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Ramanandi Sampradaya
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The Ramanandi (IAST Rāmānandī), also known as Ramavats (IAST Rāmāvat),[1] [2] Ramananda sect is the largest sect of Vaishnavas, out of 52 gates of Vaishnavism, 36 are held by Ramanandi's. They mainly emphasize the worship of Rāma, Sita, and Hanuman, as well as Vishnu directly and also his other avatars.
Caste[edit]
People of this sect are known as Vaishnavite in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan. At the beginning of the 20th century, this sect declared to be the descendants of Rāma's sons, Kusha and Lava.[3]
Denomination[edit]
The Ramanandi Sampradaya is one of the largest and most egalitarian Hindu sects India, around the Gangetic Plain, and Nepal today.[4] It mainly emphasizes the worship of Rāma,[1] as well as Vishnu directly and other incarnations.[2][5][note 1] Rāmānandī ascetics rely upon meditation and strict ascetic practices, but also believe that the grace of god is required for them to achieve liberation. For that reason, the Tyāga section of the Rāmānandī ascetics, unlike some Śaiva ascetics, do not cut the sacred thread.[6] Their reasoning for this is that only Viṣṇu or Rāma can grant liberation.[7]
Most Ramanandis consider themselves to be the followers of Ramananda, a Vaishnava saint in medieval India.[8] Philosophically, they follow Vishishtadvaita (IAST Viśiṣṭādvaita) tradition of Bhaghavat Ramanuja.[1]
Its ascetic wing constitutes the largest Vaishnava monastic order and may possibly be the largest monastic order in all of India.[9] There are two major subgroups of Ramanandi ascetics: the Tyagi, who use ash for initiation, and the Naga, who are the militant wing.[10]
History[edit]
Bhaktamal, a gigantic hagiographic work on Hindu saints and devotees written by Raghavadas in 1660,[11] was a core text for all Vaishnavas including Ramanandis.[12] This text lists Ramanuja, expounder of Vishishtadvaita school of Vedanta, and Ramananda as saints of the Ramanuja Sampradaya but Galta peeth of Ramanandi Vaishnavas have ruled out this by prohibiting Ramanuja Vaishnavas from taking Shahi snan in Kumbh Mela.[13] Many localized commentaries of Bhaktakamal were taught to young Vaishnavas across India. In the 19th century, proliferation of the printing press in the Gangetic plains of North India allowed various commentaries of the text to be widely distributed. Of these, Bhagavan Prasad's Shri Bhaktamal: Tika, Tilak, aur Namvali Sahit was considered to be the most authoritative.[12] In this text, Bhagvan Prasad lists 108 prominent Vaishnavas starting with Ramanuja and ending with Ramananda.[14] Ramananda's guru Raghavananda is described as an egalitarian guru who taught students of all castes. Ramananda himself is described as an avatar of Rama, a humble student with great yogic talents who was asked to form his own sampradaya as a punishment by his guru.[15] The text located his birth in Prayag in c. 1300 CE.[16]
J.N. Farquhar, a noted missionary and indologist, published his own work on the Ramanandi Sampradaya based on his interaction with various Ramanandis at the Kumbh Mela of 1918.[17] Farquhar credits Ramananda (c. 1400–1470 CE)[18] and his followers as the origin of the North Indian practice of using Ram to refer to the Absolute.[19] Based on the textual evidence and similarity of sect marks between Ramanandis and Sri Vaishnavas, Farquhar concludes that Ramananda migrated to Benares from Tamil Nadu. He acknowledges that Ramananda accepted disciples from all castes and did not observe the restrictions in matters of food. However, Farquhar finds no evidence to show that Ramananda endeavoured to "overturn caste as a social institution".[20] On the other hand, Sita Ram, author of the Vaishnava history of Ayodhya, and George Grierson, eminent linguist and Indologist, represent Ramananda as saint who tried to transcend caste divisions of medieval India through the message of love and equality. The scholars also disagree on Ramananda's connection with Ramanuja. While Farquhar finds them completely unconnected, Sita Ram and Grierson place Ramananda within the Ramanuja tradition.[21]
Up to the nineteenth century, many of the trade routes in northern India were guarded by groups of warrior-ascetics, including the Nāgā sections of the Rāmānandīs, who were feared because of their strength and fearlessness.[22] The British took steps to disarm these militant groups of ascetics, but even today the sects still retain their heroic traditions.[22]
Geography[edit]
Ramanandi live chiefly in the northern part of India.[2] Ramanandi monasteries are found throughout northern, western and central India, the Ganges basin, the Nepalese Terai, and the Himalayan foothills.[4] Ramanandis are spread across India, mainly in Jammu, Punjab,[23] Himachal, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, Assam and West Bengal.[24] The majority of Hindu immigrants to Trinidad and Tobago as well as substantial section of Hindus in United Kingdom of Great Britain belong to Vaishnava sects such as the Ramanandi. Ramanandi has had a major influence on the mainstream Sanatani (orthodox) sect of Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago.[25]
Saints[edit]
Saints Dhanna and Pipa were among the immediate disciples of Ramananda.[26] Hymns written by them find mention in the Adi Granth, holy scripture of the Sikhs.[27] Sects founded by saints Raidas, Sena and Maluk Das are also of a direct Ramanandi origin.[26]
The poet-saint Tulsidas, who composed the Ramcharitmanas, was a member of this sect.[1][2] His writings made Vishnu and Shiva devotees of each other and thereby bridged the gap between Vaishnavas and Shaivites. Because Tulsidas attempted to reconcile various theologies scholars like Ramchandra Shukla do not agree that he can considered to be a Ramanandi exclusively.[28]
Some sources say Jayadeva, who composed the Gita Govinda, was also a member of this sect.[2] Other sources classify Jayadeva simply as a Bengal Vaishnava.[1]
Kabir was also disciple of Ramananda and part of Ramanandi Sampradaya,[2] Kabir also founded a separate sect that is now known as the Kabirpanthi.[2]
Another bhakti saint, Ravidas, who was also a disciple of Ramananda, followed Ramanandi Sampradaya and also founded the Ravidassia sect.[29][30]
Bhaktamal, a poem written c. 1585 in Braj language, gives short biographies of more than 200 bhaktas. It was written by Nabha Dass, a saint belonging to the tradition of Ramananda.[31][29]This celebrated Vaishnav text Bhaktamal also mentions about peity of Ramanandi saint Shri Bhagwanji and miraculous powers of his disciple Shri Narainji, who founded the Ramanandi Vaishnav temple named Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji in Pandori dham in Gurdaspur, Punjab.[32]
Image gallery[edit]
Rama's Chaturbhuj Temple (Orchha) (Madhya Pradesh)
Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar (Orisha)
Hanuman at the entrance of Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam (Telangana)
Celebrations at Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam (Telangana)
See also[edit]
- Bairagi Brahmin
- Rambhadracharya
- Balmiki sect
- Bhakti movement
- Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji (Pandori dham)
- Hindu denominations
Notes[edit]
- ↑ Michaels (2004, p. 255): "many groups that are considered Vaiṣṇava also worship Śiva. The largest ascetic groups that celebrate the Śivaratri festival with mortification of the flesh and pilgrimages are the Vaiṣṇava Rāmānandīs."
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Michaels 2004, p. 254.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Tattwananda 1984, p. 10.
- ↑ Jaffrelot 2003.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Burghart 1983, p. 362.
- ↑ Michaels 2004, p. 255.
- ↑ Michaels 2004, p. 316, "Wear a Sacred Thread" is noted as a distinctive mark of Rāmānandī ascetics in Table 33, "Groups and Sects of Ascetics"..
- ↑ Michaels 2004, p. 256.
- ↑ Raj & Harman 2007, p. 165.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia 1999.
- ↑ Michaels 2004, p. 316.
- ↑ Callewaert & Snell 1994, p. 95.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Pinch 1996, p. 55.
- ↑ Callewaert & Snell 1994, p. 97.
- ↑ Pinch 1996, p. 56.
- ↑ Pinch 1996, pp. 57–58.
- ↑ Pinch 1996, p. 57.
- ↑ Pinch 1996, p. 60.
- ↑ Farquhar 1920, p. 323.
- ↑ Farquhar 1920, pp. 323–324.
- ↑ Farquhar 1920, pp. 324–325.
- ↑ Pinch 1996, p. 61.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Michaels 2004, p. 274.
- ↑ Singh, K. S.; Bansal, I. J. S.; Singh, Swaran; India, Anthropological Survey of (2003). Punjab. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-7304-123-5.
They are divided into several sections, among which may be mentioned the Ramanandi who worship Ram Chandra
- ↑ Bairagi Brahmin (caste)
- ↑ West 2001, p. 743.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Farquhar 1920, p. 328.
- ↑ Schomer & McLeod 1987, p. 5.
- ↑ Shukla 2002, p. 44.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Pande 2010, p. 76–77.
- ↑ Jha 2013, p. 12.
- ↑ Lochtefeld 2001, p. 451.
- ↑ Goswamy, B. N.; Grewal, J. S. (1969). The Mughal and Sikh Rulers and the Vaishnavas of Pindori: A Historical Interpretation of 52 Persian Documents. Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Sources[edit]
- Burghart, Richard (May 1983), "Wandering Ascetics of the Rāmānandī Sect", History of Religions, The University of Chicago Press, 22 (4): 361–80, doi:10.1086/462930, S2CID 162304284
- Callewaert, Winand M.; Snell, Rupert (1994), According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-03524-8
- Farquhar, J. N. (1920), Outline of the Religious Literature of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-2086-9
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003), India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India, London: C. Hurst & Co., p. 196, ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8
- Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, 1999, ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0
- Michaels, Alex (2004), Hinduism: Past and Present (English translation of the book first published in Germany under the title Der Hinduismus: Geschichte und Gegenwart (Verlag, 1998) ed.), Princeton: Princeton University Press
- Pinch, William R. (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20061-6
- Raj, Selva J.; Harman, William P. (2007), Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-6708-4
- Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0277-3
- Shukla, Usha Devi (2002), Rāmacaritamānasa in South Africa, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1893-4
- Tattwananda, Swami (1984), Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd., p. 10
- West, Jacqueline (2001), South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-1-85743-121-6
- Pande, Rekha (2010), Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices: The Bhakti Movement and its Women Saints (12th to 17th Century), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 76–77, ISBN 9781443825252, retrieved 25 August 2019
- Lochtefeld, James G. (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, New York, New York, United States of America: Rosen Publishing Group, p. 451, ISBN 9780823931798
- Jha, Mamta (2013), Sant Ravidas Ratnawali, Prabhat Prakashan, p. 12
External links[edit]
- Ramavats (Ramanandis), Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria
- sampradaya
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