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Editing Vakkom Moulavi
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{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} | {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} | ||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = Vakkom | | name = Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi | ||
| image = Mygrandfather1.jpg | | image = Mygrandfather1.jpg | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
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| birth_name = Mohammed Abdul Khader | | birth_name = Mohammed Abdul Khader | ||
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1873|12|28}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1873|12|28}} | ||
| birth_place = [[ | | birth_place = [[Travancore| Travancore Princely State]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1932|10|31|1873|12|28}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1932|10|31|1873|12|28}} | ||
| death_place = Travancore | | death_place = [[Travancore| Travancore Princely State]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] | ||
| death_cause = | | death_cause = | ||
| resting_place = | | resting_place = | ||
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| successor = | | successor = | ||
| party = | | party = | ||
| movement = [[ | | movement = [[Salafism|Salafiyya]] | ||
| boards = | | boards = | ||
| spouse = Aamina Umma | | spouse = Aamina Umma | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{Renaissance of Kerala}} | {{Renaissance of Kerala}} | ||
'''Vakkom Mohammed Abdul Khader Moulavi''' ({{birth date|df=yes|1873|12|28}} | '''Vakkom Mohammed Abdul Khader Moulavi''' ({{birth date|df=yes|1873|12|28}} - {{death date|df=yes|1932|10|31}}) , popularly known as ''Vakkom Moulavi''<ref>Koya, S. M. Mohamed. (1983). ''Mappilas of Malabar: Studies in Social and Cultural History''. Calicut (Kerala): Sandhya Publications. pp. 80.</ref> was a [[social reformer]],<ref name="IL147">{{cite journal |last1=Gopalkrishna Gandhi |title=Kerala and Gandhi |journal=Indian Literature |date=2012 |volume=56 |issue=4 |page=147 |jstor=23345936}}</ref> teacher, prolific writer, Muslim scholar, journalist, [[freedom fighter]] and newspaper proprietor in [[Travancore]], a [[princely state]] of the present day [[Kerala]], India. He was the founder and publisher of the newspaper ''[[Swadeshabhimani(newspaper)|Swadeshabhimani]]'' which was banned and confiscated by the Government of Travancore<ref name="IL147"/> in 1910 due to its criticisms against the government and the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Travancore, [[Perungavur Rajagopalachari|P. Rajagopalachari]].<ref name="EndeNaadukadathal">{{cite book|author=Pillai, Ramakrishna.|title=Ende Naadukadathal|publisher=Kottayam (Kerala): DC Books|date=1911|edition=5 (2007)|isbn=81-264-1222-4}}</ref> He was an avid reader of [[Rashid Rida]]’s Islamic magazine, ''[[Al-Manar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=വക്കം മുഹമ്മദ് അബ്ദുല് ഖാദിര് മൌലി|url=http://knm.org.in/kerala-islahi-nethakkal/vakkam-abdul-khadar-moulavi-ml.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202232608/http://knm.org.in/kerala-islahi-nethakkal/vakkam-abdul-khadar-moulavi-ml.html|archive-date=2 February 2020|website=KNM Official Portal}}</ref> Vakkom Moulavi is known as the father of Islamic renaissance in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAPTER III. Religious Groups and their Theological Differences|url=https://religiondocbox.com/amp/71591307-Islam/Chapter-iii-religious-groups-and-their-theological-differences.html|url-status=live|website=Religiondocbox.com}}</ref> | ||
==Early life and family== | ==Early life and family== | ||
{{Main|Poonthran}} | |||
Moulavi was born in 1873 in [[Vakkom]], [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]] Taluk, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in Travancore. He was born into a prominent Muslim family Poonthran which had ancestral roots to [[Madurai]] and [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], and many of his maternal ancestors worked for the military of the state government. | Moulavi was born in 1873 in [[Vakkom]], [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]] Taluk, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in Travancore. He was born into a prominent Muslim family Poonthran which had ancestral roots to [[Madurai]] and [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], and many of his maternal ancestors worked for the military of the state government. | ||
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==Social Reformation== | ==Social Reformation== | ||
Moulavi is considered as one of the greatest reformers in the Kerala Muslim community, and is sometimes referred to as the "father of muslim renaissance".<ref name="proceedings"/> He emphasised the religious and socioeconomic aspects much more than the ritualistic aspects of religion. He also campaigned for the need for modern education, the education of women, and the elimination of potentially bad customs among the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/englishmedium/historyeng/chapter9.pdf|title=Leaders of Renaissance ( Social Studies Textbook,Standard X,)|publisher=Department of School Education, Government of Kerala|access-date=24 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217193847/http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/englishmedium/historyeng/chapter9.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Influenced by the writings of [[Muhammad Abduh]] of Egypt and his reform movement, Moulavi started journals in [[Arabi-Malayalam]] and in [[Malayalam]] modelled on [[al-Manar (journal)|Al Manar]].<ref>Pg 67, Islam in Kerala: groups and movements in the 20th century- M. Abdul Samad,Laurel Publications, 1998</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K M Bahauddin|title=Kerala Muslims: The Long Struggle|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society ; Modern Book Centre|date=1992}}</ref> The ''Muslim''<ref name="IL147"/> was launched in January 1906 and was followed by ''Al-Islam''<ref name="IL147"/>(1918) and ''Deepika''(1931). Through these publications, he tried to teach the Muslim community about the basic tenets of Islam. ''Al-Islam'' began publishing in April 1918 and played a pivotal role in Muslim renaissance in Kerala. It opposed ''Nercha''s and [[Urs|Uroos]] festivals amongst the Muslim community, thereby attracting opposition from the orthodox [[ulema]] to the extent that they issued a [[fatwa]] declaring the reading of it as sacrilege. Financial troubles and lack of readership led to the closure of the journal within five issues, but it is regarded as the pioneer journal that attempted religious reform amongst the [[Mappila]]s of Kerala. While it was published in [[Malayalam]] language using [[Arabi-Malayalam]] script, ''Muslim'' and ''Deepika'' used [[Malayalam]] in script also.<ref name="proceedings">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_RBuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Arabi-Malayalam%22+%22al-islam%22 Pg 239, Pg 345 – Proceedings of the 19th Annual conference, South India History Congress, 2000]</ref><ref>Pg 134, Journal of Kerala studies, Volume 17,University of Kerala.,1990</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Malayalam Literary Survey|publisher=Kēraḷa Sāhitya Akkādami|date=1984|pages=50}}</ref> | |||
As a result of the continuous campaigning of Moulavi throughout the State, the Maharaja's Government introduced the teaching of Arabic in all state schools where there were Muslim pupils, and offered them fee concessions and scholarships. Girls were totally exempted from payment of fees. Moulavi wrote text books for children to learn Arabic, and a manual for training Arabic instructors for primary schools. At the instance of Moulavi Abdul Qadir the State Government soon instituted qualifying examinations for Arabic teachers of which he was made the chief examiner.<ref name="UM">Pg 36, Pg 56–58,Educational empowerment of Kerala Muslims: a socio-historical perspective By U. Mohammed, Other Books, Kozhikode</ref> | As a result of the continuous campaigning of Moulavi throughout the State, the Maharaja's Government introduced the teaching of Arabic in all state schools where there were Muslim pupils, and offered them fee concessions and scholarships. Girls were totally exempted from payment of fees. Moulavi wrote text books for children to learn Arabic, and a manual for training Arabic instructors for primary schools. At the instance of Moulavi Abdul Qadir the State Government soon instituted qualifying examinations for Arabic teachers of which he was made the chief examiner.<ref name="UM">Pg 36, Pg 56–58,Educational empowerment of Kerala Muslims: a socio-historical perspective By U. Mohammed, Other Books, Kozhikode</ref> | ||
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There were many other dubious practices in the Muslim community of the time, such as the dowry system, extravagant expenditure on weddings, celebration of annual "urs" and Moharrum with bizarre unIslamic features bordering on idolatrous rituals. Moulavi launched his campaign against such practices with the help of his disciples, and with the co-operation of other learned men who shared his views and ideals.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Social and Cultural History of Kerala|publisher=Sterling|date=1979|pages=210}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=A Short History of Kerala|publisher=Pai|date=1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Siba Pada Sen|title=Social and Religious Reform Movements in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Institute of Historical Studies|date=1979|pages=389}}</ref> As the campaign developed into a powerful movement, opposition was mounted by the [[Mullahs]]. Some issued "[[fatwas]]" that he was a "[[kafir]]", others branded him as a "[[Wahhabi]]".{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} | There were many other dubious practices in the Muslim community of the time, such as the dowry system, extravagant expenditure on weddings, celebration of annual "urs" and Moharrum with bizarre unIslamic features bordering on idolatrous rituals. Moulavi launched his campaign against such practices with the help of his disciples, and with the co-operation of other learned men who shared his views and ideals.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Social and Cultural History of Kerala|publisher=Sterling|date=1979|pages=210}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. V. Krishna Ayyar|title=A Short History of Kerala|publisher=Pai|date=1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Siba Pada Sen|title=Social and Religious Reform Movements in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, Institute of Historical Studies|date=1979|pages=389}}</ref> As the campaign developed into a powerful movement, opposition was mounted by the [[Mullahs]]. Some issued "[[fatwas]]" that he was a "[[kafir]]", others branded him as a "[[Wahhabi]]".{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} | ||
He also tried to create unity among Muslims, starting the ''All Travancore Muslim Mahajanasabha''<ref>{{cite book|author1==Asanaru Abdul Salim|author2= Salim, P R Gopinathan Nair|title=Educational Development in India|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|date=2002|pages=23|isbn=9788126110391}}</ref> and ''Chirayinkil Taluk Muslim Samajam'', and worked as the chairman of the Muslim Board of the Government of Travancore. His activities were further instrumental in the establishment of "Muslim Aikya Sangham",<ref>{{cite book |last1=SIHC 1981 PRO VOL II |editor1-last=Dr. Narinder Sharma |title=Muslim Resurgence in Kerala |page=[https://archive.org/details/SIHC1981PROVOLII/page/n177 183] |url=https://archive.org/details/SIHC1981PROVOLII |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> a united Muslim forum in Eriyad, Kodungalloor for all the Muslims of the Travancore, Cochin and Malabar regions,with K M Moulavi, K M Seethi Sahib, Manappat Kunju Mohammed Haji and helped guide the Lajnathul Mohammadiyya Association of Alappuzha, Dharma Bhoshini Sabha of Kollam amongst others.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} In 1931, he founded the ''Islamia Publishing House'', with his eldest son Abdul Salam supervising the translation into Malayalam and publication of Allama Shibli's biography of Omar Farooq in two volumes under the title ''Al Farooq''. | He also tried to create unity among Muslims, starting the ''All Travancore Muslim Mahajanasabha''<ref>{{cite book|author1==Asanaru Abdul Salim|author2= Salim, P R Gopinathan Nair|title=Educational Development in India|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|date=2002|pages=23|isbn=9788126110391}}</ref> and ''Chirayinkil Taluk Muslim Samajam'', and worked as the chairman of the Muslim Board of the Government of Travancore. His activities were further instrumental in the establishment of "Muslim Aikya Sangham",<ref>{{cite book |last1=SIHC 1981 PRO VOL II |editor1-last=Dr. Narinder Sharma |title=Muslim Resurgence in Kerala |page=[https://archive.org/details/SIHC1981PROVOLII/page/n177 183] |url=https://archive.org/details/SIHC1981PROVOLII |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> a united Muslim forum in Eriyad, Kodungalloor for all the Muslims of the Travancore, Cochin and Malabar regions,with K M Moulavi, K M Seethi Sahib, Manappat Kunju Mohammed Haji and helped guide the Lajnathul Mohammadiyya Association of Alappuzha, Dharma Bhoshini Sabha of Kollam amongst others.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} | ||
In 1931, he founded the ''Islamia Publishing House'', with his eldest son Abdul Salam supervising the translation into Malayalam and publication of Allama Shibli's biography of Omar Farooq in two volumes under the title ''Al Farooq''. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]] | ||
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]] | [[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]] | ||