Editing The Emergency (India)
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| quote = <b> Indira is India, India is Indira | | quote = <b> Indira is India, India is Indira </b>. | ||
| source = — Congress president [[D. K. Barooah]], c. 1974<ref>Guha, p. 467</ref> | | source = — Congress president [[D. K. Barooah]], c. 1974<ref>Guha, p. 467</ref> | ||
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==== Demolitions in Delhi ==== | ==== Demolitions in Delhi ==== | ||
Delhi served as the epicenter of [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay Gandhi's]] "urban renewal" program, aided in large part by [[Delhi Development Authority|DDA]] vice president [[Jagmohan|Jagmohan Malhotra]] who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the [[Shah Commission|Shah commission]] notes | Delhi served as the epicenter of [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay Gandhi's]] "urban renewal" program, aided in large part by [[Delhi Development Authority|DDA]] vice president [[Jagmohan|Jagmohan Malhotra]] who himself had a desire to "beautify" the city. During the emergency Jagmohan emerged as the single most powerful person in the DDA, and went to extraordinary lengths to do the bidding of Sanjay Gandhi, as the [[Shah Commission|Shah commission]] notes- <blockquote>"Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry Interim Report II|pages=118}}</ref></blockquote>In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi. | ||
<blockquote>Shri Jagmohan during the emergency, became a law unto himself and went about doing the biddings of Shri Sanjay Gandhi without care or concern for the miseries of the people affected thereby<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII|title=Shah Commission | |||
In total, 700,000 people in Delhi were displaced due to the demolitions carried out in Delhi. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+Demolitions carried out in Delhi<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII|title=Shah Commission | |+Demolitions carried out in Delhi<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ShahCommissionOfInquiryInterimReportII|title=Shah Commission Of Inquiry Interim Report II|pages=78}}</ref> | ||
|- style="text-align:left;" | |- style="text-align:left;" | ||
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Period | ! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Period | ||
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| 7,545 | | 7,545 | ||
| 96 | | 96 | ||
| | | - | ||
| 7,641 | | 7,641 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Year unspecified but<br />during the emergency | | Year unspecified but<br />during the emergency | ||
| | | - | ||
| 1,962 | | 1,962 | ||
| 177 | | 177 | ||
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# Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families | # Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families | ||
# Abuse and torture of detainees and [[political prisoner]]s | # Abuse and torture of detainees and [[political prisoner]]s | ||
# Use of public and private media institutions, like the national television network [[Doordarshan]], for government propaganda | # Use of public and private media institutions, like the national television network [[Doordarshan]], for government propaganda | ||
# During the Emergency, [[Sanjay Gandhi]] asked the popular singer [[Kishore Kumar]] to sing for a Congress party rally in Bombay, but he refused.<ref>{{cite news | # During the Emergency, [[Sanjay Gandhi]] asked the popular singer [[Kishore Kumar]] to sing for a Congress party rally in Bombay, but he refused.<ref>{{cite news | ||
|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081902110400.htm | |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081902110400.htm | ||
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The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains intensely controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of ''[[The Times of India]]'' carried an obituary that read | The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains intensely controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of ''[[The Times of India]]'' carried an obituary that read | ||
{{quote|Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26.<ref>Joseph, Manu (20 May 2007). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/How-Indians-Protest/articleshow/2061978.cms "How Indians Protest"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</ref><ref name=austing>{{cite book|last=Austin|first=Granville|title=Working a | {{quote|Democracy, beloved husband of Truth, loving father of Liberty, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26.<ref>Joseph, Manu (20 May 2007). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/How-Indians-Protest/articleshow/2061978.cms "How Indians Protest"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</ref><ref name=austing>{{cite book|last=Austin|first=Granville|title=Working a democratic constitution: the Indian experience|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-564888-9|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r42bAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>}} | ||
A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' on 28 June, | A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' on 28 June, [http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/jun/25/this-is-how-express-stood-up-to-the-emergency-declared-by-indira-gandhi-in-1975-101601.html carried a blank editorial], while the ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' reproduced in large type [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poem "[[Where the mind is without fear]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/|title=Emergency: The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy|last=Arputham|first=Avneesh|date=27 June 2009|website=The Viewspaper|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913164555/http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/|archive-date=13 September 2013|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> | ||
However, the Emergency also received support from several sections.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} It was endorsed by social reformer [[Vinoba Bhave]] (who called it ''Anushasan Parva'', a time for discipline), industrialist [[J. R. D. Tata]], writer [[Khushwant Singh]], and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister [[Nandini Satpathy]]. However, Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency.<ref>[[R. M. Lala]]. ''Beyond the Last Blue Mountain | However, the Emergency also received support from several sections.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} It was endorsed by social reformer [[Vinoba Bhave]] (who called it ''Anushasan Parva'', a time for discipline), industrialist [[J. R. D. Tata]], writer [[Khushwant Singh]], and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Odisha Chief Minister [[Nandini Satpathy]]. However, Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency.<ref>[[R. M. Lala]]. ''Beyond the Last Blue Mountain - A Life of J. R. D. Tata''.</ref><ref>Ashish Ranjan Mohapatra. ''Nandini Satpathy'' (in Oriya).</ref>{{fcn|date=March 2023}}<!--both citations--> | ||
In the book ''JP Movement and the Emergency'', historian, [[Bipan Chandra]] wrote, "[[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his cronies like [[Bansi Lal]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic [[Civil liberties|civil libertarian]] structure of the [[Indian Constitution]] through the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd amendment]] to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional [[Checks and balances|checks and balance]] between the three organs of the government."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2013 |title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency |publisher=[[IBN Live News]] |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> | In the book ''JP Movement and the Emergency'', historian, [[Bipan Chandra]] wrote, "[[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his cronies like [[Bansi Lal]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years. In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic [[Civil liberties|civil libertarian]] structure of the [[Indian Constitution]] through the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd amendment]] to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional [[Checks and balances|checks and balance]] between the three organs of the government."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2013 |title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency |publisher=[[IBN Live News]] |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
* [http://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76ve08/pdf/d204.pdf Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975] (PDF) | * [http://static.history.state.gov/frus/frus1969-76ve08/pdf/d204.pdf Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975] (PDF) | ||
* A. Z. Huq, [http://www.idea.int/publications/dchs/upload/dchs_vol2_sec4_1.pdf Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries] (PDF) | * A. Z. Huq, [http://www.idea.int/publications/dchs/upload/dchs_vol2_sec4_1.pdf Democratic Norms, Human Rights and the States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries] (PDF) |