Secular state

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  Secular states
  States with state religion
  Ambiguous states or no data


Template:Status of religious freedom

A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.[1] A secular state claims to treat all its citizens equally regardless of religion, and claims to avoid preferential treatment for a citizen based on their religious beliefs, affiliation or lack of either over those with other profiles.[2]

Although secular states have no state religion, the absence of an established state religion does not mean that a state is completely secular or egalitarian. For example, some states that describe themselves as secular have religious references in their national anthems and flags, or laws that benefit one religion or the other.

Origin and practice[edit]

Secularity can be established at a state's creation (e.g., the Soviet Union, the United States, India) or by it later secularizing (e.g., France or Nepal). Movements for laïcité in France and separation of church and state in the United States have defined modern concepts of secularism, the United States of America being the first explicitly secular nation in Western history. Historically, the process of secularisation typically involves granting religious freedom, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds being used for religion, freeing the legal system from religious control, freeing up the education system, tolerating citizens who change religion or abstain from religion, and allowing political leaders to come to power regardless of their religious beliefs.[3]

In France, Italy, and Spain, for example, official holidays for the public administration tend to be Christian feast days. Any private school in France that contracts with Éducation nationale means its teachers are salaried by the state—most of the Catholic schools are in this situation and, because of history, they are the majority; however, any other religious or non-religious schools also contract this way.[4] In some European states where secularism confronts monoculturalist philanthropy, some of the main Christian sects and sects of other religions depend on the state for some of the financial resources for their religious charities.[5] It is common in corporate law and charity law to prohibit organized religion from using those funds to organize religious worship in a separate place of worship or for conversion; the religious body itself must provide the religious content, educated clergy and laypersons to exercise its own functions and may choose to devote part of their time to the separate charities. To that effect, some of those charities establish secular organizations that manage part of or all of the donations from the main religious bodies.

Religious and non-religious organizations can apply for equivalent funding from the government and receive subsidies based on either assessed social results[clarification needed] where there is indirect religious state funding, or simply the number of beneficiaries of those organizations.[6] This resembles charitable choice in the United States. It is doubtful whether overt direct state funding of religions is in accordance with the European Convention on Human Rights. Apparently, this issue has not yet been decided at a supranational level in ECtHR case law stemming from the rights in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which mandates non-discrimination in affording its co-listed basic social rights.[clarification needed][gobbledegook] Specifically, funding certain services would not accord with non-discriminatory state action.[7]

Many states that are nowadays secular in practice may have legal vestiges of an earlier established religion. Secularism also has various guises that may coincide with some degree of official religiosity. In the United Kingdom, the head of state is still required to take the Coronation Oath enacted in 1688, swearing to maintain the Protestant Reformed religion and to preserve the established Church of England.[8] The UK also maintains seats in the House of Lords for 26 senior clergymen of the Church of England, known as the Lords Spiritual.[9] In Canada the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms affords secular freedoms of conscience and religion, thought, belief, opinion and expression, including communication, assembly and association yet the Charter's preamble maintains the concept of "the supremacy of God" which would appear to disadvantage those who hold nontheistic or polytheistic beliefs, including atheism and Buddhism.[10][11] Italy has been a secular state since the enactment of the Constitution in 1948 (stressed by a Constitutional court's decision in 1985),[12] but still recognizes a special status for the Catholic Church. The reverse progression can also occur, however; a state can go from being secular to being a religious state, as in the case of Iran where the secularized Imperial State of Iran was replaced by an Islamic Republic (list below). Nonetheless, the last 250 years has seen a trend towards secularism.[13][14][15]

List of secular states by continent[edit]

This is the list of countries that are explicitly described as secular in their constitutions or other official state documents.

Africa[edit]

Americas[edit]

Asia[edit]

1 State with limited recognition.[111]
2 Special Administrative Regions.

Europe[edit]

1 State with limited recognition.

Oceania[edit]

Transcontinental countries[edit]

Secular countries straddling both Europe and Asia:

1 State with limited recognition.

Former secular states[edit]

Ambiguous states[edit]

  •  Argentina
    • According to Section 2 of the Constitution of Argentina, "The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion" but it does not stipulate an official state religion, nor a separation of church and state. In practice, however, the country is mostly secular, and there is no kind of persecution of people of other religions; they are completely accepted and even encouraged in their activities.
  •  Armenia
  •  Bangladesh
    • There is a constitutional ambiguity that makes Bangladesh both secular and Islamic. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by its constitution in which it gives equal rights to all citizens irrespective of religion. In 2010, the High Court held up the secular principles of the 1972 constitution[165]
  •  Brazil
    • According to the Preamble of the Constitution of Brazil, "...promulgate, under the protection of God, this Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil" but it does not stipulate any official state religion. The Article 19th of the same Constitution forbids in any degree of the State to "establish religious cults or churches, subsidize them, hamper their operation or maintain with them or their representative's relations of dependency or alliance, with the exception of cooperation for the public interest, as set forth in the law".[166]
    • Despite being mostly secular, it is normal to see religious symbols (such as crucifixes) in State facilities (hospitals, schools, courts, police stations).[167]
    • According to Article 208 of the Brazilian Penal Code "mock someone publicly, by reason of belief or religious function; prevent or disrupt ceremony or practice of religious worship; publicly vilify act or object of religious worship" incurs in a penalty of "detention of one month to one year or a fine".[168][169]
  •  Canada
    • The "Fundamental Freedoms" section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: "2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: (a) freedom of conscience and religion; (b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and (d) freedom of association." Canadians are therefore free to have their own beliefs and opinions, are free to practice religion or refrain, and are free to establish media organizations with or without religious content, and these freedoms are constitutionally protected. However, according to the Charter's preamble, "Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God."[170] This portion of the preamble has not been accorded legal effect in Charter jurisprudence.[171][172] The constitutional recognition of God has been criticized as conflicting in principle with the fundamental freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed in section 2, as it would disadvantage those who hold nontheistic or polytheistic beliefs, including atheism and Buddhism.[10][11] The Province of Quebec has legislation declaring it to be a lay state.[173]
  •  El Salvador
    • Although Article 3 of the El Salvadoran constitution states, "no restrictions shall be established that are based on differences of nationality, race, sex or religion", Article 26 states that the state recognizes the Catholic Church and gives it legal preference.[174][175]
  •  Finland
    • Claims to be secular, but the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church have the right to collect church tax from their members in conjunction with government income tax. In addition to membership tax, businesses also used to contribute financially to the church through tax, but as of 2016, that is no longer the case.[176]
  •  Georgia
  •  Indonesia
  •  India
  •  Ireland
    • There are a few sections of the Constitution of Ireland that refer to God.[186]
      • In the Preamble it is mentioned, "In the Name of the Most Holy Trinity, from Whom is all authority and to Whom, as our final end, all actions both of men and States must be referred, We, the people of Éire, Humbly acknowledging all our obligations to our Divine Lord, Jesus Christ, Who sustained our fathers through centuries of trial...".
      • In Article 6 it is mentioned, "1 All powers of government, legislative, executive and judicial, derive, under God, from the people...".
      • Article 12, item 8 instructs the President to make the following declaration: "In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will maintain the Constitution of Ireland and uphold its laws, that I will fulfill my duties faithfully and conscientiously in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of the people of Ireland. May God direct and sustain me".
      • Article 31, item 4 establishes that every member of the Council of State supports the following declaration: "In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as a member of the Council of State".
      • Article 34, item 6 establishes that every person appointed a judge under this Constitution shall make and subscribe the following declaration: "In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my knowledge and power execute the office of Chief Justice (or as the case may be) without fear or favour, affection or ill-will towards any man, and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws. May God direct and sustain me".
      • In Article 44, item 1 it is mentioned, "The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion".
    • However, in the same Constitution, in Article 44, item 2, it is mentioned:
      • "1° Freedom of conscience and the free profession and practice of religion are, subject to public order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen".
      • "2° The State guarantees not to endow any religion".
      • "3° The State shall not impose any disabilities or make any discrimination on the ground of religious profession, belief or status".
      • "4° Legislation providing State aid for schools shall not discriminate between schools under the management of different religious denominations, nor be such as to affect prejudicially the right of any child to attend a school receiving public money without attending religious instruction at that school".
      • "5° Every religious denomination shall have the right to manage its own affairs, own, acquire and administer property, movable and immovable, and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes".
      • "6° The property of any religious denomination or any educational institution shall not be diverted save for necessary works of public utility and on payment of compensation".
    • On July 4, 2019, the on-duty Taoiseach Leo Varadkar said "Ten months ago we welcomed Pope Francis to Ireland. Speaking in this room, I suggested that I believed the time had come to build a new relationship between Religion and the State in Ireland - a new covenant for the 21st Century. One in which religion is no longer at the centre of our State but continues to have a real and meaningful role to play on our society".[187]
    • Most of the public schools in Ireland are confessional and there are some reports of abuse by some institutions.[188]
  •  Israel
    • When the idea of modern political Zionism was introduced by Theodor Herzl, his idea was that Israel would be a secular state which would not be influenced at all by religion. When David Ben-Gurion founded the state of Israel, he put religious parties in government next to secular Jews in the same governing coalition. Many secular Israelis feel constrained by the religious sanctions imposed on them. Many businesses close on Shabbat, including many forms of public transportation, restaurants, and Israeli airline El Al. In order for a Jewish couple to be formally married in Israel, a couple has to be married by a rabbi. Jewish married couples can only be divorced by a rabbinical council. Many secular Israelis may go abroad to be married, often in Cyprus. Marriages officiated abroad are recognized as official marriages in Israel. Also, all food at army bases and in cafeterias of government buildings has to be kosher. Many religious symbols have found their way into Israeli national symbols. For example, the flag of the country is similar to a tallit, or prayer shawl, with its blue stripes. The national coat of arms also displays the menorah. However, some viewpoints argue that these symbols can be interpreted as ethnic/cultural symbols too, and point out that many secular European nations (Sweden, Norway and Georgia) have religious symbols on their flags. Reports have considered Israel to be a secular state, and its definition as a "Jewish state" refers to the Jewish people, who include people with varying relations to the Jewish religion including non-believers, rather than to the Jewish religion itself.[189]
  •  Kiribati
    • Under the terms of its preamble, the Constitution of Kiribati is proclaimed by "the people of Kiribati, acknowledging God as the Almighty Father in whom we put trust". However, there is no established church or state religion, and article 11 of the Constitution protects each person's "freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief", and freedom of public or private religious practice and education.[190]
  •  Laos
    • According to the Lao Constitution, Buddhism is given special privileges in the country. The state respects and protects all the lawful activities of Buddhism.[191]
  •  Malaysia
    • In Article 3 of the Constitution of Malaysia, Islam is stated as the official religion of the country: "Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation." In 1956, the Alliance party submitted a memorandum to the Reid Commission, which was responsible for drafting the Malayan constitution. The memorandum quoted: "The religion of Malaya shall be Islam. The observance of this principle shall not impose any disability on non-Muslim nationals professing and practicing their own religion and shall not imply that the state is not a secular state."[192] The full text of the Memorandum was inserted into paragraph 169 of the Commission Report.[193] This suggestion was later carried forward in the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals 1957 (White Paper), specifically quoting in paragraph 57: "There has been included in the proposed Federal Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion of the Federation. This will in no way affect the present position of the Federation as a secular State...."[194] The Cobbold Commission also made another similar quote in 1962: "....we are agreed that Islam should be the national religion for the Federation. We are satisfied that the proposal in no way jeopardises freedom of religion in the Federation, which in effect would be secular."[195] In December 1987, the Lord President of the Supreme Court, Salleh Abas described Malaysia as governed by "secular law" in a court ruling.[196] In the early 1980s, then-prime minister Mahathir Mohamad implemented an official programme of Islamization,[197] in which Islamic values and principles were introduced into public sector ethics,[198] substantial financial support to the development of Islamic religious education, places of worship and the development of Islamic banking. The Malaysian government also made efforts to expand the powers of Islamic-based state statutory bodies such as the Tabung Haji, JAKIM (Department of Islamic Development Malaysia), and the National Fatwa Council. There has been much continued public debate on whether Malaysia is an Islamic or secular state.[199]
  •  Myanmar
    • Article 19 of the 2008 Myanmar constitution states, "The State recognizes the special position of Buddhism as the faith professed by the great majority of the citizens of the State." while Article 20 mentions "The State also recognizes Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Animism as the religions existing in the Union on the date on which the State Constitution comes into force."[200] The government pursues a policy of religious pluralism and tolerance in the country, as stipulated in Article 21 of its constitution, "The State shall render assistance and protect as it possibly can the religions it recognizes." In 1956, the Burmese ambassador in Indonesia U Mya Sein quoted, "The Constitution of the Union of Burma provides for a Secular State although it endorses that Buddhism is professed by the majority (90 per cent) of the nation."[201] While Buddhism is not a state religion in Myanmar, the government provides funding to state Universities to Buddhist monks, mandated the compulsory recital of Buddhist prayers in public schools and patronizes the Buddhist clergy from time to time to rally popular support and political legitimization.[202]
  •  Nauru
    • The Constitution of Nauru opens by stating, "the people of Nauru acknowledge God as the almighty and everlasting Lord and the giver of all good things". However, there is no state religion or established church, and article 11 of the Constitution protects each person's "right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion, including freedom to change his religion or beliefs and freedom", and right to practice his or her religion.[203]
  •    Nepal
    • The Constitution of Nepal provides freedom of religion and denies the right to convert another person. The previous constitution of 1990, which was in effect until 2007, described the country as a "Hindu Kingdom". With the new Constitution, the Interim Parliament officially declared the country a secular state in January 2007, but no laws specifically affecting freedom of religion were changed. Adherents of the country's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship, although there were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice. Those who converted to another religious group at times faced violence and occasionally were ostracized socially but generally did not fear to admit their affiliations in public.[204]
  •  Norway
    • Norway changed the wording of the constitution on 21 May 2012, to remove references to the state church. Until 2017, the Church of Norway was not a separate legal entity from the government. In 2017, it was disestablished and became a national church, a legally distinct entity from the state with special constitutional status. The King of Norway is required by the Constitution to be a member of the Church of Norway, and the church is regulated by special canon law, unlike other religions.[205]
  •  Romania
    • The Romanian constitution declares freedom of religion, but all recognized religious denominations remain to some extent state-funded. Since 1992, these denominations have also maintained a monopoly on the sale of religious merchandise, which includes all candles except decorative candles and candles for marriage and baptism. It is currently illegal in Romania to sell cult candles without the approval of the Eastern Orthodox Church or of another religious denomination which employs candles (law 103/1992, appended O.U.G. nr.92/2000 to specify penalties).[206] Romania recognizes 18 denominations/religions: various sects of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, Protestantism and Neo-Protestantism (including Jehovah's Witnesses), Judaism and Sunni Islam.[207] Unrecognized cults or denominations are not prohibited, however.
  •  Seychelles
  •  Sri Lanka
    • The Sri Lankan constitution[209] does not cite a state religion. However, Article 9 of Chapter 2, which states "The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place, and accordingly, it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana" makes Sri Lanka an ambiguous state with respect to secularism. In 2004, Jathika Hela Urumaya proposed a constitutional amendment that would make a clear reference to Buddhism as the state religion, which was rejected by the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka.[210]
  •   Switzerland
    • The Swiss Confederation remains secular at the federal level. However, the constitution begins with the words "In the name of Almighty God!"
    • 24 of the 26 cantons support either the Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church.
  •  Syria
    • Semi secular state with Islamic jurisprudence being used for personal statues laws.
  •  Thailand
    • Section 9 of the 2007 Thai constitution states, "The King is a Buddhist and Upholder of religions", and section 79 makes another related reference: "The State shall patronise and protect Buddhism as the religion observed by most Thais for a long period of time and other religions, promote good understanding and harmony among followers of all religions as well as encourage the application of religious principles to create virtue and develop the quality of life."[211] The United States Department of State characterized that these provisions provide Buddhism as the de facto official religion of Thailand. There have been calls by Buddhists to make an explicit reference to Buddhism as the country's state religion, but the government has turned down these requests.[210] Academics and legal experts have argued that Thailand is a secular state as provisions in its penal code are generally irreligious by nature.[212]
  •  Tonga
    • The Constitution of Tonga opens by referring to "the will of God that man should be free". Article 6 provides, "the Sabbath Day shall be kept holy", and prohibits any "commercial undertaking" on that day. Article 5 provides: "All men are free to practice their religion and to worship God as they may deem fit in accordance with the dictates of their own worship consciences and to assemble for religious service in such places as they may appoint". There is no established church or state religion.[213] Any preaching on public radio or television is required to be done "within the limits of the mainstream Christian tradition", though no specific religious denomination is favoured.[214]
  •  Turkey
  •  United Kingdom
    • The Church of England is the established state religion of England only.[citation needed]It is no longer established in Northern Ireland or Wales and the Anglican Church in these regions (Church of Ireland and Church in Wales, respectively) became autonomous from the Church of England in 1871 and 1920, respectively.[citation needed] In Scotland, the generally Protestant Church of Scotland has an ambiguous, special constitutional status as national church. Furthermore, unlike its Welsh and Irish counterparts, the Anglican Church in Scotland (the Scottish Episcopal Church) never had established status.[citation needed]
      • Like the Church of Ireland and Church in Wales, the Scottish Episcopal Church is autonomous from the Church of England. All, however, are still in full communion.
    • Two archbishops and 24 senior diocesan bishops of the Church of England (the Lords Spiritual) have seats in the House of Lords, where they participate in debates and vote on decisions affecting the entire United Kingdom.
      • Parliament is opened with prayers, led by a Lords Spiritual member in the House of Lords and the Speaker's chaplain in the House of Commons.[218]
    • The full term for the expression of the Crown's sovereignty via legislation is the Crown-in-Parliament under God. At their coronation, the sovereign is anointed with consecrated oil by the Archbishop of Canterbury in a service at Westminster Abbey and must swear to maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel, maintain Protestantism in the United Kingdom, specifically the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof as by established law in England.
  •  United States

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Madeley, John T. S.; Enyedi, Zsolt (2003). Church and State in Contemporary Europe: The Chimera of Neutrality. Psychology Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7146-5394-5.
  2. ↑ "What is Secularism?". www.secularism.org.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  3. ↑ Jean Baubérot The secular principle Archived 22 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Teese, Richard (1986). "Private Schools in France: Evolution of a System". Comparative Education Review. 30 (2): 247–259. doi:10.1086/446591. JSTOR 1188531. S2CID 144698211.
  5. ↑ Twinch, Emily. "Religious charities: Faith, funding and the state". Article dated 22 June 2009. Third Sector – a UK Charity Periodical. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  6. ↑ "Department for Education". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  7. ↑ [Sejdic and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (application nos. 27996/06 and 34836/06) found a violation of the non-discrimination overarching right vis-à-vis all other rights on a wider subject from often arbitrary funding of social charities viz. rights afforded by law Art. 1 of Prot. No. 12, namely protecting "any right set forth by law".[clarification needed][plain English please] The convention introduces a general prohibition of discrimination in legally enshrined state action, as well as where rights under the convention such as education or health care are funded. A superior level of services supported by religious bodies is permitted.]
  8. ↑ "Coronation Oath". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "How members are appointed". UK Parliament. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hogg, Peter W. Canada Act 1982 Annotated. Toronto, Canada: The Carswell Company Limited, 1982.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Paul Russell, "The supremacy of God" does not belong in the Constitution": The Globe & Mail, June 11, 1999
  12. ↑ Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of the Constitution of Italy; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989
  13. ↑ "Harris Interactive: Resource Not Found". Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  14. ↑ "A Portrait of "Generation Next"". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  15. ↑ "Secularization and Secularism – History and Nature of Secularization and Secularism to 1914". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  16. ↑ "ICL - Angola Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015., Article 8: "The Republic of Angola shall be a secular State..."
  17. ↑ "Article 2 of Constitution".: "The Republic of Benin shall be one - indivisible, secular, and democratic."
  18. ↑ Leaders say Botswana is a secular state Archived 10 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ "Article 31 of Constitution". Archived from the original on 9 October 2006.: "Burkina Faso is a democratic, unitary and secular state."
  20. ↑ Article 4 of Constitution Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine: "Le Burundi est une République unitaire, indépendante et souveraine, laïque et démocratique."
  21. ↑ "Preamble of Constitution" (PDF).: "... the State shall be secular."
  22. ↑ Article 24 of the Central African Republic's Constitution of 2016, constituteproject.org: "The Central African Republic is a State of law, unitary, sovereign, indivisible, secular and democratic."
  23. ↑ "Article 1 of Constitution". Archived from the original on 9 October 2006.: "Chad is a sovereign, independent, secular, social, and indivisible ..."
  24. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire's Constitution of 2000" (PDF)., Article 30: "The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible, secular, democratic and social."
  25. ↑ "Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo". Retrieved 18 March 2015., article 1er: "République Démocratique du Congo est, dans ses frontières du 30 juin 1960, un État de droit, indépendant, souverain, uni et indivisible, social, démocratique et laïc."
  26. ↑ "ICL - Congo-Brazzaville - Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015., Article 1: "The Republic of the Congo is a sovereign and independent State, decentralized, indivisible, secular, democratic, and social."
  27. ↑ Article 2 of Constitution Archived 19 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine: "Le Gabon est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale."
  28. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Equatorial Guinea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  29. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  30. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eswatini". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  31. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ethiopia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  32. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gabon". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  33. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gambia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  34. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ghana". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  35. ↑ Article 1 of Constitution Archived 13 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine: "La Guinée est une République unitaire, indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale."
  36. ↑ Article 1 of Constitution Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine: "Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign, democratic, secular and unitary republic."
  37. ↑ "The Constitution of Kenya" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  38. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lesotho". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  39. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Liberia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  40. ↑ "Madagascar's Constitution of 2010" (PDF)., Article 1: "The Malagasy People constitute a nation organized as a sovereign, unitary, republican and secular State."
  41. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malawi". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  42. ↑ Constitution Archived 12 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Article 25: "Mali is an independent, sovereign, indivisible, democratic, secular, social Republic."
  43. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mozambique". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  44. ↑ "ICL - Namibia - Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015., Article 1: "The Republic of Namibia is hereby established as a sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State ..."
  45. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  46. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nigeria". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  47. ↑ Article 4 of the Rwanda's Constitution of 2003 with Amendments through 2015, constituteproject.org, Article 4: "The Rwandan State is an independent, sovereign, democratic, social and secular Republic."
  48. ↑ Article 154 of the Sao Tome and Principe's Constitution of 1975 with Amendments through 2003, constituteproject.org, "The following may not be the subject of a revision to the Constitution: [...] b. The secular status of the State;"
  49. ↑ Article 1 of the Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016, constituteproject.org, "The Republic of Senegal is secular, democratic, and social."
  50. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sierra Leone". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  51. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Africa". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  52. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Sudan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  53. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sudan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  54. ↑ Article 3 of the Tanzania (United Republic of)'s Constitution of 1977 with Amendments through 2005, constituteproject.org, "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy"
  55. ↑ Article 1 of the Togo's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2007, constituteproject.org, "The Togolese Republic is a State of law, secular, democratic and social."
  56. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uganda". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  57. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Zimbabwe". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  58. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Antigua and Barbuda". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  59. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Argentina". United States Department of State. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  60. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bahamas". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  61. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Barbados". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  62. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Belize". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  63. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bolivia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  64. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brazil". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  65. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Canada". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  66. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chile". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  67. ↑ García Jaramillo, Leonardo (2013). "El Influjo del Principio de Laicidad en el Constitucionalismo Colombiano". Estudios Constitucionales. 11 (2): 425–450. doi:10.4067/S0718-52002013000200011.
  68. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cuba". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  69. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominica". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  70. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominican Republic". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  71. ↑ "Articles 1, 11, 26, and 66.8 of the Ecuadorian Constitution" (PDF).
  72. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: El Salvador". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  73. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guatemala". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
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  77. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Jamaica". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
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  88. ↑ "Religion and the US Constitution: The First Amendment". Cornell Law School. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  89. ↑ Article 5 of the Uruguayan Constitution of 1966, https://constituteproject.org/
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  93. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia" (PDF). United States Department of State. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  94. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Israel". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  95. ↑ "ICL - Japan - Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015., Article 20 is titled "Freedom of Religion, Secularity of the State"
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  98. ↑ Article 1 of Constitution Archived 4 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Article 1: "The Kyrghyz Republic (Kyrghyzstan) shall be a sovereign unitary democratic republic created on the basis of a legal secular state."
  99. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Laos". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  100. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mongolia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  101. ↑ Dodd 2003, p. 571, The rough guide to Nepal: "After 2005, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Nepal declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."
  102. ↑ "Article II Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines". Retrieved 12 March 2021., "The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable."
  103. ↑ See Declaration of Religious Harmony, which explicitly states the secular nature of society
  104. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Taiwan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  105. ↑ "Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003" (PDF)., Article 1: "The Republic of Tajikistan is a sovereign, democratic, law-governed, secular, and unitary State."
  106. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Thailand". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
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  108. ↑ "Constitution of Turkmenistan". Retrieved 18 March 2015., Article 1: "Turkmenistan is a democratic secular state ..."
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  117. ↑ "United States Department of State". United States Department of State. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  118. ↑ "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  119. ↑ "The consolidated text of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as of 15 January 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  120. ↑ Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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  123. ↑ "ICL - France Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
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  126. ↑ Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of Constitution; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989
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  133. ↑ "Constitution". Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  134. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Romania". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  135. ↑ Article 11 of the Constitution Archived 16 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  136. ↑ "Article 1 of Constitution" (PDF).
  137. ↑ "Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  138. ↑ "Article 16 of Constitution" (PDF). Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  139. ↑ The Swedish head of state must according to the Swedish Act of Succession adhere to the Augsburg Confession
  140. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Switzerland". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  141. ↑ "Constitution" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved 4 October 2020., article 35: "The Church and religious organisations in Ukraine are separated from the State, and the school - from the Church."
  142. ↑ Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia provides, "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. "ICL - Australia Constitution". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  143. ↑ Article 4 of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji explicitly provides that Fiji is a secular state. It guarantees religious liberty, while stating, "religious belief is personal", and, "religion and the State are separate." Constitution of the Republic of Fiji Archived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 2013
  144. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kiribati". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  145. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Marshall Islands". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  146. ↑ Section 2 of Article IV of the Micronesian constitution provides, "no law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes." "Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia".
  147. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nauru". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  148. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: New Zealand". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  149. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Palau". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  150. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Papua New Guinea". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  151. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Solomon Islands". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  152. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vanuatu". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  153. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  154. ↑ Article 7.1 of Constitution, "The Azerbaijan State is a democratic, law-governed, secular, unitary republic."
  155. ↑ "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  156. ↑ "Kazakhstan's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments through 2017". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014., Article 1: "The Republic of Kazakhstan proclaims itself democratic, secular, legal and social state ..."
  157. ↑ "Northern Cyprus Constitution" (PDF). Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  158. ↑ "The Constitution of Russian Federation - Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System". Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  159. ↑ Article 2 of the Turkey's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2017, constituteproject.org, "The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, secular and social state ..."
  160. ↑ Confederate States of America - Constitution for the Provisional Government
  161. ↑ Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861
  162. ↑ "Americanchronicle.com". Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  163. ↑ "Samoa Officially Becomes a Christian State - The Diplomat". 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017.
  164. ↑ "Constitution of Armenia". president.am. 27 November 2005.
  165. ↑ "12".
  166. ↑ https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br00000_.html#A019_ Brazil > Constitution - Article 19
  167. ↑ https://journals.openedition.org/assr/21242 Brazilian secularity and minorities in the biggest Catholic nation in the world
  168. ↑ https://end-blasphemy-laws.org/countries/americas/brazil/ End Blasphemy Laws - Brazil
  169. ↑ https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/national-laws-on-blasphemy-brazil National Laws on Blasphemy: Brazil
  170. ↑ Quoted from the Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  171. ↑ R. v. Sharpe, 1999 BCCA 416 at 79.
  172. ↑ R. v. Sharpe SCC 2001
  173. ↑ An Act Respecting the Laicity of the State, C.Q.L.R., c. L-0.3, §1.
  174. ↑ "Google Translate". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  175. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador, 1983 (as Amended to 2003)" (PDF). 3 January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2015.
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  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 "Georgia's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments through 2013" (PDF).
  178. ↑ Georgia: International Religious Freedom Report 2007. U.S. Department of State. Accessed on 11 February 2008.
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  183. ↑ "Why painting of Ram in India's Constitution matters". ThePrint. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  184. ↑ Deol, Komal. "Cow protection was a sensitive subject in India even when the Constitution was being framed". Scroll.in. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  185. ↑ https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1452355/ [bare URL]
  186. ↑ http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html Constitution of Ireland
  187. ↑ https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/9374bc-church-state-dialogue-plenary-meeting-with-churches-faith-communitie/ Church State Dialogue - Plenary Meeting with Churches, Faith Communities and Non-Confessional Organisations
  188. ↑ https://atheist.ie/2020/08/the-state-religion-course-disrespects-atheists-and-humanists/ The State religion course disrespects atheists and humanists
  189. ↑ Religion and the Secular State in Israel. Page 421-422: " Not every Jew, in Israel or elsewhere, is a religious individual. It is in collective terms that religion has been an essential ingredient in the self-definition and behavior of the Jews, believers or not, observant or not. For that reason, it was aptly stated that Judaism conceived of itself not as a denomination but as the religious dimension of the life of a people. Hence peoplehood is a religious fact in the Jewish universe of discourse. In its traditional self-understanding, Israel is related not to other denominations but to the 'nations of the world' ... Israel's ... body is the body politic of a nation. A denomination but as the religious dimension of the life of a people. Hence peoplehood is a religious fact in the Jewish universe of discourse. In its traditional self-understanding, Israel is related not to other denominations but to the 'nations of the world' ... Israel's ... body is the body politic of a nation". Page 423: "It seems reasonable to accept that the reference to Israel as a 'Jewish State' is equivalent to stating that in historical, political, and legal terms, it is the state of the Jewish people". Page 424: "all refer to a Jewish state, and Jewish means, in all of them, pertaining to Jews, namely the individuals seeing themselves as composing the Jewish people, or nation, or community. It clearly does not mean the body of religious precepts, commands or convictions regulated by the Halakha, the Jewish religious law developed over centuries.".
  190. ↑ "Constitution of Kiribati". Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  191. ↑ "Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017. Article 9: The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilizes and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people.
  192. ↑ Tan Sri Datuk Ahmad Ibrahim, Our Constitution and Islamic Faith, p. 8, 25 August 1987, New Straits Times
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  201. ↑ Burma. Dept. of Information and Broadcasting, Burma. Director of Information, Union of Burma, 1956 Burma, Volume 6, Issue 4, p. 84
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  203. ↑ "THE CONSTITUTION OF NAURU*". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  204. ↑ Article 4 of the Nepal's Constitution of 2015 with Amendments through 2016, constituteproject.org, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state." [1] Template:PD notice
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  206. ↑ "Legea 103/1992 dreptul exclusiv al cultelor religioase pentru producerea obiectelor de cult - Textul integral al legilor".
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  208. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles | SeyLII". greybook.seylii.org. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
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Bibliography[edit]

  • Temperman, Jeroen, State Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, BRILL, 2010, ISBN 9004181482
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