (NIRF 2024)==

{| class="wikitable"
|Category
|Name
|Place
|NIRF 2024 Rank
|-
| rowspan="4" |Overall

(out of 100)
|[[University of Kerala|Kerala]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|38
|-
|[[Cochin University of Science and Technology|CUSAT]]
|Ernakulam
|51
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT]]
|Kozhikode
|54
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG]]
|Kottayam
|67
|-
| rowspan="4" |Universities

(out of 100)
|[[University of Kerala|Kerala]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|21
|-
|[[Cochin University of Science and Technology|CUSAT]]
|Ernakulam
|34
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG]]
|Kottayam
|37
|-
|[[University of Calicut|Calicut]]
|Malappuram
|89
|-
| rowspan="17" |Colleges

(out of 100)
|[[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]]
|Ernakulam
|20
|-
|[[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|22
|-
|[[St. Teresa's College|St. Teresa’s College]]
|Ernakulam
|46
|-
|[[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]
|Ernakulam
|48
|-
|[[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram|Govt College for Women]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|49
|-
|[[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja’s College]]
|Ernakulam
|53
|-
|[[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St. Thomas College]]
|Thrissur
|57
|-
|[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|St. Joseph’s College]]
|Kozhikode
|61
|-
|[[Bishop Moore College]]
|Alappuzha
|62
|-
|[[Mar Ivanios College]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|66
|-
|[[St. Berchmans College|SB College]]
|Kottayam
|69
|-
|[[Mar Athanasius College]]
|Ernakulam
|74
|-
|[[Vimala College]]
|Thrissur
|80
|-
|[[Mar Ivanios College]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|79
|-
|[[Government Victoria College, Palakkad|Govt Victoria College]]
|Palakkad
|84
|-
|[[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]]
|Thrissur
|85
|-
|[[CMS College Kottayam]]
|Kottayam
|92
|-
| rowspan="3" |Engineering

(out of 100)
|[[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT]]
|Kozhikode
|25
|-
|[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|51
|-
|[[IIT Palakkad|IIT]]
|Palakkad
|64
|-
| rowspan="4" |Management

(out of 100)
|[[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|IIM]]
|Kozhikode
|03
|-
|[[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT]]
|Kozhikode
|76
|-
|[[Cochin University of Science and Technology|CUSAT]]
|Ernakulam
|81
|-
|[[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences|Rajagiri Business School]]
|Ernakulam
|93
|-
| rowspan="2" |Medical

(out of 100)
|[[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum|SCTIMST]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|13
|-
|[[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Govt Medical College]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|42
|-
|Dental

(out of 100)
|Govt Dental College
|Thiruvananthapuram
|21
|-
| rowspan="2" |Architecture

(out of 100)
|[[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT]]
|Kozhikode
|03
|-
|[[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|18
|-
| rowspan="2" |Agriculture

(out of 100)
|[[Kerala Agricultural University|KAU]]
|Thrissur
|16
|-
|[[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies|KUFOS]]
|Ernakulam
|30
|-
|Law (out of 100)
|[[National University of Advanced Legal Studies|NUALS]]
|Ernakulam
|38
|}

==Universities==
The [[higher education]] system in [[India]] includes both private and [[Public university|public]] [[university|universities]]. Universities in India are recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), which draws its power from the ''[[University Grants Commission Act, 1956]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=University Grants Commission Act, 001956 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ugc_act.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]] |access-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref> The types of universities include:
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart |||||||A1 | A1='''[[List of universities in India|UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA]]'''
|boxstyle_A1 = background-color:navajowhite;}}
{{Tree chart ||||||||!|}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart |B1 ||C1 ||D1 ||E1 | B1='''[[Central University, India|CENTRAL UNIVERSITIES]]'''|C1='''[[State university (India)|STATE UNIVERSITIES]]'''|D1='''[[Deemed university|DEEMED UNIVERSITIES]]'''|E1='''[[Private university#India|PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES]]'''
|boxstyle_B1 = background-color: navajowhite;
|boxstyle_C1 = background-color: navajowhite;
|boxstyle_D1 = background-color: navajowhite;
|boxstyle_E1 = background-color: navajowhite;
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

===Central Universities===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | No.
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | University
!style="background-color:navajowhite" |
Location
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Discipline
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Founded
|-
|1||[[Central University of Kerala]] (CUK)||[[Kasaragod]] || Science, Fine arts, Literature || 2009
|-
|2||[[Aligarh Muslim University Malappuram Centre|Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Malappuram Centre]]|| [[Perinthalmanna]]|| [[Academic discipline#Multidisciplinary|Multidisciplinary]]|| 2010
|-
|3
|Indian Maritime University (IMU), Kochi Campus
|[[Kochi]]
|Maritime Studies
|2009
|-
|4
|Central Sanskrit University (CSU), Guruvayoor Campus
|[[Guruvayur|Guruvayoor]]
|Sanskrit Studies
|2020
|}

===State Universities===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | No.
! colspan="2" |University
!style="background-color:navajowhite" |
Location
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Discipline
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Founded
!Governing Authority
|-
|1
| UoK||[[University of Kerala]] ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| [[Academic discipline#Multidisciplinary|Multidisciplinary]] || 1937
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|2
| UoC||[[University of Calicut]]||[[Malappuram]]|| Multidisciplinary || 1968
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|3
| CUSAT||[[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]|| [[Kochi]] || Multidisciplinary|| 1971
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|4
| KAU||[[Kerala Agricultural University]]|| [[Thrissur]] || [[Agriculture]], Engineering || 1972
|[[Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)|Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare]]
|-
|5
| MGU||[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]||[[Kottayam]]|| Multidisciplinary || 1983
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|6
| SSUS||[[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]|| [[Kochi]] || [[Sanskrit]] and [[Vedic]] studies ||1994
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|7
| KU||[[Kannur University]]|| [[Kannur]] || Multidisciplinary ||1997
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|8
|NUALS
|[[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]] (NUALS)
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Law]]
|2005
|[[Department of Law (Kerala)|Law Dept]]
|-
|9
| KVASU||[[Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]]||[[Wayanad]]|| [[Animal sciences]]||2010
|[[Department of Animal Husbandry (Kerala)|Animal Husbandry]]
|-
|10
| KUHS||[[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]|| [[Thrissur]]|| [[Health education|Medical, Paramedical, Health sciences]]|| 2010
|[[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Health and Family Welfare]]
|-
|11
| KUFOS||[[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies]]|| [[Kochi]]|| [[Fishery|Fisheries]], [[Climate science]]|| 2010
|[[Department of Fisheries and Ports (Kerala)|Fisheries]]
|-
|12
| TEMU||[[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]]||[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]]|| Malayalam language and literature || 2012
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|13
| KTU||[[A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| [[Engineering]], Technology, Management || 2014
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|14
| SNOU||[[Sree Narayanaguru Open University]]|| [[Kollam]]|| Multidisciplinary Open University || 2020
|[[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education]]
|-
|15
| DUK||[[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram]] || Engineering (Masters only), Technology, Humanities|| 2020
|[[Department of Science and Technology (Kerala)|Science and Technology]]
|}



===Deemed Universities===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | No.
!
! style="background-color:navajowhite" | University
!style="background-color:navajowhite" |
Location
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Discipline
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Founded
!style="background-color:navajowhite" | Deemed
|-
|1
|KK
|[[Kerala Kalamandalam]] || [[Thrissur]] || Performing arts || 1930 ||2006
|-
|2
|IIST
|[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]] ||Science and Technology || 2007 ||2008
|-
|3
|CVV
|[[Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth]]
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|Arts and Humanities
|2017
|2017
|-
|4
|JUK
|[[Jain(Deemed-to-be) University]]
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|Management, Engineering, Design, Media, Forensic, Psychology
|2021
|2021
|-
|5
|NIELIT
|[[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Calicut]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|Electronics & Information Technology
|1989
|2023
|-
|6
|Amrita
|Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri Campus
|[[Kollam]]
|Multidisciplinary
|2002
|2003
|-
|7
|Amrita
|Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi Campus
|[[Kochi]]
|Multidisciplinary
|1998
|2003
|-
|8
|IIMC
|[[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]], Southern Regional Centre
|Kottayam
|Journalism & Mass Communication
|1994
|2012
|-
|}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|}

==Colleges==


* [[List of colleges affiliated with Kannur University]]
* [[List of Colleges Affiliated to University of Calicut|List of colleges affiliated to University of Calicut]]
* [[List of colleges affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi University]]
* [[List of colleges affiliated to Kerala University]]
* [[List of colleges affiliated to Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
* [[Kerala Agricultural University#Institutions under KAU.5B2.5D|List of colleges affiliated to Kerala Agricultural University]]
* [[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies#Courses|List of colleges affiliated with Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies]]
* [[List of colleges affiliated with Cochin University of Science and Technology]]

=== Law colleges ===
* [https://www.divinelawcollege.com/ Divine Law College , Pathanapuram]
* [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]
* [[Government Law College, Trivandrum]]
* [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]]
* [[Government Law College, Thrissur]]
* [[School Of Indian Legal Thought, Kottayam]]
* [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]], [[Trivandrum]]
* [[Markaz Law College]]
* [[Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies]]
* [[Aligarh Muslim University, Malappuram Campus]]
*[[Bharata Mata School of Legal Studies (BSOLS)]], [Aluva]
*[[C.S.I College For Legal Studies Kanakkary,Kottayam]]
*[[School of Legal Studies (Kannur university, Thalashery Campus )]], [Palayad,Thalashery]

=== Business schools / MBA colleges / management departments ===
* Albertian Institute of Management
* Amity Business School, Kochi
* Amrita School Of Business, Kochi
* [[Asian School of Business|Asian School of Business, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Berchmans Institute of Management Studies]], Changanassery
* Bhavans Royal Institute Of Management, Kochi
* Bishop Jerome Institute, [[Kollam]]
* [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
* [[DCSMAT Business School]]
* Farook Institute of Management Studies (FIMS), Calicut
* [[IIMK|IIM, Kochi]] (campus of IIMK)
* [[IIMK|IIM, Kozhikode]]
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala|IIITM-K]], [[Trivandrum]]
* Indian Institute of Logistics, Kochi
*[https://miim.ac.in Marian International Institute of Management (MIIM), Kuttikkanam, Idukki]
*[[LEAD College of Management]], Dhoni, [[Palakkad]]
* Marthoma College of Management and Technology (MCMAT), Perumbavoor, Ernakulam
*[[Rajagiri Centre for Business Studies]], Kochi
* [[School of Communication and Management Studies|School of Communication and Management Studies, Kochi]]
* [[TKM Institute of Management]]
* Travancore Business Academy, Kollam
* UEI Global
* Vidya Bharathi Institute Of Management And Technology, Kochi
* [[Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship]]
* Allama Iqbal Institute of Management
* [[Aligarh Muslim University, Malappuram Campus]]
* [https://scmhub.com SCM Hub International Logistics Business School], Kochi Info Park Campus

=== Hotel management colleges ===
* Naipunnya School Of Hotel Management, Cherthala
* Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Kovalam
* [[Munnar Catering College]]

===Private colleges===


* [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]], Kollam (headquartered in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]])
*[[Ahalia Health Heritage and Knowledge Village]], Kozhipara, [[Palakkad]]
* Lancon Institute of Cyber Security (LICS) ( EC-Council - USA ) NH, Vatakara
* [[V Institute]], Kollam
* Adi Institute Of Quality Engineers, Kochi

===Polytechnic colleges===
* [[List of Polytechnic Colleges in Kerala|List of polytechnic colleges in Kerala]]

===Architecture colleges===
*College of Architecture, Thiruvananthapuram, C.A.T
*Bishop Jerome School of Architecture, Kollam
*[https://www.asadi.edu.in/ Asian School of Architecture & Design Innovation, Ernakulam, Kerala]

=== Design institutes ===
* Atrium School Of Design, Perinthalmanna, Malappuram
* [[Kerala State Institute of Design]], Kollam
* Creative Hut Institute of Photography, Mattakkara, Kottayam
* Terrafirm Global Academy, City Centre Campus, Kadavanthara, Kochi
* Terrafirm Global Academy, Riverside Green Campus, Aluva, Kochi
* Irohub Infotech, Palarivattom, Kochi
* Cindrebay, Kaloor, Kochi

===Engineering===
[[List of engineering colleges in Kerala]]

===Skill Training Center (Kaushal Kendra)===
*OGTM Skills Academy Govt. Skill Development Center, Training Partner IIIIER (MSDE, Govt. of India )

===Medical===
* [[List of medical colleges in Kerala]]

=== Maritime ===
* [[Euro Tech Maritime Academy]], [[Kochi]]

* Indian Maritime University, Kochi

===Pharmacy colleges===

====Medical laboratory technology colleges====
* A.G.M. School of Paramedicals
* Alphonsa Para Medical School
* Babes Paramedical Laboratory, Changanassery
* Mary Queens Medical Technological Laboratory, Thiruvalla
* Queen Mary's Medical Technological Laboratory, Karukachal
* S.G Laboratory, Mallappally
* St Julian Medical Technological Laboratory, Karukachal

====Govt pharmacy colleges====
* College of Pharmaceutical Science, Kozhikode, [[Kozhikode Medical College]]
* College of Pharmaceutical Science, Thiruvananthapuram, [[Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
* Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pariyaram Medical College, Kannur

====Private self financing pharmacy colleges====
* A.M. College of Pharmacy, Vavvakkavu Post, Karunagappally, Kollam-690 528
* Alshifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna
* Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi
* Crescent B.Pharm College, Madayipara, Kannur
* The Dale View College of Pharmacy & Research Centre, Punalal PO, Thiruvananthapuram
* Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, PO Pulliparamba, Chelembra, Malappuram
* Ezhuthachan National Academy Pharmacy, College & Research Institute, Maryamuttom, Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram
* Fathima College of Pharmacy, Kollam
* Grace College of Pharmacy, Palakkad
* JDT Islam College of Pharmacy, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode
* Karuna College of Pharmacy, Iringuttoor, Palakkad Dist
* Malik Dinar College of Pharmacy, Seethagole, Kasaragode
* Mar Dioscorus College of Pharmacy, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram
* Naserath College of Pharmacy, Othera, Thiruvalla
* Nehru College of Pharmacy, near Lakkdi Railway Station, Thiruvillwamala, Thrissur
* Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Moovattupuzha
* Pharmacy College of St James Medical Academy, Govt. Hospital Road, Chalakkudy
* Pushpagiri College of Pharmacy, Perumthurthi PO, Pathanamthitta
* Royal College
* Sri Vidyadhiraja Pharmacy College, Thiruvananthapuram
* St. Joseph's College of Pharmacy, Muttom, Cherthala
* ELIMS College of Pharmacy, Villadam, Ramavarmapuram P O, Thrissur
* Hindustan College of Pharmacy, Kanjirapally, Kottayam
*KTN college of pharmacy, chalavara, Palakkad

===B.Ed colleges===
* NSS Training College, Pandalam
* Al-azhar Training College, Thodupuzha
* Ansar Training College for Women, Perumpilavu, Trichur
* Arafa Teacher Education, Attur, Thrissur
* Indira Gandhi Training College, Kothamangalam
* Farook Training College, Calicut
* Kaviyattu College of Education, Pirappancode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
* Mar Baselious Paulose II Training College, Puthencruz
* Mt Tabore Training College, Pathanapuram
* NSS Training College Ottapalam
* Sree Narayana Guru Kripa Trust BEd College, Pothencode, Thiruvananthapuram
* Titus II Teachers College, Thiruvalla
* Mar Osthatheos Training College, Akkikavu, Thrissur
* St. Gregorios Teachers'Training College, Meenangadi
* [[Aligarh Muslim University, Malappuram Campus]]

===Teacher training institutes (TTI)===
* Darul Uloom Teacher Training Institute, Thootha, Perinthalmanna
* Fazfari Teacher Training Institute, Padinjattummuri, Malappuram
* Mankada Orphanage Teacher Training Institute, Mankada, Perinthalmanna
* T.D. Teacher Training Institute, Mattancherry, Kochi-2
{{See also|List of teacher education schools in India#Kerala}}

==Autonomous institutions==

{{See also|List of autonomous higher education institutes in India|Institutes of National Importance}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
! colspan="2" |College!! Location !! Type !! Founded !! Autonomous declaration !! Management type !! [[Institutes of National Importance|Institution of National Importance]]
|-
|1
|CDS
|[[Centre for Development Studies]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || Social Science || 1970 || 1970|| State
|{{No}}
|-
|2
|CIFT
| [[Central Institute of Fisheries Technology]] || [[Kochi]] || [[Marine research]] || 1954 || 1954 || Central
|{{No}}
|-
|3
|CMFRI
| [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute]] || Kochi || [[Marine research]] || 1971 || 1971|| Central
|{{No}}
|-
|4
|IISR
| [[Indian Institute of Spices Research]] || [[Kozhikode]] || [[Agriculture]] || 1975 || 1975|| Central
|{{No}}
|-
|5
|IIM
| [[Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode]]|| Kozhikode || [[Management science]] || 1996 || 1996|| Central
|{{Yes}}
|-
|6
|IIITM
| [[Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala]] || Thiruvananthapuram || [[Computer science]] || 2002 || 2002|| State
|{{No}}
|-
|7
|IIIT
|[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam]] ||[[Kottayam]] ||Computer Science ||2015 ||2015|| PPP
|{{Yes}}
|-
|8
|IISST
|[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] ||Thiruvananthapuram ||Science, Technology || 2007 ||2008|| Central
|{{No}}
|-
|9
|IISER
|[[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] ||Thiruvananthapuram ||Science, Technology || 2008 ||2008|| Central
|{{Yes}}
|-
|10
|IIT
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology]] ||[[Palakkad]]||Science, Technology || 2015 ||2015|| Central
|{{Yes}}
|-
|11
|IIHT
|[[Indian Institute of Handloom Technology]] ||[[Kannur]]||Textile technology || 1987 ||1987|| State
|{{No}}
|-
|12
|KPA
|[[Kerala Press Academy]] || Kochi|| Media|| 1979 || 1979|| State
|{{No}}
|-
|13
|NIFT
| [[National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) Campus in Kannur|National Institute of Fashion Technology Campus in Kannur]] || Kannur || [[Fashion|Fashion education]] || 2008|| 2008|| Central
|{{No}}
|-
|14
|NUALS
|[[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]] || Kochi || [[Legal education]]||2005||2009|| State
|{{No}}
|-
|15
|NIT
|[[National Institute of Technology]] || Kozhikode|| [[Engineering]] || 1961 ||2002|| Central
|{{Yes}}
|-
|16
|RGCB
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]]|| Thiruvananthapuram || [[Medical research]] || 1990|| 2002|| Central
|{{Yes}}
|-
|17
|SCTIMST
|[[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] || Thiruvananthapuram || Medicine, Health science || 1974 ||2002|| Central
|{{Yes}}
|-
|18
|RCC
|[[Regional Cancer Centre]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| Cancer Research || 1981 || 2014|| State
|{{Yes}}
|}

==See also==

* [[C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram|ER&DCI Institute of Technology, Trivandrum]]
* [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Calicut]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology]] in [[Kerala]]
* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]], Kottayam
* [[KEAM]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Kerala|Kerala]]

Never Escape

2026-03-03T02:26:21Z

जाट: Adding Initial Post Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Never Escape.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dsri Aravind Deva Raj
| writer = Dsri Aravind Deva Raj
| producer = Nansi Flora Selvadhas
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]]
* Adhi Prithvi
}}
| cinematography = Santhosh Kumar Sj
| editing = Guru Pradeep
| music = Charan Kumar
| studio = Royal B Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|04|19|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Never Escape''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language survival thriller film written and directed by Dsri Aravind Deva Raj. The film stars [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] and Adhi Prithvi. The film was produced by Nansi Flora Selvadhas under the banner of Royal B Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2024-04-02 |title=நெவர் எஸ்கேப் மூலம் வில்லனாக அறிமுகமாகும் ராபர்ட் மாஸ்டர் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-news-robert-master-turns-villain-actor-in-never-escape-movie-711265 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423184044/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-news-robert-master-turns-villain-actor-in-never-escape-movie-711265 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>. And the film was distributed by Phoenix Fim Corporation.

== Cast ==
* [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] as theatre owner
* Adhi Prithvi as Harish
* Harshini Harres Prabu as Mithra
* Kavi J Sundharam as CM
* Uvais Khan as Rex
* Raji Raze as Sara
* Jebin John as Mariyan
* Praneshvar Manikandan as vlogger
* Sasti Pranesh as cameraman

== Production ==
The film noted debuted to the director Dsri Aravind Deva Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=ஹாரர் திரில்லராக வடிவில் உருவாகி வரும் நெவர் எஸ்கேப் படம்! ரிலீஸ் எப்போது? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/royal-b-production-horror-thriller-never-escape-tamil-movie-release-date-497149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511081608/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/royal-b-production-horror-thriller-never-escape-tamil-movie-release-date-497149 |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated two point five out of five and wrote that "In other words, this strange concoction of a horror thriller and a psycho drama has some moments that thrill you."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Never Escape Review: A Weird Concoction Of A Horror Thriller And A Psycho Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/never-escape-review-a-weird-concoction-of-a-horror-thriller-and-a-psycho-drama-review-109462523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423182116/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/never-escape-review-a-weird-concoction-of-a-horror-thriller-and-a-psycho-drama-review-109462523 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic wrote that "All in all, 'Never Escape' can be enjoyed once."<ref>{{Cite web |title=நெவர் எஸ்கேப். விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2024/04/22/225136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511081551/https://www.thinaboomi.com/2024/04/22/225136.html |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>

''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated two out of five stars and stated that "Dance master Robert, who plays the hero in the film, has played a different getup. Realizing the character, he handles the psycho killer character with finesse in his every move."<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-04-18 |title=Never Escape |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/never-escape-158523 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt32034305}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Survival films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chandidas

2026-02-28T22:02:20Z

जाट: basic fixed structure to improve readability additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Famous Bengali Poet of Medieval India}}
{{About||the Indian film|Chandidas (film)}}

[[File:Chandidas Bhita at Nanoor 03.jpg|thumb|Way to Chandidas Bhita at Nanoor]]
'''Chandidas''' (1339–1399) was a medieval [[Bengalis|Bengali]] poet from [[India]], or possibly more than one.<ref name=Baḍu>{{Cite web |title=Baḍu Chandidas |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chandidas|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|last=Devnath|first=Samaresh|access-date=10 November 2023}}</ref> He wrote over 1250 poems related to the love of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] in medieval [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Prof. Dinesh Chandra |title=History of Bengali Language And Literature |pages=44, 45, 46, 47, 48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Lila |title=Bengali Literature |pages=11}}</ref> The poems of Chandidas with ''bhanita'' are found with three different sobriquets along with his name, ''{{IAST|Baḍu}}'', ''Dvija'' and ''Dina'' as well as without any sobriquet also. It is not clear whether these ''bhanita''s actually refer to the same person or not. It is assumed by some modern scholars that the poems which are current in the name of Chandidas are actually the works of at least four different Chandidas, who are distinguished from each other by their sobriquets found in the ''bhanita''s. It is also assumed that the earliest of them was Ananta {{IAST|Baḍu}} Chandidas. His father Durgadas Bagchi, was a [[Bengali Brahmin]] of [[Barendra]] clan. {{IAST|Baḍu}} Chandidas has been more or less identified as a historical figure, born in the 14th century in a [[Bengali Brahmin]] family of a small Tehsil city named Nanoor in [[Birbhum district]] of the present-day [[West Bengal]] state and wrote the lyrical ''Srikrishna Kirtan'' (Songs in praise of [[Krishna]]).<ref name=Baḍu/>

==''Srikrishna Kirtan''==
{{Main|Shreekrishna Kirtana}}
[[File:Shreekrishna Kirtana By Chandidas in Mallabhum(Bishnupur kingdom).png|thumb|Shreekrishna Kirtana By Chandidas from [[Mallabhum kingdom]]]]

In 1916, the [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]] published the manuscript of the ''Srikrishna Kirtan'' discovered by Basanta Ranjan Roy Bidwatballabh at [[Bankura]].<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Devnath |first=Samaresh |year=2012 |chapter=Chandidas |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chandidas |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The ''Srikrishna Kirtan'', as its name suggests, narrates the story of [[Krishna]] and his companion [[Radha]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhowmik |first=Dulal |year=2012 |chapter=Srikrishnakirtan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Srikrishnakirtan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The storyline is derived from [[Bhagavata Purana|Shrimad Bhagavatam]]. However, Baru Chandidas managed to add substantial originality, making it a masterpiece of medieval [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] literature.<ref name=":0" /> He is considered to be a prominent Early Middle [[Bengal]] poet, however the date of his poem ''Srikrsnakirtana'' is still under question, while the text remains one of the most important evidences of early portrayal of the popular story of "Lord Krishna's love for the cowherd girl [[Radha]]".<ref name=Stewart1986/> The 412 songs of Srikrsnakirtana are divided into thirteen sections that represent the core of the Radha-Krsna legendary cycle, with many variants providing excellent comparative material. The manuscript clearly suggests that the songs meant to be song, and implies particular ragas for the recitation.<ref name=Stewart1986>{{cite journal| last1 = Stewart| first1 = T. K.| year = 1986| title = Book Review: Singing the Glory of Lord Krishna: The "Śrīkṛṣṇakīrtana"| journal = [[Asian Folklore Studies]]| publisher = [[Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture]]| volume = 45| issue = 1| pages = 152–154| doi = 10.2307/1177851| jstor=1177851}}</ref> There is a considerable debate as to the authenticity of the text that has significant religious meaning.

{{Wikisource|bn:শ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তন|Shreekrishna Kirtana}}
{{Wikiquote}}

==Humanism==
According to [[Banglapedia]], Chandidas was the first Bengali-language poet to be a humanist. He asserted "''Shobar upor manush shotto tahar upore nai''" ("Above all is humanity, none else").<ref name=Banglapedia/> Later literature has also often eulogized Chandidas' love for a Rajakini (a female cloth washer), whether this has any historical basis is not known.

==See also==
* [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
* [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]]
* [[Bengal]]
* [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
* [[Jayadeva Goswami]]
* [[Radha Krishna]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:1339 births]]
[[Category:1399 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali poets]]

Pijush Ganguly

2026-02-26T05:40:25Z

जाट: basic added formatting after review additionally

{{Short description|Indian Bengali actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pijush Ganguly
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1965|01|02}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2015|10|25|1965|01|02}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal
| notable_works =
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Pijush Ganguly''' (2 January 1965 – 25 October 2015) was a noted [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film, television and theater actor. In 2005, he received the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award]] for the Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance in ''[[Mahulbanir Sereng]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/award/bfja-awards/bfja-awards-2005|publisher=Filmi Club|title=BFJA Awards 2005|accessdate=25 October 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222160536/http://www.filmiclub.com/award/bfja-awards/bfja-awards-2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Pijush Ganguly started his career as an employee of [[NABARD]] but later moved on to pursue a career in acting. He started acting out of passion in the stages of Kolkata. He was actively involved with the [[Bengali Theatre]] scene and performed in various plays. During his career, he worked with notable thespians such as [[Bratya Basu]], [[Bibhas Chakraborty]], Arun Mukherjee and [[Ramaprasad Banik]], among others.<ref name="kolkatatoday">{{cite news|url=http://www.kolkatatoday.com/pijush-ganguly-expires-cm-expresses-grief/|title=Pijush Ganguly expires; CM expresses grief|work=Kolkata Today|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113923/http://www.kolkatatoday.com/pijush-ganguly-expires-cm-expresses-grief/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ganguly was a well established and popular actor in the Bengali television industry. He appeared in television programmes and films under the direction of the likes of [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Aparna Sen]], and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/bengali-actor-pijush-ganguly-dies-after-tragic-accident-in-kolkata-1236104|title=Bengali Actor Pijush Ganguly Dies After Tragic Accident in Kolkata|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=25 October 2015|agency=NDTV}}</ref>

He was a well-known face in television serials from the mid-1990s till his death in 2015. He started his television career with ''Abar Jakher Dhan''.<ref name="kolkatatoday"/> Some of his popular TV serials included ''[[Jol Nupur]]'', ''Abar Jokher Dhon'', Arakshaniya, and ''[[Amodini]]''.<ref name="newsmen">{{cite news|url=http://www.newsmen.in/news-item/five-days-after-accident-curtain-falls-forever-on-bengali-actor-pijush-ganguly/|title=Five days after accident, curtain falls forever on Bengali actor Pijush Ganguly|work=Newsmen|date=25 October 2015|accessdate=25 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212420/http://www.newsmen.in/news-item/five-days-after-accident-curtain-falls-forever-on-bengali-actor-pijush-ganguly/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He hosted the reality show ''Ma vs Bouma''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeebangla.com/shows/ma-vs-bouma|publisher=Zee Bangla|title=Ma vs. Bouma|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102002736/http://www.zeebangla.com/shows/ma-vs-bouma|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also acted in popular films like the drama ''[[Laptop (2012 film)|Laptop]]'', the mystery ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2010 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'', and the period romance ''[[Iti Srikanta]]''.<ref name="kolkatatoday"/>

==Personal life==

Pijush Ganguly was born in Balananda Hospital, [[Behala]] ([[Kolkata]]), in 1965 where he resided. He held two bachelor's degrees, in commerce and arts from the [[University of Calcutta]].

During his school and college days, he had been a prolific goalkeeper and may have pursued a career in the sport, if not for an accident.

He married Pamela Ganguly and has a son.
He loved painting and had a keen interest in Manna Dey's music.

== Death ==
Ganguly died on 25 October 2015 at 2:45am, at [[Belle Vue Clinic, Kolkata]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/popular-actor-pijush-ganguly-passes-away/ ''Indian Express'' popular actor Pijush Ganguly passes away]</ref><ref name=PTIIndia.com20151025>{{cite news |title=Popular actor Pijush Ganguly passes away |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/popular-actor-pijush-ganguly-passes-away-656460/ |date=24 October 2015 |website=[[Penske Media Corporation|India.com]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> He died of "multi-organ failure and [[Fat embolism syndrome|fat embolism]] in a case [[polytrauma]]" after he got into a road accident on 20 October 2015. His MUV collided head-on with a bus at [[Santragachhi|Santragachi]] in [[Howrah]] district on 20 October when he was returning to the city after a show.<ref name=PTIIndia.com20151025/>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Amodini]]'' (1994) (directed by [[Chidananda Dasgupta]])
* ''[[Gosaipur Sargaram]]'' (1996) (directed by [[Sandip Ray]])
* ''Matribhumi'' (1997) (directed by Milan Bhowmik)
* ''Baba Keno Chakar'' (1998) (directed by [[Swapan Saha]])
* ''[[Mahulbanir Sereng]]'' (2004) (directed by [[Shekhar Das]])
* ''[[Iti Srikanta]]'' (2004) (directed by [[Anjan Das]])
* ''Madly Bangali'' (2004) (directed by [[Anjan Dutt]])
* ''[[Bhalobasar Onek Naam]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Angshumaner Chhobi]]''<ref name="Angshumaner Chhobi">{{cite news|title=Angshumaner Chhobi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/Angshumaner-Chhobi/movie-review/4922977.cms|accessdate=26 June 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=23 August 2009}}</ref> (2009) (directed by [[Atanu Ghosh]])
* ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2010 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' (2010) (directed by [[Anjan Dutt]])
* ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph (film)]]'' (2010)<ref name="Nayak revisited">{{cite news|title=Nayak revisited|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101015/jsp/entertainment/story_13057892.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203115528/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101015/jsp/entertainment/story_13057892.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=26 June 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=15 October 2010}}</ref> (directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]])
* ''[[Dashami]]'' (2012) (directed by Suman Moitra)
* ''[[Abar Byomkesh]]'' (2012) (directed by [[Anjan Dutt]])
* ''[[Laptop (2012 film)|Laptop]]'' (2012)<ref name="Laptop TOI">{{cite news|title=Laptop|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/laptop/movie-review/12665738.cms|accessdate=26 June 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=14 April 2012}}</ref> (directed by [[Kaushik Ganguly]])
* ''[[Aborto]]''(2013) (directed by [[Arindam Sil]])
* ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2013) (directed by [[Aparna Sen]])
* ''[[Basanta Utsav]]'' (2013) (directed by Rhitobrata Bhattacharya)
* ''[[Chaar (film)|Chaar]]'' (2014) (directed by [[Sandip Ray]])

== Awards ==
* 1991 [[Pramathesh Barua]] Award
* 1996 [[Shyamal Sen Smriti Samman]]
* 2005 [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award]]
* 2008 [[Sangbad Pratidin]] [[Complan]] Tele Samman
* 2014 [[Government of West Bengal]] (Information and Cultural Affairs) Tele Academy Award
* 2014 Shailajananda Smarak Chalachitra Samman

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1385118}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganguly, Pijush}}
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Jasodhara Bagchi

2026-02-24T22:23:07Z

जाट: put up new article.

{{Short description|Indian academic and feminist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jasodhara Bagchi
| honorific_prefix =
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| birth_date = {{circa|1937}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age | df=yes |2015|01|09|1937}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
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| education =
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] [[Somerville College, Oxford]] [[New Hall, Cambridge]]
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'''Jasodhara Bagchi''' (born {{circa|1937}} – 9 January 2015) was a leading [[India]]n [[feminist]] professor, author, critic and activist.<ref name="Hindu obit">{{Citation
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jasodhara-bagchi-is-no-more/article6772882.ece
|title=Jasodhara Bagchi is no more |last=Staff Reporter
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date = 10 January 2015
}}</ref> She was the founder and director of the School of Women's Studies at [[Jadavpur University]].<ref name="Hindu obit"/> Her books include ''Loved and Unloved – The Girl Child'' and ''Trauma and Triumph – Gender and Partition in Eastern India''.<ref name="TNN 2015" /> She also founded the women's rights organization Sachetana.<ref name="TNN 2015" />

== Early life and education ==

Bagchi was born in 1937 in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="TNN 2015">{{cite news |last1=TNN |title=Jashodhara Bagchi passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Jashodhara-Bagchi-passes-away/articleshow/45828419.cms |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=January 10, 2015}}</ref> She was educated at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] (then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]), [[Somerville College, Oxford]], and [[New Hall, Cambridge]].<ref name="Hindu obit"/>

==Career==

Bagchi began teaching English at [[Jadavpur University]] in 1964 after teaching English at Lady Brabourne College, Calcutta.<ref name="Hindu obit"/> She became the founder-Director of the School of Women's Studies<ref>{{cite web |title=School of Women's Studies, Jadaypur University |url=http://www.swsju.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405182908/http://www.swsju.org/ |archive-date=April 5, 2005}}</ref> at [[Jadavpur University]]<ref name="Hindu obit"/> in 1988. After her 1997 retirement, she taught as an Emeritus Professor at the School of Women's Studies.<ref name="Hindu obit"/>

Bagchi served as Professor in English department from 1983, was Head of the Department from 1986 to 1988, and coordinated, in some crucial early years, the UGC Special Assistance Programme, which later became the Centre for Advanced Studies in English. Her focus areas of research include women's studies, women's writings, 19th century English and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] literature, the reception of [[Positivism]] in Bengal, motherhood and the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="TNN 2015" /> Along with co-editor Subhoranjan Dasgupta, she was one of the first scholars to research and collect the experiences of Bengali women during and after the Partition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Rituparna |title=Partition in Bengal. Looking back after 70 Years |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/partition-bengal-looking-back-after-70-years |website=International Institute for Asian Studies |access-date=12 July 2021 |date=2018}}</ref>

She began the Bengali Women Writers Reprint Series, which is edited by the School of [[Women's Studies]], [[Jadavpur University]].<ref name="TNN 2015" />

Professors Sajni Mukherji and [[Supriya Chaudhuri]], her friends and colleagues at this department, edited for her a distinguished [[Festschrift]] in 2002: ''Literature and Gender: Essays for Jasodhara Bagchi''. Contributors to this included Bagchi's cherished teachers, friends, former students, and colleagues, such as Peter Dronke, Kitty Scoular Datta, Himani Bannerji, Malini Bhattacharya, Sheila Lahiri Choudhury, Supriya Chaudhuri, [[Tanika Sarkar]], Bhaswati Chakravorty, and Aditi Dasgupta.

Prof. Bagchi remained a regular and active participant in seminars and lectures at the department of English till her death, and was also a member of its Board of Studies for some years after retirement. In a short span of time, she came to be recognised for her immense dedication to her work and to her students. Promoting a culture of research is considered as her most significant contribution to the Department of English at Jadavpur University.<ref name="Literature and Gender">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG67on-M658C&q=jasodhara+bagchi |title = Literature and Gender: Essays for Jasodhara Bagchi|isbn = 9788125022275|last1 = Chaudhuri|first1 = Supriya|last2 = Mukherji|first2 = Sajni|year = 2002| publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref>

In 2014, the organisers of the Kolkata Book Fair called off the release of her book, ''Parijayee Nari O Manabadhikar'' (Migrating Women and Human Rights), due to its "controversial" nature, according to her daughter Tista Bagchi.<ref name="Hindu obit" />

After her retirement, she attended several conferences in India and remained in close contact with the English Department at Jadavpur University.<ref name="Literature and Gender" />

==Activism==
She is one of the founding members of the feminist organization Sachetana<ref name="TNN 2015" /> in [[Kolkata]]. She was also Chairperson of the [http://www.wbcw.org West Bengal Commission for Women]<ref name="Hindu obit"/> from October 2001 until April 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbcw.co.in/history/|title=West Bengal Commission of Women | » History}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Manjulika |title=Women's groups in India call on men to take more active role in contraception |journal=BMJ |date=2004 |volume=329 |issue=7464 |pages=476.9 |doi=10.1136/bmj.329.7464.476-h |pmid=15331463 |pmc=515233 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/329/7464/476.9.full |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Bagchi lent her support to the Hok Kolorob movement [[2014 Jadavpur University protests]] ("let there be polyphony" in Bengali) which sought a fair and immediate investigation into the molestation of a female student in the Jadavpur University campus. She also spoke on behalf of the West Bengal Commission of Women in calling for an inquiry into molestation and rapes of females in Dhantala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhantala incident: six women molested and raped, says WBWC |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/dhantala-incident-six-women-molested-and-raped-says-wbwc_82901.html |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=ZeeNews}}</ref>

She was part of a group of five of emeritus professors that met [[West Bengal]] Governor and University Chancellor [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] to protest the current Vice-Chancellor.<ref name="Hindu obit" />

==Death and legacy==

Bagchi died on the morning of 9 January 2015, aged 77.<ref name="TNN 2015" />

Punarnaba, a voluntary organization that Bagchi was closely associated with, has organized every year since 2015 a Jasodhara Bagchi Memorial Programme, including a lecture in memory of Bagchi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/Punarnaba-Kolkata-A-Social-Organisation-288718751199357/photos/?tab=album&album_id=1207505909320632|title=Log In or Sign Up to View|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> The Jasodhara Bagchi Memorial Hardship Fund was set up in 2019 with the support of the family of Bagchi at the Department of English, Jadavpur University, to help cases of individual hardship among the students of the Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/132142227838?view=permalink&id=10156510539292839|title=Abhijit Gupta|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was married to the economist, [[Amiya Kumar Bagchi]].<ref name="TNN 2015" />

== Books (authored, edited, and co-edited) ==
* ''Literature, Society, and Ideology in the [[Victorian Era]]'' (edited volume), (1992)
* ''Indian Women: Myth and Reality'' (edited volume), (1995)
* ''Loved and Unloved: The Girl Child in the Family'' (with Jaba Guha and Piyali Sengupta)(1997)
* ''Gem-like Flame: [[Walter Pater]] and the 19th Century Paradigm of Modernity'' (1997)
* ''Thinking Social Science in India: Essays in Honour of Alice Thorner'' (co-edited with Krishna Raj and [[Sujata Patel]])(2002)
* ''The Trauma and the Triumph: [[Gender]] and Partition in Eastern India,'' 2 volumes (co-edited with Subhoranjan Dasgupta) (vol. 1 in 2003, vol. 2 in 2009)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Bhaskar |title=MEMORIES OF A TRAGEDY |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/memories-of-a-tragedy/cid/1026084 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=January 9, 2006}}</ref>
* ''The Changing Status of Women in [[West Bengal]] 1970–2000: The Challenges Ahead'' (edited volume), (2005)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Benita |title=Towards an egalitarian world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/towards-an-egalitarian-world/story-ovDAvyJn9kN7ZfdwMDf9AK.html |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |date=May 24, 2005}}</ref>
* ''Interrogating Motherhood'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Mihir |title=Rethinking motherhood |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/rethinking-motherhood/article9921506.ece |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=November 10, 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/510/510%20jasodhara%20bagchi.htm Freedom in an Idiom of Loss]
* [http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit03062000/reflections.asp "Partition Through A Woman's Eye", article about Bagchi's academic work on gender and partition in eastern India.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607213140/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Periodicals/ADB_Review/2005/vol37-2/gender-justice.asp "Gender Justice", Bagchi on gender perspectives in law reform, ''ADB Review'', 2005]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213030218/http://boloji.com/wfs4/wfs433.htm "The Woman Shaped by Mother", Article on Bagchi's co-edited volume on Indian women's personal narratives]
* [http://www.sawf.org/newedit/edit09192005/gendervoices.asp "The Devi Cult and the Girl Child". Article on the girl child drawing on Bagchi's co-edited volume on the girl child in Bengal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagchi, Jasodhara}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of Murray Edwards College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Feminist studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian critics]]
[[Category:Indian women critics]]
[[Category:Indian lecturers]]

Literacy in India

2026-02-24T03:10:32Z

जाट: reworked information and corrected details

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
[[File:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Literacy rate map of India, by state 2011<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011] Census of India Report (2013)</ref>]]
'''Literacy in India''' is a key for social-economic progress.<ref name="unesco2009sda">{{Citation | title=UNESCO: Literacy | publisher=UNESCO | url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=40338&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090520141505/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=40338&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Number of literates and Literacy Rate by sex and residence |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Statement5_Literate&LitRate_State.xls |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> The 2011 census, indicated a 2001–2011 literacy growth of 9.2%, which was slower than the growth seen during the previous decade. At the then-current rate of progress in 1990, one study projected that universal literacy might be reached by 2060.<ref name="ewc1990gyq">{{Citation | title=How Female Literacy Affects Fertility: The Case of India | publisher=Population Institute, East-West Centre | date=December 1990 | access-date=25 November 2009 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/p&p015.pdf}}</ref>
The [[census of India]] pegged the average literacy rate as 73% in 2011 while [[National Statistical Commission]] surveyed literacy to be 80.6% in 2017–18. Meanwhile, the [[National Sample Survey Office (India)|National Sample Survey Office]] in its 2023–2024 annual PLFS report stated the total literacy rate of India to be 80.9%.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref> Literacy rate in urban areas was 90%, higher than rural areas with 77%. There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/271335/literacy-rate-in-india/|title=India: Literacy rate 1981–2018|website=Statista}}</ref> and effective literacy rates (age 7 and above) was 88% for men and 81% for women.{{sfn|NSO|2018|page=I}} The lower female literacy rate has a dramatically negative impact on [[Family planning in India|family planning and population stabilisation efforts]] in India. Studies have indicated that female literacy is a strong predictor of the use of contraception among married Indian couples, even when women do not otherwise have economic independence.<ref name="popstu1996gyq">{{Cite journal | title=Women's work, autonomy, and birth control: evidence from two south India villages |author1=A. Dharmalingam |author2=S. Philip Morgan | journal=Population Studies | year=1996 | jstor=2174910 | doi = 10.1080/0032472031000149296 | volume=50 |issue=2 | pages=187–201}}</ref> The census provided a positive indication that growth in female literacy rates (11.8%) was substantially faster than in male literacy rates (6.9%) in the 2001–2011 decadal period, which means the gender gap appears to be narrowing.<ref name="nlm2001jds">{{Citation | title=Literates and Literacy Rates – 2001 Census (Provisional) | publisher=National Literacy Mission | access-date=27 November 2009 | url=http://www.nlm.nic.in/literacy01_nlm.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091802/http://nlm.nic.in/literacy01_nlm.htm | archive-date=19 June 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Literacy involves a continuum of learning enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society."<ref>UNESCO Education Sector, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001362/136246e.pdf "The Plurality of Literacy and its Implications for Policies and Programmes: Position Paper"]. Paris: United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 2004, p. 13, citing an international expert meeting in June 2003 at UNESCO.</ref>

The [[National Literacy Mission Programme|National Literacy Mission]] defines literacy as acquiring the skills of reading, writing and arithmetic and the ability to apply them to one's day-to-day life. The achievement of functional literacy implies (i) self-reliance in 3 Rs, (ii) awareness of the causes of deprivation and the ability to move towards amelioration of their condition by participating in the process of development, (iii) acquiring skills to improve economic status and general well-being, and (iv) imbibing values such as national integration, conservation of the environment, women's equality, observance of small family norms.

== Literacy rate in India ==
The working definition of literacy in the Indian census since 1991 is as follows:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Park |first1=K. |title=Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine |date=2007 |location=Jabalpur, India |publisher=Messrs. Banarsidas Bhanot |edition=19th |oclc=696631150 |language=en}}</ref>

'''Literacy rate'''
{{block indent|text=Also called the "effective literacy rate"; the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write with understanding. Here the denominator is the population aged seven years or more.
<math>\text{Effective literacy rate}=\frac{\text{number of literate persons aged 7 or above}}{\text{population aged 7 and above}}\times 100%</math>

Crude literacy rate is the total percentage of the people of an area at a particular time who can read and write with understanding, taking the total population of the area (including below seven years of age) as the denominator.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
<math>\text{Crude literacy rate}=\frac{\text{number of literate persons}}{\text{total population}}\times 100%</math>}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Top Performing States in 2018<ref name="mospi">{{Citation|title=Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation |date=2022 |id=NSS 75th Round|url=http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/NSS75252E/KI_Education_75th_Final.pdf}}</ref>
!No
!State
!Literacy Rate in Percentage
|-
|1
|Kerala
|93.91%
|-
|2
|Delhi
|88.7%
|-
|3
|Uttarakhand
|87.6%
|-
|4
|Himachal Pradesh
|86.6%
|-
|5
|Assam
|85.9%
|-
|6
|Maharashtra
|84.8%
|-
|7
|Punjab
|83.7%
|-
|8
|Tamil Nadu
|82.9%
|-
|9
|Gujarat
|82.4%
|-
|10
|West Bengal
|80.2%
|}
Source: The report on 'Household Social Consumption: Education in India as part of 75th round of National Sample Survey – from July 2017 to June 2018.<ref name="mospi" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=At 96.2%, Kerala tops literacy rate chart; Andhra Pradesh worst performer at 66.4%|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-96-2-kerala-tops-literacy-rate-chart-andhra-pradesh-worst-performer-at-66-4/articleshow/77978682.cms|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref> Other than Assam, no other state from [[Northeast India|the Northeast]] was included in the survey.

==Regional literacy comparison==
{{broader|List of countries by literacy rate}}
The table below shows the adult and youth literacy rates for India and some neighboring countries as complied by [[UNESCO]] in 2015. Adult literacy rate is based on the 15+ years age group, while the youth literacy rate is for the 15–24 years age group (i.e. youth is a subset of adults).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ class="nowrap" |Comparative literacy statistics by neighboring country (2015)<ref name=ulrc>{{cite web|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=1560 |title=Country Profiles |website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! Country
! Adult literacy rate
! Youth literacy rate ages 15–24
|-
| [[China]]
| 96.4%
| 99.7%<ref name=ulrc />
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 92.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063841/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=The World Factbook: Sri Lanka|date=14 November 2022 }}</ref>
| 98.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=LKA&regioncode=40535 |title=Country Profile: Sri Lanka |website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Myanmar]]
| 93.7% <ref>{{cite web | author= UNICEF| title= At a glance: Myanmar| url= http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/myanmar.html| access-date=27 November 2009 | author-link= UNICEF}}</ref>
| 96.3% <ref>{{cite web| author= UNESCO| title= Myanmar: Youth literacy rate| url= http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=41&Country=MM| publisher= [[Globalis]]| year= 2015| access-date= 15 August 2015| author-link= UNESCO| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100719064154/http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=41&Country=MM| archive-date= 19 July 2010| url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
| World average
| 86.3%<ref name=unesco2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Documents/fs20-literacy-day-2012-en-v3.pdf |title=Adult and Youth Literacy |website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}</ref>
| 91.2%
|-
| [[India]]
| '''74.5%'''
| '''92%'''
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 64.7%
| 86.9%<ref name="UIS India">{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=NPL&regioncode=40535 |title=Country Profile: India |website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 61.5%
| 83.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=BGD&regioncode=40535 |title=Country Profile: Bangladesh|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pakistan]]
| 58%<ref>{{cite news |title=2013-14 report: Literacy rate slips nationwide by 2% |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/886027/2013-14-report-literacy-rate-slips-nationwide-by-2 |work=The Express Tribune |date=13 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
| 80.3%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=PAK&regioncode=40535 |title=Country Profile: Pakistan|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Literacy rate disparity==
One of the main factors contributing to this relatively low literacy rate is perceived usefulness of education and lack of nearby schools in rural areas. There was a shortage of classrooms to accommodate all the students in 2006–2007.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Mehta |first1=Arun C. |title=Elementary Education In India: Analytical Report 2007–08 |date=2010 |publisher=National University of Educational Planning and Administration; Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://educationforallinindia.com/Analytical-Report-2007-08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626065006/https://educationforallinindia.com/Analytical-Report-2007-08.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, there is no proper sanitation in most schools. The study of 188 government-run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59% of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89% no toilets.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4051353.stm |title= Combating India's truant teachers |access-date=15 September 2011 |work=BBC News |first=Kaushik |last=Basu |date=29 November 2004}}</ref> In 600,000 villages and rapidly expanding urban slums, 'free and compulsory education' is the basic literacy instruction dispensed by minimally trained 'para teachers'.<ref name="chathamhouse.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/bpindiaeducation.pdf
|title=The Challenges for India's Education System|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Chatham House}}</ref> The average pupil teacher ratio for all India is 42:1, implying a teacher shortage.<ref name="unicef.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.unicef.org/india/education_1551.htm
|title=Global campaign for education- more teachers needed|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: UNICEF India}}</ref> These factors contribute to regional disparities in literacy outcomes.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/> Furthermore, the expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3% of the GDP from 1951 to 2002 despite the target of 6% by the Kothari Commission.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Use%20of%20Dise%20Data/Ajay%20Deshpande,Sayan%20Mitra.pdf
|title=Primary Education in India: Key Problems|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Dise}}</ref> This further complicates the literacy problem in India.

Severe caste disparities also exist.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/> Discrimination against lower castes has resulted in high dropout rates and low enrollment rates. The National Sample Survey Organisation and the National Family Health Survey collected data in India on the percentage of [[Children and adolescents in India|children]] completing primary school which are reported to be only 36.8% and 37.7% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unicef.org/files/Social_Exclusion_of_Scheduled_Caste_Children_from_Primary_Education_in_India.pdf
|title=Social Exclusion of Scheduled Caste Children from Primary Education in India|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: UNICEF}}</ref> On February 21 2005, the Prime Minister of India said that he was pained to note that "only 47 out of 100 children enrolled in class I reach class VIII, putting the dropout rate at 52.78 percent."<ref name="unicef.org"/> It is estimated that at least 35 million, and possibly as many as 60 million, children aged 6–14 years are not in school.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/>

The large proportion of illiterate females is another reason for the low literacy rate in India. Inequality based on gender differences resulted in [[Literacy#Gender disparities|female literacy]] rates being lower at 65.46% than that of their male counterparts at 82.14%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page172.html
|title=India's Literacy Panorama|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Education for all in India}}</ref> Due to strong stereotyping of female and male roles, sons are thought of to be more useful and hence are educated. Females are pulled to help out on agricultural farms at home as they are increasingly replacing the males on such activities which require no formal education.<ref name="snap3.uas.mx">{{cite web |url= http://snap3.uas.mx/RECURSO1/unfpa/data/docs/unpf0022.pdf
|title=Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behaviour|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source:Snap3}}</ref> Fewer than 2% of girls who engaged in agriculture work attended school.<ref name="snap3.uas.mx"/>

==History and progress==
===Pre-colonial period===
{{See also|History of education in the Indian subcontinent}}
Prior to [[Colonial India|the colonial era]], education in India typically occurred under the supervision of a guru in [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent#Traditional schools|traditional schools]] called [[gurukula]]s. The gurukulas were supported by public donations and were one of the earliest forms of public school offices.{{sfnp|Dharampal|2000}}

According to the historian [[Dharampal]], based on his analysis of British documents from the early 1800s, pre-colonial education in India was widespread and fairly accessible: While attendance was much lower for girls than boys, children of all castes (including [[Shudra]] and "other castes") and social strata attended the formal, out-of-home education.{{sfnp|Dharampal|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal/page/n25/mode/2up 17–18]}} Dharampal notes that senior British officials, such as [[Thomas Munro]]{{snd}}who reported that the Hindu temple or mosque of each village had a school attached to it and the children of all communities attended these schools{{snd}}surveyed the number and types of indigenous Indian educational institutions still operating in the early nineteenth century, numbers and status of students attending, and the instruction given. In 1821, one such official, G. L. Prendergast of the Bombay Presidency Governor's Council, stated:{{sfnp|Dharampal|2000|p=65}}
{{blockquote|...{{nbsp}}there is hardly a village{{nbsp}}... in which there is not at least one school{{nbsp}}... many in every town, and in large cities;{{nbsp}}... where young natives are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, upon a system so economical{{nbsp}}... that there is hardly a cultivator or petty dealer who is not competent to keep his own accounts with a degree of accuracy, in my opinion, beyond what we meet with amongst the lower orders in our own country.}} William Adam, missionary and later journalist, reported in 1830, that there were around one hundred thousand schools in Bengal and Bihar.{{sfnp|Dharampal|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal/page/n25/mode/2up 17–18]}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kakkar |first1=Ankur |title=Remembering Dharampal's Seminal Contribution |url=https://indiafacts.org/remembering-dharampals-seminal-contribution/ |work=IndiaFacts |date=19 February 2019 |department=[Commentary]}}</ref>

===British period===
In the colonial era, the community-funded gurukul system and temple-based charity education, began to decline as the centrally funded institutions promoted by the British colonial administration began to gradually take over.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suresh Chandra |title=Bentinck, Macaulay and the introduction of English education in India |journal=History of Education |date=March 1995 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |doi=10.1080/0046760950240102}}</ref>

From 1881 and 1947, the number of English-language primary schools grew from 82,916 to 134,866 and the number of students attending those institutions grew from 2,061,541 to 10,525,943. Literacy rates among the Indian public, as recorded rose from an estimated 3.2 per cent in 1872, to 16.1 per cent in 1941.<ref name="nayaka1974"/><ref name=coil /><ref name="c1901-2011" />

In 1944, the British colonial administration presented a plan, called the [[Sargent Scheme]] for the educational reconstruction of India, with a goal of producing 100% literacy in the country within 40 years, i.e. by 1984.<ref name="mwi2009jks">{{Cite news | title=India Talks – Amartya Sen | work=MediaWeb India | access-date=20 September 2009 | url=http://www.india50.com/abni/aksI09.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980111232108/http://www.india50.com/abni/aksI09.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=11 January 1998 | quote=...{{nbsp}}would make India literate in 40 years, and the nationalist leaders rightly laughed it out of court, on the grounds that India did not have the patience to remain for 40 years without Universal Literacy. Now 50 years have gone by, and the country is still half illiterate, two-thirds of the women are illiterate{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> Although the 40-year time-frame was derided at the time by leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]] as being too long a period to achieve universal literacy,<ref name="mwi2009jks" /> India had only just crossed the 74% level by the 2011 census. The British Indian censuses identify a significant difference in literacy rates, by: sex, religion, caste and state of residence, an example of which may be seen in the table below.<ref>Hunter, (Sir) William Wilson, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ class="nowrap" | 1901 census – literacy rate
|-
! Location
! Male %
! Female %
|-
|Madras || 11.9 ||1.1
|-
|Bombay ||11.6 ||0.9
|-
|Bengal ||10.4 ||0.5
|-
|Berar ||8.5 ||0.3
|-
|Assam ||6.7 ||0.4
|-
|Punjab ||6.4 ||0.3
|-
|United Provinces ||5.7 ||0.2
|-
|Central Provinces ||5.4 ||0.2
|}

===Post-independence===
[[File:Literacy India 1901 2011 Detail.png|right|thumb|Literacy in India grew very slowly until Indian independence in 1947. An acceleration in the rate of literacy growth occurred in the 1991–2001 period.]]
The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6–14 was a cherished national ideal and had been given overriding priority by incorporation as a [[Directive Principles in India|Directive Policy in Article 45 of the Constitution]], but it is still to be achieved more than half a century since the Constitution was adopted in 1949. [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] has passed the Constitution 86th Amendment Act, 2002, to make elementary education a [[Fundamental Rights in India|Fundamental Right]] for children in the age group of 6–14 years.<ref name="2005 annual">{{cite book|author=((Research and Reference Division)) |title=India, 2005: A Reference Annual |date=2005 |publisher=Research and Reference Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1230-8 |language=en|author-mask=0}}</ref> In order to provide more funds for education, an education cess of 2 percent has been imposed on all direct and indirect central taxes through the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economic Survey 2004–2005 |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/es2004-05/esmain.htm |website=Union Budget & Economic Survey |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India}}</ref>

In 2000–01, there were 60,840 pre-primary and pre-basic schools, and 664,041 primary and junior basic schools.<ref name="statbook2003">{{cite book |author1=((Central Statistical Organisation))|title=Statistical Pocket Book India: 2003 |date=April 2004 |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/siu04_2003_final.pdf |language=en}} {{webarchive|date=6 July 2024|url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20240706064409/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/siu04_2003_final.pdf}}</ref> Total enrolment at the primary level has increased from 19,200,000 in 1950–51 to 109,800,000 in 2001–02.<ref name="2005 annual"/> The number of high schools in 2000–01 was higher than the number of primary schools at the time of independence.<ref name="nayaka1974">{{cite book| title=A students' history of education in India (1800–1973) | author1=Jayant Pandurang Nayaka |author2=Syed Nurullah | year=1974 |edition=6 | publisher=Macmillan | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNQLHQAACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="statbook2003"/>

The literacy rate grew from 18.33 percent in 1951, to 74.04 percent in 2011.<ref name=coil>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap106.pdf|chapter=Literacy as seen in the 2001 census|title=Union Budget}}</ref> During the same period, the population grew from 361 million to 1,210 million.
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+ class="nowrap" |Literacy rates (age 7+) by decade<ref name=coil /><ref name="c1901-2011">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-literacy-rate-and-sex-ratio-in-india-since-1901-to-2011-1476359944-1|title=Census 2011: Literacy rate and sex ratio in India since 1901 to 2011|date=13 October 2016|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Male %
! Female %
! Combined %
|-
|1872<ref name="nayaka1974"/> || || || ~3.25
|-
|1881 || 8.1 || 0.35 || 4.32
|-
|1891 || 8.44 || 0.42 || 4.62
|-
|1901 || 9.8 || 0.6 || 5.4
|-
|1911 || 10.6 || 1.0 || 5.9
|-
|1921 || 12.2 || 1.8 || 7.2
|-
|1931 || 15.6 || 2.9 || 9.5
|-
|1941 || 24.9 || 7.3 || 16.1
|-
|1951 || 27.16 || 8.86 || 18.33
|-
|1961 || 40.4 || 15.35 || 28.3
|-
|1971 || 45.96 || 21.97 || 34.45
|-
|1981 || 56.38 || 29.76 || 43.57
|-
|1991 || 64.13 || 39.29 || 52.21
|-
|2001 || 75.26 || 53.67 || 64.83
|-
|2011 || 82.14 || 65.46 || 74.04
|-
|}

==Growth and variation==
Every census since 1880 had indicated rising literacy in the country, but the population growth rate had been high enough that the absolute number of illiterate people rose with every decade. The 2001–2011 decade is the second census period (after the 1991–2001 census period) when the absolute number of Indian illiterate population declined (by 31,196,847 people), indicating that the literacy growth rate is now outstripping the population growth rate.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf |title=Census 2011: Provisional Population Tools | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu}}</ref>

As per data available in 2011-13, India's literacy rate was at 75%. [[Kerala]] had achieved a literacy rate of 93% in 2013.<ref name="times tk">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy|date=8 September 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> As per data made available in 2025, Mizoram is the most literate state with 98.2% literacy and the least literate state in India is Andhra Pradesh with a literacy rate of 72.6%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Cherry |date=6 June 2025 |title=Top 10 Indian states/UTs with highest and lowest literacy rates: Mizoram becomes 1st 'fully literate' state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-indian-states-highest-lowest-literacy-mizoram-full-literate-2025-10018981/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The Periodic Labour Force Survey Report, 2023-24 released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, offers a detailed snapshot of the literacy rates of different age groups in each Indian state and Union Territory. The total literacy rate in India for persons aged seven and above has been estimated at 80.9%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2023-2024, NSSO, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |website=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation}}</ref> For persons aged seven and above across rural and urban areas, the lowest literacy rate is of Andhra Pradesh at 72.6%. Bihar, the state which has had the lowest literacy rate for several decades, has now overtaken Andhra Pradesh and has a literacy rate of 74.3% as per the report.<ref name=":0" /> Amongst other states, Madhya Pradesh has a literacy rate of 75.2% and Jharkhand is at 76.7%. Kerala has a literacy rate of 95.3% amongst persons aged seven and above as per the same report.<ref name=":0" />

Six Indian states account for about 60% of all illiterates in India: [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]] (including [[Telangana]]).<ref name="tip2008hds">{{Cite news| title=Literacy Rate on the Rise, 11th Plan Targets 80% | newspaper=The India Post | date=4 September 2008 | access-date=28 November 2009 | url=http://www.theindiapost.com/2008/09/04/literacy-rate-on-the-rise-11th-plan-targets-80/ | quote=...{{nbsp}}In all the States and Union Territories the male literacy rate except Bihar (59.68%) is now over 60%{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> Slightly less than half of all Indian illiterates (48.12%) are in the six states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="tip2008hds"/>

==State literacy programmes==
Several states in India have executed successful programs to boost literacy rates. Over time, a set of factors have emerged as being key to success: the official will to succeed, deliberate steps to engage the community in administering the program, adequate funding for infrastructure and teachers, and provisioning additional services which are considered valuable by the community (such as free school lunches).

===Bihar===
Bihar has significantly raised the literacy rate as per the 2011 census. Literacy rate in year 1951 was only 13.49%, 21.95% in year 1961, 23.17% in year 1971 and 32.32% in year 1981.<ref name="censuslist">{{Cite report|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|title=TABLE 6: STATE-WISE LITERACY RATES|publisher=Office of Registrar General India|year=2011}}</ref> The literacy rate has risen from 39% in 1991 to 47% in 2001 to 63.82% in 2011.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> In 2017 Bihar's literacy rate stood at '''70.2%''' according to [[National Statistical Commission]] report 2017-18 According to the Bihar Caste Survey report presented in the state assembly, Bihar's literacy rate has seen a significant increase of 18% over the past 12 years, now standing at 79.7%. This data indicates that Bihar is no longer the least literate state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaurasia |first=Manoj |date=8 Nov 2023 |title=Literacy rate of Bihar in 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/18-increase-in-literacy-rate-in-12-years-finds-study/articleshow/105052312.cms#:~:text=The%20Bihar%20Caste%20Survey%20report%20presented%20in%20the,with%20males%20at%2084.9%25%20and%20females%20at%2073.9%25. |work=Times of India |pages=Bihar Caste Survey Report 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Top 10 Indian states/UTs with highest and lowest literacy rates: Mizoram becomes 1st 'fully literate' state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-indian-states-highest-lowest-literacy-mizoram-full-literate-2025-10018981/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This improvement reflects ongoing efforts to enhance educational access and quality across the state. The Government of Bihar has launched several programs to boost literacy, and its Department of Adult Education won a [[UNESCO]] award in 1981.<ref name="sticht2004h">{{Citation |title= Paradigms of Learning: The Total Literacy Campaign in India |author= Tom Sticht |date= 7 July 2004 |access-date= 30 November 2009 |url= http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/sticht/july04/july7-04.htm |quote=...{{nbsp}}I served as a member of UNESCO's International Jury for Literacy Prizes ... in 1981 when the jury awarded a prize to the Department of Adult Education of the state of Bihar for its massive state-wide literacy campaign{{nbsp}}... |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051227055447/http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/sticht/july04/july7-04.htm |archive-date= 27 December 2005 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Extensive impoverishment, entrenched hierarchical social divisions and the lack of correlation between educational attainment and job opportunities are often cited in studies of the hurdles literacy programs face in Bihar. Often, children receiving an [[education in Bihar]] face significant challenges due to the regions socio-cultural influences and economic factors. Children from "lower castes" are frequently denied school attendance and harassed when they do attend.<ref name="mohanty2004">{{Citation | title=Class, caste and gender: Volume 5 of Readings in Indian government and politics | author=Manoranjan Mohanty | year=2004 | isbn=0-7619-9643-5 | publisher=SAGE | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1j6iu8E3vQC | quote=... Dalits did not send their children to the regular school because they were humiliated{{nbsp}}... Even when there is no overt social discrimination{{nbsp}}... cannot afford books and stationery{{nbsp}}... cannot afford the bribes, without which it is impossible to be offered a job{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> In areas where there is discrimination, poor funding and impoverished families means that children often cannot afford textbooks and stationery.<ref name="mohanty2004"/>

When children do get educated, general lack of economic progress in the state means that government jobs are the only alternative to farming labor, yet these jobs, in practice, require bribes to secure – which poorer families cannot afford.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> This leads to educated youths working on the farms, much as uneducated ones do, and leads parents to question the investment of sending children to school in the first place.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> Bihar's government schools have also faced teacher absenteeism, leading the state government to threaten to withhold of salaries of teachers who failed to conduct classes on a regular basis.<ref name="bt2009gwv">{{Cite news|title=Bihar teachers under attendance watch |newspaper=Bihar Times |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=30 November 2009 |url=http://www.bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2009/Sep/Newsbihar10Sep4.html |quote=...{{nbsp}}the government last month warned that salaries of teachers in government schools would not be paid if they failed to ensure at least 75 percent attendance{{nbsp}}... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103110419/http://bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2009/Sep/Newsbihar10Sep4.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref> To incentivize students to attend, the government announced a Rupee 1 per school-day grant to poor children who show up at school.<ref name="bt2009gwv"/>

===Tripura===
[[Tripura]] has the third highest literacy rate in India.<ref name="censusmp">{{cite web |website=National Informatics Centre, India |url=http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf|date=19 January 2012|title=Census map: STATUS OF LITERACY |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, literacy level was 93.91 percent in Kerala and 91.58 percent in Mizoram, among the most literate states in the country. The national literacy rate, according to the 2011 census, was 74.04 percent.

The Tripura success story is attributed to the involvement of local government bodies, including [[gram panchayat]]s, NGOs and local clubs under the close supervision of the State Literacy Mission Authority (SLMA) headed by the chief minister. Tripura attained 87.75 percent literacy in the 2011 census, from the 12th position in the 2001 census to the 4th position in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913005546/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2013|title=Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 percent, leaves behind Kerala|date=9 September 2013|publisher=News18}}</ref> The Tripura Chief Minister said that efforts were underway to literate leftover 5.35 percent people and achieve complete success in a state of about 3.8 million people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-beats-kerala-in-literacy-chart/article5107261.ece|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy chart|date=8 September 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The programs were not just implemented to make the state literate but as long-term education programs to ensure all citizens have a certain basic minimum level of education. Tripura has 45 blocks and 23 subdivisions that are served by 68 government-run schools and 30–40 private schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/blogs/how-tripura-became-indias-top-literate-state|title=How Tripura became India's top literate state|date=9 September 2013|work=Governance Now}}</ref>

Among projects implemented by the state government to increase literacy in the state are:

* Total literacy drive for people aged between 15 and 50 who have lost the chance of entering formal education fold. A special programme – titled improved pace and content learning (IPCL) – has been designed to provide basic education to such people.
* 10,000 Anganwadi centers have 100 percent enrollment.
* Policy of no-fail till class VIII to prevent children from dropping out.
* Midday meals in all schools with an eclectic menu for all days of the week to attract more students.
* No tuition fee in government colleges.

The holistic education system, implemented with equal interest in [[Agartala]], remote areas and the tribal autonomic areas makes sure that people in Tripura do not just become literate but educated, officials emphasized. One pointer to the government's interest in education is the near-total absence of child labor in Tripura.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

===Kerala===
{{Main|Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority|Education in Kerala}}
[[Kerala]] topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in the year 2006–2007. More than 94% of the rural population has access to a primary school within 1 km, while 98% of the population benefits one school within a distance of 2 km. An upper primary school within a distance of 3 km is available for more than 96% of the people, whose 98% benefit the facility for secondary education within 8 km. The access for rural students to higher educational institutions in cities is facilitated by widely subsidized transport fares.

Kerala's educational system has been developed by institutions owned or aided by the government. In the educational system prevailed in the state, schooling is for 10 years which is subdivided into lower primary, upper primary and high school. After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams— liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional undergraduate programs.

Kerala launched a "campaign for total literacy" in [[Ernakulam district]] in the late 1980s, with a "fusion between the district administration headed by its [[District Collector|collector]] on one side and, on the other side, voluntary groups, social activists and others".<ref name="singh2005g">{{Citation | title=Administrative reforms: towards sustainable practices | author=Amita Singh | year=2005 | isbn= 0-7619-3392-1 | publisher=SAGE | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvCrhqkv5KQC | quote=...{{nbsp}}the social and administrative mechanism that led to the success of the campaign included several measures{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> On February 4 1990, the [[Government of Kerala]] endeavoured to replicate the initiative on a statewide level, launching the Kerala State Literacy Campaign.<ref name="singh2005g"/> First, households were surveyed with door-to-door, multistage survey visits to form an accurate picture of the literacy landscape and areas that needed special focus. Then, ''Kala Jāthas'' (cultural troupes) and ''Sāksharata Pada Yātras'' (Literacy Foot Marches) were organized to generate awareness of the campaign and create a receptive social atmosphere for the program.<ref name="singh2005g"/> An integrated management system was created involving state officials, prominent social figures, local officials and senior voluntary workers to oversee the execution of the campaign.<ref name="singh2005g"/>

===Himachal Pradesh===
[[File:Hamirpur - Himachal Pradesh.jpg|alt=|thumb|Strong government action and community support made [[Himachal Pradesh]] one of India's most literate states by 2001.]]
Himachal Pradesh underwent a "Schooling Revolution" in the 1961–2001 period that has been called "even more impressive than Kerala's."<ref name="dreze2002">{{Citation | title=India: development and participation |author1=Jean Drèze |author2=Amartya Sen | year=2002 | isbn= 0-19-925749-3 | publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpOl35r8UHQC | quote=...{{nbsp}}Himachal Pradesh's transition from mass illiteracy to near-universal elemensdddtary education has been even more impressive than Kerala's{{nbsp}}... taken place over a much shorter period in time in Himachal Pradesh than in Kerala, where sustained educational expansion began in the 19th century{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> Kerala has led the nation in literacy rates since the 19th century and seen sustained initiatives for over 150 years, whereas Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate in 1961 was below the national average in every age group.<ref name="dreze2002"/> In the three decadal 1961–1991 period, the female literacy in the 15–19 years age group went from 11% to 86%.<ref name="dreze2002"/> School attendance for both boys and girls in the 6–14-year age group stood at over 97% each, when measured in the 1998–99 school year.<ref name="dreze2002"/>

===Mizoram===
[[Mizoram]] is the second most literate state in India (91.58 percent), with Serchhip and Aizawl districts being the two most literate districts in India (literacy rate is 98.76% and 98.50%), both in Mizoram.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> Mizoram's literacy rate rose rapidly after independence: from 31.14% in 1951 to 88.80% in 2001.<ref name="vanlalchhawna2006">{{Citation | title=Higher education in North-East India: unit cost analysis | author=Vanlalchhawna | year=2006 | isbn=81-8324-056-9 | publisher=Mittal Publications | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJak9eT7jbYC | quote=...{{nbsp}}from 31.14% in 1951 to 88.8% in 2001, an increase of 57.7%, whereas the all-India literacy rates{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> As in Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram has a social structure that is relatively free of hierarchy and strong official intent to produce total literacy.<ref name="jha1997r">{{Citation | title=Natural Resource Management: Mizoram | author=Lalit Kumar Jha | year=1997 | isbn=81-7024-781-0 | publisher=APH Publishing | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-S61dRtBUAC | quote=...{{nbsp}}Mizoram has certainly distinguished itself amongst the states of India{{nbsp}}... a closely knit society{{nbsp}}... village councils having a definite bearing on the social and administrative setups, educational facilities{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> The government identified illiterates and organized an administrative structure that engaged officials and community leaders and was staffed by "animators" who were responsible for teaching five illiterates each.<ref name="rediff1999shl">{{Cite news | title=Mizoram imparts a lesson in literacy to the country | newspaper=Rediff | date=22 November 1999 | access-date = 6 December 2009 | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/22mizo.htm | quote=...{{nbsp}}The Mizoram government drew up a detailed plan primed towards achieving total literacy. Each animator was given the task of teaching five persons at a time{{nbsp}}... the Centre has laid stress on this program, sanctioning {{Indian Rupee}} 4567,000 to establish 360 Continuing Education Centres and 40 more nodal centers spread across the state{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> Mizoram established 360 continuing education centers to handle continued education beyond the initial literacy teaching and to provide an educational safety net for school drop-outs.<ref name="rediff1999shl" />

===Tamil Nadu===
One of the earliest versions of the scheme began in 1923, providing cooked meals to children in corporation schools in the city of Madras.The programme was introduced on a large scale in the 1960s under the chief ministership of K. Kamaraj. The first major thrust came in 1982 when Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. M. G. Ramachandran, decided to universalize the scheme for all children up to class 10. Tamil Nadu's midday meal programme is among the best-known in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms |title=Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry|department=City |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2003 |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> Starting in 1982, Tamil Nadu took an approach to promote literacy based on free lunches for schoolchildren, "ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense."<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj">{{Cite news | title=India fights illiteracy with lunch | newspaper=Asia Times | date=20 May 2008 | access-date=28 November 2009 | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JE20Df02.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119122145/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JE20Df02.html | url-status=unfit | archive-date=19 November 2008 | quote=...{{nbsp}}noon-meal scheme for children was first pioneered in 1982 by iconic movie star and Tamil Nadu chief minister M. G. Ramachandran (1917–1987), the world's first film hero to head a government. MGR, as he was called, started the free lunch for school children scheme, ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> The then chief minister of Tamil Nadu, [[MGR]] launched the program, which resembled a similar initiative in 19th century Japan, because "he had experienced as a child what it was like to go hungry to school with the family having no money to buy food".<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/>

Eventually, the programme covered all children under the age of 15, as well as pregnant women for the first four months of their pregnancy. Tamil Nadu's literacy rate rose from 54.4% in 1981 to 80.3% in 2011.<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> In 2001, the [[Supreme Court of India]] instructed all state governments to implement free school lunches in all government-funded schools, but implementation has been patchy due to corruption and social issues.<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> Despite these hurdles, 120 million receive free lunches in Indian schools every day, making it the largest school meal programme in the world.<ref name="kingdon2007">{{Citation | title=The progress of school education in India | author=Geeta Gandhi Kingdon | date=March 2007 | access-date = 28 November 2009 | publisher=Global Poverty Research Group, Economic and Social Research Council | url=http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-071.pdf | quote=...{{nbsp}}In late 2001, the Indian Supreme Court directed all states 'to implement the Mid-Day Meal Scheme by providing every child in every government and government-assisted primary school with a prepared midday meal with a minimum content of 300 calories and 8–12 grams of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days.' By 2006, the MDM scheme was near-universal in all states{{nbsp}}... the central government provides grains, funds transportation and also pays food preparation costs, though the state government is responsible for providing the physical infrastructure for cooking the meals{{nbsp}}... The scheme provides lunch to about 120 million children every school day and, as such, is the largest school meal scheme in the world{{nbsp}}...}}</ref>

===Rajasthan===
Although the decadal rise from 2001 to 2011 was only 6.7% (60.4% in 2001 to 67.7% in 2011), [[Rajasthan]] had the biggest percentage decadal (1991–2001) increase in the literacy of all Indian states, from about 38% to about 61%, a leapfrog that has been termed "spectacular" by some observers.<ref name="thehindu2001hsl">{{Cite news | title=A spectacular march by Rajasthan | newspaper=Frontline (The Hindu) | date=7 December 2001 | access-date=28 November 2009 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1824/18240420.htm | quote=...{{nbsp}}Rajasthan's improvement{{nbsp}}... recorded the highest percentage increase in literacy rate among the Indian states ... the percentage point increase in female literacy is the highest in Andhra Pradesh{{nbsp}}... | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917171526/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1824/18240420.htm | archive-date=17 September 2008 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> Aggressive state government action, in the form of the District Primary Education Programme, the Shiksha Karmi initiative and the Lok Jumbish programme are credited with the rapid improvement.<ref name="toi2008jsg">{{Cite news| title=Rajasthan passes literacy test with flying colors | newspaper=Times of India | date=6 October 2008 | access-date=28 November 2009 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3564100,prtpage-1.cms | quote=...{{nbsp}}thanks to some public initiatives taken like the Lok Jumbish and the Shiksha Karmi{{nbsp}}... | first1=Anindo | last1=Dey}}</ref> Virtually every village in Rajasthan now has primary school coverage.<ref name="thehindu2001hsl"/> When statehood was granted to Rajasthan in 1956, it was the least literate state in India with a literacy rate of 18%.<ref name="toi2008jsg"/>

==Literacy promotion==
The [[right to education]] is a fundamental right,<ref name="unesco2009hdk">{{Cite web | website=UNESCO | title=UNESCO education: Right to Education |url=http://www.portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9019&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html | archive-date= 5 July 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090705224902/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D9019%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and UNESCO aimed at education for all by 2015.<ref name="unesco2009hdk"/> India, along with the Arab states and sub-Saharan Africa, has a literacy level below the threshold level of 75%, but efforts are ongoing to achieve that level. The campaign to achieve at least the threshold literacy level represents the largest ever civil and military mobilization in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nlm.nic.in |title=National Literacy Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre, India |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824042921/http://www.nlm.nic.in/ |archive-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> International Literacy Day is celebrated each year on 8 September with the aim to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies.

===Government efforts===
Financial [[List of regulators in India|regulators in India]] such as RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA, etc. have created a joint charter called National Strategy For Financial Education (NSFE), detailing initiatives taken by them for financial literacy in India. Also, other market participants like banks, stock exchanges, broking houses, mutual funds, and insurance companies are actively involved in it. The National Centre For Financial Education (NCFE) in consultation with relevant financial sector regulators and stakeholders has prepared the revised NSFE(2020–2025)

====National Literacy Mission====
The ''National Literacy Mission'', launched in 1988, aimed at attaining a literacy rate of 75 percent by 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/2-decades-on-literacy-mission-still-short-of-target_441024.html|title=2 decades on, literacy mission still short of target|date=5 May 2008|work=Zee News|access-date=5 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> Its charter is to impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 35–75 years. The ''Total Literacy Campaign'' is their principal strategy for the eradication of illiteracy. The ''Continuing Education Scheme'' provides a learning continuum to the efforts of the Total Literacy and [[Post literacy|Post Literacy]] programs.<ref name="2005 annual"/>

====Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan====
The ''[[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]]'' ([[Hindi]] for ''Total Literacy Campaign'') was launched in 2001 to ensure that all children in the 6–14-year age-group attend school and complete eight years of schooling by 2010. An important component of the scheme is the ''Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education'', meant primarily for children in areas with no formal school within a one-kilometer ({{cvt|1|km|disp=out}}) radius. The centrally sponsored ''District Primary Education Programme'', launched in 1994, had opened more than 160,000 new schools by 2005, including almost 84,000 alternative schools.<ref name="2005 annual"/>

===Non-governmental efforts===

The bulk of Indian illiterates live in the country's rural areas, where social and economic barriers play an important role in keeping the lowest strata of society illiterate. Government programs alone, however well-intentioned, may not be able to dismantle barriers built over centuries. Major social reformation efforts are sometimes required to bring about a change in the rural scenario. Specific mention is to be made regarding the role of the People's Science Movements (PSMs) and Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti (BGVS) in the Literacy Mission in India during the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0vXFQQejV8C|title=Primary Education and Adult Literacy|first=D. N.|last=Thakur|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|via=Google Books|isbn=9788176294904|edition=2nd}}</ref> Several non-governmental organisations such as [[Pratham]], ITC, [[Rotary Club]], [[Lions Club]] have worked to improve the literacy rate in India.

====Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation====
Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of "Her guiding the people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labor and send all of their children to school." As head of an extension programme at the [[University of Hyderabad]] in 1987, she organized a three-month-long camp to prepare children rescued from [[bonded labor]] to attend school. Later, in 1991, she guided her family's ''[[Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya|Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation]]'' to take up this idea as part of its overriding mission in Andhra Pradesh. Her original transition camps grew into full-fledged residential "bridge schools." The foundation's aim is to create a social climate hostile to child labor, [[child marriage]] and other practices that deny children the right to a normal childhood. Today the MV Foundation's bridge schools and programs extend to 4,300 villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSinhaSha.htm |title=Shantha Sinha's Magsaysay Award Citation |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |date=31 August 2003 |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426164750/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSinhaSha.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate]]
* [[Literacy]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Kerala model]]
* [[National Literacy Mission Programme]]
* Speech on [[s:Education in India|Education in India]] by [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] delivered at London on 24 May 1870.
* [[Ekal Vidyalaya]], non-profit charity organisation dedicated to education and village development in rural India
* [[Asha for Education]], a non-profit organisation bringing hope through education.
* [[Pratham]], an NGO with literacy programmes
* [[PlanetRead]], a non-profit organisation using [[Subtitles|subtitled]] [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood film songs]] to increase functional literacy

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite report|title=Household Social Consumption on Education in India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf|year=2018|access-date=26 November 2020|last=NSO}}
* {{cite book |author1=Dharampal |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Other India Press |location=Goa, India |pages=7–86 |edition=3rd |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal/page/n81/mode/2up |language=en |chapter=Introduction|quote=It is important to emphasize that indigenous education was carried out through pathshalas, madrassahs and gurukulas. Education in these traditional institutions — which were actually kept alive by revenue contributions by the community including illiterate peasants{{nbsp}}... These institutions were, in fact, the watering holes of the culture of traditional communities.|quote-pages=17–18}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Calvi, Rossella, Federico Mantovanelli, and Lauren Hoehn-Velasco. "The Protestant Legacy: Missions and Human Capital in India." (2019) [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3354891 online].
* Chaudhary, Latika, and Manuj Garg. "Does history matter? Colonial education investments in India." ''Economic History Review'' 68.3 (2015): 937–961.
* Chaudhary, Latika. "Taxation and educational development: Evidence from British India." ''Explorations in Economic History'' 47.3 (2010): 279–293 [http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/docs/ydepot/semin/texte0809/CHA2008TAX.pdf online].
* Chaudhary, Latika. "Determinants of primary schooling in British India." ''Journal of Economic History'' (2009): 269–302 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Latika_Chaudhary/publication/231178962_Determinants_of_Primary_Schooling_in_British_India/links/56e3212208ae68afa10ca642/Determinants-of-Primary-Schooling-in-British-India.pdf online].
* Natarajan, Dandapani. "Extracts from the All India Census Reports on Literacy." (2016) page 11 [http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/366/1/26501_1971_CEN.pdf online]
* {{cite book |author1=((Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs)) |title=Statistical Pocket Book India: 2023 |date=July 2023 |url=https://mpa.gov.in/sites/default/files/STATISTICAL%20HANDBOOK%202023Update-2_live.pdf |publisher=Government of India |location=New Delhi |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613204939/http://mpa.gov.in/sites/default/files/STATISTICAL%20HANDBOOK%202023Update-2_live.pdf}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230932/http://www.nlm.nic.in/ National Literacy Mission]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]
*[http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase/policy/ind/index.htm National Literacy Policies – India]
*[http://www.ashanet.org/stanford/links/need.html Need for literacy in India]
*[http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page172.html Growth of literacy in India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629074801/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/v2b1-5.htm Literacy in the context of constitution of India]
*[http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in Find details about Literacy in India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110413020835/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap106.pdf Literacy as seen in the 2001 census]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305012830/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2024/stories/20031205002809700.htm ''Frontline'' article ''Education for too few'', 5 December 2003]}}
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090110094530/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/02/01/stories/2004020100210300.htm ''The Hindu'' article ''Two word mantra'', 1 February 2004]}}
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1820392.cms ''Times of India'' editorial ''Learn to change'', 28 July 2006]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090722230345/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?date=2006-08-22&usrsess=1&clid=3&id=154510 ''The Statesman'' editorial ''Institutionalised sub literacy'', 22 August 2006]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051218044634/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051002/asp/opinion/story_5294523.asp ''Left behind by Bangladesh'' – ''The Telegraph'' report on 2 October 2005]
*[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html '' Provisional Population Totals for Census 2011 '' 31 March 2011]
* [http://www.apherald.com/Politics/ViewArticle/2145/India-languishes-in-its-villages-NSSO-Survey India languishes in its villages:NSSO Survey]
* [http://www.ilpnet.org India Literacy Project], a catalyst for 100% literacy in India

{{Literacy}}
{{School education in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Life in India}}
{{Asia topic |Literacy in}}

[[Category:Literacy in India| ]]

Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir High School And Junior College

2026-02-22T18:59:40Z

जाट: Made some post w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir High School And Junior College
| image =
| motto = Empower Enhance and Enrich Young Minds
| established = {{start date|1975}}
| type = Private
| endowment =
| faculty =
| president =
| principal =
| head_label =
| head = Mrs. Nandini R. Vichare
| enrollment =
| city = [[Thane]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
| website = {{URL|www.goodwillfoundation.in}}
| country1 =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1985423|72.9748449|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir English High School, Thane''' was established in the year 1975, and in 2010, the new management of Goodwill International Foundation Trust (GIFT) took over the school. The President of the Trust and Board of Governors is Mrs. Nandini R. Vichare. Now GIFT runs a Nursery, [[PreSchool|Pre Primary]], [[Primary School]], [[High School]] and [[Junior College]] of [[Science]] and [[Commerce]] with General and Bifocal stream. Goodwill International Foundation School and Jr. College is affiliated to Mumbai Divisional board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.<ref name="eduraft1">{{cite web|url=http://eduraft.com/school/Thane/Charai+/Dnyaneshwar+Dnyan+Mandir+High+School+And+Junior+College/20816/about_the_school |title=About Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir High School and Junior College in Charai Thane | Edu Raft |accessdate=6 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418112406/http://eduraft.com/school/Thane/Charai+/Dnyaneshwar+Dnyan+Mandir+High+School+And+Junior+College/20816/about_the_school |archivedate=18 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eduraft.com/school/Thane/Charai+/Dnyaneshwar+Dnyan+Mandir+High+School+And+Junior+College/20816/teacherstudent |title=Teacher and Student information of Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir High School And Junior College in Charai Thane |publisher=Edu Raft |date= |accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref>

==School profile==
'''Dnyaneshwar Dnyan Mandir High School And Junior College''' has approximately 13 teachers. Out of the total number of teachers, 10 are Upper [[Primary School]] [[teacher]]s, and 3 are [[Secondary School]] teachers. The school has a pass percentage of 83.33% in Tenth Standard [[Central Board of Secondary Education|board examination]]. The boys' pass percentage in Tenth Standard board examination is 66.67%. The girls' pass percentage in Tenth Standard board examination is 100%.<ref name="eduraft1"/>

==Courses offered==
Stream Options for Courses for High School /Junior College:
* [[Commerce]]
* [[Science]]
Courses for High School /Junior College:
* Commerce General
* Commerce Bifocal [[Banking]]
* Commerce Bifocal [[Office Management]]
* Science Bifocal [[Computer Science]]
* Science General
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://studychacha.com/discuss/81343-dnyaneshwar-dnyanmandir-english-high-school.html |title=Dnyaneshwar Dnyanmandir English High School - 2015-2016 StudyChaCha |website=Studychacha.com |date= |accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodwillfoundation.in/primarysection.html |title=Goodwill International Foundation's D.D.M English High School & Junior College of Science, Commerce & Arts |accessdate=6 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221123637/http://www.goodwillfoundation.in/primarysection.html |archivedate=21 February 2015 }}</ref>

==Location==
The school is located besides Kumbla Hospital in Charai.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Thane district]]

Trilok Kapoor

2026-02-12T03:15:53Z

जाट: corrected structure additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1912–1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Trilok Kapoor
| image = Trilok Kapoor.jpg
| caption = Kapoor in ''Baazigar''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1912|02|11}}
| birth_place = [[Kapoor Haveli]], [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], British India (Present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1988|9|23|1912|2|11}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 1933–1988
| father =
| children = 2
| family = [[Kapoor family]]
}}

'''Trilok Kapoor''' (11 February 1912 {{endash}} 23 September 1988) was an Indian actor and a member of the [[Kapoor family]] who worked in [[Bollywood]] films. He was the younger brother of actor [[Prithviraj Kapoor]].

==Early and personal life==
Born in the [[Kapoor Haveli]] in [[Peshawar]], he moved to Calcutta and then to [[Mumbai]]. His bungalow in Union Park, Chembur, is one of the last remaining bungalows in the area, now renamed Trilok Kapoor Marg. Trilok was born as the second son of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor in a Punjabi family. Like his brother [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] he entered the budding Hindi film industry ([[Bollywood]]) in the 1930s and was one of the most commercially successful actors of the era.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gulazāra|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Saibal|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT505|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179910665|pages=505}}</ref>

Kapoor had two sons. Vicky Kapoor was a [[lawyer]] and [[politician]] and [[Vijay Kapoor]] was a [[film director]]. [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1030405/?mode=desktop&ref_=m_ft_dsk <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]

==Career==
[[File:Trilok Kapoor on set.jpg|thumb|Kapoor on set in the late 1930s]]
His first role was the lead in the blockbuster ''Char Darvesh'' (1933) opposite [[Kanan Devi]]. He played the role of Luv in the 1933 classic hit ''Seeta'' directed by [[Debaki Bose]]. The film also starred [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] as Rama, [[Gul Hamid]] as Laxman, and [[Durga Khote]] as Sita.

Trilok Kapoor became a prominent lead actor of the 1930s and 1940s and was one of the highest paid film star for several years.

He acted as hero opposite [[Noor Jehan]] in the superhit film [[Mirza Sahiban]], her last film in India in 1947 before [[Noor Jehan]] moved to Pakistan. He was often paired as hero opposite leading actresses of the era such as [[Nalini Jaywant]], [[Sushila Rani Patel]], [[Meena Shorey]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] and others. He was paired with [[Nargis]] in the superhit movie ''Pyar ki Baatein''.

Later he transitioned to mythological films. He played the role of Rama in Homi Wadia’s 1948 film [[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]] and Shiva in [[Vijay Bhatt]]'s 1954 epic ''[[Ramayan (1954 film)|Ramayan]]''. He played many roles in mythological films, and appeared in eighteen movies alongside [[Nirupa Roy]], usually portraying [[Shiva]] while she played [[Parvati]]. As a pair, their popularity erupted after the 1950 movie ''Har Har Mahadev'' which was the highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rishi|first=Tilak|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA100|year=2012|publisher=Trafford|isbn=9781466939639|pages=100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Raj|first=Ashok|title=Hero. Volume 1: The Silent Era to Dilip Kumar|publisher=Hay House India|location=New Delhi, India|date=2010|isbn=9789381398029|oclc=861509592}}</ref>
He starred in the 1955 film Ekadashi as a hero opposite [[Mala Sinha]]. He was the lead in Nanabhai Bhatt’s blockbuster film [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0156928/ Ram Janma] (1951). He played the role of lord Vishnu in the superhit 1955 film Waman Avtar with [[Nirupa Roy]] and [[Shahu Modak]] which had the hit song Tere Dwar Khada Bhagwan penned by [[Kavi Pradeep]]. Devotional songs from his films are very popular till date like “Bholenath se Nirala (Har Har Mahadev), Tere Dwar Khada Bhagwan” (Waman Avtar), and “Pinjare ka panchi” (Naag Mani).

He also produced a movie Shiv Parvati under his banner TK Films in 1962 in which he played the role of Shiva opposite ''[[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]'' who played Parvati and ''[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]'' who played the role of Narad Muni.

Later he switched to playing character roles through the 1970s until his death in 1988. His notable films were ''[[Kachche Dhaage]], [[Chor Chor]], [[Darwaza]], [[Saboot]], [[Purana Mandir]], [[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' among others. His last film was the 1988 telefilm ''Akaanksha'' directed by his son [[Vijay Kapoor]].

==Filmography==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Character/Role
|-

| 1990
| Wafaa
| Radhika's Father
|-

| 1989
| Akanksha (TV Movie) (as Late Trilok Kapoor)
|
|-

| 1989
| [[Saaya (1989 film)|Saaya]]
| Judge (Uncredited)
|-

| 1988
| [[Mera Shikar]]
| Mukhiya
|-

| 1988
| [[Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswathi]]
| Thakur Chicha Prasad 'Chichaji' - Ganga's dad (uncredited)
|-

| 1987
| Dozakh
|
|-

| 1986
| [[Tahkhana]]
| Raghuvir Singh
|-

| 1986
| [[Allah Rakha (film)|Allah-Rakha]]
| Judge #1 (Uncredited)
|-

| 1986
| Shart
|
|-

| 1985
| [[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]
| Professor

|-

| 1984
| [[Meraa Dost Meraa Dushman]]
| Bahadur Singh
|-

| 1984
| [[Purana Mandir]]
| Raja Hariman Singh

|-

| 1984
| Laila
|
|-

| 1984
| [[Aasmaan]]
|
|-

| 1982
| [[Badle Ki Aag]]
| General Shamsher Singh (Uncredited)
|-

| 1982
| [[Ustadi Ustad Se]]
| Police Inspector

|-

| 1980
| [[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]
| Mr. Sahni
|-

| 1980
| [[Saboot]]
| Dharamdas
|-

| 1980
| [[Do Premee]]
| Gurudev
|-

| 1980
| Toote Dil
|
|-

| 1979
| Raja Harishchandra
|
|-

| 1979
| [[Ahinsa (1979 film)|Ahinsa]]
|
|-

| 1979
| [[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]
| Dinu Chacha
|-

| 1978
| [[Ganga Sagar (film)|Ganga Sagar]]
|
|-

| 1978
| [[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]
|
|-

| 1978
| [[Darwaza]]
|
|-

| 1977
| [[Farishta Ya Qatil]]
|
|-

| 1976
| [[Nehle Pe Dehla]]
| Suprident of Police
|-

| 1976
| [[Kabeela]]
| Santan
|-

| 1976
| [[Sawa Lakh Se Ek Ladaun]]
|
|-

| 1975
| [[Jaan Hazir Hai]]
|
|-

| 1975
| [[Prem Kahani (1975 film)|Prem Kahani]]
| Brijesh K. Narain
|-

| 1975
| Toofan
|
|-

| 1975
| [[Jai Santoshi Maa]]
|
|-

| 1975
| Mahapavan Teerth Yatra
|
|-

| 1975
| [[Mere Sartaj]]
| Thakur Kaka
|-

| 1974
| [[Ishk Ishk Ishk|Ishq Ishq Ishq]]
| Col. S. K. Kumar
|-

| 1974
| [[Chor Chor]]
|
|-

| 1973
| [[Shareef Budmaash]]
|
|-

| 1973
| [[Saudagar (1973 film)|Saudagar]]
|
|-

| 1973
| [[Kuchhe Dhaage]]
| Subedar
|-

| 1972
| [[Do Chor]]
| Police Commissioner
|-

| 1972
| [[Raaste Kaa Patthar]]
|
|-

| 1971
| Brahma Vishnu Mahesh
| Shiva
|-

| 1970
| [[Bhagwan Parshuram]]
|
|-

| 1962
| Shiv Parvati
| Shiva
|-

| 1960
| Bhakt Raj
| Bhagwan Shri Ram (uncredited)

|-

| 1959
| Sati Vaishalini
|
|-

| 1958
| Gauri Shankar
|
|-

| 1957
| Bhakta Dhruva
|
|-

| 1957
| Naag Mani
|
|-

| 1957
| Shesh Naag
|
|-

| 1956
| Harihar Bhakti
|
|-

| 1956
| Indra Leela
|
|-

| 1955
| Ekadashi
|
|-

| 1955
| Ganga Maiyya
|
|-

| 1955
| Waman Avtar
| Bhagwan Vishnu

|-

| 1955
| Jai Mahadev
|
|-

| 1954
| Chakradhari
|
|-

| 1954
| Durga Puja
|
|-

| 1954
| Rajyogi Bharthari
|
|-

| 1954
| Shiv Ratri
|
|-

| 1954
| Watan
|
|-

| 1954
| Shiv Kanya
|
|-

| 1953
| Anand Bhawan
|
|-

| 1953
| Rami Dhoban
|
|-

| 1952
| Rajrani Damayanti
|
|-

| 1952
| Shiv Shakti
|
|-

| 1952
| Vasna
|
|-

| 1952
| Veer Arjun
|
|-

| 1951
| Dasavtaar
|
|-

| 1951
| Ishwar Bhakti
|
|-

| 1951
| Maya Machhindra
|
|-

| 1951
| Pyar Ki Baten
| Prince Badar
|-

| 1951
| Ram Janma
|
|-

| 1951
| Shri Ganesh Janma
|
|-

| 1951
| Shri Vishnu Bhagwan
|
|-

| 1950
| Alakh Niranjan
|
|-

| 1950
| Har Har Mahadev
| Shiva
|-

| 1950
| Veer Bhimsen
|
|-

| 1949
| Ek Teri Nishani
|
|-

| 1948
| Dukhiyari
|
|-

| 1948
| Gunjan
|
|-

| 1948
| Ram Bhakta Hanuman
| Bhagwan Shri Ram
|-

| 1947
| [[Mirza Sahiban (1947 film)]]
|
|-

| 1947
| Toote Dil
|
|-

| 1946
| [[Amar Raj]]
| Kamal
|-

| 1946
| Dharti
| Kishen
|-

| 1946
| Gwalan
|
|-

| 1946
| Jeevan Swapna
|
|-

| 1945
| Ali Baba
|
|-

| 1945
| Prabhu Ka Ghar
| Arvind
|-

| 1945
| Shri Krishn Arjun Yuddha
|
|-

| 1944
| Aaina
|
|-

| 1943
| Aankh Ki Sharm
|
|-

| 1943
| Badalti Duniya
|
|-

| 1943
| Koshish
|
|-

| 1943
| Rahgeer
|
|-

| 1943
| Vakil Saheb
|
|-

| 1943
| Vishwas
|
|-

| 1942
| Nari
|
|-

| 1942
| Raja Rani
| Raja
|-

| 1941
| Shahzadi
|
|-

| 1941
| Tulsi (as Trilok)
|
|-

| 1940
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Ki Duniya]]}}
|
|-

| 1940
| [[Achhut]]
|
|-

| 1940
| [[Anuradha (1940 film)|Anuradha]]
|
|-

| 1940
| [[Geeta (1940 film)|Geeta]]
| Kumar
|-

| 1940
| [[Jhuthi Sharm]]
|
|-

| 1940
| [[Pagal (film)|Pagal]]
|
|-

| 1939
| Meri Aankhen
|
|-

| 1938
| Abhagin
|
|-

| 1938
| Baazigar
|
|-

| 1938
| Gorakh Aya
|
|-

| 1938
| Secretary
|
|-

| 1937
| Anath Ashram
| Kailash
|-

| 1936/I
| Karodpati
|
|-

| 1935
| [[Dhoop Chhaon (1935 film)|Dhoop Chhaon]]
| Satyavan
|-

| 1935
| Wamaq Azra
|
|-

| 1934
| Dakshayajna
|
|-

| 1934
| Seeta
|
|-

| 1933
| Char Darvesh
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|0438510}}
{{Kapoor family}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Trilok}}
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Kapoor family|Trilok]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:1912 births]]

Mallikarjuna Raya

2026-02-05T15:07:06Z

जाट: fix layout per standard format

{{Short description|Emperor of Vijayanagara from 1446 to 1465}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = May 1446 – 14 July 1465<ref>{{Cite journal |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145214|last=Lakshmi|first=Kumari Jhansi|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1958|volume=21 |pages=290–297 |title=The Chronology of the Sangama Dynasty|jstor=44145214 }}</ref>
| title =
| succession = [[Emperor of Vijayanagara]]
| predecessor = [[Deva Raya II]]
| successor = [[Virupaksha Raya II]]
| father = [[Deva Raya II]]
| birth_date =
| dynasty = [[Sangama dynasty|Sangama]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| issue = [[Virupaksha Raya II]]
}}

'''Mallikarjuna Raya''' (reigned May 1446 – 14 July 1465), also known as '''Deva Raya III''', was an [[Emperor of Vijayanagara]] from the [[Sangama Dynasty]].
{{Vijayanagara empire}}
Mallikarjuna Raya succeeded his father [[Deva Raya II|Emperor Deva Raya II]], who had brought prosperity throughout the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] as well as a golden age for the [[Sangama Dynasty]]. However, unlike his father, Mallikarjuna was a weak and corrupt ruler{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

At the beginning of his reign, he successfully defended the empire against invasions by the [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Gajapati Empire]], which then stretched from the [[Ganges]] to the [[Kaveri]], but thereafter his reign was marked by a string of defeats. The [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]] conquered [[Rajamahendravaram|Rajamahendri]] in 1454 and [[Udayagiri, Orissa|Udayagiri]] and [[Chandragiri]] in 1463. The [[Bahmani Sultanate]] took over much of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] by 1450 and grew closer to the capital of [[Vijayanagara]].

These events eventually led to the decline of the [[Sangama Dynasty]]; Mallikarjuna Raya's nephew [[Virupaksha Raya II]] took the opportunity to seize the throne, though he failed to prove a better ruler. It is unknown what happened to Mallikarjuna after that.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219170139/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_medieval.html AP Online]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar Empire]]|before=[[Deva Raya II]]|after=[[Virupaksha Raya II]] |years=1446–1465}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raya, Mallikarjuna}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1465 deaths]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara emperors]]

[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Sangama dynasty]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Maruti Suzuki Wagon R

2026-01-29T06:45:03Z

जाट: details

{{for|the Japanese and international versions|Suzuki Wagon R}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Maruti Suzuki Wagon R
| image = 2018 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GL (front).jpg
| caption = 2018 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GL (MP31S, Indonesia)
| manufacturer = [[Suzuki]]
| aka = {{unbulleted list
| Suzuki Wagon R
| [[Suzuki Karimun|Suzuki Karimun Wagon R]] (Indonesia, 2013–2021)
}}
| production = 1999–present
| class = [[City car]]/[[Mini MPV]]
| body_style = 5-door [[hatchback]]
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
}}

The '''Maruti Suzuki Wagon R''' (or '''WagonR''') is a [[city car]]/[[mini MPV]] manufactured and marketed by [[Suzuki]] through its subsidiary [[Maruti Suzuki]] primarily for the Indian market since 1999. The Wagon R was launched in India on 18 December 1999, and has since undergone several upgrades. The second-generation Wagon R model and styling was also shared with the [[Suzuki Karimun|Karimun Wagon R]] for the Indonesian market and the Wagon R for the Pakistani market, despite several differences.

While initially the Maruti-built Wagon R shared its platform from the Japanese market [[Suzuki Wagon R|Wagon R]] [[kei car]], the third generation Maruti-built Wagon R is unrelated with the later versions of the Wagon R sold in Japan. Instead, the car was built from ground up above the [[HEARTECT platform|''HEARTECT'' platform]].

The Wagon R built in India is also exported to several neighbouring countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka, dropping the "Maruti" moniker.

As of December 2024, the Wagon R has been sold over 3.2 million units in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maruti Suzuki WagonR completes 25 years in India, over 32 lakh units sold|url=https://www.business-standard.com/auto-expo/news/wagonr-turns-25-3-2-mn-sales-keep-maruti-s-tall-boy-on-top-in-india-124121900677_1.html}}</ref>

__TOC__
{{clear}}

== {{anchor|first|1999}} First generation (1999) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = First generation
| image = Maruti Wagon R (cropped).jpg
| caption = 2000 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R LX
| aka = Suzuki Wagon R
| production = 1999–2009
| assembly = India: [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] ([[Maruti Suzuki]])
| related = [[Suzuki Wagon R#second|Suzuki Wagon R (MC)]]
| engine = 1.1 L ''[[Suzuki F engine#F10D|F10D]]'' [[Multivalve|16V]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]] ([[Petrol engine|petrol]])
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2360|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3520|–|3595|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1475|–|1490|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1660|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|755|–|860|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The first generation Wagon R was introduced in India on 18 December 1999. Based on the Wagon R kei car offered in Japan, the Wagon R was an answer to the then newly arrived [[Hyundai Santro]]. The Wagon R quickly gained popularity in the country as the car came with much interior space, including the ability to seat even taller passengers with ease. The car also offered features like [[power windows]] and [[power steering]], which back in 1999 were considered luxuries in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/automobiles-maruti-suzuki-wagonr-1999-2019-the-journey/324925|title=Maruti Suzuki WagonR 1999-2019 - The Journey|website=Outlook India|date=5 February 2019 |access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> The car is powered by Suzuki's 1.1-litre F10D petrol engine producing {{cvt|64|bhp|kW|0}} at 6,200 rpm and {{cvt|84|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque at 3,500 rpm.

A minor facelift of this model was introduced in 2004 which received a chrome line in the grille, body-coloured bumpers and clear-lens tail lamps. Inside, the Wagon R has a beige dashboard with many storage spaces. In 2006, Suzuki launched an [[Liquefied gas|LPG]] version called DUO, which was introduced for the F10D engined variants. This gave owners an option of running on petrol and/or LPG. The car also received aesthetic overhauls with a redesigned grille and tailgate, including accents of chrome.<ref name="cardekho.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cardekho.com/features-stories/evolution-maruti-wagon-r.htm|title=Evolution: Maruti Wagon R {{!}} Features |website=CarDekho|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>

Around 880,000 units were sold of the first generation Maruti Suzuki Wagon R.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/maruti-launches-bs-iv-wagonr/story-gdOJf4IsMBovuqW2rL2daI.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221029015324/https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/maruti-launches-bs-iv-wagonr/story-gdOJf4IsMBovuqW2rL2daI.html | archivedate = 2022-10-29 |title=Maruti launches BS-IV WagonR| date=2010-04-23|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:Maruti Suzuki - wagonR.JPG|Maruti Suzuki Wagon R VX(first facelift)
File:Maruti Suzuki Wagon R.jpg|Maruti Suzuki Wagon R LX (second facelift)
File:Maruti Suzuki Wagon R LX (rear).jpg|Maruti Suzuki Wagon R LX(second facelift)
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== {{anchor|second|2010|MP31S}} Second generation (MP31S; 2010) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Second generation
| image = WagonR.jpg
| caption = Maruti Suzuki Wagon R VXi (pre-facelift)
| model_code = MP31S
| aka = {{unbulleted list
| Suzuki Wagon R
| Suzuki Karimun Wagon R (Indonesia)
}}
| production = {{unbulleted list
| 2010–2019 (India)
| 2013–2021 (Indonesia)
| 2014–2025 (Pakistan)
}}
| assembly = {{unbulleted list
| India: [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] ([[Maruti Suzuki]])
| Indonesia: [[Tambun]], [[Bekasi Regency|Bekasi]] ([[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]]) (Karimun Wagon R)
| Pakistan: [[Karachi]] ([[Pak Suzuki Motors]])
}}
| related = [[Suzuki Wagon R#fourth|Suzuki Wagon R (MH23S)]]
| engine = 1.0 L ''[[Suzuki K engine#K10B|K10B]]'' 12V [[Straight-three engine|I3]] (Petrol/CNG)
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| 3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] (India)
| 5-speed [[Semi-automatic transmission|AMT]]
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3600|–|3635|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1475|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1660|–|1700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|810|–|965|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = {{unbulleted list
| [[Suzuki Karimun Estilo]] (Indonesia) | [[Suzuki Alto#HA12|Suzuki Alto]] (Pakistan)}}
| successor = [[Suzuki S-Presso]] (India; Indonesia)
}}

The second generation Wagon R was introduced on 23 April 2010 in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mahendra|first=Arpit|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/maruti-relaunches-wagonr-priced-at-rs-3-28-4-12-lakhs/articleshow/5848277.cms?from=mdr|title=Maruti relaunches WagonR priced at Rs 3.28-4.12 lakhs|date=2010-04-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-13}}</ref> Featuring a brand-new platform carried from the [[Suzuki Wagon R#MH23S|fourth generation Japanese Wagon R]], the overall length of the second generation Wagon R was increased to 3,595 mm (an increase of 75 mm) with a wheelbase of 2,400 mm. The width and height were mostly unchanged. While safety enhancements have been implemented in the form of [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]], airbags and fog lamps, these are limited only to the top variant. The trim levels available are LX, LXi and VXi.

The Indian model (2010) called Wagon R 1.0, is powered by the more efficient three-cylinder 998 cc K10B engine, which can also be found in the [[Suzuki Alto#Pixo|Maruti Suzuki A-Star]], [[Suzuki MR Wagon#Indian market (MF31S)|Maruti Suzuki Estilo]], and the [[Maruti Suzuki Alto#2nd|Maruti Suzuki Alto K10]]. The engine delivers {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 6,200 rpm, and {{convert|90|Nm|lb.ft|abbr=on}} at 3 500 rpm. Maruti Suzuki launched a new 5-speed vehicle with the same engine and the same body. This version came only in the top model that is the VXi which had ABS as standard. Also, Maruti launched ABS as an option for all Wagon R and Stingray variants. The Wagon R was priced at 4.14 [[lakh]] [[Indian rupee]]s or INR, while Stingray is priced INR 20,000 more than the Wagon R.

The first facelift for this generation arrived on 14 January 2013. It featured cosmetic changes, including a narrower grille, restyled bumpers with larger vents and a new fog lamp housing. Inside, changes included the dual glove box and an integrated Eagle Wings music system with integrated USB and AUX ports.

In 2014, Maruti Suzuki introduced the Maruti Suzuki Wagon R Stingray. It was essentially a restyled second generation Wagon R and it was introduced alongside the regular version. The Stingray features a bolder, dynamic looking fascia. It featured projector headlamps, a first for the segment. Later on, Maruti Suzuki dropped the Stingray moniker and renamed it as Wagon R VXi+ as the top variant of the range.<ref name="cardekho.com"/>

In 2015, a 5-speed [[Semi-automatic transmission|automated gear shift]] (AGS, or AMT) was introduced to replace the aging 3-speed automatic transmission.

<gallery widths="200" heights="141">
File:Maruti Suzuki - WagonR LXi (front).JPG|Maruti Suzuki Wagon R LXi (MP31S, facelift)
File:Maruti Suzuki - WagonR LXi (rear).JPG|Maruti Suzuki Wagon R LXi (MP31S, facelift)
File:2013 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R Stingray VXi front view.jpg|2013 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R Stingray VXi (MP31S)
</gallery>

=== {{anchor|Karimun}} Karimun Wagon R ===
The '''Karimun Wagon R''' is a rebadged version of the Indian Wagon R to suit the Indonesian government's [[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)|Low Cost Green Car (LCGC)]] policy. It was unveiled in its final production form in September 2013 at the 21st [[Indonesia International Motor Show]]. Production begun in September 2013 at the Tambun Plant for domestic market and was available to the market in October 2013. It was initially available in three trim levels: GA, GL and GX. The Dilago trim level (based on GL trim with sporty bodykit and additional accessories, positioned above GX trim) went on sale later in June 2014 and discontinued in late 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autonetmagz.com/first-impression-review-suzuki-karimun-wagon-r-dilago/16237/|title=First Impression Review Suzuki Karimun Wagon R Dilago|first=Ridwan|last=Hanif|date=7 June 2014|website=autonetmagz.com|language=Indonesian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2016/05/17/080400515/Suzuki.Karimun.Wagon.R.Dilago.Sudah.Pensiun|title=Suzuki Karimun Wagon R Dilago Sudah Pensiun|first=Aditya|last=Maulana|date=17 May 2016|language=Indonesian|website=lifestyle.kompas.com}}</ref> The "Dilago" name was taken from a native [[Moluccas]] word meaning "to be the best".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.otosia.com/berita/nama-suzuki-karimun-baru-nama-yang-tak-disangka.html|title=Nama Suzuki Karimun Baru, Nama yang Tak Disangka|first=Ahmad|last=Khoirudin|date=14 June 2014|language=Indonesian|website=www.otosia.com}}</ref>

The sportier version based on the Indian Wagon R Stingray, called the Karimun Wagon R GS, was launched in September 2014. A 5-speed [[Semi-automatic transmission|automated gear shift]] (AGS) variant appeared later in May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.semisena.com/7504/suzuki-karimun-wagon-r-ags.html|title=Spesifikasi dan Harga Suzuki Karimun Wagon R AGS|date=26 May 2015|access-date=15 July 2015|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402060932/https://www.semisena.com/7504/suzuki-karimun-wagon-r-ags.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Karimun Wagon R received an update in April 2017 at the 25th Indonesia International Motor Show, and is available in GA, GL and GS trim levels. The car is also available with a by-order [[panel van|blind van]] variant based on GA and GS trims. A limited edition called 50th Anniversary Edition was launched in October 2020,<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.suzuki.co.id/news/suzuki-luncurkan-karimun-wagon-r-50th-anniversary-edition-untuk-rayakan-50-tahun-hadir-di-indonesia|title=SUZUKI LUNCURKAN KARIMUN WAGON R 50th ANNIVERSARY EDITION UNTUK RAYAKAN 50 TAHUN HADIR DI INDONESIA|language=Indonesian|date=10 October 2020|website=www.suzuki.co.id}}</ref> basically the GS version of the previous 2014 GL Dilago special edition. This model was launched to celebrate 50 years of Suzuki [[Indomobil Group|Indomobil]]'s presence in Indonesia.

The Indonesian-made Wagon R is essentially a stripped-down version of the Indian Wagon R. The differences with the Indian Wagon R are the absence of a high-mounted stop lamp, rear fog lamp, rear wiper, rear washer, [[defogger]]s, electric mirrors, "Wagon R" lettering on the rear chrome garnish, mirror on the passenger's sun visor, day/night view center mirror, fabric door trims, rear power windows, adjustable head rests, 60:40 split back seat, tilt steering, upper front passenger glove box (on the single airbag variant), front passenger airbag, ABS, driver side cup holder, headlamp levelling adjuster, boot parcel tray, [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] variant, a simpler [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|HVAC]] system and adjustments, and the presence of a [[Garuda]]-inspired emblem to comply with [[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)|Low Cost Green Car (LCGC)]] tax incentive regulations.

The Karimun Wagon R was discontinued in Indonesia in late 2021, while knock-down kit exports to Pakistan continued till 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurniawan|first=Ruly|date=2021-11-19|title=Suzuki Stop Penjualan Karimun Wagon R di Indonesia|url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2021/11/19/192235515/suzuki-stop-penjualan-karimun-wagon-r-di-indonesia|access-date=2021-11-19|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:2014 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GA 1.0 MP31S (20211116).jpg|2014 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GA (MP31S, Indonesia)
File:2015 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R blind van rear.jpg|2015 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GA panel van (MP31S, Indonesia)
File:2018 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GL (rear).jpg|2018 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GL (MP31S, Indonesia)
File:2015 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GX 1.0 MP31S (20200223).jpg|2015 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GX (MP31S, Indonesia)
File:2019 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GS (Indonesia) front view.jpg|2019 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GS (MP31S, Indonesia)
File:2019 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GS (rear).jpg|2019 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GS (MP31S, Indonesia)
File:2019 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GS 1.0 MP31S interior (20190722).jpg|2019 Suzuki Karimun Wagon R GS interior (Indonesia)
</gallery>

=== Pak Suzuki Wagon R ===
The '''Pak Suzuki Wagon R''' is a Pakistani version of the Indonesian Suzuki Wagon R, but with more advanced AC system like the Indian version, 2-DIN integrated 9-inch LCD option, defoggers, boot parcel tray and the absence of GS (Stingray) and commercial panel van variants. The Dilago accessories is also available as separate option. As importing from India is impossible due to [[India–Pakistan relations|political issues]], the car is imported as a [[knock-down kit]] from Indonesia and assembled by [[Pak Suzuki]] in Pakistan. The knock-down kit was imported from Indonesia since November 2013 and the car was launched in April 2014 with three trim levels (VX, VXR and VXL).<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.globalsuzuki.com/globalnews/2014/0420a.html|title=Suzuki launches WagonR in Pakistan|date=20 April 2014|work=Global Suzuki}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pakwheels.com/blog/pak-suzuki-will-import-karimun-wagon-r-indonesia/|title=Pak Suzuki Imports Karimun Wagon R From Indonesia|author=Baber K. Khan|date=27 November 2013|website=www.pakwheels.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pakwheels.com/blog/suzuki-wagon-r-launch-first-images/|title=Suzuki Wagon R Launch – First Images|author=Mujtaba Abbas|date=18 April 2014|website=www.pakwheels.com}}</ref> The VX trim was discontinued in 2016. In January 2020, the VXL trim was updated with AGS automated-manual transmission and driver side airbag options.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://carspiritpk.com/pak-suzuki-wagonr-ags-launched-at-pkr-18-9-lac/|title=Pak Suzuki WagonR AGS Launched at PKR 18.9 Lac|author=Usman Ansari|date=3 January 2020|website=carspiritpk.com}}</ref> The Wagon R was discontinued in Pakistan in March 2025.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== {{anchor|third|2019}} Third generation (MT81S; 2019) ==
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Third generation
| image = 2020 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R VXi (O) (India) front view.png
| caption = 2020 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R VXi (India)
| model_code = MT81S
| aka = {{unbulleted list
| Suzuki Wagon R
| Suzuki Grand Wagon R (Sri Lanka)<ref name="GrandWagonR">{{cite web|url=https://www.suzuki.lk/grandWagonR.php|title=Grand Wagon R|work=Suzuki Sri Lanka|date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514032920/https://www.suzuki.lk/grandWagonR.php|archive-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
| production = 2019–present
| assembly = India: [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] ([[Maruti Suzuki]])
| platform = [[Suzuki HEARTECT platform#B|HEARTECT A platform]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=India-Made Suzuki Ignis For South Africa Scores Better Than Swift At Global NCAP |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/automobiles-india-made-suzuki-ignis-for-south-africa-scores-better-than-swift-at-global-ncap/331278 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
| related = {{unbulleted list
| [[Suzuki Ignis#FF21S|Suzuki Ignis (second generation)]]|
| [[Suzuki Celerio#3|Suzuki Celerio (third generation)]]

}}
| engine = {{unbulleted list
| 1.0 L ''[[Suzuki K engine#K10B|K10B]]'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]] ([[petrol engine|petrol]]/[[Compressed natural gas|CNG]])
| 1.0 L ''[[Suzuki K engine#K10C|K10C Dualjet]]'' I3 (petrol/CNG)
| 1.2 L ''[[Suzuki K engine#K12M|K12M]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]] (petrol)
| 1.2 L ''[[Suzuki K engine#K12N|K12N Dualjet]]'' I4 (petrol)
}}
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
| 5-speed "AGS" [[Semi-automatic transmission|AMT]]
| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|2435|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3655|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1620|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1675|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{ubl|{{convert|805|–|850|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}|{{convert|905|–|920|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (CNG)}}
}}
The third generation Wagon R was launched in India on 23 January 2019.<ref name="WagonR3ACI">{{cite web|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/2019-maruti-suzuki-wagon-r-launched-in-india-priced-at-rs-419-lakh-411194|title=2019 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R launched in India, priced at Rs 4.19 lakh|date=23 January 2019|work=Autocar India}}</ref> The third generation Wagon R shares its ''[[HEARTECT platform|HEARTECT]]'' platform with the [[Suzuki Ignis#FF21S|Ignis]], among other distant models including [[Suzuki Celerio#third|Celerio]], [[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Baleno]], [[Suzuki Swift#A2L|Swift]] and [[Suzuki Wagon R#sixth|Wagon R]] [[kei car]].<ref name="WagonR3ACI"/> As the result, the car is lighter than the outgoing model while also having a stronger body structure. As Suzuki distanced the Indian market Wagon R with the Japanese market Wagon R which its dimensions stuck within the kei car regulation, the third generation Wagon R become larger than its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Maruti Wagon R launched, Prices start at INR 4.19 lakh|url=https://indianautosblog.com/2019-maruti-wagon-r-prices-p316144|website=indianautosblog.com|date=23 January 2019|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> The wheelbase is {{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} longer and the width has increased by a significant {{convert|125|mm|in|abbr=on}}. As the result, the interior size is increased significantly, the car offers larger legroom and shoulder room at the back, and would be able to properly carry five people instead of four.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Jan 2019|first1=ET Online {{!}} 23|title=New Maruti Suzuki WagonR launched, prices start at Rs 4.19 lakh|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/cars-uvs/new-maruti-suzuki-wagonr-launched-prices-start-at-rs-4-19-lakh/videoshow/67657186.cms|access-date=2020-05-17|last2=Ist|first2=04:22 Pm|date=23 January 2019 }}</ref> Capitalizing its size changes, Maruti Suzuki is marketing the car as the "Big New Wagon R".

Other than India, the car is also exported to Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The latter marketed the car as Grand Wagon R.<ref name="GrandWagonR" />

For the first time, the Wagon R is offered with two engine options. The base option is the K10B 1.0-litre petrol engine carried from the previous generation, with a more powerful K12M 1.2-litre petrol engine as an option. The 1.0-litre is only offered with manual transmission while the 1.2-litre is available with either manual transmission or AMT. The 1.2-litre engine of the Wagon R produces {{convert|82|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} of power and 113 Nm of torque. Meanwhile, the 1.0-litre engine option will deliver {{convert|68|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} of power and 90 Nm of torque.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New 2019 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R Launched In India: Prices Start From Rs. 4.19 Lakh|url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/new-maruti-suzuki-wagon-r-2019-launched-in-india-prices-start-from-rs-4-19-lakh-1981786|website=CarandBike|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> A factory-fitted [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] kit option is also offered in India for the 1.0 LXi trim.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/media/press-releases/2019/march/maruti-suzuki-introduces-cleaner-greener-and-environment--friendly-wagonr-scng|title=Maruti Suzuki introduces cleaner, greener and environment friendly 'WagonR S-CNG'|date=3 March 2019|publisher=Maruti Suzuki}}</ref> It produces lesser power and torque when on CNG mode and also heavier than petrol variant.

The improved Wagon R was introduced on 25 February 2022. The car received new K10C 1.0 and K12N 1.2-litre Dualjet engines with idle start stop system, beige and dark grey dual tone interior colour, dual tone exterior colour with black roof, black coloured 14-inch alloy wheels and hill-hold assist for AMT model.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/media/press-releases/2022/february/dilsestrong-presenting-the-new-wagonr|title=Presenting the New WagonR|date=25 February 2022|publisher=Maruti Suzuki}}</ref> The car crossed 1 million mark for sales figures by July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalvi |first=Ajit|date=2024-07-09 |title=New Maruti Wagon R breaks through one million sales in 66 months|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/analysis-sales/new-maruti-wagon-r-breaks-through-one-million-sales-in-66-months-121395?=1|access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Autocar Professional India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Safety ===
The Wagon R for India with driver airbag received 2 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for toddlers from [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 in 2019 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/61f3c87161cc5526cd64505d/1643366514678/Maruti-Suzuki-WAGONR.pdf|title=MARUTI SUZUKI WAGONR - DRIVER AIRBAG}}</ref>
{{Global NCAP
|year=2019
|region=India
|description=Maruti Suzuki WagonR – Driver Airbag
|reference_code=Maruti-Suzuki-WAGONR.pdf
|adult_stars=2
|adult_points=0.00
|child_stars=2
|child_points=0
}}

In 2023, it was again crash tested in [[Global NCAP]] 2.0 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2016) but it was rated at 1 star for adults and 0 stars for toddlers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/642bba888756653599cc5d26/1680587403601/Suzuki-Wagon-R-factsheet2023.pdf |title=Maruti Suzuki WAGONR |website=squarespace.com |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref>
{{Global NCAP
|year=2023
|region=India
|description=Suzuki WagonR
|reference_code=Suzuki-Wagon-R-factsheet2023.pdf
|adult_stars=1
|adult_points=19.69
|child_stars=0
|child_points=3.40
}}

{{clear}}

== Sales ==
As of December 2024, over 3.2 million (32 [[lakh]]) units of Wagon R were sold in India since December 1999, which around 660,000 (6,6 lakh) of them were [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] models.<ref name="25th">{{cite press release|url=https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/media/press-releases/2024/december/maruti-suzuki-wagonr-celebrates-25th-anniversary?srsltid=AfmBOooDa_Ur0fAByi65lTMkz50Gi9kFv5gPcRypKT7bo7wNR9BcQo5U|title=Maruti Suzuki WagonR Celebrates 25th Anniversary — India's favourite family car today, and tomorrow!|date=18 December 2024|publisher=Maruti Suzuki}}</ref> The Wagon R was the best selling car in India in 2021 and 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rushlane.com/top-30-cars-year-2022-yoy-wagonr-swift-nexon-creta-12457930.html|title=Top 30 Cars Year 2022 YoY – WagonR, Swift, Nexon, Creta, Innova, Amaze|first=Pearl|last=Daneils|date=17 January 2023|website=www.rushlane.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Year
!India
!Indonesia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oto.detik.com/mobil/d-5821818/suzuki-setop-produksi-karimun-wagon-r-seberapa-laris-di-indonesia/amp|title=Suzuki Setop Produksi Karimun Wagon R, Seberapa Laris di Indonesia?|language=Indonesian|date=22 November 2021|publisher=Detik}}</ref>
!Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|title=MONTHLY PRODUCTION & SALES OF VEHICLES|url=https://pama.org.pk/monthly-production-sales-of-vehicles/|access-date=2025-03-15|website=Pama.org.pk}}</ref>
|-
|1999– 2008
|±530,000<ref name="25th"/>
! rowspan="5"|
! rowspan="6"|
|-
|2009
|149,757
|-
|2010
|156,509<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/top-10-selling-cars-of-2010-india|title=Top 10 Selling Cars of 2010 – India|date=26 January 2011|website=www.autopunditz.com}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|147,299<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=2016 Report Card - Annual Indian Car Sales & Analysis! |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/indian-car-scene/183318-2016-report-card-annual-indian-car-sales-analysis.html |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|134,823<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2013
|159,233<ref name=":0" />
|4,705
|-
|2014
|159,260<ref name=":0" />
|7,068
|3,326
|-
|2015
|170,399<ref name=":0" />
|11,526
|7,606
|-
|2016
|173,286<ref name=":0" />
|9,905
|13,209
|-
|2017
|166,815<ref name=":2">{{cite web | date=2019-01-09 |title=2018 Car Sales Statistics – India |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/2018-car-sales-statistics-india |access-date=2021-04-11 |website=Autopunditz |language=en}}</ref>
|5,408
|24,247
|-
|2018
|152,020<ref name=":2" />
|4,564
|31,146
|-
|2019
|155,967<ref name=":1">{{cite web | date=2020-01-09 |title=Report Card – 2019 Car Sales India |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/report-card-2019-car-sales-india |access-date=2021-04-11 |website=Autopunditz |language=en}}</ref>
|4,148
|21,079
|-
|2020
|148,298<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Best Selling Cars in India for 2021! |url=https://www.autopunditz.com//post/best-selling-cars-in-india-for-2021 |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=Autopunditz |language=en}}</ref>
|1,591
|7,916
|-
|2021
|183,851<ref name=":3" />
|2,510
|18,810
|-
|2022
|217,317<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/cy2022-top-30-selling-cars-analysis|title=CY2022 - Top 30 Selling Cars Analysis|date=13 January 2023|publisher=Autopunditz}}</ref>
! rowspan="4"|
|15,271
|-
|2023
|201,301<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Best Selling Cars List of 2023! |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/best-selling-cars-list-of-2023 |website=Auto Punditz |language=en}}</ref>
|3,494
|-
|2024
|190,855<ref>{{cite news|url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/cars/over-1-90-lakh-units-of-maruti-suzuki-wagonr-sold-in-2024-what-makes-it-popular-even-after-25-years-41736336762778.html| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20250122212923/https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/hyundai-creta-ev-borrows-key-features-from-its-ice-sibling-from-dual-digital-screen-to-level-2-adas-41736315031117.html | archivedate = 2025-01-22 | title=Over 1.90 lakh units of Maruti Suzuki WagonR sold in 2024. What keeps it popular for over 25 years|date=5 January 2025|newspaper = Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|2,925
|-
|2025
|194,238<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaadiwaadi.com/top-10-most-sold-cars-cy2025-dzire-creta-nexon-scorpio-punch-wagonr/|title=Top 10 Most Sold Cars CY2025 – Dzire, Creta, Nexon, Scorpio, Punch, WagonR|author=Surendhar M|date=22 January 2026|website=gaadiwaadi.com}}</ref>
|1,060
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Maruti Wagon R}}
* {{Official website|https://www.marutisuzuki.com/channels/arena/hatchbacks/wagonr}}

{{Suzuki vehicles}}
{{Suzuki timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Maruti Suzuki Timeline}}
{{Cars in India}}

[[Category:Maruti vehicles|Wagon-R]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1999]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Global NCAP superminis]]
[[Category:Cars of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Cars of Pakistan]]

Chilobrachys fimbriatus

2026-01-26T13:05:47Z

जाट:

{{short description|Species of spider endemic to India}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Chilobrachys fimbriatus female.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | title = ''Chilobrachys fimbriatus'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= 2018 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T63558A12690969.en | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| genus = Chilobrachys
| species = fimbriatus
| authority = Pocock, 1899
| display_parents = 4
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Chilobrachys fimbriatus''''', commonly known as the '''Indian Violet Earth Tiger Tarantula''' usually shortened to '''Indian Violet Tarantula''', is a species of [[spider]] of the genus ''[[Chilobrachys]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chilobrachys fimbriatus |url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/37298/Chilobrachys_fimbriatus |publisher=World Spider Catalog |accessdate=8 August 2019}}</ref> It is [[endemic]] to [[India]], and was first described by [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] in 1899.

== Description ==
Females live 12 to 15 years, while males only live to 5.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-04 |title=Chilobrachys fimbriatus |url=https://www.theraphosidae.be/en/chilobrachys-fimbriatus/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824032441/http://www.theraphosidae.be/en/chilobrachys-fimbriatus/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 24, 2017 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Theraphosidae |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[carapace]] is a light brown or golden color, the [[opisthosoma]] is a reddish brown color with black chevrons. The legs are a blueish greyish color, with a deep black femur.

== Habitat ==
They live in the tropical regions of western India, near the coast.<ref name=":0" /> The average temperature is 27°C, with average yearly precipitation of 2900mm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather in Goa: Annual Temperature, Rainfall Trends for Goa {{!}} The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel {{!}} weather.com |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/travel/news/2019-07-29-weather-in-goa-annual-temperature-rainfall-trends-for-goa |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-IN}}</ref> There are plants such as the [[coconut palm]], [[Banyan]] and [[Ficus religiosa|Sacred fig]], with animals such as [[Kingfisher|kingfishers]], [[Chevrotain|mouse deers]], and [[Indian giant squirrel|Indian Giant Squirrel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flora & Fauna in Goa, Goa Flora & Fauna information, Flora and Fauna of Goa, Bird & Plant species in Goa |url=https://www.goaholidayhomes.com/information/flora--fauna-in-goa.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.goaholidayhomes.com}}</ref>

== Behavior ==
They are [[Burrow|burrowing]] [[Tarantula|tarantulas]], which like most will try to flee at first, if consistently provoked it will probably bite, with their probably painful [[venom]] and bite. They make incredible tunnels and webs under the surface, where they will stay at day, whereas at night they might be seen outside.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2348887}}

[[Category:Theraphosidae]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1895]]

{{Theraphosidae-stub}}

Rajesh Kava

2025-12-18T05:31:21Z

जाट: reworked information for consistency and corrected details

{{short description|Indian voice actor (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Kava
| image =
| caption =
| other_names = Raju Kava
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|3|18}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Voice actor]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Dimple Kava|2008}}
}}

'''Rajesh Kava''' (born 18 March 1979) is an Indian voice actor, fluent in Hindi, Gujarati and English.

He is best known for being the third Hindi [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dub-over]] voice artist for [[Daniel Radcliffe]]'s role as [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]], in the last three [[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter films]], after it was passed on from [[Ami Trivedi]]'s brother, [[Karan Trivedi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hitlist |first=The |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jul/120711-informer-3.htm |title=Rajesh Kava voice of Potter bids the franchise an adieu |publisher=Mid-Day |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> He has also voiced for [[Orlando Bloom]] as [[Legolas]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)|The Lord of the Rings film trilogy]].

Kava runs an academy, "Violet Wings Voice Academy", which offer workshops and a course on voice acting and dubbing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat This Week: Pride fest in Ahmedabad, voiceover workshop by man who dubbed for Harry Potter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-this-week-pride-fest-in-ahmedabad-voiceover-workshop-by-man-who-dubbed-for-harry-potter-8002890/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=en |date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Kava began voice acting in 2000. He first gained recognition for his work after dubbing Jaggu Bandar in the animated series ''[[Chhota Bheem]]'' in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the voices behind Chhota Bheem |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-look-at-the-key-players-of-chhota-bheem/20130502.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In the following year, he began voicing for the titular character [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] in the last three films of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|franchise.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking the language barrier: Regional versions of Harry Potter films and translated book titles a rage in small towns |url=https://m.economictimes.com/breaking-the-language-barrier-regional-versions-of-harry-potter-films-and-translated-book-titles-a-rage-in-small-towns/articleshow/9241547.cms |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=11 July 2024 |date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Harry’s magic casts spell over hindi heartland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/onmyplate/harry-s-magic-casts-spell-over-hindi-heartland/ |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> He also voiced [[Legolas]], an elf in the [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Lord of the Rings franchise]] and the main character, [[Jon Snow (character)|Jon Snow]] in the fantasy drama series ''[[Game of Thrones]]''.<ref name="TED">{{cite web |title=TEDxPrahladnagar |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/46041 |website=[[TED Talks India|TED]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>

Kava voiced for anime shows which ran on [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network India]] such as ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'', ''[[Beyblade: Metal Fusion]]'', and ''[[Inazuma Eleven (TV series)|Inazuma Eleven]]''.

In September 2021, Kava provided the voice of Seong Gi-Hun in the Korean television series ''[[Squid Game]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubbing becomes a game-changer for Indian audience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dubbing-becomes-a-game-changer-for-indian-audience/articleshow/96691525.cms |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=खास बातचीत:वॉइस ओवर आर्टिस्ट राजेश कवा बोले- "स्किड गेम' के लीड कैरेक्टर की आवाज के लिए मैंने "मुन्ना भाई' के सर्किट का लिया रेफरेंस |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/voiceover-artist-rajesh-kava-said-work-has-started-on-squid-game-season-2-129185411.html |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> He then voiced [[Beerus]] in ''[[Dragon Ball Super]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beerus - Dragon Ball Super (TV Show) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Dragon-Ball-Super/Beerus/ |website=Behind The Voice Actors |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> From 2023, he began voicing Denki Kaminari and several other characters in the Hindi dub version of ''[[My Hero Academia season 1|My Hero Academia]]'' for Cartoon Network.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sayyed |first1=Rayan |title=My Hero Academia Season 4 Release Date & Schedule on Cartoon Network India Revealed |url=https://in.ign.com/my-hero-academia/205261/news/my-hero-academia-season-4-release-date-schedule-on-cartoon-network-india-revealed |website=[[IGN India]] |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=en-in |date=17 April 2024}}</ref>

Aside from voice acting for international projects and animated series, Kava has also lent his voice to many Tamil actors such as [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Dhanush]] in the Hindi dub version of their films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Britto |first1=Anita |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa to Prabhas' Baahubali, who are the Hindi voices behind the stars? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-to-prabhas-baahubali-who-are-the-hindi-voices-behind-the-stars-1901144-2022-01-18 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program title !! Character !! Language !! Number of episodes
|-
| ''[[Arjun - Prince of Bali]]'' || Khojo and Sehdev Varma || Hindi || Unknown
|-
|''[[Chhota Bheem]]'' || Jaggu Bandar || Hindi || 277+
|-
|''The Adventures of King Vikram''|| King Vikram || Hindi || Unknown
|-
|''[[Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah]]'' || [[Jethalal Gada|Jethalal Champaklal Gada]]|| Hindi ||50+
|-
|''[[Guru aur Bhole]]''
|M.J
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Pinaki & Happy - The Bhoot Bandhus|Pinaki and Happy]]
|Happy
|Hindi
|45+
|-
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali]]''|| Jaggu Bandar || Hindi ||
|-
|2012
|''[[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2012 film)|Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Chhota Bheem: Himalayan Adventure]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Chhota Bheem: Bheem vs Aliens]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Chhota Bheem: Journey To Petra]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Chhota Bheem: Master of Shaolin]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Chhota Bheem: Dholakpur to Kathmandu]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Chhota Bheem : The Rise Of Kirmada]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Chhota Bheem Aur Ganesh in The Amazing Odessey]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Chhota Bheem Junglee Kabila/Broken Amulet''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Chhota Bheem And The Crown of Valahalla]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Chhota Bheem and the Incan Adventure]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Chhota Bheem aur Krishna vs Zimbara]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Chhota Bheem And The Shinobi Secret]]''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Chhota Bheem Neeli Pahaadi''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Super Bheem: Aakhri Chunauti''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Super Bheem: Hawamein Halla''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Chhota Bheem Dus Pe Dus''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Chhota Bheem Mayavi Gorgan''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Chhota Bheem Ki Baazi''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Chhota Bheem aur Paanch Ajoobe''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|-
|
|''Chhota Bheem Mission Mangalyaan''
|Jaggu Bandar
|Hindi
|
|}

==Dubbing roles==

===Live action series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes
|-
|[[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']]
|Unknown actor
|Shekhar
| colspan="2" |Hindi
|1545
|21 January 1998 - 28 October 2018
|
|Episodic role in episode 647 - ''Hire Ka Raaz''
|-
| ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]'' || [[Nirbhay Wadhwa]] || Lord Hanuman || colspan="2" | Hindi || || 4 May 2015 – Present || ||
|-
| ''[[Stan Lee's Superhumans]]'' || [[Daniel Browning Smith]] || Himself || Hindi || English || 15 || 8/5/2010-Current || ||
|-
| [[The Works (American TV program)|''The Works'']] || [[Daniel H. Wilson]] || Himself || Hindi || English || 10 || 7/10/2008-9/25/2008 || ||
|-
|''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || [[Kit Harington]] || [[Jon Snow (character)|Jon Snow]] || Hindi || English || || 2011 – 2019 || ||
|-
| ''[[Power Rangers Jungle Fury]]'' || Bede Skinner || Jarrod/Dai-Shi || Hindi || English || 32 || February 18 – November 3, 2008 || || Aired on Jetix then Disney XD then Sonic.
|-
| ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' || [[Dylan Minnette]] || [[Clay Jensen]] || Hindi || English || 49 ||March 31, 2017 –
June 5, 2020
|
|[[Netflix]] Original show
|}

===Animated series===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Number of episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Men in Black: The Series]]'' || Keith Diamond || [[Agent J]] || Hindi || English || 53 || 11 October 1997 – 30 June 2001 || ||
|-
| ''[[Ben 10: Alien Force]]'' || [[Alexander Polinsky]] || Argit || Hindi || English || 46 || 4/18/2008- 3/26/2010 || 11/12/2009- Early 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Ben 10: Ultimate Alien]]'' || Alexander Polinsky || Argit || Hindi || English || 52 || 4/23/2010- 3/31/2012 || 10/10/2010 - Mid 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Sabrina: Secrets of a Teenage Witch]]'' || [[Ian James Corlett]] and [[Matthew Erickson]] || [[Salem Saberhagen]], Harvey Kinkle, Professor Geist || Hindi || English || || || ||
|-
| ''[[Horrid Henry]]'' ||[[Wayne Forester]], Aidan Cook, [[Lizzie Waterworth]]|| Dad, Rude Ralph || Hindi || English || || || ||The Hindi dub of this show is titled Bas Karo Henry (translated in English as Stop it Henry).
|-
| ''[[The Flintstones]]'' || [[Mel Blanc]] || [[Barney Rubble]] || Hindi || English || || || ||
|-
| ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090609/ttlife1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – The Tribune Lifestyle |work=The Tribune |date=7 April 2007 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>''|| [[Richard Steven Horvitz]] || Billy || Hindi || English || 71 || 6/13/2003- 10/12/2008 || || Known as: Billy Mandy Aur Life Mein Haddi.
|-
| ''[[Iron Man: Armored Adventures]]'' || [[Adrian Petriw]] || [[Iron Man|Tony Stark / Iron Man]] || Hindi || English || 52 || 4/24/2009- 25 July 2012 || ||
|-
| [[Redakai: Conquer the Kairu (TV series)|''Redakai: Conquer the Kairu'']] || [[Cory Doran]] || Mookee || Hindi || English || 16 || 7/9/2011- Unknown || 5/1/2014- Current ||
|-
| [[Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)|''Ultimate Spider-Man'']] || [[Freddy Rodriguez (actor)|Freddy Rodriguez]] || [[Spider-Man 2099|Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099]] || Hindi || English || || || ||
|-
| [[Spider-Man (1994 TV series)|''Spider-Man'']] || [[Hank Azaria]] || [[Eddie Brock|Eddie Brock / Venom]] || Hindi || English || || || ||
|-
| [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'']] || [[Roger Craig Smith]] || Timothy / Pulverizer / Mutagen Man || Hindi || English || 82 || 9/29/2012-Ongoing || May 2013-Ongoing ||
|-
| ''[[We Bare Bears]]'' || [[Eric Edelstein]] || Grizzly bear || Hindi || English || || 27/7/2015-Ongoing || 29/11/2015- Ongoing || Aired by [[Cartoon Network India]]
|-
| [[Beyblade (manga)|''Beyblade'']] || [[Aya Hisakawa]] (JP) [[Daniel DeSanto]] (EN) || Ray Kon (Rei Kon) || Hindi || Japanese || 51 || 1/8/2001- 12/24/2001 || || rowspan="3" |
|-
| ''Beyblade V-Force''|| [[Aya Hisakawa]] (JP) [[Daniel DeSanto]] (EN) || Ray Kon (Rei Kon) || Hindi || Japanese || 51 || 7/1/2002-30/12/2002 ||
|-
| ''Beyblade G-Revolution''|| [[Aya Hisakawa]] (JP) [[Daniel DeSanto]] (EN) || Ray Kon (Rei Kon) || Hindi || Japanese || 52 || 6/1/2003- 29/12/2003 ||
|-
| ''[[Beyblade: Metal Fusion]]'' || [[Satoshi Hino]] || Kyoya Tategami || Hindi || Japanese || 51 || 4/4/2009- 3/28/2010 || 11/10/2010 - July 2011 || Aired by [[Cartoon Network India]] and dubbed by [[Sound & Vision India]] .
|-
| ''[[Beyblade: Metal Masters]]'' || [[Satoshi Hino]] <hr/> [[Shō Hayami]] <hr/> [[Hiroki Takahashi]] <hr/> [[Yoshimasa Hosoya]] <hr/> Daisuke Shusaku || Kyoya Tategami <hr/> Ryūsei Hagane / Phoenix<hr/> Chao-Xin <hr/> Wales <hr/> Ian Garcia || Hindi || Japanese || 51 || 4/4/2010- 3/27/2011 || 22/10/2011- 7/7/2012|| Aired by [[Cartoon Network India]] and dubbed by [[Sound & Vision India]] .
|-
| ''[[Beyblade: Metal Fury]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=448572128497698&story_fbid=678354875519421 |title=Rajesh Kava i am giving my voice to the negative character and my nephew Ketan Kava is giving his voice to the positive character |via=Facebook |date=2013-11-22 |access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2020}}''|| [[Satoshi Hino]] <hr/> [[Sho Hayami]] <hr/> [[Hiroki Takahashi]] <hr/> [[Yoshimasa Hosoya]] <hr/> [[Kenjiro Tsuda]] || Kyoya Tategami <hr/> Ryūsei Hagane / Phoenix <hr/> Chao- Xin <hr/> Wales <hr/> Ryuga || Hindi || Japanese || 39 || 4/10/2011- 4/1/2012 || 27/10/2013- 16/3/2014 ||
|-
| ''[[Beyblade Burst Turbo]]'' || [[Shinnosuke Tachibana]] || Genji Suoh || Hindi || Japanese || 51 || 4/2/2018- 3/25/2019 || Late 2020- Early 2021|| Broadcast by [[Marvel HQ]] .
|-
| ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'' || [[Shigeru Nakahara]] (JP) [[Chuck Huber]] (EN) || [[Android 17]] || Hindi || Japanese || 291 || 4/26/1989-1/31/1996 || 2001-2008 ||
|-
| [[Inazuma Eleven (TV series)|''Inazuma Eleven'']] || [[Hirofumi Nojima]]<hr> [[Shūhei Sakaguchi]] || Axel Blaze <hr/> Hurley Cane || Hindi || Japanese || || 10/5/2008- 4/27/2011 || ||
|-
| ''[[Ninja Hattori-kun]]'' || [[Eiko Yamada]] || Kagechiyo (Keo) || Hindi || Japanese || || 9/28/1981- 12/25/1987 || || Known as Ninja Hattori in India.
|-
| ''[[Ganbare Kickers]]'' || [[Kenta Ishii]] || Kenta Ishii. || Hindi || Japanese || || 9/28/1981- 12/25/1987 || ||
|-
| ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]'' || [[Josh Brener]] || K-VRC || Hindi || English || 18 (dubbed 1) || 15 March 2019 – present || || Episode: "Three Robots"
|-
| ''[[Dragon Ball Super]]''|| [[Koichi Yamadera]]<hr>[[Shigeru Nakahara]] || [[Beerus]]<hr>[[Android 17]] || Hindi || Japanese || 131 || July 5, 2015 – March 25, 2018 || May 22, 2022 - November 6, 2022 || Aired on [[Cartoon Network India]]
|-
| ''[[Dragon Ball Z Kai]]''|| [[Shigeru Nakahara]] || Android 17 || Hindi || Japanese || 167 || April 5, 2009 – March 25, 2018 || April 16, 2023 - November 12, 2023 || Aired on [[Cartoon Network India]]
|}

===Live action films===
====Hollywood films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
|[[Deadpool (film)|''Deadpool'']] || [[Karan Soni]] || [[Dopinder]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 || [[Bhuvan Bam]] dubbed this role in ''[[Deadpool 2]]''.
|-
|''[[Kung Fu Yoga]]'' || [[Jackie Chan]] || Jack || Hindi || Mandarin English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghfZDw4WgSs&ab_channel=HINDIDUBBINGARTISTS |title=GREAT LORD OF THE RING (2001-2003) ALL MOVIE PARTS HINDI DUBBING ARTISTS{{!}} WATCH HERE.... YouTube |publisher=YouTube |date=2020-10-11 |access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref> || [[Orlando Bloom]] || [[Legolas]] || Hindi || English || 2001 || 2002 ||
|-
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' || Orlando Bloom || Legolas || Hindi || English || 2002 || 2003 ||
|-
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' || Orlando Bloom || Legolas || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2004 ||
|-
| [[Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince (film)|''Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince'']] || [[Daniel Radcliffe]] || [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' || Daniel Radcliffe || Harry Potter || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110710/ttlife1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – The Tribune Lifestyle |work=The Tribune |date=10 July 1956 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>''|| Daniel Radcliffe || Harry Potter || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian]]'' || a muppet character Original voice by [[Caroll Spinney]] || [[Oscar the Grouch]] || Hindi || English|| 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| [[The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)|''The Bounty Hunter'']] || [[Adam Rose (actor)|Adam Rose]] || Jimmy || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| [[The Reluctant Fundamentalist (film)|''The Reluctant Fundamentalist'']] || [[Riz Ahmed]] || Changez Khan || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Hercules]]'' || [[Liam McIntyre]] || Sotiris || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| [[Ant-Man (film)|''Ant-Man'']] || [[David Dastmalchian]] || Kurt || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'' || David Dastmalchian || Kurt || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Goosebumps (film)|''Goosebumps'']] || [[Dylan Minnette]] || Zach Cooper || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' || [[Jesse Eisenberg]] || [[Lex Luthor (DC Extended Universe)|Lex Luthor]]|| Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| [[Justice League (film)|''Justice League'']] || Jesse Eisenberg || Lex Luthor (cameo) || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows]]'' || [[Stephen Amell]] || [[Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Casey Jones]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| [[Sky High (2005 film)|''Sky High'']] || [[Steven Strait]] || Warren Peace || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| [[Max Steel (film)|''Max Steel'']] || [[Ben Winchell]] || Maxwell "Max" McGrath / Max Steel || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed]]'' || [[Seth Green]] || Patrick Wisley || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
|[[Bumblebee (film)|''Bumblebee'']] || [[Dylan O'Brien]] || [[Bumblebee (Transformers)|Bumblebee]] (voice) || Hindi ||English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
|[[Mortal Engines (film)|''Mortal Engines'']] || [[Robert Sheehan]] ||Tom Natsworthy|| Hindi ||English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Split (2016 American film)|''Split'']] || [[James McAvoy]] || Kevin Wendell Crumb / The Horde || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2019 ||
|-
| [[Aladdin (2019 film)|''Aladdin'']] || [[Alan Tudyk]] || [[Iago (Aladdin)|Iago]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' || [[Kodi Smit-McPhee]] || [[Nightcrawler (character)|Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| [[Dark Phoenix (film)|''Dark Phoenix'']] || Kodi Smit-McPhee || Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| [[Leap Year (2010 film)|''Leap Year'']] || [[Matthew Goode]] || Declan O'Callaghan || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Enola Holmes (film)|Enola Holmes]]'' || [[Sam Claflin]] || [[Mycroft Holmes]] || Hindi || English || 2020 || 2020 ||
|}

====Indian films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
|''[[Saaho]]''
|[[Vennela Kishore]]
|Goswami
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |2019
|
|-
|''[[Jab We Met]]''
|[[Shahid Kapoor]]
|Aditya Kashyap/Aditya Kumar
|Gujarati
|Hindi
|2007
|2022
|The Gujarati dub was titled: "Jyare Ame Malya".
|-
| ''[[Sullan]]''||[[Dhanush]] || Subramani (Sullan) || Hindi || Tamil || 2004 || 2008 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Tezaab: The Terror".
|-
| ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[N. Santhanam]] || Siva || Hindi || Tamil || 2010 || 2010 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Robot".
|-
| [[Jayam (2002 film)|''Jayam'']] || [[Nithiin]] || Venkat (Vijay in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2002 || 2010 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Phir Hogi Pyar Ki Jeet".
|-
|[[King (2008 film)|''King'']]
|[[Arjan Bajwa]]
|Ajay
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2008
|2010
|The Hindi dub was titled: "King No. 1".
|-
|''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]''
|[[Ram Pothineni]]
|Rama Krishna
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2010
|2011
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Nafrat Ki Jung".
|-
| ''[[Venghai]]''|| [[Dhanush]] || Selvam (Shravan in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2011 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Meri Taaqat Mera Faisla".
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]''|| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] || Velayudham (Velu) || Hindi || Tamil || 2011 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Super Hero Shahenshah".
|-
| ''[[Kuruvi]]''|| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] || Vetrivel || Hindi || Tamil || 2008|| 2013|| The Hindi dub was titled: "Jo Jeeta Wohi Baazigar".
|-
| ''[[Singam II]]'' || [[N. Santhanam]] || Susai (Makki in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Main Hoon Surya Singham II".
|-
| [[Aata (2007 film)|''Aata'']] || [[Siddharth Narayan]] || Srikrishna || Hindi || Telugu || 2007 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Aaj Ka Great Gambler".
|-
| ''[[Lingaa]]''|| [[N. Santhanam]]|| Lingaa's sidekick || Hindi || Tamil || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| [[I (2015 film)|''I'']] || [[N. Santhanam]] || Babu || Hindi || Tamil || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| [[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|''Shivam'']] || [[Ram Pothineni]] || Shiva Ram || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]'' || [[N. Santhanam]] || Gouravam || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Daringbaaz Khiladi".
|-
|[[Puli (2010 film)|''Puli'']]
|[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
|Basha
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2010
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Jaanbaaz Khiladi".
|-
| ''[[Saguni]]''|| [[N. Santhanam]] || Rajini Appadurai a.k.a. Rajini / Pappu Kumaran (Pappu Kumar in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2012 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Rowdy Leader".
|-
| ''[[Aambala]]''|| [[N. Santhanam]] || RDX Rajasekhar || Hindi || Tamil || 2015 || 2016 ||
|-
| [[Maari (film)|''Maari'']]|| [[Kalloori Vinoth]]|| Robert (Adithangi) || Hindi || Tamil || 2015 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Rowdy Hero".
|-
|''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]''
|[[Nithiin]]
|Kalyan
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|[[Brahmotsavam (film)|''Brahmotsavam'']]
|[[Mahesh Babu]]
|Babu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2016
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: "The Real Tiger 2".
|-
|''[[Dohchay]]''
|[[Naga Chaitanya]]
|Chandu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Vidroh - Let's Fight Back".
|-
|[[Sura (film)|''Sura'']]
|[[Vadivelu]]
|Umbrella
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2010
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Jaggu Dada]]''
|[[Vishal Hegde]]
|Venki
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2016
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Khatarnak Khiladi 3".
|-
| ''[[Vaamanan]]''|| [[N. Santhanam]] || Chandru || Hindi || Tamil || 2009 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Dangerous Lover".
|-
| ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' || [[N. Santhanam]] || Rajesh || Hindi || Tamil || 2006 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Mohabbat Ke Dushman".
|-
| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || [[Sricharan]] || Kathiresan IPS || Hindi || Tamil || 2015 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Double Attack 2".
|-
| [[Shivalinga (2017 film)|''Shivalinga'']] || [[Vadivelu]] || Pattukunjan || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Kanchana Returns".
|-
| ''[[Speedunnodu]]''|| [[Srinivasa Reddy]] || Suri || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]'' || [[Varun Sandesh]] || Varun / Upagraha Raj || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Sabse Badi Hera Pheri 3".
|-
|[[Mappillai (2011 film)|''Mappillai'']]
|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] †
|Child Chinna / James Pandiyan / Youth
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2011
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Jamai Raja".
|-
|''[[Bairavaa]]''
|[[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
|PK's assistant
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2017
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Bhairava".
|-
|''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
|[[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]
|DJ's assistant
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: "DJ".
|-
|''[[Saagasam]]''
|[[John Vijay]]
|'Chain' Jaipal
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2016
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Jeene Nahi Doonga 2".
|-
|[[Winner (2017 film)|''Winner'']]
|[[Sai Dharam Tej]]
|Siddharth "Siddu" Reddy
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Shoorveer".
|-
|''[[Yaare Koogadali]]''
|[[Sadhu Kokila]]
|Shishupala
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2012
|2018
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Nayak: The Hero 2".
|-
|[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|''Tholi Prema'']]
|[[Pawan Kalyan]]
|Balu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|1998
|2018
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Mere Sajna".
|-
|''[[Luckunnodu]]''
|[[Prabhas Sreenu]]
|Thief
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2018
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Sabse Bada Zero".
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || [[N. Santhanam]] || Kalyanam (Kareena Chopra) / Kali || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Hero No. Zero 2".
|-
| ''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]'' || [[Ravi Babu]] || Aadi Narayana || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Hyper"
|-
| ''[[Hebbuli]]''|| [[Chikkanna]] || Sundara (Harish in Hindi version) || Hindi || Kannada || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Kaala (2018 film)|''Kaala'']] || Manikandan || Lenin || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Kaala Karikaalan".
|-
| ''[[Vivegam]]''|| [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] || Arumai Prakasam (Appu in Hindi version), "APS" || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Thupparivaalan]]''|| [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] || Detective Kaniyan Poongundran (Kanhaiya Pradyuman in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Dashing Detective".
|-
| [[Sketch (2018 film)|''Sketch'']] || [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Maari || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Thikka]]''|| [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] || Stephen || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Rocket Raja".
|-
| ''[[Maan Karate]]'' || [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Tiger Tyson || Hindi || Tamil || 2014 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Hero No. Zero 3".
|-
| [[Awe (film)|''Awe'']] || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] || Nani || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Antar Yudh".
|-
| [[Manam (film)|''Manam'']] || [[Naga Chaitanya]] || Radha Mohan / Nagarjuna || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Dayaalu".
|-
| ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' || [[Mahesh Babu]] || Bharat Ram || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Dashing CM Bharat".
|-
| ''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]'' || [[Sushanth]] || Karthik || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2019 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Mera Intekam".
|-
| ''[[Maanagaram]]''|| [[Sri (actor)|Sri]] || Job Applicant || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2019 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Dadagiri 2".
|-
| [[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|''Thanga Magan'']] || [[Dhanush]] || Thamizh Vijayraghavan || Hindi || Tamil || 2015 || 2019 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Paap Ki Kamai".
|-
| [[Om Shanti (film)|''Om Shanti'']] || [[Nikhil Siddharth]] || Teja || Hindi || Telugu || 2010 || 2019 ||
|-
| [[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']] || [[Srinivasa Reddy]] || Kandulu || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2019 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Amar Akbhar Anthoni".
|-
| ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' || [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] || Sakkarai (Pushpa Purushan) || Hindi || Tamil || 2016 || 2019 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Disco Raja".
|-
| ''[[Sainikudu]]''|| [[Mahesh Babu]] || Siddharth || Hindi || Telugu || 2006 || 2019 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Ab Hamse Na Takkrana".
|-
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
|[[Vadivelu]]
|Thengakadai Thenappan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2009
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Temper 2".
|-
|''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]''
|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|Rakkappa a.k.a. Rocky
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2018
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Mawali Raaj".
|-
|''[[Maari 2]]''
|[[Kalloori Vinoth]]
|Robert (Adithangi)
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2018
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Maari".
|-
|''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''
|[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
|Nandana (Nandini in Hindi version)'s relative
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2020
|The Hindi dub was titled: "My Name Is Lucky".
|-
|''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]''
|[[N. Santhanam]]
|Mahesh
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2006
|2020
|The Hindi dub was titled: "Mard Ki Zaban 3".
|-
|''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]''
|[[Sathish]]
|Babu Khan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2017
|2020
|
|-
| ''[[Ye Mantram Vesave]]'' || [[Ashish Raj Bidkikar]]|| Satya || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Pyar Ka Khel".
|-
| ''[[Saakshyam]]''|| [[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]] || Viswa || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Pralay The Destroyer".
|-
| [[Sixer (2019 film)|''Sixer'']] || [[Sathish]] || Sathish || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2020 ||
|-
| [[Gorilla (film)|''Gorilla'']] || [[Jiiva]] || Jeeva || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Gorilla Gang".
|-
| ''[[Marudhamalai]]''|| [[Vadivelu]] || Encounter Ekambaram || Hindi || Tamil || 2007 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Policewala Gunda 4".
|-
| ''[[Siruthai]]''|| [[N. Santhanam]] || Kaatu Poochi || Hindi || Tamil || 2011 || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[Saravana]]''|| [[Five Star Krishna]] || Krishna || Hindi || Tamil || 2006 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Dangerous Khiladi 7".
|-
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] || Raju || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Chennai Central".
|-
| ''[[Pogaru]]''|| [[Chikkanna]] || Shiva's friend || Hindi || Kannada || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Roberrt]]''|| [[Chikkanna]] || Agni || Hindi || Kannada || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)|ABCD: American Born Confused Desi]]''|| [[Master Bharath]] || Bhasha || Hindi || Telugu || 2019 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Dagaalty]]''|| [[N. Santhanam]]|| Guru || Hindi || Tamil || 2020 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was titled: "Dackalti".
|-
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|[[Sushanth]]
|Raj Manohar
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2020
|2022
|-
|-
| ''[[Dude (2025 film)]]''|| [[Pradeep Ranganathan]]|| Agan Chidambaram (Gagan in Hindi Version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2025 || 2025 ||
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Bee Movie]]'' || [[Jerry Seinfeld]] || Barry B. Benson || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| [[Coco (2017 film)|''Coco'']] || [[Gael Garcia Bernal]] || Hector || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| [[Spider-Man: Across the Spiderverse]] || [[Jason Schwartzman]] || [[Spot (Marvel Comics)|Spot]] || Hindi || English || 2023 || 2023 |||
|-
| [[Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks]] || [[Shigeru Nakahara]] || [[Android 17]] || Hindi || Japanese || 1993 || 2024 ||
|-
| [[Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan]] || [[Bin Shimada]]|| [[Broly]] || Hindi || Japanese || 1993 || ||
|-
| [[Dragon Ball Z: Broly – Second Coming]] || [[Bin Shimada]] || [[Broly]] || Hindi || Japanese || 1994 || ||
|-
| [[Dragon Ball Z: Bio-Broly]] || [[Bin Shimada]] || [[Bio-Broly]] || Hindi || Japanese || 1994 || ||
|-
| [[Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods]] || [[Koichi Yamadera]] || [[Beerus]] || Hindi || Japanese || 2013 || 2022 ||
|-
| [[Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F']] || [[Koichi Yamadera]] || [[Beerus]] || Hindi || Japanese || 2015 || 2022 ||
|-
| [[Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero]] || [[Koichi Yamadera]]<hr>[[Bin Shimada]] || [[Beerus]]<hr>[[Broly]] || Hindi || Japanese || 2022 || 2023 ||
|}

==Films and other shows he dubbed voices in==
*[[Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010 film)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid]], [[Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2011 film)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules]], [[Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days]], [[Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul]], he voiced [[Greg Heffley]] in these films, the original actors of him are [[Zachary Gordon]] and [[Jason Drucker]] (he only voiced him in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul).
* [[Ben 10: Omniverse]], he voiced Ben 23 (in only episode 19) and Argit in this show, the original actors of them are [[Tara Strong]] and [[Alexander Polinsky]].

==See also==
*[[List of Indian dubbing artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|nm5598824}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kava, Rajesh}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]

Gangavaram, Kakinada district

2025-11-23T05:31:21Z

जाट: Made first place w/ sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gangavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4367|N|82.3572|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kakinada
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1253
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 251
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 533 446
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Gangavaram''' is a village in [[Rowthulapudi Mandal]], [[Kakinada district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Gangavaram is located at {{coord|17.4367|N|82.3572|E|}}.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Gangavaram Village had a population of 1,253, out of which 624 were male and 629 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 139. The literacy rate of the village is 43.54%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|title= Gangavaram Village Census 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rowthulapudi mandal]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Waaz Khan

2025-11-07T19:18:20Z

जाट:

{{Short description|Kashmiri itinerant Islamic preacher in the Chenab Valley}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Waaz Khan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ali Muhammad
| birth_date = 1930s
| birth_place = [[Tral]], Jammu and Kashmir (then princely state of Jammu and Kashmir)
| death_date = c. 1990s
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| religion = Islam
| denomination = Sunni
| known_for = Itinerant Islamic preaching in the Chenab Valley
| notable_works = Grassroots sermons emphasising Tawhid, ethics, and inter-community harmony
| era = 1960s–1990s
| region = Chenab Valley, Jammu and Kashmir
| occupation = Islamic preacher
}}

'''Waaz Khan''' (born '''Ali Muhammad'''; 1930s – c. 1990s) was a travelling Islamic preacher from Kashmir, best known for his preaching at a grassroots level across the Chenab Valley (formerly parts of [[Doda district]]) in Jammu and Kashmir, India. His sermons focused on [[Tawhid]] (the oneness of God) and leading a good/ethical life as a Muslim or in company with one's neighbour, and he is remembered in his local area, as well as by religious and academic authors, for making Quranic principles easier to understand for the rural people in the Valley.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Waaz Khan - The Spiritual Pioneer of Thathri? |url=https://www.thathri.com/2023/09/who-is-waaz-khan-spiritual-pioneer-of.html |website=Official website of Thathri — Town in Doda district |date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Book1">{{Cite book |last=Rafique |first=Abdul |title=Spiritual Leaders of Kashmir: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Kashmir Heritage Publications |year=1987 |page=212–214}}</ref>

==Early life==
Reportedly, Ali Muhammad was born in the 1930s in [[Tral]], which was then in the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir ]]and is now located within the borders of the [[Pulwama district]], Jammu and Kashmir, India. Little exists in official archives about his childhood or formal education; one biographical account in a work published on Kashmiri religious leaders mentions Ali Muhammad began speaking in mosques and/or to people in the villages in the 1960s.<ref name="Book1"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fazili |first1=Mohammad Ashraf |title=Sufi saints of Kashmir: sufi orders in Kashmir |date=2017 |publisher=Gulshan Books Kashmir |location=Srinagar, Kashmir, India |isbn=9788183394550}}</ref>

===Preaching and teachings===
Beginning in the 1960s and on into the following decade and beyond, Waaz Khan travelled between villages in the [[Chenab Valley]], preaching about the basic tenets of Islam, mostly focused on [[Tawhid]], ethical living, and kindness to one's neighbour. He intentionally did not engage in sectarian argumentation or theological disputation and emphasised commonalities across schools of Islamic jurisprudence; crediting him with promoting cooperation among villagers.<ref name="Book1"/><ref name="kt">{{cite news |title=Walking with Faith: Timeless Legacy of Waaz Khan |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/opinion/comment-articles/walking-with-faith-timeless-legacy-of-waaz-khan |work=[[Kashmir Times]] |date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Association with Thathri===
As recounted in local histories, while he was residing in the Chenab Valley, a family from Thathri (now part of [[Doda district]]) gifted him a small piece of land, evident of his proximity to people there.<ref name="Book1"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Koul |first=Prem Nath |title=Languages and Oral Traditions |publisher=Institute of Kashmiri Studies |year=1992 |pages=88–92}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:People from Pulwama district]]
[[Category:People from Doda district]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]

{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat

2025-10-31T10:29:56Z

जाट: Created Bio

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
'''Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat''' is an author and poet from the [[Kargil district]] in the [[Union Territory of Ladakh]] in India. His writings are in the [[Balti language]] which is a [[Tibetic language]] natively spoken by the ethnic Balti people in the [[Baltistan]] region of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nubra Valley]] of the [[Leh district]] and in the [[Kargil district]] of [[Ladakh]], India. He had had no formal school/college education; instead, he had his early education in a [[madrassa]] established by his father at his home in 1972. The madrassa used to teach its students the Balti, [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] languages. He became interested in writing poetry from around 1980 and his early writings were [[Naat]] (poetry in praise of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad) and [[Urdu poetry#Forms|Manqabat]] (Sufi devotional poem, in praise of any Sufi saint).<ref name="Awaz">{{cite web |last1=Ehsan Fazili |title=Padma for unschooled Basharat can boost Balti language |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/padma-for-unschooled-basharat-can-boost-balti-language-9327.html |website=Awaz: The Voice |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>

Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat was a regular participant in the poetry recitation programme of All India Radio's Kargil station from the first day of the establishment of the radio station in 1999. He is a regular invitee to poetic symposiums in different parts of Jammu & Kashmir and to shows organised by Doordarshan Srinagar, J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, and other organizations.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=One Day Balti Cultural and Literary Meet held in Kargil |url=https://www.reachladakh.com/news/art-culture-and-languages/one-day-balti-cultural-and-literary-meet-held-in-kargil |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Reach Kadakh Bulletin |publisher=Reach Ladakh}}</ref> He was selected for the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2022 for his efforts to revive and popularize the Balti language.<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Awards: Padma Awards honor heroes who have dedicated their lives to preserve languages, provide affordable medicine and much more |url=https://eng.bharattimes.co.in/padma-awards-padma-awards-honor-heroes-who-have-dedicated-their-lives-to-preserve-languages-provide-affordable-medicine-and-much-more-india-news-times-of-india/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |agency=Times of India |publisher=Bharat Times |date=26 January 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=AIR News |title=Padma Shri Award conferred to two persons from Ladakh for exceptional and distinguished services |url=https://newsonair.com/2022/01/26/padma-shri-award-conferred-to-two-persons-from-ladakh-for-exceptional-and-distinguished-services/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |agency=NewsOnAIR |publisher=Prasar Bharati |date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

The books (all in Balti language) authored by Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat include:<ref name="Awaz"/>
*''Guldastae Bashara'', a collection of poetry (2002)
*''Waseelai Najaat'', based on translations from Persian (2006)
*''Bazme Basharat'', a collection of poetry (2011)
*''Aeena e Kargil'' (Reflections on Kargil) (to appear)

==Recognition==
*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat for his distinguished service in the field of literature and education.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Balti Poet and Author from Kargil working for the preservation and promotion of Balti language and culture.".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Balti people]]
[[Category:People from Kargil district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Ranjit Singh (race walker)

2025-10-18T06:17:15Z

जाट: Adding First Bio Basic Info.

{{short description|Indian racewalker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ranjit Singh
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = Athletics
| event = Racewalking
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|11|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1981 Asian Athletics Championships|1981 Tokyo]]|20 km walk}}
}}

'''Ranjit Singh''' (born 25 November 1957) in small village of Punjab (Jindwari,Anandpur Sahib district Ropar )He served in Indian army in mahar regiment from 1977 to 1992 . He is an Indian [[racewalking|racewalker]]. He represented India in the [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|men's 20 kilometres walk]] at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] held in moscow (Russia) and finished 18 place out of 80 participants .<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ranjit-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418115914/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/ranjit-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Ranjit Singh Olympic Results |accessdate=2 December 2017}}</ref> He won silver medal in 1981 Asian athletics championships held in Tokyo, Japan. He was three times national champion in India and 5 times service's champion in the Indian army. After he retired from the Indian army, he joined sports authority of India as a national athletics coach. He trained Indian athletes from 1993 to 2017 in India and overseas. He produced more than 100 national level athletes and international level athletes during his career.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ranjit}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Kattampally

2025-10-13T16:53:45Z

जाट: small fixed references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Village in Kollam District, Kerala, India}}
{{Coord|11.9440282|75.3759956|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup-reorganize|date=February 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2022}}
}}
'''Kattampally''' is a village located in the eastern part of [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]] on the [[Valapattanam River]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place//@11.944028,75.375996,11z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0!5m1!1e4?hl=en | title=Google Maps }}</ref> The nearest towns are [[Puthiyatheru]] and [[Kambil]].

Kattampally GMUP School and syndicate Bank are the major institutions in the locality. The river has facilities for fishing and kayaking. The postal code of Kattampally is 670011.

==Places of worship==
The village has six temples: Athishayamangalam Temple, Chavarukavu, Moolabounder Temple, Arthanareeswara Temple, Arathakandappan Temple, Chattara Devi Temple and Arthanariswara Temple.

==Visitor attractions==
Kanyarkayam waterfall is located in Moonnattumuku.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kannur district]]

{{Kannur-geo-stub}}

Jonaicha Khurd

2025-08-21T11:18:59Z

जाट:

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{One source|date=February 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jonaicha Khurd
| other_name = Jonayacha Khurd, Udiyapur (old name)
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Baba Kundan Das Temple, Jonaicha Khurd.jpg
| image_caption = Baba Kundan Das Temple, Jonaicha Khurd
| nickname = Chhota Jonayacha
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.023|N|76.446|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 363
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 3500+
| population_as_of = 2008
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 301706
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| website =
}}
'''Jonaicha Khurd''' is a village of Neemrana ''[[tehsil]]'' and the [[Alwar]] district in [[Rajasthan]] state, India, with a population around 3,500+.

==Location==
Jonaicha Khurd is located at {{coord|28.023|N|76.446|E}}, {{convert|5|km}} inside the north-eastern border Rajasthan-Haryana. It is {{convert|3|km}} from National Highway number 8 (NH-8) at [[Shahajahanpur]]}.the nearest railway station, [[Bawal]], is {{convert|20|km}} Joniacha Khurd is surrounded by Bani Jonaicha to the south, Sanseri and Jonaicha Kalan to the west, Gugalkota to the east and Khandoda ([[Haryana]]) to the north. The tourist and industrial site [[Neemrana]] is {{convert|8|km}} from the village.

== Political constituency ==
Jonaicha Khurd is part of the [[Alwar]] constituency of the [[Lok Sabha]] of the [[Indian parliament]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/19/stories/2009031954650500.htm |title=BJP clears four more names in Rajasthan |date=19 March 2009|website=The Hindu |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104045313/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/19/stories/2009031954650500.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and of the Mundawar constituency of the state legislative assembly [[Vidhansabha]]. Until 2007, it was in the [[Behror]] legislative assembly seat. It is in Neemrana ''[[panchayat samiti]]'' and is the headquarters of Jonaicha Khurd [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alwar district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jonaicha Khurd}}
[[Category:Villages in Alwar district]]

Chi I, Greater Noida

2025-07-09T22:33:49Z

जाट: Made some post w/ sources

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chi I
| subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Noida]]
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|29|19|N|77|30|33|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| official_name =
| unit_pref =
| governing_body = Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority
| elevation_m =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201310
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| native_name =
| other_name =
}}
'''Chi I''' or '''Chi 1''' is a residential locality in south-western [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gnida-divides-city-into-5-zones-for-waste-collection/articleshow/88111427.cms|title=GNIDA divides Greater Noida into 5 zones for waste collection | Noida News|website=The Times of India|date=2021-12-06|author=Meenakshi Sinha|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Why Greater Noida outshines its neighbours|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-greater-noida-outshines-its-neighbours-236300 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-greater-noida-outshines-its-neighbours-236300 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Bordered by PSI-II to the north and [[Chi II, Greater Noida|Chi II]] to the south, it is known to be one of the [[real estate]] hotspots of [[Greater Noida]], alongside [[Omega II, Greater Noida|Omega II]], [[Omega I, Greater Noida|Omega I]], [[Phi I, Greater Noida|Phi I]], [[Phi III, Greater Noida|Phi III]], [[Phi IV, Greater Noida|Phi IV]], [[Phi II, Greater Noida|Phi II]], [[Chi II, Greater Noida|Chi II]], [[Chi III, Greater Noida|Chi III]], [[Chi IV, Greater Noida|Chi IV]] and Chi V.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Realty hot spot series: A well-connected area in NCR with good infrastructure|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/realty-hot-spot-series-a-well-connected-area-in-ncr-with-good-infrastructure/articleshow/82855865.cms |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/realty-hot-spot-series-a-well-connected-area-in-ncr-with-good-infrastructure/articleshow/82855865.cms |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It is named after the [[Greek alphabet]] [[Chi (letter)|Chi]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Greater Noida]]

{{GautamBuddhNagar-geo-stub}}

Pooja Hathwala

2025-06-24T06:52:56Z

जाट: Adding Some Entry Added Tags.

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Pooja Hathwala
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| residence =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country =
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| event =
| pb =
| club =
| coach =
| alma_mater =
| retired =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Kabaddi]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|Women's team]]}}
}}

'''Pooja Hathwala''' is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Asian Games 2023 women's kabaddi: India beat spirited Chinese Taipei by a point to win gold medal|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-games-2023-kabaddi-women-india-vs-chinese-taipei-gold-medal-match|website=olympics.com|date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games 2023: Pawan Sehrawat, Naveen Kumar headline Indian men’s kabaddi team - full squad|publisher=olympics.com|date=25 August 2023|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-national-kabaddi-team-asian-games-2023-squad-list|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> She was part of the team that won the gold medal in the [[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/KAB/AG2022-_KAB_C73_KABWTEAM7-------------FNL-000100--.pdf|title=Asian Games Results|publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022|date=2 October 2023|access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India vs Chinese Taipei, Kabaddi Highlights, Asian Games 2023: IND Women beat TPE to win gold; 100th medal secured |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-chinese-taipei-live-score-kabaddi-final-asian-games-2023-ind-vs-tpe-match-updates-highlights-hangzhou-2022/article67391669.ece|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hathwala, Pooja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

OneWeb

2025-06-16T09:28:12Z

जाट: updated content and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Eutelsat OneWeb]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Boat Museum, Kolkata

2025-02-26T16:52:58Z

जाट: Made initial pg basic info...

{{Short description|Museum in Kolkata, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox museum
| name = Boat Museum, Kolkata
| established = {{Start date|2014|01}}
| location = Ambedkar Bhawan, Cultural Research Institute, [[Kankurgachi]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700054
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.582|N|88.391|E|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[Ethnographic museum]]
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.criwb.in/}}
}}

'''Boat Museum''' is a public museum that is solely dedicated to the documentation of the history of [[boat]]s in the [[Bengal|Bengal region]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Uttara |date=October 3, 2020 |title=A Whale Of A Time At India's Only Boat Museum |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69058/indias-only-boat-museum-in-kolkata-west-bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Suchismita |date=2023-01-02 |title=Make Way To India's Only Boat Museum In Kolkata That Displays Models Of 46 Traditional Boats |url=https://curlytales.com/make-way-to-indias-only-boat-museum-in-kolkata-that-displays-models-of-46-traditional-boats/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ready To Set Sail In India's One And Only Boat Museum In Kolkata? |url=https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/the-only-boat-museum-of-india-exhibits-some-surprising-boats--ship-architecture-v-173407 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Whats Hot |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Row Row Row Your Boat All The Way To India’s Only Boat Museum In Kolkata {{!}} LBB |url=https://lbb.in/kolkata/boat-museum-kolkata/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=LBB, Kolkata |language=en}}</ref> Located in the Institute of Cultural Research in [[Kankurgachi]], [[Kolkata]], the museum is a rare initiative that aims to preserve the memories of Bengal's riverine past. The museum has been referred to as India's first museum dedicated to understanding boats, indigenous boat-making, and their heritage.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-13 |title=Take a boat ride into West Bengal’s maritime history at India’s only dedicated museum |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/take-a-boat-ride-into-bengals-maritime-history-at-indias-only-dedicated-museum/articleshow/90177228.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=2014-01-08 |title=Country's first boat museum inaugurated in Kolkata |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/countrys-first-boat-museum-inaugurated-in-kolkata/articleshow/28562264.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Adjacent to the Boat Museum is the Puppet Museum, Kantha Museum, and a collection of tribal artefacts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata’s Kantha Museum, where tales are stitched |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/kolkata-s-kantha-museum-where-tales-are-stitched |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversing with Puppets of Bengal at Puppet Museum |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/conversing-with-puppets-of-bengal-at-puppet-museum |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnographic Museums in Cultural Research Institute |url=https://www.criwb.in/dis_msm.html |website=Cultural Research Institute, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

Other similar establishments include the Kolkata Port Trust Maritime Archives and Heritage Centre, located on [[Strand Road, Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Port Trust Maritime Archives and Heritage Centre |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/museum/Kolkata-Port-Trust-Maritime-Archives-and-Heritage-Centre/12191 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=map.sahapedia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Port Trust Maritime Archive and Heritage Centre: A treasure trove of heritage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/kolkata-port-trust-maritime-archive-and-heritage-centre-a-treasure-trove-for-heritage-lovers-and-history-enthusiasts/cid/1918174 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== History ==
The Bengal region is known as the “land of two rivers”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |title=Land of two rivers: a history of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> as it is topographically situated around the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the river [[Ganges]], also referred to as the [[Padma River]] in [[Bangladesh]], and the [[Brahmaputra River]]. These two rivers, alongside their innumerable tributaries, flow through the Bengal region, shaping its geographic landscape and contributing to its agricultural productivity. The abundant water supply from these rivers has made the Bengal region a prominent agricultural and cultural hub in South Asia. Therefore, different kinds of boats have historically performed an important role in different kinds of rivers. For instance, ''dholai'' is a cargo boat which is relevant in the [[Sundarbans|Sunderban]] region, whereas ''salti'' is a traditional fishing boat which was relevant for fishing purposes in the wetlands of East Kolkata.<ref name=":02" /> Boats and their structure radically varied since the ones in Northern Bengal would not be suitable for the river conditions in Eastern or Southern Bengal.
[[File:Boat Museum 1.jpg|thumb|Inside the Boat Museum]]
[[File:Boat Museum. Modeol Boat 7.jpg|thumb|Models of boats displayed at Boat Museum]]
Swarup Bhattacharyya,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Swarup Bhattacharyya, ‘the boatman of Bengal’, who’s keeping a culture afloat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/meet-swarup-bhattacharyya-the-boatman-of-bengal-who-documents-bengals-boat-making-and-maritime-heritage/cid/1853475 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Documenting Bengal’s water craft – exclusive interview with the 'Boatman of Bengal' |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/documenting-bengals-water-craft-exclusive-interview-with-the-boatman-of-bengal |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref> an anthropology researcher and one of the minds behind facilitating the exhibits at the Boat Museum, says “Boat-making as a craft is passed on through the [[Guru–shishya tradition|guru-shishya tradition]]."<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Deepanjan |date=2018-04-02 |title=A unique boat museum in Kolkata pays tribute to Bengal’s rivers and their forgotten traditions |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/872030/a-unique-boat-museum-in-kolkata-pays-tribute-to-bengals-rivers-and-their-forgotten-traditions |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Given there does not exist any formally educated community of boat-makers, with the emergence of more industrialised and mechanised fishing equipment, indigenous boat-makers much like the boats started to disappear and soon came to represent a bygone era. It is to preserve the memories of what Bengal used to be, and to illustrate its rich riverine heritage, the Boat Museum was established in 2014. It was inaugurated by "[[Upendra Nath Biswas|Upendranath Biswas]], formerly the joint director of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and the former minister for backward class welfare in the [[West Bengal government]]."<ref name=":32" /> Biswas was born on the banks of the [[Madhumati River]] and his father owned boats.<ref name=":32" />

With the vanishing of many of Bengal's indigenous boats and boat-making traditions, cultural activities like boats racing one another too decreased insofar as it has become a very rare sighting now. Thus the idea behind the Boat Museum is also to raise awareness regarding the riparian ecosystem of Bengal which does not typically find mention in any textbook or news and has almost disappeared from collective memory.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-15 |title=This Kolkata boat museum is the only one of its kind in the country |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/this-kolkata-boat-museum-is-the-only-one-of-its-kind-in-the-country/article25752259.ece |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The museum is a testament to one of Bengal's important traditions that stand to be lost in time.

== Collections ==
Boat Museum presently houses "46 wooden replicas of boats" that depicts Bengal's boat heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal’s boat culture comes alive in Kankurgachi museum walk |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/west-bengals-boat-culture-comes-alive-in-kankurgachi-museum-walk/cid/1860106 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> From cargo boats of Sunderbans, coastal fishing boats, and popular flat-bottomed boats of Northern Bengal to all-purpose boats known as ''dinghi'' have been featured in the museum.<ref name=":12" /> The museum also exhibits a replica of the poet [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore's]] boat called Padma and a replica of a boat from the [[Mohenjo-daro]] era.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" />

Since boat-making is a tradition passed on from generation to generation, typically performed by communities that have become marginalised now, all the boat model exhibits presented in the museum have been made by the Rajbangshis of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur district]] to highlight traditional craftsmanship.<ref name=":22" />

== See also ==
{{commons category}}
* [[Bangladesh Maritime Museum]]
* [[Bangladesh National Museum]]
* [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]]
* [[Indian Museum]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
# Hardgrave Jr, Robert L. (2001). ''Boats of Bengal: Eighteenth Century Portraits by Balthazar Solvyns''. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 978-8173043581
# McGrail, Sean; Blue, Lucy; Kentley, Eric. (1999). "The Reverse-Clinker Boats of Bangladesh and Their Planking Pattern." ''South Asian Studies, 15(1), 151–158.'' doi:10.1080/02666030.1999.9628573

== External links ==

* [https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/index1.php?layout=1&lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=633&lid=541 Kolkata Port Trust Maritime Archives and Heritage Centre]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata, Boat Museum}}
[[Category:Museums in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2014]]