Ministry of AYUSH

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Ministry of AYUSH
Emblem of India.svg
Emblem of India
Ayurvedic Medicine overview
Formed9 November 2014
(9 years ago) (2014-11-09)
JurisdictionIndiaRepublic of India
Ministers responsible
Ayurvedic Medicine executive
Parent departmentGovernment of India
Websiteayush.gov.in

The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa and Homoeopathy (abbreviated as AYUSH) is purposed with developing education, research and propagation of indigenous alternative medicine systems in India. As per a recent notification published in the Gazette of India on 13 April 2021, the  Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), will now be known as the Ministry of Ayush. The Ministry of Ayush includes the seven traditional systems of healthcare.

The ministry has faced significant criticism for funding systems that lack biological plausibility and are either untested or conclusively proven as ineffective. Quality of research has been poor, and drugs have been launched without any rigorous pharmacological studies and meaningful clinical trials on Ayurveda or other alternative healthcare systems.[1][2] The ministry is well known for promoting pseudoscience and quackery in the form of unscientific alternative medicine.

History

Emphasis on indigenous healthcare models

Successive five-year plans had allotted considerable focus to alternative, especially indigenous, forms of medicine within the healthcare sector.[citation needed] Numerous committees set up by the Government of India for the development of the healthcare sector (Bhore (1946), Mudaliar (1961) and Srivastava (1975)) which emphasized upon the improvement of traditional systems of medicine in India.[3] The National Health Policy (1983), National Education Policy in Health Sciences (1989) and National Health Policy (2002) highlighted the role of Indian School of Medicine (ISM) and Homeopathy (H) in improving healthcare access and asked for enabling its penetration to the rural masses.[4]

Educational courses and ISM&H

A diploma course in Ayurveda was launched in the 3rd (1961–1966) five-year plan and the Central Council of Indian Medicine was established in 1970 followed by Central Council of Homeopathy in 1973.[citation needed] The 6th (1980–1985) and 7th (1985–1990) five-year plans aimed at developing novel ISM&H drugs and utilizing ISM&H practitioners in rural family healthcare.[citation needed] The 8th (1992–1997) five-year plan lend considerable emphasis on the mainstreaming of AYUSH.[citation needed] The Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) was thus launched in March 1995, under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[5]

Mainstreaming and AYUSH

The ninth five-year plan (1998-2002) ensured for its integration with western medicine and was also the first to tackle different aspects of the AYUSH system in a standalone manner and focused on an overall development ranging from investing in human resource development and preservation and cultivation of medicinal plants to completing a pharmacopoeia and outlining good manufacturing processes.[citation needed] The department was renamed to AYUSH in November 2003.[5] The National Rural Health Mission was subsequently launched in 2005 to integrate AYUSH practitioners in national health programmes esp. in primary health care (AYUSH medical officers at community health centers, para-professionals et al.) and provide support for research in the field.[6]

After 2014

Observers noted an increased focus on AYUSH healthcare after the 2014 Indian general elections, which brought Bharatiya Janata Party to power.[7] On 9 November 2014 it became a ministry in its own right; by 2017–18, the allotted budget was ₹ 1428.7 crore and has more than doubled than that in 2013–14.[8]

Activities

Healthcare

The ministry runs multiple healthcare programs; primarily aimed at the rural population.

AYUSH is supposed to form an integral backbone of the Ayushman Bharat Yojana[9] and the ministry had long worked for integrating the different systems of AYUSH with modern medicine, in what has been described as 'a type of "cross-pathy"'.[10] More than 50,000 children have been enrolled in 'Homeopathy for Healthy Child'.[11] It observes different days to raise general awareness about AYUSH and promote each of the systems.[12]

The ministry had collaborated with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) in 2001, on codified traditional knowledge on Indian systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga as a means of preventing grant of "bed" patents on traditional knowledge and thus counter biopiracy.[13]

Institutions

The ministry is also at the aegis of several professional research institutes and academic faculties devoted to various forms of alternative medicine:[14]-

  • National Institute of Homeopathy - Established on 10 December 1975 in Kolkata as an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[15] Conducts degree course in Homeopathy (UG since 1987 and PG since 1998); affiliated to the West Bengal University of Health Sciences.[15]
  • National Institute of Siddha - Was established at Chennai for an estimated cost of ₹ 470 million; inaugurated in November 2005.[16] A joint venture between Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu, the proposal was approved, in principle, during the 9th Five Year Plan period.[17][16] Affiliated to the government-owned Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University and also the national headquarters of the Central Council of Research in Siddha (CCRS). Has an attached hospital—Ayothidoss Pandithar Hospital; on an average, 2,174 patients were reported per day (2017–18) whilst there's an in-patient (IP) department with a capacity of 120 beds.[18][19] Further expansions are in progress.[19]
  • National Institute of Unani Medicine - Established in 1984 at Bangalore, as a joint venture between Government of India and Government of Karnataka.[20] Initially offered research facilities but academic courses were set up from 2004. Currently offers post graduate courses (MD in Unani) in eight different specialties; affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.[21]
  • National Research Institute for Panchakarma - Set up in 1971 at Cheruthuruthy. Undertakes research activities as well as provides professional and academic training. The institute comes under the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) of the AYUSH.[22]
  • National Institute of Ayurveda - Set up in 1976 at Jaipur, by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare an refurbished extension of the Government Ayurvedic College, Jaipur which was established by the Government of Rajasthan in 1946. Offers research as well academic facilities; affiliated with Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University.
  • All India Institute of Ayurveda - Established in 2009 at Delhi; offers research as well academic facilities. Brainchild of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Runs a secondary institute Rashtriya Ayurved Vidyapeeth.
  • National Institute of Naturopathy -
  • Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga - Promotes Yoga philosophy and facilitates training and advanced research, as well. The institute was started in 1970, in the form a hospital, by the now defunct Central Council for Research in Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy, under the Vishwayatan Yogashram. The hospital was later converted into an institute, by name, Central Research Institute for Yoga (CRIY) in 1976, to provide free training to people and to organize research on yoga. In 1988, the institute was renamed to its current name.
  • North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda & Homoeopathy - Established in 2016 at Mawdiangdiang, Shillong. Offers a four and a half-year degree course in Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery and Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery.
  • North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine - The NEIFM, Pasighat is an autonomous Institute under the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India. It is located at Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh.

The ministry also monitors two semi-autonomous regulatory bodies:-

  • Central Council of Indian Medicine - One of the Professional councils under University Grants Commission (UGC) to regulate higher education in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Sowa-Rigpa. It suggests the professional benchmarks and practices for medical professionals in these systems, as well.
  • Central Council of Homeopathy - One of the Professional councils under University Grants Commission (UGC) to regulate higher education in Homeopathy. Maintains central registers of homeopaths.

Economics

As of March 2015, there were nearly eight lakh AYUSH practitioners, over 90 per cent of whom practiced homeopathy or ayurveda.[10] A 2018 study by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimated the market share of AYUSH medicines at around US$3 billion and that India exported AYUSH products of a net worth US$401.68 million in the fiscal year 2016–17.[23]

The Department of Pharmaceuticals had allocated a budget of ₹ 144 crore to the ministry for 2018-2020 for manufacture of alternative medicines.[24] The average expenditure for drugs on AYUSH and scientific medicine ("allopathy") has been found to not vary widely.[4]

List of Ministers

S. No. Name Portrait Tenure Political Party Prime Minister
1 Shripad Naik
(MoS, Independent Charge) 		Shripad Yasso Naik - Kolkata 2014-10-12 7755.JPG 09 November 2014 07 July 2021 Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance) 		Narendra Modi
2 Sarbananda Sonowal Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal.jpg 07 July 2021 Incumbent

List of Ministers of State

Ministers of State For AYUSH
Minister of state Portrait Political party Term Days
Mahendra Munjapara File:Mahendrabhai Munjapara.jpg Bharatiya Janata Party 7 July 2021 Incumbent 1016 days

Criticism

Pseudoscience

There is no credible efficacy or scientific basis of any of these forms of treatment.[25]

A strong consensus prevails among the scientific community that homeopathy is a pseudo-scientific,[26][27][28][29] unethical[30][31] and implausible line of treatment.[32][33][34][35] Ayurveda is deemed to be pseudoscientific[36][37][38] but is occasionally considered a protoscience, or trans-science system instead.[39][40] Naturopathy is considered to be a form of pseudo-scientific quackery,[41] ineffective and possibly harmful,[42][43] with a plethora of ethical concerns about the very practice.[44][45][46] Much of the research on postural yoga has taken the form of preliminary studies or clinical trials of low methodological quality;[47][48][49] there is no conclusive therapeutic effect except in back pain.[50] Unani lacks biological plausibility and is considered to be pseudo-scientific quackery, as well.[51][52]

Research

The quality of the research done by the ministry has been heavily criticized.[by whom?] Clinical trials of homeopathic drugs, conducted by their research wings were rejected in totality by the Lancet and National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. There has been an acute dearth of RCTs on Ayurveda[10] and multiple systemic reviews have highlighted several methodological problems with the studies and trials conducted by AYUSH and its associates in relation to developing an Ayurvedic drug for diabetes.[53] A tendency to publish in dubious predatory journals and non-reproducibility by independent studies has also been noted.[54][55] India is also yet to conduct a systematic review of any of the systems of medicine under the purview of AYUSH.[10]

Drugs

The ministry (in conjunction with other national laboratories) has been subject to heavy criticism for developing, advocating and commercializing multiple sham-drugs (BGR-34, IME9, Dalzbone, Ayush-64 et al.) and treatment-regimes for a variety of diseases including dengue,[56][9][57][58] chikungunya, swine flu,[59] asthma, autism,[60] diabetes, malaria,[61] AIDS,[62] cancer,[63] COVID-19.[64][65][66] et cetera despite a complete absence of rigorous pharmacological studies and/or meaningful clinical trials.[67][68][69][70][71][54][72][55][73][74][75]Template:Citation overkill

A 2018 review article noted the existing regulations to be in-adequate for ensuring the safety, quality, efficacy and standardized rational use of these forms of treatment. Monitoring of adverse effects from the usage of these drugs and contraindication trials were absent, too.[3]

Miscellaneous

The Washington Post noted the efforts behind the revival of Ayurveda as a part of the ruling party's rhetoric of restoring India's past glory to achieve prosperity in the future.[7] It also noted of the Ayurveda-industry being largely non-standardized and that its critics associated the aggressive integration of Ayurveda into healthcare services with the Hindu nationalist ideology of the ruling party.[7] There have been allegations coming out of right-to-information requests that it is the AYUSH ministries official policy to not hire Muslims as trainers.[76]

Some researchers have argued that the provision of AYUSH services is an example of "forced pluralism" which often leads to disbursal of incompetent healthcare services by unqualified practitioners.[3][77] Ayushman Bharat has been noted to increase privatization of state healthcare facilities and compel rural populace into preferentially choosing alternative medicine, raising concerns about ethics.[8][78] The proposal of integrating AYUSH with western medicine has been widely criticized[79] and the Indian Medical Association remains strongly opposed to it.[10][80][81][7]

The ministry had attracted widespread criticism after publishing a pamphlet titled Mother and Child Care through Yoga and Naturopathy which asked pregnant women to abstain from eating meat and eggs, shun desire and lust, hang beautiful photos in the bedroom and to nurture spiritual and 'pure' thoughts among other advices.[68][82] In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ministry recommended Arsenicum album 30 as a preventive drug; the claim was without any scientific basis or evidence, and was widely criticised.[83][84][85]

Response

The ministry had rejected the claims of inefficacy.[citation needed]

It had rejected the NHMRC's study on homeopathy; despite its critical acclaim as the most rigorous and reliable investigation into homeopathy ever[86][87] and in 2017, set up a committee at the Central Council for Research in Homeopathy (CCRH) to counter claimed western propaganda against homeopathy; the committee was ill-received.[11][88][74][89]

Reception

A NSSO survey in 2014 found that only 6.9% of the population favored AYUSH (3.5% ISM and 3.0% homeopathy) over conventional mainstream medicine and that the urban population was slightly more conducive to seeking AYUSH forms of treatment than their rural counterparts; another survey in 2016 reiterated the same findings, approximately.[90][4][91] A 2014 study did not report any significant difference between the usage of AYUSH services by rural and urban populace, after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic variables.[4] Low-income households exhibited the highest tendency for AYUSH followed by high-income households and on an overall, AYUSH lines of treatment were majorly used to treat chronic diseases.[4] The treatments were more used among females in rural India but no gender-differential was observed in the urban populations.[4] Chhattisgarh (15.4%), Kerala (13.7%), and West Bengal (11.6%) displayed the highest AYUSH utilization levels.[4]

A 2018 review article noted that the states exhibited differential preference for particular AYUSH systems. Ayurveda and Siddha respectively show greater popularities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Unani was well received in Hyderabad region and among Muslims whilst Homeopathy was highly popular in Bengal and Odisha. It further noted that the preference among the general population for usage of AYUSH revolved around a perceived "distrust or frustration with modern medicine, cost effectiveness, accessibility, non-availability of other options and less side effects of AYUSH medicines".[3]

References

  1. ↑ Rathee, Pranshu (20 November 2018). "What is AYUSH and the controversy around it?". Deccan Herald. The Printers (Mysore). Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  2. ↑ Narayanan, Kavya (1 July 2020). "AYUSH Ministry is endangering people, jeopardising Ayurveda with lax response to Patanjali's Coronil and COVID-19, warn experts". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Samal, Janmejaya; Dehury, Ranjit Kumar (18 October 2018). "Utilization, preference, perception and characteristics of people adopting traditional and AYUSH systems of medicine in India: a systematic review". Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 16 (2). doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0020. PMID 30352037. S2CID 53024438.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Rudra, Shalini; Kalra, Aakshi; Kumar, Abhishek; Joe, William (4 May 2017). "Utilization of alternative systems of medicine as health care services in India: Evidence on AYUSH care from NSS 2014". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0176916. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276916R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176916. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5417584. PMID 28472197.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "About the Ministry". Ministry of AYUSH.
  6. ↑ Lakshmi, J. K. (January 2012). "Less equal than others? Experiences of AYUSH medical officers in primary health centres in Andhra Pradesh". Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 9 (1): 18–21. doi:10.20529/IJME.2012.005. ISSN 0974-8466. PMID 22319847.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "How ghee, turmeric and aloe vera became India's new instruments of soft power". The Washington Post. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Shaikh, Sumaiya (November 2018). "Why India's push for alt-med in the public health system is ill-advised". The Caravan. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Clinical trials on Ayurvedic medicine against dengue underway: Shripad Naik". The Economic Times. 4 November 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Shrinivasan, Rukmini (26 April 2015). "Questions over science swirl, but AYUSH stands firm". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "AYUSH Ministry Writes to Nobel Laureate Against His 'False Propaganda' on Homeopathy". The Wire. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  12. ↑ "First Naturopathy day celebrated by Ayush ministry seeking to promote drug-less system of medicine". Hindustan Times. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  13. ↑ "Know Instances of Patenting on the UES of Medicinal Plants in India". PIB, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  14. ↑ "Institutes under AYUSH" (PDF).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "About Us". NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOMOEOPATHY.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Manikandan, K. (1 September 2005). "National Institute of Siddha a milestone in health care". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  17. ↑ India Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy Annual Report 2000-2001 (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  18. ↑ "Siddha hospital to get new OPD building". The Hindu. Chennai. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Madhavan, D. (20 December 2012). "National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  20. ↑ "National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore". AYUSH. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  21. ↑ "Courses". National Institute of Unani Medicine. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  22. ↑ "Institutions". Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  23. ↑ "AYUSH ministry aims to triple market share of its medicines, services - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  24. ↑ Sharma, Neetu Chandra (20 October 2018). "Govt allocates ₹144 crore to AYUSH ministry for alternative medicines". Mint. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  25. ↑ Sources that criticize the entirety of AYUSH as a pseudo-scientific venture:
  26. ↑ Tuomela, R (1987). "Chapter 4: Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt JC, Marcello P (eds.). Rational Changes in Science: Essays on Scientific Reasoning. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 98. Springer. pp. 83–101. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4. ISBN 978-94-010-8181-8.
  27. ↑ Smith K (2012). "Homeopathy is Unscientific and Unethical". Bioethics. 26 (9): 508–12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01956.x. S2CID 143067523.
  28. ↑ Baran GR, Kiana MF, Samuel SP (2014). "Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?". Chapter 2: Science, Pseudoscience, and Not Science: How Do They Differ?. pp. 19–57. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8541-4_2. ISBN 978-1-4614-8540-7. within the traditional medical community it is considered to be quackery {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Ladyman J (2013). "Chapter 3: Towards a Demarcation of Science from Pseudoscience". In Pigliucci M, Boudry M (eds.). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-226-05196-3. Yet homeopathy is a paradigmatic example of pseudoscience. It is neither simply bad science nor science fraud, but rather profoundly departs from scientific method and theories while being described as scientific by some of its adherents (often sincerely).
  30. ↑ Shaw, DM (2010). "Homeopathy is where the harm is: Five unethical effects of funding unscientific 'remedies'". Journal of Medical Ethics. 36 (3): 130–31. doi:10.1136/jme.2009.034959. PMID 20211989.
  31. ↑ Sample I (21 July 2008). "Pharmacists urged to 'tell the truth' about homeopathic remedies". The Guardian. London.
  32. ↑ "Homeopathy". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  33. ↑ UK Parliamentary Committee Science and Technology Committee - "Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy"
  34. ↑ Grimes, D.R. (2012). "Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible". Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 17 (3): 149–55. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x.
  35. ↑ "Homeopathic products and practices: assessing the evidence and ensuring consistency in regulating medical claims in the EU" (PDF). European Academies' Science Advisory Council. September 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 1 October 2017. ... we agree with previous extensive evaluations concluding that there are no known diseases for which there is robust, reproducible evidence that homeopathy is effective beyond the placebo effect.
  36. ↑ Semple D, Smyth R (2013). Chapter 1: Psychomythology. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-969388-7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (12 January 2018). Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262037426.
  38. ↑ "13-10-09". Skeptic. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  39. ↑ Quack, Johannes (2011). Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 213. ISBN 9780199812608.
  40. ↑ Manohar, P. Ram (2009). "The blending of science and spirituality in the Ayurvedic healing tradition". In Paranjape, Makarand R. (ed.). Science, Spirituality and the Modernization of India. Anthem Press. pp. 172–3. ISBN 9781843317760.
  41. ↑ Sources documenting the same:
  42. ↑ Carroll, Robert (26 November 2012). "Natural". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  43. ↑ "NCAHF Position Paper on Over the Counter Herbal Remedies (1995)". National Council Against Health Fraud. 1995. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  44. ↑ Atwood, Kimball C., IV (2003). "Naturopathy: A critical appraisal". Medscape General Medicine. 5 (4): 39. PMID 14745386.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Template:Registration required
  45. ↑ Gorski, David H. (18 September 2014). "Integrative oncology: really the best of both worlds?". Nature Reviews Cancer. 14 (10): 692–700. doi:10.1038/nrc3822. PMID 25230880. S2CID 33539406.
  46. ↑ Singh S, Ernst E (2009). Naturopathy. pp. 197–. ISBN 978-1-4090-8180-7. many naturopaths are against mainstream medicine and advise their patients accordingly – for instance many are not in favour of vaccination. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ Krisanaprakornkit, T.; Ngamjarus, C.; Witoonchart, C.; Piyavhatkul, N. (2010). "Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD006507. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006507.pub2. PMC 6823216. PMID 20556767.
  48. ↑ Ospina, M. B.; Bond, K.; Karkhaneh, M.; et al. (2008). "Clinical trials of meditation practices in health care: characteristics and quality". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 14 (10): 199–213. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0307. PMID 19123875. S2CID 43745958.
  49. ↑ Uebelacker, L. A.; Epstein-Lubow, G.; Gaudiano, B. A.; Tremont, G.; Battle, C. L.; Miller, I. W. (2010). "Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for efficacy, plausible mechanisms of action, and directions for future research". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 16 (1): 22–33. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000367775.88388.96. PMID 20098228. S2CID 205423922.
  50. ↑ Wieland, L. Susan; Skoetz, Nicole; Pilkington, Karen; Vempati, Ramaprabhu; D'Adamo, Christopher R; Berman, Brian M (12 January 2017). "Yoga treatment for chronic non‐specific low back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (1): CD010671. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010671.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 5294833. PMID 28076926.
  51. ↑ "Naturopathy Textbook". sciencebasedmedicine.org. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  52. ↑ "Naturopathy Embraces the Four Humors". sciencebasedmedicine.org. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  53. ↑ Misra, Anoop; Gulati, Seema; Luthra, Atul (2016). "Alternative medicines for diabetes in India: Maximum hype, minimum science". The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4 (4): 302–303. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00515-X. PMID 27016323.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Patwardhan, Bhushan (2016). "Ayurvedic drugs in case: Claims, evidence, regulations and ethics". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 7 (3): 135–137. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.005. PMC 5052386. PMID 27640330.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Pulla, Priyanka (25 February 2018). "Big claims, little evidence". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  56. ↑ "Homoeopathy pills to check spread of dengue". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 11 September 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 January 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  57. ↑ Chandna, Himani (16 April 2018). "India could have the solution to cure dengue by next year: an ayurvedic pill". The Print.in.
  58. ↑ "Ayurvedic dengue cure: Indian scientists create first of its kind drug to treat the disease". Hindustan Times. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  59. ↑ Staff Reporter (28 January 2015). "Swine flu prevention: homeo pills effective, say officials". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  60. ↑ Shaikh, Dr Sumaiya (15 May 2018). "Do the AYUSH based treatments for autism stand up to scientific scrutiny?". Alt News. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  61. ↑ Mittal, Shivani (29 January 2019). "The inefficacy of AYUSH-64, the anti-malarial Ayurvedic drug developed by Ministry of AYUSH". Alt News. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  62. ↑ Reporter, B. S. (5 April 2015). "A homeopathic experiment gives hope for treatment of AIDS". Business Standard India. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  63. ↑ "Ministry of Ayush Develops drugs for Dengue, Cancer". United News of India.
  64. ↑ "Why the push for AYUSH is harmful: Narendra Nayak interview". The News Minute. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  65. ↑ Thapar, Karan (30 April 2021). "COVID in India: 35 Questions for K. VijayRaghavan, V.K. Paul and Balram Bhargava". The Wire Science. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  66. ↑ PullaOct. 15, Priyanka; 2020; Am, 6:55 (15 October 2020). "'A fraud on the nation': critics blast Indian government's promotion of traditional medicine for COVID-19". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 23 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  67. ↑ Vora, Priyanka. "There's no scientific evidence, but AYUSH ministry is recommending alternative medicines for dengue". Scroll.in. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "What is AYUSH and the controversy around it?". Deccan Herald. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  69. ↑ "Doctors, health activists rap Ayush ministry's bid to promote alternative medical systems in anti-dengue battle". www.pharmabiz.com. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  70. ↑ Sengupta, Nirmal (2018). Traditional Knowledge in Modern India: Preservation, Promotion, Ethical Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanisms. Springer. ISBN 9788132239222. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  71. ↑ Reddy, Prashant. "Innovation and Regulation of Ayurvedic medicine: CSIR's BGR-34, nimensulide in Ayurvedic medicine and other such stories". SpicyIP. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  72. ↑ Shaikh, Dr Sumaiya (13 August 2017). "Are AYUSH supported BGR-34 and IME-9 drugs safe and effective for diabetes?". Alt News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  73. ↑ Mukunth, Vasudevan. "After BGR-34, Ministry of AYUSH Pushes #Homeopathy4Diabetes". thewire.in. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
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External links

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