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{{Contains special characters|Meitei}} | {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} | ||
'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ʌ|n|ɪ|ˈ|p|ʊər}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231153/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur |archive-date=16 May 2021 |title=Manipur |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|p|ʊər}}:<ref>{{MW|Manipur}}</ref> {{lang-mni|'''Kangleipak'''}}{{efn|"Kangleipak" is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of "Manipur". Historically, in the 18th century, the [[Meitei language]] term "Kangleipak" was replaced by the Sanskrit term "Manipur" but the name "Kangleipak" is not just a historical name but also a present day most popular endonym of the land in [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]), the sole official language of Manipur State.}}<ref name="books_CzSQKVmveUC_pa89">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=89 |language=en |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_Z1piEAAAQBAJ_pa242">{{Cite book |last=Yamahata |first=Chosein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 |title=Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Identity and Grassroots for Democratic Progress |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-7110-4 |pages=242 |language=en |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_7xsfEAAAQBAJ_pa121">{{Cite book |last=Sahoo |first=Ajaya K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development |date=2021-03-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 |pages=121 |language=en |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140707/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a [[ | '''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ʌ|n|ɪ|ˈ|p|ʊər}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231153/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur |archive-date=16 May 2021 |title=Manipur |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|p|ʊər}}:<ref>{{MW|Manipur}}</ref> {{lang-mni|'''Kangleipak'''}}{{efn|"Kangleipak" is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of "Manipur". Historically, in the 18th century, the [[Meitei language]] term "Kangleipak" was replaced by the Sanskrit term "Manipur" but the name "Kangleipak" is not just a historical name but also a present day most popular endonym of the land in [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]), the sole official language of Manipur State.}}<ref name="books_CzSQKVmveUC_pa89">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=89 |language=en |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_Z1piEAAAQBAJ_pa242">{{Cite book |last=Yamahata |first=Chosein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 |title=Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Identity and Grassroots for Democratic Progress |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-7110-4 |pages=242 |language=en |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_7xsfEAAAQBAJ_pa121">{{Cite book |last=Sahoo |first=Ajaya K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development |date=2021-03-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 |pages=121 |language=en |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140707/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a landlocked [[states and union territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{cvt|22327|km2}}. The official and most widely spoken language is [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]). Native to the [[Meitei people]], it is also used as a [[lingua franca]] by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |entry=Manipuri language |encyclopedia=Britannica |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2022-07-09 |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711165900/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |url-status=live }}</ref> Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> Said exchange connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Central Asia]] to [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Asia]], [[Siberia]], regions in the [[Arctic]], [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei |title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei |access-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
During the days of the [[British Raj]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining the new Indian Union.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}} |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=K.R. Dikshit |author2=Jutta K Dikshit |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kalpana Kannabiran |author2=Ranbir Singh |title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0027-0 |page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/> | During the days of the [[British Raj]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining the new Indian Union.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}} |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=K.R. Dikshit |author2=Jutta K Dikshit |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kalpana Kannabiran |author2=Ranbir Singh |title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0027-0 |page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/> | ||