Makar Sankranti

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"Sankranthi" redirects here. For the film, see Sankranthi (2007 film).

Makar Sankranti
Also calledUttarayan
Sankranti
Magha
Môkôr Sôngkrānti
Mela
Maghi
Ghughuti
Bhogi
TypeReligious & Cultural, Harvest festival, welcome longer days, sun worship
CelebrationsKite flying, bonfires, fairs, surya puja in river, feast, arts, dance, socialization, Cow Pooja
BeginsJanuary 13 or 14
Date14 or 15 January (Depends on Hindu Calendar Correlation)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toPongal, Maghe Sankranti, Magh Bihu, Maghi, Tusu Festival
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Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan or Maghi or simply Sankranti, also known in Bangladesh as Poush Sankranti, is a festival day in the Hindu calendar, dedicated to the deity Surya (sun). It is observed each year the day Sun enters the Capricorn zodiac which corresponds with the month of January as per the Gregorian calendar.[3][4][5] It marks the first day of the sun's transit into Makara rashi (Capricorn), marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days.[3][6]

Makar Sankranti is one of the few ancient Indian festivals that has been observed according to solar cycles, while most festivals are set by the lunar cycle of the lunisolar Hindu calendar.[6] Being a festival that celebrates the solar cycle, it almost always falls on the same Gregorian date every year (January 14),[4] except in some years when the date shifts by a day for that year (January 15).[7] As a result, it can fall on different date of the Hindu calendar each year.

The festivities associated with Makar Sankranti are known by various names Magh Bihu in Assam, Maghi (preceded by Lohri) in Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, popular amongst both the Hindus and Sikhs, Sukarat in central India, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Uttarayan in Gujarat, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, Ghughuti in Uttarakhand, Makara Sankranti in Odisha, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, West Bengal (also called Poush Sankranti), Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh (also called Khichidi Sankranti) or as Sankranthi in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana,[8][9] Maghe Sankrat (Nepal), Songkran (Thailand), Thingyan (Myanmar), Mohan Songkran (Cambodia), and Shishur Sankrat (Kashmir).[citation needed] On Makar Sankranti the Sun god is worshipped along with Lord Vishnu and goddess Lakshmi throughout India.[10]

Makar Sankranti is observed with social festivities such as colorful decorations, rural children going house to house, singing and asking for treats in some areas,[11] melas (fairs), dances, kite flying, bonfires and feasts.[9][12] The Magha Mela, according to Indologist Diana L. Eck, is mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata.[13] Many observers go to sacred rivers or lakes and bathe in a ceremony of thanks to the sun.[13] Every twelve years, the Hindus observe Makar Sankranti with Kumbha Mela – one of the world's largest mass pilgrimage, with an estimated 40 to 100 million people attending the event.[13][14][15] At this event, they say a prayer to the sun and bathe at the Prayaga confluence of the River Ganga and River Yamuna,[13] a tradition attributed to Adi Shankaracharya.[16]

Date[edit]

Winter Solstice

Makara Sankranti is set by the solar cycle of the Hindu lunisolar calendar, and is observed on a day which usually falls on 14 January of the Gregorian calendar, but sometimes on 15 January.[3][4][17] It signifies the arrival of longer days. Makara Sankranti falls in the Hindu calendar solar month of Makara, and the lunar month of Magha (the festival is also called Magha Sankranti or Magha festival in parts of India).[18] It marks the end of the month with winter solstice for India and the longest night of the year, a month that is called Pausha in the lunar calendar and Dhanu in the solar calendar in the Vikrami system. The festival celebrates the first month with consistently longer days.[3]

There are two different systems to calculate the Makara Sankranti date: nirayana (without adjusting for precession of equinoxes, sidereal) and sayana (with adjustment, tropical). The January 14 date is based on the nirayana system, while the sayana system typically computes to about December 23, per most Siddhanta texts for Hindu calendars. Adjustments to the calendar over the years causes the festival date to occur on January 14 or 15th.[19][20][21]

Significance[edit]

Every year Makar Sankranti is celebrated in the month of January to mark the winter solstice. This festival is dedicated to the Hindu religious sun god Surya.[4][22] This significance of Surya is traceable to the Vedic texts, particularly the Gayatri Mantra, a sacred hymn of Hinduism found in its scripture named the Rigveda.

Makara Sankranti is regarded as important for spiritual practices and accordingly, people take a holy dip in rivers, especially Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. The bathing is believed to result in merit or absolution of past sins. They also pray to the sun and thank for their successes and prosperity.[23] A shared cultural practices found amongst Hindus of various parts of India is making sticky, bound sweets particularly from sesame (til) and a sugar base such as jaggery (gud, gur). This type of sweet is a symbolism for being together in peace and joyfulness, despite the uniqueness and differences between individuals.[4] For most parts of India, this period is a part of early stages of the Rabi crop and agricultural cycle, where crops have been sown and the hard work in the fields is mostly over. The time thus signifies a period of socializing and families enjoying each other's company, taking care of the cattle, and celebrating around bonfires, in Maharashtra the festival is celebrated by flying kites.[4]

Makara Sankranti is an important pan-Indian solar festival, known by different names though observed on the same date, sometimes for multiple dates around the Makar Sankranti. It is known as Pedda Panduga in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Makara Sankranti in Karnataka and Maharashtra, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Magh Bihu in Assam, Magha Mela in parts of central and north India, as Makar Sankranti in the west, Maghara Valaku in Kerala, and by other names.[4]

Nomenclature and regional names[edit]

A night lit up on Makar Sankranti Uttarayana Festival with Kites and Lights.

Makara or Makar Sankranti is celebrated in many parts of the Indian subcontinent with some regional variations. It is known by different names and celebrated with different customs in different Indian states and South Asian countries:

In most regions of India, Sankranti festivities last for two to four days of which each day is celebrated with distinct names and rituals.[24]

  • Day 1 – Maghi (preceded by Lohri), Bhogi Panduga
  • Day 2 – Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Pedda Panduga, Uttarayana, Magh Bihu
  • Day 3 – Mattu Pongal, Kanuma Panduga
  • Day 4 – Kaanum Pongal, Mukkanuma

Regional variations and customs[edit]

Kite flying is a tradition of Makar Sankranti in many parts of India.

It is celebrated differently across the Indian subcontinent. Many people take a dip in places like Ganga Sagar and pray to the Sun God (Surya). It is celebrated with pomp in southern parts of India as Sankranti in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka (Pongal in Tamil Nadu), and in Punjab as Maghi.


Many melas or fairs are held on Makar Sankranti the most famous being the Kumbha Mela, held every 12 years at one of four holy locations, namely Haridwar, Prayag (Prayagraj), Ujjain and Nashik. The Magha Mela (or mini-Kumbh Mela held annually at Prayag) and the Gangasagar Mela (held at the head of the Ganges River, where it flows into the Bay of Bengal). Makar Mela in Odisha. Tusu Mela also called as Tusu Porab is celebrated in many parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal. Poush Mela, held traditionally on the 7th day of Poush,at Shantiniketan, in West Bengal,is unrelated to this festival. Mela Maghi is held in memory of the forty Sikh martyrs (Chalis Mukte) who gave their lives to protect Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, every year at Muktsar Sahib in Punjab. Before this tradition, the festival was observed and mentioned by Guru Amar Das, the third Guru of Sikhism.[25]

Feast of Makar Sankranti

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana[edit]

The festival Sankranti (సంక్రాంతి) is celebrated for four days in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana:[26]

  • Day 1 – Bhogi (భోగి)
  • Day 2 – Sankranti (సంక్రాంతి), the main festival day
  • Day 3 – Kanuma (కనుమ)
  • Day 4 – Mukkanuma (ముక్కనుమ)
Colorful floor artwork (muggulu) decorate entrances and streets during Sankranti

Assam[edit]

A Buffalo fight held at Ranthali, in Nagaon District of Assam, on the occasion of Magh bihu.

Magh Bihu (মাঘ বিহু) (also called Bhogali Bihu (ভোগালী বিহু) (Bihu of eating foods and enjoyment) or Maghar Domahi (মাঘৰ দোমাহী) is a harvest festival celebrated in Assam, India, which marks the end of harvesting season in the month of Maagha (January–February).[27] It is the Assam celebration of Makar Sankranti, with feasting lasting for a week.[28]

The festival is marked by feasts and bonfires.[29] Young people erect makeshift huts, known as Meji and Bhelaghar, from bamboo, leaves and thatch, and in Bhelaghar they eat the food prepared for the feast, and then burn the huts the next morning.[30] The celebrations also feature traditional Assamese games such as tekeli bhonga (pot-breaking) and buffalo fighting.[31] Magh Bihu celebrations start on the last day of the previous month, the month of "Pooh", usually the 29th of Pooh and usually the 14th of January, and is the only day of Magh Bihu in modern times (earlier, the festival would last for the whole month of Magh, and so the name Magh Bihu).[32] The night before is "Uruka" (28th of Pooh), when people gather around a bonfire, cook dinner, and make merry.

During Magh Bihu people of Assam make cakes of rice with various names such as Shunga Pitha, Til Pitha etc. and some other sweets of coconut called Laru or Laskara.

A traditional sweet sesame-jaggery based ladoo exchanged and eaten on Makar Sankranti.

Goa[edit]

Known as Sankrant in Goa and like in the rest of the country, people distribute sweets in the form of granules of sugar-coated till pulses among family members and friends. Newly married women offer five sunghat or small clay pots with black beaded threads tied around them, to the deity. These pots are filled with newly harvested food grains and are offered with betel leaves and areca nut.[33] Its observance takes place on a rather subdued note, unlike major festivals of the region like Ganesh chaturthi.

Gujarat[edit]

Main article: International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan

Uttarayan, as Makar Sankranti is called in Gujarati, is a major festival in the state of Gujarat[34] which lasts for two days.

  • 14 January is Uttarayan
  • 15 January is Vasi-Uttarayan (Stale Uttarayan).[35]

Gujarati people keenly await this festival to fly kites, called 'patang'. Kites for Uttarayan are made of special light-weight paper and bamboo and are mostly rhombus shaped with central spine and a single bow. The string often contains abrasives to cut down other people's kites.

In Gujarat, from December through to Makar Sankranti, people start enjoying Uttarayan. Undhiyu (spicy, baked mix of winter vegetables) and chikkis (made from til (sesame seeds), peanuts and jaggery) are the special festival recipes savoured on this day. The Hindu Sindhi community in western regions of India, that is also found in southeastern parts of Pakistan, celebrate Makar Sankranti as Tirmoori. On this day, parents sending sweet dishes to their daughters.[36]

Haryana and Delhi[edit]

"Sakraant" in Haryana and Delhi rural areas, is celebrated with traditional Hindu rituals of North India similar to Western UP and border areas of Rajasthan and Punjab. This includes ritual purification by taking the holy dip in rivers, especially in Yamuna, or at sacred ponds such as ancient sarovars Kurukshetra and at local tirtha ponds associated with the ancestral guardian/founder deity of the village called Jathera or Dhok (dahak in Sanskrit or fire) in villages to wash away sins. People prepare kheer, churma, halva with desi ghee and distribute til-gud (sesame and jaggery) laddoos or chikkis. Brothers of married woman visits her home with a gift pack, called "Sindhara" or "Sidha", of wood and warm clothing for her and her husband's family. Women give gift to their in-laws called "Manana". Women congregate in the nearby havelis to sing Haryani folk songs and exchange gifts.[37]

Jammu[edit]

In Jammu, Makar Sankranti is celebrated as 'Uttrain' (derived from Sanskrit: Uttarayana).[38] [39] Alternatively, terms 'Attrain' or 'Attrani' have also been used to describe this festival. A day before Lohri is celebrated by Dogras to commemorate end of Poh (Pausha) month.[40] It is also beginning the Magha month as per Hindu Solar Calendar, hence also known as 'Maghi Sangrand' (Sankranti of Magh month).

Among Dogras, there is a tradition of 'Mansana' (charity) of Khichdi of Maah Dal. Khichdi of Maah di Dal is also prepared on this day and that is why this day is also referred to as 'Khichdi wala Parva'. There is also a tradition of sending Khichdi & other food items to house of married daughters. Fairs are organised on holy places and pligrimages on this day.[41] Dhagwal in Hiranagar tehsil is known for Fair on Makar Sankranti and Janamashtami.[42]

People of Jammu also take holy bath in Devika river and pilgrimages like Uttar Behni and Purmandal on this occasion.[43] This day is also celebrated as birth anniversary of Baba Ambo ji, a local deity of Jammu region.[44]

At Vasuki temple of Bhaderwah of Jammu, the idols of Vasuki Nag are covered on Magh Sankranti and they are uncovered only after three months on Vaisakha Sankranti[45].[46]

Karnataka[edit]

Mysuru Decorated Cow. January 2017
Mysuru Decorated Cows. January 2017.

This is the Suggi (ಸುಗ್ಗಿ) or harvest festival for farmers of Karnataka. On this auspicious day, girls wear new clothes to visit near and dear ones with a Sankranti offering in a plate and exchange the same with other families. This ritual is called "Ellu Birodhu." Here the plate would normally contain "Ellu" (white sesame seeds) mixed with fried groundnuts, neatly cut dry coconut and fine cut bella (jaggery). The mixture is called "Ellu-Bella" (ಎಳ್ಳು ಬೆಲ್ಲ). The plate contains shaped sugar candy moulds (Sakkare Acchu, ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ಅಚ್ಚು) with a piece of sugarcane. There is a saying in Kannada "ellu bella thindu olle maathadi" that translates to 'eat the mixture of sesame seeds and jaggery and speak only good.' This festival signifies the harvest of the season, since sugarcane is predominant in these parts. Ellu Bella, Ellu Unde, bananas, sugarcane, red berries, haldi and kumkum and small gift items useful in everyday lives are often exchanged among women in Karnataka. During the occasion, newly married women give away bananas for five years to married women from the first year of her marriage. Kite flying, drawing rangolis, giving away of red berries known as Yalchi kai are some of the intrinsic parts of the festival. Another vital ritual in rural Karnataka is the display of decorated cows and bulls and their procession is done and they are also made to cross a fire and this custom is known as “Kichchu Haayisuvudu”.[47] [48]

Maharashtra[edit]

Multicolored sugar halwa surrounded by til-gul (sesame and jaggery) ladoos. These exchanged and eaten on Makar Sankranti in Maharashtra.

In Maharashtra on Makar Sankranti day people exchange multicoloured halwa (sugar granules coated in sugar syrup) and til-gul laadoo (sweetmeats made from sesame seeds and jaggery). Gulachi poli/puran poli(flat bread stuffed with soft/shredded jaggery mixed with toasted, ground til [white sesame seeds]) and some gram flour, which has been toasted to golden in pure ghee, are offered for lunch. While exchanging til-gul as tokens of goodwill people greet each other.[49]

Married women invite friends/family members and celebrate Haldi-Kunku. Guests are given til-gul and some small gift, as a part of the ritual. Women make it a point to wear black clothes. As Sakranti falls in the winter months of the region, wearing black adds to the body warmth.[49] This is an essential reason behind wearing black, which is otherwise barred on festival days. As per another legend, Lord Surya forgave his son Shani and his son visited him on Sankranti.[50] And that's why people distribute everyone sweets and urge them to let go of any negative or angry feelings. While distributing sweets famous line “til gul ghya aani god god bola” (which means eat this sesame and jaggery and speak sweet words) is used in Maharashtra.

Odisha[edit]

The festival is known as Makara Sankranti in Odisha[51] where people prepare makara chaula (Odia: ମକର ଚାଉଳ): uncooked newly harvested rice, banana, coconut, jaggery, sesame, rasagola, Khai/Liaa and chhena puddings for naivedya to gods and goddesses. The withdrawing winter entails a change in food habits and intake of nourishing and rich food. Therefore, this festival holds traditional cultural significance. It is astronomically important for devotees who worship the sun god at the great Konark temple with fervour and enthusiasm as the sun starts its annual swing northwards.[52] According to various Indian calendars, the Sun's movement changes and the days from this day onwards become lengthier and warmer and so the Sun-God is worshiped on this day as a great benefactor. Many individuals at the start of the day perform a ritual bath while fasting.[52] Makara Mela (Fun fair) is observed at Dhabaleswar in Cuttack, Hatakeshwar at Atri in Khordha, Makara Muni temple in Balasore and near deities in each district of Odisha. In Puri special rituals are carried out at the temple of Lord Jagannath.[52] In Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Koraput and Sundargarh where the tribal population is greater, the festival is celebrated with great joy. They celebrate this festival with great enthusiasm, singing, dancing and generally having an enjoyable time. This Makara Sankranti celebration is next to the Odia traditional new year Maha Vishuva Sankranti which falls in mid April. Tribal groups celebrate with traditional dancing, eating their particular dishes sitting together, and by lighting bonfires.

Punjab[edit]

Main article: Maghi
Mela

In Punjab, Makar Sankranti is celebrated as Maghi which is a religious and cultural festival. Bathing in a river in the early hours on Maghi is important. Hindus light lamps with sesame oil as this is supposed to give prosperity and drive away all sins. A major mela is held at Sri Muktsar Sahib on Maghi which commemorates a historical event in Sikh history.

Culturally, people dance their famous "bhangra". They then sit down and eat the sumptuous food that is specially prepared for the occasion. It is traditional to eat "kheer", rice cooked in milk and sugarcane juice. It is also traditional to consume khichdi and jaggery. December and January are the coldest months of the year in the Punjab. Maghi represents the change of the season to warmer temperatures and increase in daylight. Maghi fairs are held in many places.

Rajasthan and Western Madhya Pradesh (Malwa & Nimar)[edit]

"Makar Sankrati" or "Sakraat" in the Rajasthani language[53] is one of the major festivals in the state of Rajasthan. The day is celebrated with special Rajasthani delicacies and sweets such as pheeni (either with sweet milk or sugar syrup dipped), til-paati, gajak, kheer, ghevar, pakodi, puwa, and til-laddoo.[54]

Specially, the women of this region observe a ritual in which they give any type of object (related to household, make-up or food) to 13 married women. The first Sankranti experienced by a married woman is of significance as she is invited by her parents and brothers to their houses with her husband for a big feast. People invite friends and relatives (specially their sisters and daughters) to their home for special festival meals (called as "Sankrant Bhoj"). People give out many kind of small gifts such as til-gud (jaggery), fruits, dry khichadi, etc. to Brahmins or the needy ones.

Kite flying is traditionally observed as a part of this festival.[55] On this occasion the sky in Jaipur and Hadoti regions is filled with kites, and youngsters engage in contests trying to cut each other's strings.[55]

Tamil Nadu[edit]

Main article: Thai Pongal
The Tamil festival of Pongal coincides with Makar Sankranti, and celebrates Surya.

It is a four-day festival in Tamil Nadu:

The festival is celebrated four days from the last day of the Tamil month Margazhi to the third day of the Tamil month Thai.

Bhogi

The first day of festival is Bhogi (போகி). It is celebrated on the last day of Margazhi[56] by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials, by setting them on fire, marking the end of the old and the emergence of the new. In villages there will be a simple ceremony of "Kappu Kattu" (kappu means secure). The 'neem' leaves are kept along the walls and roof of the houses. This is to eliminate evil forces.

Thai Pongal
A Tamil Hindu girl in traditional dress for Pongal.

The second day of festival is Thai Pongal or simply Pongal. It is the main day of the festival, falling on the first day of the Tamil month Thai which starts with the solar cycle when sun starts moving towards the summer solstice (uttarayana). It is celebrated by boiling rice with fresh milk and jaggery in new pots, which are later topped with brown sugar, cashew nuts and raisins early in the morning and allowing it to boil over the vessel. This tradition gives Pongal its name. The moment the rice boils over and bubbles out of the vessel, the tradition is to shout "பொங்கலோ பொங்கல் (Ponggalo Ponggal)!" and blow the sangu (a conch), a custom practised to announce it was going to be a year blessed with good tidings. Then, new boiled rice is offered to the Sun god during sunrise, as a prayer which symbolises thanks to the sun for providing prosperity. It is later served to the people in the house for the ceremony. People prepare savouries and sweets such as vadai, murukku, payasam and visit each other and exchange greetings.

Maattu Pongal
Jallikattu, or "taming the bull", is an ancient Pongal tradition.

The third day of festival is Maattu Pongal (மாட்டுப் பொங்கல்). It is for offering thanks to cattle, as they help farmers in agriculture. On this day the cattle are decorated with paint, flowers and bells. They are allowed to roam free and fed sweet rice and sugar cane. Some people decorate the horns with gold or other metallic covers. In some places, Jallikattu, or taming the wild bull contest, is the main event of this day and this is mostly seen in the villages.

Kaanum Pongal

The fourth day of the festival is Kaanum Pongal (காணும் பொங்கல்: the word kaanum means "to view"). During this day people visit their relatives, friends to enjoy the festive season. It is a day to thank relatives and friends for their support in the harvest. It started as a farmers festival, called as Uzhavar Thirunaal in Tamil. Kolam (கோலம்) decorations are made in front of the house during Thai Pongal festival.

Uttar Pradesh[edit]

The Kumbh Mela, now renamed as Maha Kumbh Mela by UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath (the Ardh Kumbh Mela now being renamed as Kumbh Mela) at Prayaga Sangam, the world's largest pilgrimage gathering every 12 years, is a Makar Sankranti-related event.[13]

The festival is known as Kicheri in Uttar Pradesh and involves ritual bathing.[57] Over two million people gather at their respective sacred places for this holy bathing such as Allahabad and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh and Haridwar in Uttarakhand.[58]

Uttarakhand[edit]

Makar Sankranti is a popular festival in Uttarakhand. It known by various names in the different parts of the state such as Uttarayani, Khichri Sangrand, Pusyodia, Ghughutia, Ghughuti Tyar, Kale Kauva, Makrain, Makraini, Gholda, Gwalda and Chunyatyar.[59]

Bagnath Temple in Bageshwar during the Uttarayani Fair, 2018.

In the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, Makar Sankranti (also called as Ghughuti (घुघुति) or Ghughuti Tyar or Ghughutia or Kale Kauva or Uttarayani) is celebrated with great gusto. The famous Uttarayani mela (fair) is held in Bageshwar town each year in the month of January on the occasion of Makar Sankrati.[60][61] According to the Almora Gazetteer, even in the early twentieth century, the annual Uttarayani mela at Bageshwar was visited by approximately 15,000 people and was the largest fair of Kumaon division.[62] The religious ritual of the Uttarayani mela consists of bathing before daybreak at the confluence of Saryu and Gomati followed by an offering of water to Lord Shiva inside the Bagnath Temple.[63][64] Those who are more religiously disposed, continue this practice for three days in succession, which is known as "Trimaghi".[63] On this day, people also give 'khichdi' (a dish made by mixing pulses and rice) in charity, take ceremonial dips in holy rivers, participate in Uttarayani fairs and offer deep fried sweetmeats consisting of flour and jaggery to crows and other birds as a way to pay homage to the departed souls of their ancestors.[65]

West Bengal[edit]

A feast at Poush Sankranti

In West Bengal, Sankranti, also known as Poush Sankranti[66] named after the Bengali month in which it falls (last date of that month), is celebrated as a harvest festival Poush Parbon (Bengali: পৌষ পার্বণ). (It falls on 14 January on the Western calendar.) The freshly harvested paddy and the date palm syrup in the form of Khejurer Gur (Bengali: খেজুরের গুড়)and Patali (Bengali: পাটালি ) is used in the preparation of a variety of traditional Bengali sweets made with rice flour, coconut, milk and 'khejurer gur' (date palm jaggery) and known as 'Pitha' (Bengali: পিঠে). All sections of society participate in a three-day festival that begins on the day before Sankranti and ends on the day after. The Goddess Lakshmi is usually worshipped on the day of Sankranti.

In the Himalayan regions of Darjeeling, the festival is as known as Magey Sakrati. It is distinctly associated with the worship of Lord Shiva. Traditionally, people bathe at sunrise and then commence their pooja. Elsewhere, many people take a dip in places like Ganga Sagar (the point where the river Ganges meets the Bay of Bengal).[67] Ganga Sagar falls in West Bengal.

Outside India[edit]

The festival is known as Maghe Sakranti by Hindus in Nepal, and above is a traditional basket dance festivity to celebrate it.

Bangladesh[edit]

Main article: Shakrain

Shakrain is an annual celebration of winter in Bangladesh, observed with the flying of kites.[68]

Nepal[edit]

Maghe Sankranti (Nepali:माघे सङ्क्रान्ति, Mathili:माघि, Nepal Bhasa:घ्यःचाकु संल्हु) is a Nepalese festival observed on the first of Magha in the Vikram Sambat (B.S) calendar (about 14 January) bringing an end to the winter solstice containing month of Poush. Tharu people celebrate this particular day as new year. It is also regarded as the major government declared annual festival of the Magar community. Maghe Sankranti is similar to solstice festivals in other religious traditions.[citation needed]

Observant Hindus take ritual baths during this festival. These include Sankhamul on the Bagmati near Patan; In the Gandaki/Narayani river basin at Triveni, Devghat near Chitwan Valley and Ridi on the Kaligandaki; and in the Koshi River basin at Dolalghat on the Sun Koshi. Festive foods like laddoo, ghee and sweet potatoes are distributed. The mother of each household wishes good health to all family members.[citation needed]

Pakistan (Sindh)[edit]

On this festive day, Sindhi parents send ladoos and chiki (Laaee) made of sesame seeds to their married daughters. The Sindhi community in India too celebrate Makar Sankranti as Tirmoori which involves parents sending sweet dishes to their daughters.[69]

Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Canada, Australia, America and some Europe countries[edit]

On this day, the Tamil farmers & the Tamil People honour the Sun God Suriya Narayanan. This happens when the sun enters the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makara). The Thai Pongal festival is celebrated in mid-January, or the Tamil month of Thai, to coincide with the rice harvest.[70]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2020-01
  2. ↑ https://www.india.gov.in/calendar?date=2021-01
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kamal Kumar Tumuluru (2015). Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals. Partridge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4828-4707-9.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0., Quote: "Makara Sankranti (January 14); Makara Sankranti is a festival held across India, under a variety of names, to honor the god of the sun, Surya."
  5. ↑ Henderson, Helene (2005). Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary Third edition. Electronic edition: Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. xxix. ISBN 0-7808-0982-3.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
  7. ↑ Jain Chanchreek; K.L. Chanchreek; M.K. Jain (2007). Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals. Shree Publishers. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-81-8329-191-0.
  8. ↑ "After a 100 years, Makar Sankranti gets a new date", The Hindustan Times (Jan 14, 2017)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nikita Desai (2010). A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-1-4438-2310-4.
  10. ↑ "Makar Sankranti 2021: Know Why Makar Sankranti Festival Is Celebrated". NDTV. 11 January 2021.
  11. ↑ Kailash Puri; Eleanor Nesbitt (2013). Pool of Life: The Autobiography of a Panjabi Agony Aunt. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1-78284-067-1.
  12. ↑ Kapila Vatsyayan (1987). Traditions of Indian folk dance. Clarion Books. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-85655-253-3.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Diana L. Eck (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Random House. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4.
  14. ↑ Kumbha Mela: The Largest Gathering on Earth, Alan Taylor, The Atlantic (January 14 2013)
  15. ↑ Biggest Gathering On Earth' Begins In India; Kumbha Mela May Draw 100 Million, Mark Memmott, NPR, Washington DC (January 14 2013)
  16. ↑ Roshan Dalal (2011), The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6, see Kumbh Mela entry
  17. ↑ Bhavana Nair (1989). Our Leaders. Orient Longman. p. 65. ISBN 978-81-7011-678-3., Quote: "One was at the famous Bageshwar fair held on Makar Sankranti day on the banks of Sarayu on January 15, 1921.";
    M. Chalapathi Rau (1981). Govind Ballabh Pant, his life and times. Allied. p. 40.
  18. ↑ Karen Bellenir (1998). Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopedic Handbook. Omnigraphics. pp. 140–142. ISBN 978-0-7808-0258-2.
  19. ↑ Robert Sewell; Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita (1896). The Indian Calendar: With Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan Into A.D. Dates, and Vice Versa. S. Sonnenschein & Company. pp. 9–12, 26–31.
  20. ↑ MN Saha and NC Lahiri (1992), History of the Calendar, CSIR, pp. 259–260
  21. ↑ KD Abbhyankar (1999). Astrophysics of the Solar System. Universities Press, Orient Longman. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-81-7371-124-4.
  22. ↑ Beteille, Andre (1964). "A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village". Man. 64: 73–75, see discussion of Makar Sankranti. doi:10.2307/2797924. JSTOR 2797924.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Tumuluru, Kamal Kumar (2015 hi me rpota), Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals, Partridge Publishing
  24. ↑ LLP, Adarsh Mobile Applications. "Makar Sankranti | Makara Sankranti". www.drikpanchang.com. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  25. ↑ Jawandha, Major Nahar Singh (1 January 2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. Sanbun Publishers.
  26. ↑ Rajat Gupta, Nishant Singh, Ishita Kirar & Mahesh Kumar Bairwa (2015) Hospitality & Tourism Management. Vikas Publishing House [1]
  27. ↑ "Celebrating Nature's Bounty – Magh Bihu". EF News International. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  28. ↑ Sharma, S. P.; Seema Gupta (2006). Fairs & Festivals Of India. Pustak Mahal. p. 25. ISBN 978-81-223-0951-5.
  29. ↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1987. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7.
  30. ↑ "Bihu being celebrated with joy across Assam". The Hindu. 14 January 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  31. ↑ "Bonfire, feast & lots more – Jorhat celebrations promise traditional joy this Magh Bihu". The Telegraph. 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  32. ↑ "Assamese calendar".
  33. ↑ "Of sesame laddoos and prayers for husbands - Times of India". The Times of India.
  34. ↑ Desai, Anjali H. (2007) India Guide Gujarat. India Guide Publications
  35. ↑ Vyas, Rajnee (16 January 2019). "Welcome to Gujarat". Akshara Prakashan – via Google Books.
  36. ↑ Reejhsinghani, Aroona (2004) Essential Sindhi Cookbook. Penguin Books India [2]
  37. ↑ [3], News18, 10 Jan 2019.
  38. ↑ Ḍogarī-Hindī-śabdakośa (in हिन्दी). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza. 2000.
  39. ↑ Śāstrī, Rāmanātha; Mohana, Madana; Langeh, Baldev Singh (1970). (Rajata jayantī abhinandana grantha) (in हिन्दी). Ḍogarī Saṃsthā.
  40. ↑ Ḍogarī (in हिन्दी). Bhāratīya Bhāshā Saṃsthāna, Mānava Saṃsādhana Vikāsa Mantrālaya, Mādhyamika aura Uccatara Śikshā Vibhāga, Bhārata Sarakāra evaṃ Ḍogarī Saṃsthā. 2003.
  41. ↑ Ḍuggara dā sāṃskr̥taka itihāsa (in हिन्दी). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza. 1985.
  42. ↑ Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti (in हिन्दी). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
  43. ↑ Śāstrī, Bī Ke (1980). Duggara ca Devika Nadi da samskrtaka mahatava : On the importance and significance of the Devika River, Jammu region, on the sociocultural life of the people (in हिन्दी). Ajaya Prakasana.
  44. ↑ University Review: Journal of the University of Jammu (in हिन्दी). The University. 1996.
  45. ↑ Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti (in हिन्दी). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
  46. ↑ Jasta, Hariram (1982). Bhārata meṃ Nāgapūjā aura paramparā (in हिन्दी). Sanmārga Prakāśana.
  47. ↑ "Shankranti | Sankranti | Pongal | Makara Shankranti | Harvest festival | New Year". Karnataka.com. 13 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  48. ↑ "Makara sankranti". india.com. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Makar Sankranti: The Way It Is Celebrated In States Across India". News18. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  50. ↑ Satpathy, Kriti Saraswat (12 January 2017). "Makar Sankranti 2017: How is Sankranti celebrated in Maharashtra". India News, Breaking News | India.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  51. ↑ Goyal, Ashutosh (2014) RBS Visitors Guide India – Odisha: Odisha Travel Guide. Data and Expo India Pvt Ltd [4]
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Times News Network (TNN) (15 January 2014). "Makar Sankranti observed with pomp in state". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014.
  53. ↑ Krishnan, Rukmini (10 January 2014). "Makar Sankranti Celebrations". DNA (Diligent Media Corporation). Archived from the original on 15 January 2014.
  54. ↑ "Makar Sankranti Food". Ifood TV. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Press Trust of India (PTI) (14 January 2014). "Makar Sankranti celebrations: Sky lanterns dot the sky". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014.
  56. ↑ "Eastern World". 16 January 2019 – via Google Books.
  57. ↑ Bhalla, Kartar Singh (2005) Let's Know Festivals of India. Star Publications [5]
  58. ↑ "Traditional fervour marks Makar Sankranti". The Times of India. 15 January 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014.
  59. ↑ "eUttaranchal - Rediscover Uttarakhand - Tourism, Culture & People". www.euttaranchal.com. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  60. ↑ Singh, S.K.; Nag, P., eds. (1999). Tourism and trekking in Nainital Region. New Delhi: Concept Pub. ISBN 978-81-7022-769-4.
  61. ↑ "पतित पावनी सरयू-गोमती नदी का संगम गंदगी मुक्त हुआ". Amar Ujala Bureau (in हिन्दी). Bageshwar: Amar Ujala. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  62. ↑ Walton, H. G. (1911). Almora: A Gazetter. Allahabad: The Government Press, United Provinces. pp. Appendix XXIV.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Pant, Shiva Darshan (1988). The Social Economy of the Himalayans: Based on a Survey in the Kumaon Himalayas. Mittal Publications. p. 197. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  64. ↑ "Choliya dances enthrall at Bageshwar mela". Almora: Harsha S. TNN. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  65. ↑ "Ghughuti 'The Mouth-Watering Festival of Kumaon', Ghughuti Festival". Uttarakhand Stories – Connect to Uttarakhand with eUttarakhand and Share Stories. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  66. ↑ Bengal (India), West (16 January 1972). "West Bengal District Gazetteers: Calcutta and Howrah". State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers – via Google Books.
  67. ↑ "Devotees throng Gangasagar on Makara Sankranti". Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  68. ↑ http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/shakrain-festival-kites-and-fireworks-205195
  69. ↑ Reejhsinghani, Aroona (2004) Essential Sindhi Cookbook. Penguin Books India [6]
  70. ↑ "Harvest Festival in Sri Lanka – Ulavar Thirunaal, Pongal Festival". www.pongalfestival.org.

External links[edit]

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