List of loanwords in Tagalog

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Template:Use Philippine English

The Tagalog language has developed a unique vocabulary since its inception from its direct Austronesian roots, incorporating words from Malay, Hokkien, Spanish, Nahuatl, English, Sanskrit, Tamil, Japanese, Arabic, Persian, and Quechua.

Spanish[edit]

The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their analysis of José Villa Panganiban's Talahuluganang Pilipino-Ingles (Pilipino-English dictionary), Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) pointed out that 33% of word root entries are of Spanish origin. As the aforementioned analysis didn't reveal the frequency of the usage of these words by native speakers, a study was conducted by Antonio Quilis in order to understand the percentage of Spanish-derived words used by Filipinos in their daily conversations. Through his studies, the results of which were published in 1973 in the case of Tagalog and in 1976 in the case of Cebuano, it was found out that 20.4% of the lexicon used by Tagalog speakers were of Spanish origin, while it was 20.5% in the case of Cebuano.[1]:391–393 According to Patrick O. Steinkrüger, depending on the text type, around 20% of the vocabulary in a Tagalog text are of Spanish origin.[2]:213 In an analysis of a Tagalog-language corpus consisting of random news, fiction and non-fiction articles published between 2005 and 2015, Ekaterina Baklanova found out that Spanish-derived words constitute 20% of the lexicon used.[3] An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics (original in parentheses):

Tagalog: "Puwede (Puede) ba akóng umupô sa silya (silla) sa tabi ng bintana (ventana) hábang nása biyahe (viaje) táyo sa eroplano (aeroplano)?"
Translation in English: ("May I sit on the chair near the window during our voyage in the aeroplane?")

The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940[4] changed the spelling of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The spellings of Spanish loanwords were reformed according to the new orthographic rules. Examples include:

agila (from Sp. águila), alkalde (from Sp. alcalde), bakuna (from Sp. vacuna), banyo (from Sp. baño), baso (from Sp. vaso), biktima (from Sp. víctima), bintana (from Sp. ventana), bisita (from Sp. visita), biyahe (from Sp. viaje), braso (from Sp. brazo), demokrasya (from Sp. democracia), diyaryo (from Sp. diario), estudyante (from Sp. estudiante), heneral (from Sp. general), hustisya (from Sp. justicia), kama (from Sp. cama), kambiyo (from Sp. cambio de marcha), keso (from Sp. queso), kutsara (from Sp. cuchara), kuwarto (from Sp. cuarto), kuwento (from Sp. cuento), lababo (from Sp. lavabo), mensahe (from Sp. mensaje), meryenda (from Sp. merienda), mikrobyo (from Sp. microbio), niyebe (from Sp. nieve), panyo (from Sp. paño), pila (from Sp. fila), plema (from Sp. flema), presyo (from Sp. precio), prinsesa (from Sp. princesa), reseta (from Sp. receta médica), reyna (from Sp. reina), serbisyo (from Sp. servicio), sinturon (from Sp. cinturón), teklado (from Sp. teclado), telebisyon (from Sp. televisión), tinidor (from Sp. tenedor), trabaho (from Sp. trabajo), tuwalya (from Sp. toalla) and yelo (from Sp. hielo).[1][5][6][7]

Other loanwords underwent phonological changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift observed in the Filipino word paminta, which came from the Spanish word pimienta,[5] and a pre-nasal /e/ to /u/ vowel shift observed in several words such as unano (from Sp. enano) and umpisa (from Sp. empezar). Prothetic /a/ is added in the loanwords alisto (from Sp. listo) and aplaya (from Sp. playa).[8] Other words underwent vowel deletion, e.g., pusta (from Sp. apostar), tarantado (from Sp. atarantado), kursonada (from Sp. corazonada), Pasko (from Sp. Pascua) and labi (from Sp. labio).[5]

Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The [r] to [l] consonant shift can be observed in the following words:

albularyo (folk healer, from Sp. herbolario), alma (from Sp. armar), almusal (from Sp. almorzar), asukal (from Sp. azúcar), balbas (from Sp. barba), bandila (from. Sp. bandera), dasal (from Sp. rezar), hibla (thread or strand, from Sp. hebra), hilo (dizzy, from Sp. giro), hulmá (to mould, from Sp. ahormar), kasal (from Sp. casar), kumpisal (from Sp. confesar), lagadera (from Sp. regadera), litratista (photographer, from Sp. retratista), litrato (photograph, portrait or picture; from Sp. retrato), multo (from Sp. muerto), nunal (from Sp. lunar), pastol (from Sp. pastor) and pasyal (from Sp. pasear).

The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word kutson derived from the Spanish colchón. The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words talino[9] (intelligence or wisdom, from Sp. talento) and tina[10] (dye, from Sp. tinta). Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of limos (from Sp. limosna), masyado (from Sp. demasiado), posas (from Sp. esposas), restawran[11] (from Sp. restaurante), riles (rail, railway or railroad; from Sp. carriles), sigurado (from asegurado), sindi (from Sp. encender) and sintunado (from Sp. desentonado).[1]

The Spanish digraph [ll] is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph [ll] becomes [y] in Tagalog. Such is the case of the words barya (from Sp. barrilla[12]), kabayo (from Sp. caballo), kutamaya (from. Sp. cota de malla), lauya (a stew of meat and vegetables, from Sp. la olla), sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) and tabliya or tablea (from Sp. tablilla de chocolate). Spanish loanwords in which the digraph [ll] is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog might have been introduced (or reintroduced) during the 19th century.[13]:308 Examples include apelyido (from Sp. apellido), balyena (from Sp. ballena), kalye (from Sp. calle), kutsilyo (from Sp. cuchillo), makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla de escribir), sepilyo (from Sp. cepillo de dientes), silya (from Sp. silla) and sigarilyo (from Sp. cigarrillo). There are also rare cases of Tagalog doublets coming from the same Spanish etymological root which exhibit both the influences of the Renaissance /j/ and the latter /λ/ sounds, like in the case of the Tagalog word pair laryo and ladrilyo, both from Sp. ladrillo.[14] There are also instances of the Spanish digraph [ll] being transformed into [l] upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case of the following words: kulani (lymph node, from Sp. collarín[13]:318–319), kursilista (from Sp. cursillista) and úling (coal, soot or charcoal; from Sp. hollín.[6]:86

Vestigial influences of Middle Spanish voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ are evident in some of the Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog, where the /ʃ/ sound is transformed into the Tagalog /s/. Examples include relos (clock or wristwatch, from Sp. reloj, pronounced as /reˈloʃ/ in Middle Spanish), sabon (soap, from Sp. jabón, pronounced as /ʃaˈbon/ in Middle Spanish), saro (pitcher or jug, from Sp. jarro, pronounced as /ˈʃaro/ in Middle Spanish), sugal (to gamble, from Sp. jugar, pronounced as /ʃuˈgar/ in Middle Spanish) and tasa (to sharpen, from Sp. tajar, pronounced as /taˈʃar/ in Middle Spanish).[13]:307[15] Loanwords which have the pronunciation that reflects the transition from Middle Spanish /ʃ/ to Modern Spanish /x/ are also present in Tagalog. The Modern Spanish /x/ sound is rendered in Tagalog as [h], which is the standard pronunciation in other Spanish dialects. Example cases include ahedres (from Sp. ajedrez), anghel (from Sp. ángel), halaya (from Sp. jalea), hardin (from Sp. jardín), hepe (police chief, from Sp. jefe), kahera and kahero (cashier, from Sp. cajera and cajero respectively) and kahon (from Sp. cajón). There are also rare cases of doublets that exhibit influences of both the Middle Spanish /ʃ/ and Modern Spanish /x/ like for example in the cases of Tagalog muson and mohon (both from Sp. mojón) and relos and relo (both from Sp. reloj).

The compound word batya't palo–palo, a phrase in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish batea for "washing tub" and palo for "stick", something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all because of the Tagalog verb palo which means "strike".

Some loanwords have been associated to new meanings, such as kursonada (corazonada, originally meaning '"hunch"), which means "object of desire"; sospetsoso (sospechoso) is the "suspicious person" and not the "suspect" as in the original; insekto ("insecto"), which still means "insect" but also refers to a "pesty clownish person"; or even sige (sigue), a Spanish word for "continue" or "follow", which is popularly understood to mean "all right" or "go ahead".

Some Spanish affixes are combined with Tagalog words to make new words. For example, pakialamero (from Tag. pakialam, "to meddle" and the Sp. suffix –ero, masculine subject); majongero ("mahjong", ultimately from Chinese, and the Sp. suffix –ero); basketbolista, boksingero. Daisysiete is a word play and portmanteau of the English "daisy" and the Spanish diecisiete ("seventeen"), now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged (17 year-old) female. Bastusing katawán (Sp.: basto -> bastos & Tag.: katawan) is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body.

Tagalog still uses Spanish language influence in coining new words, e.g., alaskadór ("Alaska" + Sp. suffix '–ador'); bérde ("verde"="green", nuanced to "toilet humour" or "blue joke", a literal Tagalog translation of Philippine English term "green(-minded)".); which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country.

Spanish influences on Tagalog morphosyntax[edit]

Although the overall influence of Spanish on the morphosyntax of the Tagalog language was minimal,[2]:211 there are fully functional Spanish-derived words that have produced syntactic innovations on Tagalog.[16] Clear influences of Spanish can be seen in the morphosyntax of comparison and the existence of Spanish-derived modals and conjunctions,[2]:211 as will be discussed in more detail below.

Kumusta as an interrogative word in Tagalog[edit]

All of the interrogative words used in Tagalog are not related to Spanish, with the exception of kumusta. The word kumusta is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está? and it functions as a Tagalog interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality or condition equivalent to the English how.[17] Kumusta can also be used as a greeting (similar to English "Hello!") or as a verb with the meaning of "to greet" or "to say hello". The native term can be used as Ohoy and Taupo, however these were lost in translations.

Spanish-derived comparative markers[edit]

Tagalog has several comparative markers that are etymologically derived from Spanish. The particle mas (meaning "more", from Sp. más), in conjunction with the various Tagalog counterparts of the English "than" (kaysa + sa-marker, sa, kay), is used as a comparative marker of non-equality.[18] Another comparative marker of non-equality is kumpara[19] (from Sp. comparado), usually followed with the appropriate sa-marker and used as the Tagalog equivalent of the English "compared to". Lastly, the word pareho (from Sp. parejo), commonly employed with the Tagalog linker -ng, is used as a comparative marker of equality.[20]

Spanish-derived Tagalog modals[edit]

There are several Spanish-derived words that have acquired function as modals upon adoption in Tagalog. Tagalog modals, including those that are etymologically derived from Spanish, can be classified into two main groups: words realizing deontic modality (i.e. modals concerned with expressing inclination, obligation and ability) and words realizing epistemic modality (i.e. modals concerned with degrees of reality).

Deontic modality in Tagalog is realized through words which are grammaticized by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes as "pseudo-verbs".[21] An example of a Spanish-derived Tagalog deontic modal is gusto (from Sp. gusto), which is used to denote preference or desire. Gusto is considered to be more commonly used than its other counterparts newly adapted to this usage such as nais or ibig, since these two words are usually perceived as more formal than gusto and are more commonly used in literature than in colloquial speech; in native Tagalog synonyms, nais is more commonly used in colloquial speech than ibig as an alternate of gusto and also commonly used as a noun for "desire", "want", or "wish". Another example is puwede (from Sp. puede), which can be translated in English as "can" and is thus used to express permission or ability. The word puwede co-exists with its equivalent maaárì and the two pseudo-verbs are deemed to have little semantic difference, with puwede only being considered usually as more colloquial and less formal than maaari.[22]

Epistemic modality in Tagalog is realized through words functioning as adverbials. These words, when used as modals, are typically linked to the clause that they modalize through the Tagalog linker -ng or na. An example of a Spanish-derived epistemic modal used for expressing high degree of probability is sigurado + -ng (from Sp. seguro + -ado), with the meaning of "surely" or "certainly", and is considered as a synonym of Tagalog tiyak, sigurado is derived from "asegurado", "assured". The word siguro (from Sp. seguro) is an epistemic modal marking moderate degree of probability, with the meaning of "maybe", "probably" or "perhaps". The word siguro is also identified by the linguist Ekaterina Baklanova as a Spanish-derived discourse marker in Tagalog, thus contrasting the claims of other scholars such as Patrick Steinkrüger that none of the numerous discourse markers in Tagalog are of Spanish origin.[23] Similarly to Tagalog, the word siguro is also considered as an adverbial clitic in Cebuano[24] and in Masbateño.[25] Posible + -ng (from Sp. posible), which can be translated to English as "possibly", is a Tagalog epistemic modal marking low degree of probability. Examples of Spanish-derived Tagalog epistemic modals marking excessive degree of intensity include masyado + -ng (from Sp. demasiado) and sobra + -ng (from Sp. sobra) while medyo (from Sp. medio) marks moderate degree of intensity.

Spanish-derived Tagalog conjunctions[edit]

Several conjunctions in Tagalog have Spanish-derived etymological roots. The Tagalog disjunctive conjunction o (from Sp. o, meaning "or") has completely substituted the old Tagalog equivalent "kun",[26] rendering the latter obsolete. Two Spanish-derived counter-expectational adversative conjunctions used in Tagalog are pero (from Sp. pero) and kaso (from Sp. caso),[27] both of which are considered as synonyms of the Tagalog counterparts ngunit, subalit, etc. The Tagalog ni (from Sp. ni) can be used as a negative repetitive conjunction, similar to the English "neither...nor" construction. When not repeated, ni assumes a scalar focus value stripped of all its conjunction function, translatable to English as "not even".[28] Basta (from Sp. basta), when used as a conditional conjunction, assumes a meaning similar to English "as long as" or "provided that". Maski (from Sp. mas que) is a synonym of Tagalog kahit and both are used as Tagalog concessive conjunctions.[29] Porke (from Sp. porque) assumes the function of causal conjunction in Tagalog and it is used to express an ironic or critical attitude, translatable to English as "just because" or "only because"; porke is a synonym of Tagalog dahil (exact translation of "because") and dahil lang (lámang) (exact translation of "just because" and "only because"), and all are used as Tagalog causal conjunctions.[30] The Tagalog puwera (kung) (from Sp. fuera) is used as a negative exceptive conditional conjunction, translatable in English as "unless" or "except if", used alongside "maliban sa" or "liban sa". The Tagalog oras na (from Sp. hora) is a temporal conjunction which can be translated in English as "the moment that". The Tagalog imbes na (from Sp. en vez) is used as an implicit adversative conjunction and it can be translated in English as "instead of". The Tagalog para (from Sp. para), when used to introduce verb-less or basic-form predicates, assumes the role of a purposive conjunction. However, if followed by the appropriate dative sa-marker, para assumes the role of a benefactive marker in Tagalog.

Loanwords that underwent semantic shift[edit]

Upon adoption into Tagalog, a number of Spanish-derived terms underwent a process of semantic shift or change in meaning. A loanword is said to have undergone a semantic shift if its meaning in Tagalog deviates from the original meaning of the word in the source language (in this case, Spanish). A type of semantic shift is the so-called semantic narrowing, which is a linguistic phenomenon in which the meaning of a Spanish-derived word acquires a less general or inclusive meaning upon adoption into Tagalog. Semantic narrowing occurs when a word undergoes specialization of usage. For example, the word kuryente (meaning "electricity" or "electric current") comes from the Spanish word corriente, which is a general term to refer to any current, whether electric or not. Upon adoption of the word corriente into Tagalog as kuryente, it underwent a semantic narrowing and its usage became restricted to refer only to an electric current, unlike its Spanish counterpart. Another example of a semantic narrowing is the Tagalog word ruweda (meaning "Ferris wheel"), a term derived from the Spanish word rueda which refers to any kind of wheel. Upon adoption into Tagalog, ruweda underwent usage specialization and its meaning became restricted to the Ferris wheel.

Semantic shift may also occur through semantic interference by another language, usually the English language. This phenomenon can result into reinterpretation of a Spanish-derived term by attributing to it an English meaning upon assimilation into Tagalog. An example is the Tagalog word libre, which is derived from the Spanish translation of the English word free, although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "without cost or payment" or "free of charge", a usage which would be deemed incorrect in Spanish as the term gratis would be more fitting; Tagalog word libre can also mean free in aspect of time, like "Libre ang oras" ("The time/hour is free", in the sense that the time is available). Another example is the Tagalog word iskiyerda, derived from the Spanish term izquierda meaning "left" as opposed to "right", although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "to leave".

Here is the list of Spanish-derived words which underwent semantic shift upon assimilation into Tagalog:

Tagalog Spanish-derived word Meaning in Tagalog Spanish equivalent
alahero alhajero ("jewel case") jeweller; jewel-maker joyero
algodon algodón ("cotton") false trevally (Lactarius lactarius)[31] pagapa; pez blanco
alpahor[32] alfajor (Spanish traditional confection) bilo-bilo (sticky rice balls in coconut milk) gacha dulce de arroz con leche de coco
almohadilya[33] almohadilla ("cushion" or "small pillow") mousepad alfombrilla para el ratón o mouse
almusal[7]:26 almorzar ("to have lunch") breakfast desayuno
asar[34] asar ("to roast") to annoy molestar
bahura bajura ("coastal"; "shallow-water") coral reef arrecife coralina
barako[35]:14 verraco ("male boar") manly; fearless; strong and bitter (as coffee) varonil
barkada[35]:15 barcada ("boatload"; "boat trip") group of friends; clique pandilla de amigos o camaradas
basta basta ("enough") just so that; as long as siempre y cuando; siempre que
bida[35]:18 vida ("life") protagonist protagonista
biskotso bizcocho ("sponge cake") toast bread pan tostado
boso[35]:23 buzo ("diver") voyeurism voyerismo
bulsa bolsa ("bag") pocket in garments bolsillo
dehado dejado ("left behind", "careless") underdog; at a disadvantage desfavorecido; desaventajado
delikado [35]:38 delicado ("delicate") dangerous peligroso
dilihensiya[35]:39 diligencia ("diligence"; "errand") act of asking for a loan or debt; act of borrowing money pedir un préstamo
disgrasya[35]:39 desgracia ("misfortune") accident accidente
disgrasyada[35]:39 desgraciada ("unfortunate"; "miserable") unwed mother madre soltera
diskarte[35]:39 descarte ("discard") resourcefulness ingeniosidad; capacidad de improvisación
engkanto encanto ("spell", "enchantment") fairy, elf, or spirit hada; duende
gisado guisado ("stew") sauteéed salteado
harana jarana ("commotion", "partying", "revelry") serenade serenata
hepe jefe ("chief", "boss") police chief (also used as translation of "chief" in general) comisario; jefe de policía
impakto impacto ("impact", "shock") evil spirit espíritu maligno
inutil inútil ("useless") impotent sexualmente impotente
iskiyerda[35]:62 izquierda ("left") to leave irse de; abandonar
kabayo caballo ("horse") ironing board tabla de planchar
kabisera cabecera (meaning "head", "heading" or "headboard") capital city or town capital; ciudad cabecera
kakawate cacahuate ("peanut") Gliricidia sepium madre de cacao
kasilyas casillas ("cubicles") toilet; restroom baño
kasta[35]:73 casta ("caste"; "lineage") breeding; mating; sex act or making love crianza; apareamiento; acto sexual
kódigo[35]:76 código ("code") cheat sheet apunte escondido; acordeón; chuleta
konyo coño (vulgar, offensive) socialite; belonging to the upper-class de clase alta
kubeta[7]:174 cubeta ("bucket") toilet; restroom baño
kulebra culebra ("snake") shingles culebrilla; herpes zóster
kursonada corazonada ("hunch") object of interest or desire deseo del corazón
kuryente corriente ("current") electricity; electric current electricidad; corriente eléctrica
labakara lavacara ("washbasin") face towel toalla de tocador
lakwatsa[35]:81 cuacha ("excrement") truancy; act of loafing around or roaming vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos
lamyerda[35]:81 mierda (vulgar: "excrement") truancy; out loafing; out roaming vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos
libre libre ("free") free of charge gratis
liyamado llamado ("called", "named", "destined") favorite (as in betting, races, etc.); at an advantage favorecido
mantikà manteca ("lard", "butter") cooking oil aceite
palengke palenque ("stockade", "palisade") market mercado
palitada paletada ("shovelful", "trowelful") plaster yeso
papagayo papagayo ("parrot") kite cometa
parol farol ("lantern", "lamp", "streetlight") Christmas lantern estrella navideña
parolero farolero ("lamplighter") Christmas lantern maker artesano de estrellas navideñas
pasamano pasamano (meaning "handrail") window sill alféizar, repisa de la ventana
pitso pecho ("chest", "bosom") chicken breast pechuga de pollo
poso negro pozo negro ("cesspit", "cesspool", "soak pit") septic tank; holding tank fosa séptica
putahe[7]:470 potaje ("vegetable stew or soup") dish; course plato
rebentador reventador ("agitator") firecracker petardo
rekado recado ("message", "errand") spices; condiments especia; condimiento
ruweda rueda ("wheel") Ferris wheel[36] noria; rueda de la fortuna
semilya semilla ( "seed") semen semen
sentido sentido ("sense", "meaning") temple (anatomy) templo; sien
siguro seguro ("surely") maybe; perhaps; probably quizás; probablemente
silindro[7]:132 cilindro ("cylinder") harmonica armónica
sintas[7]:133 cinta ("ribbon", "tape", "belt") shoelace cordón de zapato; cintas para zapatos
siyempre siempre ("always") of course por supuesto
sosyal[35]:132 social ("social"; "societal") high society; belonging to the upper class, fancy de clase (social) alta
suplado soplado ("blown", "inflated") snobbish; haughty presuntuoso, arrogante
suporta[6]:166 soportar ("to withstand"; "to bear") support apoyo
sustansiya sustancia ("substance") nutrient sustancia nutritiva; nutriente
todas[35]:143 toda ("all") completely killed or exterminated matar
todo todo ("all", "entire", "each", "every", etc.) all-out; entire; fully; maximum al máximo
tosino tocino ("bacon") sweet cured meat carne curada endulzada
tsamporado champurrado ("chocolate-based atole") sweet chocolate rice porridge arroz al chocolate
tsika[35]:147 chica ("girl") gossip chisme
turón Turrón ("nougat") fried banana roll rollo de platano frito
tuwalya toalla ("towel") tripe mondongo; tripa; callos

Tagalog words derived from pluralized Spanish nouns[edit]

Some of the Spanish loanwords in Tagalog appear in their pluralized form, marked with -s or -es. However, in Tagalog, such words are not considered as plural and when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i.e., by placing the pluralization marker mga before the word.[37] For example, the word butones (meaning button used in clothing, from Sp. botones) is considered singular in Tagalog and its plural form is mga butones.

Tagalog Spanish Meaning in Spanish Meaning in Tagalog
alahas alhaja (plural form: alhajas) jewel; jewelry jewel; jewelry
alkatsopas alcachofa (plural form: alcachofas) artichoke artichoke
arátiles dátil (plural form: dátiles) date (Phoenix dactilyfera) calabur or Panama cherry (Muntingia calabura)
armás arma (plural form: armas) weapon; arm weapon; arm
balbás barba (plural form: barbas) beard (facial hair) beard (facial hair)
banyos baño (plural form: baños) bath; bathroom sponge bath
bayabas guayaba (plural form: guayabas) guava guava
beses vez (plural form: veces) time (repetition) time (repetition)
boses voz (plural form: voces) voice voice
butones (var. bitones) botón (plural form: botones) button (clothing) button (clothing)
datos dato (plural form: datos) fact; detail; piece of Information; data data
garbansos garbanzo (plural form: garbanzos) chickpea chickpea
gastos gasto (plural form: gastos) cost; expense; spending cost; expense; spending
gisantes guisante (plural form: guisantes) pea pea
guwantes guante (plural form: guantes) glove glove
kalatás[38] carta (plural form: cartas) letter; chart; charter paper; white paper; letter; written message
kamatis tomate (plural form: tomates) tomato tomato
kasilyas casilla (plural form: casillas) cubicle; booth toilet
kastanyas castaña (plural form: castañas) chestnut chestnut
kostilyas costilla (plural form: costillas) rib rib
kubyertos cubierto (plural form: cubiertos) cutlery; silverware cutlery; silverware
kuwerdas cuerda (plural form: cuerdas) rope; string; chord string (of a musical instrument)
kuwintas cuenta (plural form: cuentas) bead (jewelry) necklace
kuwitis cohete (plural form: cohetes) rocket skyrocket (firework)
labanós rabano (plural form: rabanos) radish radish
lansones lanzón[39] (plural form: lanzones) langsat (Lansium domesticum) langsat (Lansium domesticum)
letsugas lechuga (plural form: lechugas) lettuce lettuce
manggas manga (plural form: mangas) sleeve sleeve
mansanas manzana (plural form: manzanas) apple apple
materyales material (plural form: materiales) material material
medyas media (plural form: medias) sock sock
notisyas noticia (plural form: noticias) message, news notice
opisyales oficial (plural form: oficiales) officer Officer
oras hora (plural form: horas) hour (unit) hour (unit of time); time
panderetas pandereta (plural form: panderetas) tambourine tambourine
palanas[38] plana (plural form: planas) plain flat area along a river
papeles papel (plural form: papeles) paper document
patatas patata (plural form: patatas) potato potato
pares par (plural form: pares) pair (noun) pair; (adjective) similar
pasas pasa (plural form: pasas) raisin raisin
pastilyas pastilla (plural form: pastillas) pill; tablet; candy Sweet milk candy
peras pera (plural form: peras) pear pear
perlas perla (plural form: perlas) pearl pearl
pilduras pildora (plural form: pildoras) pill; tablet medicinal pill
pohas foja (plural form: fojas) sheet sheet
posas esposa (plural form: esposas) handcuffs handcuffs
presas presa (plural form: presas) strawberry strawberry
prutas fruta (plural form: frutas) fruit fruit
pulbos polvo (plural form: polvos) dust; powder powder
pulseras pulsera (plural form: pulseras) bracelet bracelet
puntos punto (plural form: puntos) dot; period; point (sports) score; points
rehas reja (plural form: rejas) bar; railing bar; railing
riles carril (plural form: carriles) lane; track rail; railroad; railway
rosas rosa (plural form: rosas) rose rose
salas sala (plural form: salas) hall; living room living roon
sapatos sapato (plural form: zapatos) shoe shoe
sardinas sardina (plural form: sardinas) sardine sardine
senyales señal (plural form: señales) sign; signal sign
senyas seña (plural form: señas) sign; signal sign; signal
sibuyas cebolla (plural form: cebollas) onion onion
sigarilyas seguidilla[40] (plural form: seguidillas) (Philippine Spanish) winged bean winged bean
silahis celaje (plural form: celajes) cloudscape; skylight sunray; bisexual[41] (slang)
singkamas jícama (plural form: jícamas) Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus)
sintas cinta (plural form: cintas) ribbon; tape; lace shoelace
sintomas síntoma (plural form: síntomas) symptom symptom
sopas sopa (plural form: sopas) soup soup dish
sorbetes sorbete (plural form: sorbetes) sorbet ice cream
tsinelas chinela (plural form: chinelas) slippers; flip-flops slippers; flip-flops
tsismis chisme (plural form: chismes) gossip gossip
ubas uva (plural form: uvas) grape grape
uhales ojal (plural form: ojales) buttonhole buttonhole
uhas hoja (plural form: hojas) leaf sheet metal

Tagalog words derived from Spanish verbs[edit]

Several Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Most of them are in their infinitive form characterized by the deletion of their final /r/, like for example in the case of the Tagalog intindi (to understand) derived from the Spanish verb entender.[42] This feature is also found in Chavacano verbs which have a Spanish origin and it can be argued that an already restructured form of Spanish (Chavacano or a pidgin) was the origin of these Tagalog words.[2]:209 A list of these loanwords can be viewed below.

Alternatively, upon adoption into Tagalog, the final /r/ of the Spanish verbs in their infinitive form becomes /l/. Such is the case of the following loanwords: almusal (to have breakfast, from Sp. almorzar), dasal (from Sp. rezar), dupikal (from Sp. repicar[43]), kasal (from Sp. casar), kumpisal (from Sp. confesar), minindal (from Sp. merendar), pasyal (from Sp. pasear) and sugal (from Sp. jugar). In some cases, the final /r/ remains unaltered in the Tagalog form like in the case of andar (to set in action or motion; from Sp. andar), asar (to annoy or to verbally irritate; from Sp. asar) and pundar (to establish or to save money for something; from Sp. fundar).

Conjugated Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Examples include: pára (from Sp. parar), pása (from Sp. pasar), puwede (from Sp. poder), tíra (from Sp. tirar) and sige (from Sp. seguir). Imbiyerna (meaning to annoy or to irritate someone) is derived from the Spanish verb infernar (meaning to irritate or to provoke) and was allegedly coined by Ricardo "Rikki" Dalu, originally to describe the hellish feeling and the frustration he experienced when attending Spanish classes.[44] In some cases, the conjugated verbs are combined with another word to form Tagalog morphemes like in the case of the following words: asikaso (from the combination of Sp. hacer and Sp. caso), balewala or baliwala (from the combination of Sp. valer and Tag. wala), etsapwera (from the combination of Sp. echar and Sp. fuera) and kumusta (from the combination of Sp. cómo and Sp. estar).

Tagalog Spanish Meaning in Spanish Meaning in Tagalog
akusá acusar to accuse to accuse
alsá alzar to lift; to raise; to erect to rise in rebellion
analisá analizar to analyze to analyze
apelá apelar to appeal to appeal
aprobá aprobar to approve to approve
apurá apurar to finish; to rush (Lat. Am.) to hurry
alkilá (var. arkilá) alquilar to rent; to rent out to rent; to rent out
asintá asentar to set up; to secure; to lay down to aim at
aturgá otorgar to grant; to bestow; to confer to take on responsibility
awtorisá autorizar to authorize to authorize
bará barrar to cover in mud to block; to clog
batí batir to beat; to whisk; to whip to beat; to whisk; to whip; to masturbate (vulgar)
beripiká verificar to verify to verify
bulkanisá vulcanizar to vulcanize to vulcanize
burá borrar to erase to erase
burdá bordar to embroider to embroider
deklará declarar to declare to declare
determiná determinar to determine to determine
diktá dictar to dictate to dictate
dimití dimitir to resign to resign
dirihí dirigir to manage; to be in charge of to manage; to be in charge of
disaprobá disaprobar to disapprove to disapprove
disarmá desarmar to disarm to disarm
disimpektá desinfectar to disinfect to disinfect
disimulá disimular to conceal; to cover up to conceal; to cover up
diskargá descargar to unload; to discharge; to download to unload
diskitá desquitar to make up for to take it out on
diskubrí descubrir to discover to discover
dismayá desmayar to become disheartened; to become demoralized to become disheartened; to become demoralized
distrungká destroncar to hack away to forcefully open a door, a lock, etc.
galbanisá galvanizar to galvanize to galvanize
gisá guisar to stew to saute, to stir fry in oil (usually with garlic and onions)
hulmá ahormar to shape; to mould to shape; to mould
husgá juzgar to judge to judge
imbestigá investigar to investigate to investigate
imbitá invitar to invite to invite
intindí entender to understand to understand
itsá echar to throw to throw
kalkulá calcular to calculate to calculate
kanselá cancelar to cancel to cancel
kantá cantar to sing to sing
kargá cargar to load; to charge; to fill to load; to charge; to fill
kodipiká codificar to codify; to encode to codify; to encode
kondená condenar to condemn to condemn
konserbá conservar to conserve to conserve
konsiderá considerar to consider to consider
kublí cubrir to cover; to cover up to hide from sight
kubrá cobrar to demand or to receive payment to demand or to receive payment
kulá colar to strain; to bleach to bleach
kultí curtir to tan to treat leather or other materials with tanning agents (e.g. tannin)
kumbidá convidar to invite to invite
kumbinsí convencir to convince to convince
kumpará comparar to compare to compare
kumpirmá confirmar to confirm to confirm
kumpiská confiscar to confiscate; to seize to confiscate; to seize
kumpuní (var. komponé) componer to make up; to compose; to repair to repair
kusí cocer to cook to cook
labá lavar to wash to wash
legalisá legalizar to legalize to legalize
liberalisá liberalizar to liberalize to liberalize
manipulá manipular to manipulate to manipulate
marká marcar to mark to mark
nominá nominar to nominate to nominate
obligá obligar to force; to oblige to force; to oblige
obserbá observar to observe to observe
operá operar to operate to surgically operate
palsipiká falsificar to falsify to falsify
palyá fallar to fail; to break down and stop working to fail; to break down and stop working
paralisá paralizar to paralyze to paralyze
pasá pasar to pass; to happen; to go through to pass an academic course, an examination, an interview, etc.
pasmá[45] pasmar to amaze; to astonish; to chill to the bone pasma (folk illness) and, by extension, to have pasma
pintá pintar to paint to paint
pirmá firmar to sign to sign
pormalisá formalizar to formalize to formalize
prepará preparar to prepare to prepare
preserbá preservar to preserve to preserve
proklamá proclamar to proclaim to proclaim
pundí fundir to melt; to merge to burn out
puntá apuntar to aim; to point out; to write down to go to
purgá purgar to purge to cleanse; to take a purgative or laxative
pursigí perseguir to pursue; to follow; to chase; to persecute to persevere
pustá apostar to bet; to wager to bet; to wager
ratipiká ratificar to ratify to ratify
reboká revocar to revoke to revoke
rekomendá recomendar to recommend to recommend
repiná refinar to refine to refine
sangkutsá sancochar or salcochar to boil with water and salt to pre-cook food with spices and aromatics
salbá salvar to save to save
sará cerrar to close to close
silbí servir to serve to serve
sindí encender to ignite; to turn on; to switch on to ignite; to turn on; to switch on
suldá soldar to solder; to weld to solder; to weld
sulsí zurcir to sew; to mend to sew; to mend
sumité someter to subdue; to subjugate; to submit to submit; to put forward
suspendé suspendir to suspend to suspend
tantiyá tantear to feel; to weigh up; to estimate to estimate
tarantá atarantar to stun; to daze; to stupify to confuse; to baffle; to bewilder
tasá tajar to chop; to cut; to slice to sharpen
timplá templar to cool down; to moderate to blend; to mix; to prepare drinks, medicine, chemical solutions, etc.
tumbá tumbar to knock down to knock down
tustá tostar to toast to toast
umpisá empezar to begin; to start to begin; to start

Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms[edit]

Some Tagalog compound terms are actually formed through a combination of a native Tagalog term and an etymologically Spanish term, like in the case of the idiomatic expression balat-sibuyas (a term referring to a person's easiness to be offended), which is a combination of the Tagalog balat and Spanish cebolla. The linguist Ekaterina Baklanova distinguishes at least two types of Spanish-Tagalog compound terms: hybrid loanwords[46] or mixed-borrowings[47] are partially translated Spanish terms which are adopted into Tagalog, e.g. karnerong-dagat (derived from the Spanish term carnero marino, meaning "seal") and anemonang-dagat (derived from the Spanish term anémona de mar, meaning "sea anemone"), while hybrid neologisms[48][49] are new terms invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated Spanish-derived material, e.g. pader-ilog, meaning "embankment", derived from the combination of the Tagalog word ilog (meaning "river") and Spanish word pared (meaning "wall" and adopted in Tagalog as the word pader).

Below is the list of some Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms. Because of the lack of standardization, some of the compound terms listed below are written differently (i.e. without the hyphen) in other Tagalog-based literature. For example, while the term sirang-plaka is usually encountered in many Tagalog-based works without the hyphen, there are also some instances of the term being written with the hyphen like in the case of one of the books written by the Chairman of the Commission on the Filipino Language Virgilio Almario, entitled Filipino ng mga Filipino: mga problema sa ispeling, retorika, at pagpapayaman ng wikang pambansa. Another example is the term takdang-oras, which can also be encountered in the literature without the hyphen. As a rule, a hybrid compound term below will be hyphenated if it has at least one instance of it being written with the hyphen in Tagalog-based literary works.

Compound term Root words Meaning
Agaw-eksena agaw (from Tagalog, meaning to snatch) + eksena (from Sp. escena) Scene-stealer
Alsa-balutan alsa (from Sp. alzar) + balutan (from Tagalog, meaning package) To pack up; to change residence
Amoy-tsiko amoy (from Tagalog, meaning smell) + tsiko (from Sp. chicozapote) Drunk; intoxicated
Anemonang-dagat anemona (from Sp. anémona) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) Sea anemone
Bágong-salta bago (from Tagalog, meaning new) + salta (from Sp. saltar) Newcomer
Balat-sibuyas balat (from Tagalog, meaning skin) + sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) A person who is easily offended
Balik-eskuwela balik (from Tagalog, meaning return) + eskwela (from Sp. escuela) Back-to-school
Bantay-sarado bantay (from Tagalog, meaning to guard) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado) Well-guarded; closely guarded
Bigay-todo bigay (from Tagalog, meaning to give) + todo (from Sp. todo) Giving one's all
Boses-ipis boses (from Sp. voces) + ipis (from Tagalog, meaning cockroach) Inaudible voice
Boses-palaka boses (from Sp. voces) + palaka (from Tagalog, meaning frog) Croaky voice
Bugbog-sarado bugbog (from Tagalog, meaning to beat up) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado) Heavily beaten
Bulak-niyebe bulak (from Tagalog, meaning cotton) + niyebe (from Sp. nieve) Snowflake
Dilang-anghel dila (from Tagalog, meaning tongue) + anghel (from Sp. angel) Having the gift of prophecy
Dilang-baka dila (from Tagalog, meaning tongue) + baka (from Sp. vaca) Opuntia cochenillifera
Doble-ingat doble (from Sp. doble) + ingat (from Tagalog, meaning to be cautious) To take extra precautions
Doble-talim doble (from Sp. doble) + talim (from Tagalog, meaning sharpness) Double-edged
Epikong-bayan epiko (from Sp. poema épico) + bayan (from Tagalog, meaning country) Folk epic
Esponghang-dagat espongha (from. Sp. esponja) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) Sea sponge
Gera-patani gera (from Sp. guerra) + patani (from Tagalog term for Phaseolus lunatus) Heated verbal exchange
Hating-globo hati (from Tagalog, meaning half) + globo (from Sp. globo) Hemisphere
Hiram-kantores hiram (from Tagalog, meaning to borrow) + kantores (from Sp. cantores) Non-returnable
Kabayong-dagat kabayo (from Sp. cavallo) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) Seahorse (Hippocampus spp.)
Karnerong-dagat karnero (from Sp. carnero) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) Seal
Kayod-marino kayod (from Tagalog, meaning to grate) + marino (from Sp. marino) Hard worker
Kilos-protesta kilos (from Tagalog, meaning movement) + protesta (from Sp. protesta) Demonstration; street protest
Kuwentong-bayan kwento (from Sp. cuento) + bayan (from Tagalog, meaning country) Folk stories
Lakad-pato lakad (from Tagalog, meaning walk) + pato (from Sp. pato) Waddle
Leong-dagat leon (from Sp. león) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) Sea lion
Mukhang-pera mukha (from Tagalog, meaning face) + pera (from Sp. perra gorda or perra chica) Profit-oriented; easily corruptible through bribes
Pader-ilog pader (from Sp. pared) + ilog (from Tagalog, meaning river) Embankment
Pampalipas-oras lipas (from Tagalog, meaning to pass) + oras (from Sp. horas) Pastime; hobby
Panday-yero panday (from Tagalog, meaning smith) + yero (from Sp. hierro) Ironsmith
Patay-malisya patay (from Tagalog, meaning dead) + malisya (from Sp. malicia) Feigning innocence; pretending not to know that something is amiss
Pusòng-mamon puso (from Tagalog, meaning heart) + mamon (from Sp. mamón) Soft-hearted; kind and compassionate
Sanib-puwersa sanib (from Tagalog, meaning to join together) + puwersa (from Sp. fuerza) To join forces
Siling-haba sili (from Sp. chile) + haba (from Tagalong, meaning length) Capsicum annuum var. longum
Siling-labuyo sili (from Sp. chile) + labuyo (from Tagalog, meaning wild chicken) Capsicum frutescens
Singsing-pari singsing (from Tagalog, meaning ring) + pari (meaning priest, from Sp. padre) Millipede
Sirang-plaka sira (from Tagalog, meaning broken) + plaka (from Sp. placa) Broken record
Sulat-makinilya sulat (from Tagalog, meaning script/writing) + makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla) Typewritten
Taas-presyo taas (from Tagalog, meaning high) + presyo (from Sp. precio) Price increase
Tabing-kalsada tabi (from Tagalog, meaning side) + kalsada (from Sp. calzada) Roadside
Tabing-kalye tabi (from Tagalog, meaning side) + kalye (from Sp. calle) Roadside
Takaw-aksidente takaw (from Tagalog, meaning greedy) + aksidente (from Sp. accidente) Accident-prone
Takaw-desgrasya takaw (from Tagalog, meaning greedy) + disgrasya (from Sp. desgracia) Accident-prone
Takdang-oras takda (from Tagalog, meaning to set/to assign) + oras (from Sp. horas) Fixed or appointed time
Takdang-petsa takda (from Tagalog, meaning to set/to assign) + petsa (from Sp. fecha) Due date; Deadline
Tanim-bala tanim (from Tagalog, meaning to plant) + bala (from Sp. bala) Planting evidence of illegal bullet possession
Tanim-droga tanim (from Tagalog, meaning to plant) + droga (from Sp. droga) Planting evidence of illegal drug possession
Táong-grasa tao (from Tagalog, meaning person) + grasa (from Sp. grasa) Homeless man or woman
Tubig-gripo tubig (from Tagalog, meaning water) + gripo (from Sp. grifo) Tap water
Tulak-droga tulak (from Tagalog, meaning to push) + droga (from Sp. droga) Drug pusher
Túlog-mantika tulog (from Tagalog, meaning sleep) + mantika (from Sp. manteca) Someone or something that doesn't wake up easily
Tunog-lata tunog (from Tagalog, meaning soundor tune) + lata (from Sp. lata) Tinny; sounding like tin

English[edit]

English has been used in everyday Tagalog conversation. Code-switching between Tagalog and English is called Taglish. English words borrowed by Tagalog are mostly modern and technical terms, but some English words are also used for short usage (many Tagalog words translated from English are very long) or to avoid literal translation and repetition of the same particular Tagalog word. English makes the second largest foreign vocabulary of Tagalog after Spanish. In written language, English words in a Tagalog sentence are usually written as they are, but they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:

Tagalog English Traditional word(s)
Aborsyon[50] Abortion Pagpapalaglag, aborto (Sp.)
Absen[50] Absent Liban, awsente (Sp.)
Adik Addict Adikto (Sp.), sugapâ
Adyenda Agenda Ahenda (Sp.)
Akwaryum[50] Aquarium Pabiyay, akwaryo (Sp. acuario)
Alibay[50] Alibi Dahilan
Alumnay[50] Alumni
Ambus[50] Ambush Tambangan
Armi[50] Army Hukbo
Badigard[50] Bodyguard Bantay
Badminton[50] Badminton
Badyet[50] Budget Laang-gugulin, presupuwesto
Bag Bag Supot
Baks-opis[50] Box office
Bakwit Evacuee (mga) lumikas
Ban[50] Ban Bawal, pag-babawal, prohibisyon (Sp.)
Barbekyu/Barbikyu[50] Barbecue Ihaw (literally "grill")
Basket[50] Basket Sesta (Sp. cesta)
Basketbol[50] Basketball
Bekon[50] Bacon
Besbol/Beysbol[50] Baseball
Bilyard Billiard Bilyar (Sp.)
Biskuwit Biscuit Galyetas (Sp.)
Bif stik Beef steak karne asada (Sp.)
Bodabíl Vaudeville
Boksing[50] Boxing Bokseo (Sp.)
Bolpen[50] Ballpoint pen Panulat (any writing instrument that uses ink), pluma (Sp.)
Boo[50] Boo; To dislike
Boykot[50] Boycott
Brandi[50] Brandy
Buldoser[50] Bulldozer
Bus[50] Bus Awtobus (Sp.)
Drayber Driver Tsuper (Sp. chofer, cf. chauffeur)
Dyaket Jacket tsaketa (Sp. chaqueta)
Dyakpat Jackpot
Dyip/Dyipni Jeep/Jeepney
Gadyet Gadget
Gradweyt Graduate Tapos, Nagtapos, gradwado (Sp. graduado)
Hayskul High school Paaralang sekundarya (sekundarya = Sp. secundaria); Mataas na paaralan
Helikopter/Helikapter Helicopter Elikoptero (Sp. helicóptero)
Interbyu Interview Panayam, entrebista (Sp. entrevista)
Internet Internet
Iskedyul Schedule Talaorasan (oras = Sp. horas), oraryo (Sp. horario)
Iskolar Scholar Eskolar (Sp.)
Iskor Score Puntos (Sp. punto)
Iskul School Paaralan
Iskrip Script
Iskrin Screen Tábing
Iskuter Scooter
Iskuwater Squatter
Ispayral Spiral Balisungsong, espiral (Sp.)
Ispiker Speaker (person) Tagapagsalita, tagatalumpati, mananalumpati, orador (m) & oradora (f) (Sp.)
Isponsor Sponsor Tagatangkilik
Isport Sport Palaro, palakasan, paligsahan (also translates as "contest" or "tournament"), deporte (Sp.)
Isprey Spray Wisik
Istandard Standard Pamantayan, panukatan, norma (Sp.)
Kabinet Cabinet Aparador (Sp.)
Kambas Canvass
Kapirayt Copyright Karapatang-sipi
Karat[50] Carat Kilates (Sp.)
Karot Carrot Asanorya (Sp. zanahoria)
Karpet[50] Carpet Alpombra (Sp.)
Kas[50] Cash Pera
Kendi[50] Candy Minatamis (Eng. "sweets")
Ketsap[50] Ketchup
Keyk Cake Pastel (Sp.)
Klip[50] Clip
Koboy[50] Cowboy Bakero (Sp.)
Kodak[50] Kodak
Kolektor[50] Collector Maniningil, kobrador (Sp.)
Kompiyuter[51] Computer ordenador (Sp.)
Korek Correct Ayos, tama (Sans.), tumpak
Kras[50] Crash Bumagsak
Kyut Cute Lindo (m) & Linda (f) (Sp.)
Lobat[52] Low battery
Madyik Magic Salamangka, mahika (Sp.)
Magasin Magazine Diyaryo (Sp. diario)
Miskol[52] Missed call
Miting Meeting Pagpupulong
Nars Nurse
Okey OK, Okay Sige (Sp. sigue)
Pakyu Fuck you
Plastik Plastic Plastiko (Sp.)
Pulis Police Pulisya (Sp.), Magbantay, Bantayan
Rali Rally Pagtulungan
Sandwits Sandwich Bokadilyo, emparedado (Sp.)
Selpon[53] Cellphone Hatinig (Hatid + Tinig)
Syota/Shota[54] Short time/Shawty Kasintahan, nobyo (m) & nobya (f) (Sp.)
Tambay Stand by Asikot
Tenis Tennis
Tin-edyer Teenager Lalabintaunin, Lalabinggulang, adolesente (Sp.)
Titser Teacher Guro (Sans. via Malay "guru"), maestro (m) and maestra (f) (Sp.)
Tisyu Tissue Hábi, tehído (Sp. tejido)
Traysikel Tricycle Trisiklo (Sp.)
Trak Truck Kamyon (Sp. camión)
Trey Tray Bandeha (Sp.)
Wáis Wise Mautak, Tuso

Malay[edit]

Many Malay loanwords entered the Tagalog vocabulary during pre-colonial times as Old Malay became the lingua franca of trade, commerce and diplomatic relations during the pre-colonial era of Philippine history as evidenced by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription of 900 AD and accounts of Antonio Pigafetta at the time of the Spanish arrival in the country five centuries later. Some Malay loanwords, such as bansa and guro (which in turn came from Sanskrit; see below), were later additions to the Tagalog language during the first half of the 20th century. Said words were proposals by the late linguist Eusebio T. Daluz to be adopted for further development of the Tagalog language and eventually found widespread usage among the lettered segment of the Tagalog-speaking population.[55]

Tagalog Etymology Meaning in Tagalog
balaklaot[56] barat laut (Malay, meaning northwest) northwestern winds
balisa[57] belisa (Malay, meaning restless, fidgety) restless; fidgety
batubalani[58] batu (Malay and Tagalog, meaning stone) + berani (Malay, meaning brave) magnetite; magnet stone
bibingka[59] kuih bingka (Malay, referring to tapioca or cassava cake) rice cake with coconut milk
bilanggo belenggu (Malay, meaning shackles or chain) prison; prisoner
binibini[60] bini (Malay, meaning wife) young lady; miss
bunso[61] bongsu (Malay, meaning youngest-born) youngest child
dalamhati dalam (Malay, meaning within) + hati (Malay, meaning liver or heart) grief
dalubhasa[62] juru (Malay, meaning expert) + bahasa (Malay, meaning language) expert (in general)
ganti[63] ganti (Malay, meaning replacement by succession or substitution) requital; return; reward; retribution
hatol[64] atur (Malay, meaning order or arrangement) sentence pronounced by a judge in court
kanan[65] kanan (Malay, meaning right) right-hand side
kawal[66] kawal (Malay, meaning watchman, patrol or guard) soldier; warrior
kulambo[67] kelambu (Malay, meaning mosquito net) mosquito net
lagari[68] gergaji (Malay, meaning carpenter's saw) carpenter's saw
lunggati lung (Tagalog root word meaning grief[13]:88) + hati (Malay, meaning liver or heart) eagerness; ambition
luwalhati luar (Malay, meaning outside) + hati (Malay, meaning heart) inner peace; glory (as in the Glory Be)
pighati pedih (Malay, meaning pain) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) affliction; anguish; woe
pilak[69] perak (Malay, meaning silver) (Ultimately of Khmer origin) silver (Ag)
pirali[70] pijar (Malay, meaning borax) calcium carbonate
salaghati salag or salak (Tagalog, meaning full and levelled) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) displeasure; resentment
takal[71] takar (Malay, meaning a measure of capacity for oil, etc.) measurement by volume of liquids and of grains
tanghali[72] tengah (Malay, meaning half) + hari (Malay, meaning day) noon; midday
tiyanak[73] puntianak (Malay, referring to a vampire, ghost or reanimated body supposed to suck blood) vampiric creature that imitates the form of a child
uluhati ulo (Tagalog, meaning head) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) remembrance; reminiscence
usap[74] ucap (Malay, meaning utterance) conversation

Sanskrit[edit]

Jean Paul-Potet estimates that there are around 280 words in Tagalog that originated from Sanskrit.[13]:269 As in most Austronesian languages, the Sanskrit vocabulary incorporated into Tagalog were mostly borrowed indirectly via Malay or Javanese.[75] While it was generally believed that Malay played a key role in the dissemination of the Indian lexical influences in Southeast Asia, there are also cases of words that are not attested in Old Malay but are present in Old Javanese, thus highlighting the possibility that the latter played a more important role in the dissemination of these words in Maritime Southeast Asia than was previously given credit for. Examples of such words that also reached the Philippines include anluwagi ("carpenter"; from Javanese uṇḍahagi meaning "woodworker" or "carpenter") and gusali ("building"; from Javanese gusali meaning "blacksmith"). As these words are more closely related to their Middle Indo-Aryan counterparts, they are not listed below.[76]

Tagalog Sanskrit Meaning in Tagalog
Agham Āgama (आगम), meaning acquisition of knowledge, science Science (this is a neologism; "modern meaning")
Antala Āntara (अन्तर), meaning duration, gap Delay
Asal Ācāra (आचार), meaning manner of action, conduct, behavior Behaviour; Character
Bahala Bhāra (भार), meaning burden, load, weight, heavy work To manage; to take care of; to take charge
Balita Vārtā (वार्ता), meaning account, report News
Bansa Vaṃśā (वंश), meaning bamboo cane, genealogy, dynasty, race, Country (neologism)
Banyaga Vāṇījaka (वणिजक), meaning merchant, trader Foreigner (modern meaning)
Basa Vaca (वच), meaning voice, speech To read
Bathalà Batthāra (भट्टार), meaning noble lord, venerable Supreme Being; God
Bihasa Ābhyāsa (अभ्यास), meaning habit Expert; Accustomed
Budhi Bodhī (बोधि), meaning understanding Conscience
Dawa[13]:73,191 Yava (यव), meaning Hordeum vulgare Panicum miliaceum
Daya Dvaya (द्वय), meaning twofold nature, falsehood Cheating; Deception
Diwa Jīva (जीव), meaning the principle of life, vital breath Spirit; Soul
Diwata Devatā (देवता), meaning divinity Fairy, Goddess, Nymph
Dukha Dukkha (दुःख), meaning sorrow, misery, hardship Poverty
Dusa Doṣa (दोष), meaning harm, damage, bad consequence Suffering
Dusta Dūṣīta (दूषित), meaning defiled, violated, injured Ignominiously insulted
Gadya Gaja (गज), meaning elephant Elephant
Ganda Gandha (गन्ध), meaning aroma, fragrance Beauty; beautiful
Guro Guru (गुरु), meaning master, teacher Mentor; Teacher
Halaga Ārgha (अर्घ), meaning value Price; Value; Worth
Halata Ārthaya (अर्थय), meaning perceive Noticeable; Perceptible; Obvious
Haraya Hridaya (हृदय), meaning heart Imagination
Hina Hīna (हीन), meaning weaker/lower than, abandoned, deficient Weakness; fragility
Hiwaga Vīhaga (विहग), meaning bird Mystery; miracle
Kasubha Kusumbha (कुसुम्भ), meaning Carthamus tinctorius Carthamus tinctorius
Kastuli Kastūrī (कस्तूरी), meaning Abelmoschus moschatus Abelmoschus moschatus
Katha Kathā (कथा), meaning a feigned story, fable Literary composition; Fiction; Invention
Katakata Reduplication of Kathā (कथा), meaning a story, fable Legend; Fable; Folk tale
Kalapati; Palapati Pārāpataḥ (पारापत), meaning pigeon Pigeon
Kuba Kubja (कुब्ज), meaning hunchback Hunchback
Kuta Kota (कोट), meaning fort, stronghold Fort
Ladya Rāja (राज), meaning king, chief, sovereign Raja
Lagundi Nīrgundī (निर्गुण्डि), meaning Vitex negundo Vitex negundo
Laho Rāhu (राहु), meaning eclipse Eclipse; to vanish
Lasa Rasa (रस), meaning taste, savour Taste
Likha Lekhā (लेखा), meaning drawing, figure To create
Lupa Rūpa (रूप), meaning appearance Appearance, Land
Madla Mandala (मण्डल), meaning circle, multitude The general public
Maharlika Mahārddhīka (महर्द्धिक), meaning prosperous Nobility; Prehispanic Tagalog social class composed of freedmen
Makata Tagalog prefix ma- + kathā (कथा), meaning a story, fable Poet
Mukha Mukha (मुख), meaning face Face
Mula Mūla (मूल), meaning basis, foundation, origin, beginning From; since; origin
Mutya Mutya (मुत्य), meaning pearl Amulet; Charm; Jewel; Pearl
Naga Nāga (नाग), meaning serpent Dragon
Paksa Paksha (पक्ष), meaning a point or matter under discussion Theme; topic; subject
Palibhasa Pārībhāsā (परिभाषा), meaning speech, censure, reproof Irony; Sarcasm; Criticism
Parusa Tagalog prefix pa- + dusa, from Sanskrit doṣa (दोष) Punishment
Patola Patola (पटोल), meaning Trichosanthes dioica Luffa acutangula
Rajah Raja (राजन्) meaning king or royal King / royal (historical)
Saksí Sākṣīn (साक्षिन्), meaning eye-witness Witness
Sakuna Zākuna (शकुन), meaning a bird of omen Disaster
Salamuha Samūha (समूह), meaning gathering, crowd To mingle with people
Salanta Randa (रण्ड), meaning maimed, crippled Infirm
Salita Cārīta (चरित), meaning behaviour, acts, deeds, adventures To speak; to talk; word
Samantala Samāntara (समान्तर), meaning parallel Meanwhile
Sampalataya Sampratyaya (सम्प्रत्यय), meaning trust, confidence To have faith, to believe in God
Sandata Saṃyatta (संयत्त), meaning prepared, being on one's guard Weapon
Sigla Sīghra (शीघ्र), meaning swift, quick, speedy Enthusiasm; Vitality
Sinta Cintā (चिन्ता),

meaning thought

Love
Suka Cukra (चुक्र), meaning vinegar Vinegar
Sutla Sūtra (सूत्र), meaning thread, string, wire Silk
Tala Tārā (तारा), meaning star Star, Tala (goddess)
Tanikala Sṛṅkhala (शृङ्खल), meaning chain Chain
Tingga Tīvra (तीव्र), meaning tin, iron, steel Tin
Tsampaka Campaka (चम्पक), meaning Magnolia champaca Magnolia champaca
Upang Upa (उप), meaning towards, near to So as to, in order to

Tamil[edit]

Close contact through commercial networks between India and Maritime Southeast Asia for more than two millennia, bolstered by the establishment of Tamil as a literary language in India starting from the 9th century, allowed the spread of Dravidian loanwords in several local languages of Southeast Asia, including Old Malay and Tagalog. A list of Tagalog words with Tamil origins are shown below.[77]

Tagalog Tamil Meaning in Tamil Meaning in Tagalog
Bagay[77] வகை (Vāgai) Kind, class, sort; goods; property; means of livelihood Thing; object; article
Baril[77] வெடில் (Veḍil) Explosion Gun; to shoot (with a gun)
Bilanggo[77] விலங்கு (Vilaṅgu) Fetters; shackles; manacles Captive; prisoner
Gulay[77] குழை (Kulai) To become soft, pulpy, as well-cooked Vegetable
Kalikam[13]:302 காரிக்கம் (Kārikkam) Unbleached plain cotton cloth Embroidered breeches from Brunei
Kawal[77] காவல் (Kāval) Watchman; guard Soldier; warrior
Kawali[77] குவளை (Kuvaḷai) Wide-mouthed vessel; cup Frying pan, skillet
Kiyapo[77] கயப்பூ (Kayappū) Aquatic flower Pistia stratiotes
Mangga[77] மாங்காய் (Māngāi) Unripe mango fruit Mango (in general)
Malunggay[77] முருங்கை (Murungai) Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera
Misay[77] மீசை (Mīcai) Moustache Moustache
Palisay[77] பரிசை (Paricai) Shield; buckler Shield used in warrior dances
Puto[77] புட்டு (Puttu) A kind of confectionery Rice cake
Tupa[13]:303 ஆட்டுப்பட்டி (Āṭṭu-p-paṭṭi) A flock of sheep Sheep

Arabic and Persian[edit]

There are very few words in Tagalog that are identified as Arabic or Persian in origin, but some of them are very frequently use terms such as “salamat,” meaning “thank you.” According to Jean-Paul Potet, there are 60 Tagalog words that are identified with reasonable confidence as derived from Arabic or Persian, half of which are probably (roughly 23%) or unquestionably (roughly 26%) borrowed indirectly through Malay.[78] The other half of the identified loanwords are directly derived from Arabic or Persian, like for example the word gumamela (the local Tagalog term for the Hibiscus flowers, derived from Arabic جميلة meaning beautiful). The table below shows different Arabic loanwords, including archaic and poetic ones, incorporated into the Tagalog lexicon. If an Arabic loanword is considered to be borrowed through the mediation of Malay, the intermediate Malay term is also specified.

Several Spanish loanwords incorporated into Tagalog have origins in the Arabic language.[79] Examples include alahas (meaning jewel, from Sp. alhaja and ultimately from Arabic حاجة meaning "necessary or valuable thing"), albayalde (meaning white lead, from Sp. albayalde and ultimately from Arabic بياض meaning "white" or "whiteness"), alkansiya (meaning piggy bank, from Sp. alcancía and ultimately from Arabic كنز meaning "treasure"), alkatsopas (meaning artichoke, from Sp. alcachofa and ultimately from Arabic الخُرْشُوف), almires (meaning small mortar, from Sp. almirez and ultimately from Arabic مهراس), asapran (meaning saffron, from Sp. azafrán from Persian zarparan meaning "gold strung"[80]), baryo (meaning village, from Sp. barrio and ultimately from Arabic بَرِّي), kapre (a Filipino mythological creature, from Sp. cafre and ultimately from Arabic كَافِر), kisame (meaning ceiling, from Sp. zaquizamí and ultimately from Arabic سقف في السماء meaning "ceiling in the sky"), etc. The table below does not include these numerous Hispano-Arabic terms as it will only focus on those loanwords which are directly borrowed from Arabic or Persian, or indirectly borrowed through Malay.

Tagalog Arabic/Persian Malay intermediate Meaning in Tagalog
Agimat[13]:331 عَزِيمَة (Arabic `azimah meaning amulet, talisman, magic spell) Azimat (meaning talisman) Amulet; talisman
Alak[13]:331 عرق (Arabic `araq, meaning liquor) Arak (meaning liquor) Liquor
Anakura[81] ناخوذا (Persian nakhoodha, meaning ship's captain) Nakhoda (meaning ship's captain) Ship's captain
Daulat[13]:331 دولة (Arabic Dawlah, meaning rotation, turn of fortune) Daulat (meaning prosperity, happiness) Luck; fortune; fate
Gumamela جميلة (Arabic Jamiilah, meaning beautiful) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Hukom[13]:331 حكم (Arabic Ḥukm, meaning judgment) Hukum (meaning judgment,law) Judge
Katan[13]:331 ختان (Arabic Khatān, meaning circumcision) Circumcised
Kupya[13]:332 كوفية (Arabic Kuufiyyah, meaning headgear, keffieh) Kopiah (meaning cap) Iron helmet or similar headgear
Malim[13]:332 معلم (Arabic Mu`allim, meaning teacher) Malim (meaning maritime pilot) Maritime pilot
Mahal مَحَلّ (Arabic Mahall, meaning Place) (Persian Mahal, meaning Palace/ Dome) Mahal (meaning expensive) Expensive and Love
Mansigit[13]:332 مسجد (Arabic Masjid, meaning mosque) Temple
Paham[13]:332 فَهْم (Arabic Fahm, meaning understanding) Faham (meaning science, understanding) A learned person; scholar
Pangadyi Tag. pang- + حاجي (Arabic Ḥājjī, meaning a pilgrim to Mecca) Pengajian (meaning recitation, reading) Muslim prayer; prayer to a Tagalog deity
Pinggan[82] ﭙﻨﮔان (Persian Pingān, meaning cup, bowl) Pinggan (meaning dish, plate, saucer) Dish plate
Salabat[13]:332 شربة (Arabic Sharbah, meaning any non-alcoholic drink) Ginger tea
Salamat[83] سلامة (Persian Salāmah, meaning thank you, from Arabic Salāmāt سلامت, peace and blessings (greeting or thanking word)) Thank you
Salapi[13]:333 صرف (Arabic Ṣarf, meaning to pay, to earn) Coin; money
Salawal[82] سروال (Persian Sarwaal, meaning bloomers, pantaloons, trousers) Seluar (meaning breeches, trousers) Underpants, pre-colonial dhoti-like men's garment
Siyak[13]:333 شيخ (Arabic Shaykh, meaning elder, master, teacher, sheik) Siak (meaning a mosque caretaker) Muslim cleric
Sultan سلطان (Arabic sulṭān meaning strength sorveignty or authority) or سلطة (Arabic sulṭah meaning power or rulership) Sultan (meaning king or royal) King or royal (historical)
Sumbali[13]:333 سبحل (Arabic 'Sabḥala', meaning to say or repeat "Subhan Allah") Cutting the throat of an animal
Sunat[13]:333 سُنَّة (Arabic Sunnah, meaning tradition, specifically Islamic traditions) Sunat (meaning circumcision) Excision of the clitoris

Hokkien[edit]

Most Chinese loanwords in Tagalog were derived from Hokkien, the Southern Chinese language most widely spoken in the Philippines. Most of the 163 Hokkien-derived terms collected and analyzed by Gloria Chan-Yap are fairly recent and do not appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog.[13]:334 Many loanwords such as pancit[84] entered the Tagalog vocabulary during the Spanish colonial era when the Philippines experienced an increased influx of Chinese immigrants (mostly from the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong in Southern China[85]) as Manila became an international entrepôt with the flourishing of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade.[86][87] Attractive economic opportunities boosted Chinese immigration to Spanish Manila and the new Chinese settlers brought with them their skills, culinary traditions and language, with the latter then influencing the native languages of the Philippines in the form of loanwords, most of which are related to cookery.[88]:5[89]

Tagalog Hokkien (H) Meaning in Hokkien Meaning in Tagalog
Angkak[88]:137 紅麴/âng-khak (H) Red yeast rice Red yeast rice
Apyan[88]:131 鴉片/a-phiàn (H) Opium Opium
Ate[88]:141 阿姊/á-chí (H) Appellation for elder sister Appellation for elder sister
Baktaw[88]:143 墨斗/ba̍k-táu (H) Carpenter's ink marker Carpenter's ink marker
Bakya[88]:130 木屐/ba̍k-kia̍h (H) Wooden clogs Wooden clogs
Bataw[88]:135 扁豆/pà-taŭ (H) Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus)
Batsoy[88]:137 肉水/bà-cuì (H) Dish with loin of pork as main ingredient Batchoy
Bihon[88]:137 米粉/bî-hún (H) Rice vermicelli Rice vermicelli
Biko[88]:137 米糕/bí-kō (H) Sweetened rice cake Sweetened rice cake
Bilawo[88]:140 米樓/bí-lâu (H) Literally "rice layer/level" Flat round-shaped rice winnower and food container
Bimpo[88]:130 面布/bīn-pǒ (H) Face towel Face towel
Bithay[13]:338[88]:140 米篩/bi-thaî (H) Rice sifter Sieve (for sifting grain and sand)
Bitso[88]:137 米棗/bí-chó (H) Fried cake made of rice flour Philippine terms for youtiao
Betsin 味精/bī-cheng (H) Monosodium glutamate Monosodium glutamate
Buwisit 無圍翼 /bô-ûi-si̍t (H) Out of luck Nuisance
Diko[88]:141 二哥/jī-ko[90][91] (H) Appellation for second eldest brother Appellation for second eldest brother
Diso 二嫂/jī-só[92] (H) Second eldest brother's wife Sister-in-law
Ditse[88]:141 二姊/jī-chí[93] (H) Appellation for second eldest sister Appellation for second eldest sister
Ginto[94] 金條/kim-tiâu (H) Gold bar Gold (Au)
Goto[88]:135 牛肚/gû-tǒ͘ (H) Ox tripe Goto – rice porridge with ox/beef tripe
Gunggong[88]:132 戇戇/gōng-gōng (H) Stupid Stupid
Hikaw[88]:130 耳鉤/hǐ-kau (H) Earrings Earrings
Hopya[88]:137 好餅/hō-pià (H) Sweet mung bean cake Sweet mung bean cake
Hukbo[88]:142 服務/hôk-bū (H) Service Army
Husi[88]:130 富絲/hù-si (H) Quality cotton Cloth made from pineapple fibre
Huwepe[88]:131 火把/hué-pé[95] (H) Torch Torch
Huweteng[88]:145 花檔/huê-tĕng (H) Jueteng Jueteng
Impo[96] 姆婆/ḿ-pô[97] / 引婆/ín-pô[98] (H) Grandmother Grandmother
Ingkong[88]:142[96] 引公/ín-kong[99] (H) Grandfather Grandfather
Inso[88]:142 引嫂/ín-só[92] (H) Sister-in-law Wife of an elder brother or male cousin
Intsik 引叔/ín-chek[100][101] (H) uncle (informal) Chinese people, language, or culture
Katay[88]:145 共刣/kā-thâi (H) To cut open together To slaughter
Kikiam[102] 五香/ngó͘-hiang (H) Sausage-like roll seasoned with five-spice powder Sausage-like roll seasoned with five-spice powder
Kintsay[88]:136 芹菜/khîn-chaĭ (H) Celery (Apium graveolens) Celery (Apium graveolens)
Kiti[88]:134 雞弟/ke-tǐ (H) Young Chick Young Chick
Kutsay[88]:136 韭菜/khû-chaĭ (H) Chinese chives (Allium ramosum) Chinese chives (Allium ramosum)
Kusot[88]:143 鋸屑/kù-sùt (H) Sawdust Sawdust
Kuya[88]:141 哥仔/ko͘-iá[103] (H) Appellation for elder brother Appellation for elder brother
Lawin[88]:134 老鷹/laū-yêng (H) Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae
Lawlaw[88]:109 老/laû (H) Old Dangling; Sagging; Hanging loose
Lithaw[104][88]:142 犁頭/lé-thaú (H) Plough Ploughshare
Lomi[88]:138 滷麵/ló͘-mī (H) Lor mee – Chinese noodle dish Lomi (a Filipino-Chinese noodle dish)
Lumpiya[88]:138 潤餅/lûn-pià (H) Fried or fresh spring rolls Fried or fresh spring rolls
Mami[88]:138 肉麵/mà-mĭ (H) Meat and noodles in soup Meat and noodles in soup
Maselan[88]:132 ma- + 西儂/se-lâng (H) Westerner; Of the Western world Delicate; sensitive; hard to please
Miswa[88]:138 麵線/mī-sòaⁿ (H) Misua – Chinese salted noodles Very thin variety of salted noodle Misua soup
Pansit[88]:139 便食/pân-si̍t (H) Dish that is conveniently cooked i.e. noodle dish Pancit – any noodle dish
Pakyaw[88]:145 縛繳/pák-kiaù (H) To submit by bundles Wholesale buying
Paslang[88]:133 拍死人/phah-sí-lāng (H) To kill To kill
Petsay[88]:136 白菜/pē-chaĭ (H) Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis)
Pesa[88]:139 白煠魚/pē-sà-hí (H) Plain boiled fish Plain boiled fish
Pinse[88]:131 硼砂/piên-sē (H) Borax Borax
Pisaw [13]:340 匕首/pì-siù (H) Dagger Small knife
Puntaw[88]:131 糞斗/pùn-taù (H) Dustpan Dustpan
Puthaw[105] 斧頭/pú-thâu (H) Axe Hatchet; Small axe
Sampan 舢板/san-pán (H) Chinese boat; Chinese junk Chinese boat; Chinese junk
Samyo[88]:135 糝藥粉/sám+iôq+hùn (H) To sprinkle medicinal powder Aroma; Fragrance; Sweet odor
Sangko[88]:142 三哥/sâ-kô (H) Appellation for third eldest brother Appellation for third eldest brother
Sangki[88]:139 三紀/sâ-kì (H) Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) Chinese star anise (Illicium verum)
Sanse[88]:142 三姊/sâ–cì (H) Appellation for third eldest sister Appellation for third eldest sister
Singki[88]:133 新客/sin-kheh (H) New guest or customer Newcomer; Beginner
Sitaw[88]:136 青豆/chî-taŭ (H) Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
Siyaho 姐夫/chiá-hu[106] (H) Brother-in-law (elder sister's husband) Husband of an elder sister or female cousin
Siyakoy 油炸粿/iû-cha̍h-kóe (H) Youtiao Shakoy
Siyansi[88]:141 煎匙/chian-sî (H) Kitchen turner Kitchen turner
Sotanghon[88]:139 蘇打粉/so͘-táⁿ-hún (H) Cellophane noodles Cellophane noodles
Suki[107] 主客/chù–khè (H) Important costumer Regular customer; Patron
Sungki[88]:130 伸牙/chûn-khì (H) Protruding tooth Buck tooth
Susi[88]:131 鎖匙/só–sî (H) Key Key
Suwahe[88]:134 沙蝦/suā-hé (H) Greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) Greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis)
Suya[88]:133 衰啊/soe-a (H) Expression for "How unlucky!" Disgust
Siyokoy[88]:146 水鬼/cuí-kuì (H) Water spirit; Water devil Merman
Siyomay[88]:139 燒賣/siō-maĭ (H) Steamed dumpling Shumai/Siomai – Steamed dumpling
Siyopaw[88]:139 燒包/siō-paŭ (H) Meat-filled steamed bun Siopao – Meat-filled steamed bun
Taho[88]:139 豆花/taū-hû (H) Tofu Taho
Tahure (var. tahuri)[88]:139 豆花/taū-hû (H) Tofu Fermented tofu in soy sauce
Tanga[108][88]:134 蟲仔/thâng-á (H) Little insect/bug/worm Clothes moth
Tanglaw[88]:132 燈樓/teng-lâu (H) Lamp; Lantern; lit. 'Light Tower' Light
Tanso[88]:144 銅索/táng-sò (H) Copper wire Copper (Cu), Bronze
Tawsi[88]:140 豆豉/tāu-si (H) Beans preserved in soy sauce Beans preserved in soy sauce
Timsim (var. tingsim)[88]:132 灯心/tiêng-sîm (H) Lampwick Lampwick
Tinghoy[88]:132 燈火/tiêng-huè (H) Wick lamp Wick lamp in glass filled with oil
Tikoy[88]:140 甜粿/tiⁿ-kóe (H) Sweetened rice cake Sweetened rice cake
Tito[88]:136 豬肚/ti-tǒ͘ (H) Pig tripe Pork Tito – pig tripe
Tiyak[88]:134 的確/tiak-khak (H) Indeed; Really Sure; Certain
Toge[88]:136 豆芽/tāu-gê (H) Bean sprout Bean sprout
Tokwa[88]:140 豆乾/taū-kuâ (H) Tofu Tofu
Totso[88]:140 豆油醋魚/taū-iū-chò-hí (H) Fish cooked in soy sauce and vinegar Sautéed fish with tahure
Toyo[88]:140 豆油/tāu–iû (H) Soy sauce Soy sauce
Tsaa 茶仔/chhâ-á (H) Tea Tea
Tutsang[88]:131 頭鬃/thâu-chang (H) Hair Short hair on a woman's head
Upo[88]:136 葫匏/ô͘-pû (H) Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)
Utaw[88]:136 烏豆/o͘-tāu (H) Black Soybean (Glycine max) Soybean (Glycine max)
Wansoy (var. unsoy, yansoy)[88]:137 芫荽/iān-suî (H) Coriander/Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) Coriander/Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)

Japanese[edit]

There are very few Tagalog words that are derived from Japanese.[13]:343 Many of them were introduced as recently as the twentieth century like tansan[109] (bottle cap, from the Japanese 炭酸 which originally means refers to soda and carbonated drinks) and karaoke (from the Japanese カラオケ, literally means "empty orchestra") although there are very few Japanese words that appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog such as katana (Japanese sword, from the Japanese かたな with the same meaning).

Some Filipino jokes are based on comical reinterpretation of Japanese terms as Tagalog words like for example in the case of otousan (from the Japanese お父さん meaning "father") which is reinterpreted as utusan (meaning "servant" or "maid") in Tagalog.[13]:346 As for the Tagalog word Japayuki, it refers to the Filipino migrants who flocked to Japan starting in the 1980s to work as entertainers and it is a portmanteau of the English word Japan and the Japanese word yuki (or 行き, meaning "going" or "bound to").

Tagalog Japanese Meaning in Japanese Meaning in Tagalog
bonsay[35]:22 盆栽 (bonsai) bonsai; miniature potted plant bonsai; miniature potted plant; (slang) Short in height;
dahan-dahan だんだん(dandan) slowly, gradually slowly, gradually
dorobo[35]:41 泥棒 (dorobō) thief; burglar; robber thief; burglar; robber
dyak en poy[110] or jak en poy じゃん拳ぽん (jankenpon) rock–paper–scissors game rock–paper–scissors game
haba 幅(haba) width, breadth length
karaoke カラオケ (karaoke) karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment) karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment)
karate[50] 空手 (karate) karate karate
katana[13]:343 刀 (katana) katana; a Japanese sword katana; a Japanese sword
katol[13]:344 蚊取り線香 (katorisenkō) mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense
kimona[13]:344 着物 (kimono) kimono (or other trad. Japanese clothing) traditional Philippine blouse made of piña or jusi
kirey[13]:344 奇麗 (kirei) pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair (slang) pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair
kokang[13]:344 交換 (kōkan) exchange; interchange (slang) exchange; interchange
pampan[13]:344 ぱんぱん (panpan) (slang) prostitute (esp. just after WWII) (slang) prostitute
shabu シャブ (shabu) (slang) methamphetamine hydrochloride methamphetamine hydrochloride
taksan-taksan[13]:344 沢山 (takusan) much; many (slang) much; many
tansan 炭酸 (tansan) carbonated water bottle cap
tsunami 津波 (tsunami) tsunami; tidal wave tsunami; tidal wave
Toto おとうと (otōto) younger brother or child young boy[111][112]

Nahuatl[edit]

Tagalog gained Nahuatl words via Spanish from the Galleon trade with the Viceroyalty of Mexico during the Hispanic era.[113]

Here are some examples:

Tagalog Word Nahuatl Root Word Spanish Word Meaning and Further Comments
Abokado Ahuacatl Aguacate Avocado
Akapulko (var. kapurko) Acapolco Acapulco Senna alata; tropical American medicinal plant
Alpasotis (var. pasotis) Epazotl Epazote Dysphania ambrosioides; South American plant used in herbal tea
Atole[114] Atolli Atole Paste made from flour
Atsuwete Achiotl Achiote Achiote
Guwatsinanggo Cuauchilnacatl Guachinango Shrewd; cunning; astute
Kakaw Cacáhuatl Cacao Cacao
Kakawati (var. kakawate) Cacáhuatl Cacahuate Gliricidia sepium; a tropical legume plant
Kalatsutsi (var. kalanotse) Cacaloxochitl Cacalosúchil Plumeria rubra; a tropical dedicious tree
Kamatis Xitomatl Jitomates Tomato
Kamatsile Cuamóchitl Guamúchil Pithecellobium dulce; a Central American tree in the pea family
Kamote Camotli Camote Sweet potato
Koyote (var. kayote) Coyotl Coyote Coyote
Kulitis Quilitl Quelite Amaranth
Mekate Mecatl Mecate Rope or cord made out of abaca
Mehiko Mēxihco Mexico Mexico
Nanay[115][116] Nantli Nana Mother
Paruparo[117][113](var. paparo) Papalotl Papalote Butterfly
Petate[118] Petlatl Petate Woven palm-matting
Peyote Peyotl Peyote Peyote
Pitaka Petlacalli Petaca Coin purse
Sakate Zacatl Zacate Hay or grass for fodder
Sangkaka Chiancaca Chancaca Cakes of hardened molasses
Sapote Tzapotl Zapote Pouteria sapota; a Latin American fruit tree
Sayote Chayotli Chayote Chayote; a type of Central American gourd
Sili Chīlli Chile Chili pepper
Singkamas Xicamatl Jícama Mexican turnip
Sisiwa Chichiua Chichigua Wet nurse
Tamalis (var. tamales) Tamalli Tamal Rice-based tamales wrapped in banana leaves or corn husks
Tapangko[119] Tlapanco Tapanco Awning
Tatay[115][120] Tahtli Tata Father
Tisa Tizatl Tiza Chalk
Tiyangge (var. tsangge) Tianquiztli Tianguis Open-air market
Tokayo (var. tukayo, katukayo) Tocayotia Tocayo Namesake
Tsiklet (var. tsikle) Chictli Chicle Chewing gum
Tsiko Tzicozapotl Chicozapote Manilkara zapota; a tropical American evergreen fruit tree
Tsokolate Xocolatl Chocolate Chocolate

Quechua[edit]

Tagalog also absorbed Quechua vocabulary,[121] from South America at the Viceroyalty of Peru, especially after Don Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera former Governor of Panama, imported Peruvian soldiers and settlers to serve in the Philippines.[122]

Tagalog Word Quechua Root Word Spanish Word Meaning and Further Comments
Alpaka Alpaca Alpaca Alpaca, a certain kind of ruminant and its wool
Koka Coca Coca certain bush
Kondor Condor Condor Vultur gryphus
Gautso Gaucho Gaucho "Gaucho, cowboy, herder"
Guwano Guano Guano excrement of sea birds used as manure
Hipihapa Jipijapa Jipijapa Fibre extracted from the leaves of the palm tree to make

hats; the hat made of this material.

Pampa Pampa Pampa Prairie
Papas Papa Papa Potato
Kinina Quinina Quinina Quinine, febrifugal substance extracted from the bark of certain trees

Cebuano[edit]

Tagalog has loanwords from Cebuano, mostly due to Cebuano and Bisayan migration to Tagalog-speaking regions. Some of these terms refer to concepts that did not previously exist in Tagalog or relate to Cebuano or Bisaya culture; some others have pre-existing equivalents and are introduced to Tagalog by native Cebuano speakers. Some Tagalog slang are of Cebuano provenance (e.g. Tagalog jombag, from Cebuano sumbag).

Tagalog Cebuano Meaning in Tagalog Meaning in Cebuano
bayot bayot gay; homosexual gay; homosexual; coward
buang, buwang buang crazy; insane; mad crazy; fool; idiot; hippie
daks dako (slang) having a large penis; well-endowed big
dugong dugong dugong; sea cow dugong; sea cow
habal-habal habal-habal motorcycle taxi motorcycle taxi (from habal "to copulate")
inday inday a term of address for a female housemaid a young girl
juts diyotay (slang) not hung; having a small penis; not well-endowed small; minute
katarungan katarongan justice (coined in the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz) reason, justification (from tarong "straight; right; proper; sane")
kawatan kawatan robber; burglar; thief; criminal robber; burglar; thief (from kawat "to steal; to rob")
kaway kaway waving of hands; calling someone by waving tentacles
kuskos-balungos kuskos balungos fuss; excessive activity, worry, bother, or talk about something to scratch, scrape, or rub one's pubic hair
Lumad lumad any of the indigenous non-Muslim peoples of Mindanao native
lungsod lungsod city (introduced during the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz) town
tulisan tulisan highway robber; brigand; bandit; outlaw bandit; mugger

Central Bicol[edit]

Tagalog Bicol Meaning in Tagalog Meaning in Bicol (Central)
kataga kataga word word (ka + root word "taga")

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Quilis, Antonio; Casado Fresnillo, Celia (2008). La lengua española en Filipinas historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos (in Spanish). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 978-84-00-08635-0. OCLC 433949018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Salas Palomo, Rosa (2008). "Hispanisation processes in the Philippines (Patrick O. Steinkrüger)". Hispanisation: the impact of Spanish on the lexicon and grammar of the indigenous languages of Austronesia and the Americas. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 203–236. ISBN 978-3-11-020723-1. OCLC 651862960.
  3. Baklanova, Ekaterina (June 2019). The impact of Spanish and English hybrids on contemporary Tagalog. 11th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference.
  4. "Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino". Retrieved June 22, 2010.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Forastieri Braschi, Eduardo; Cardona, Julia; López Morales, Humberto. Estudios de lingüística hispánica : homenaje a María Vaquero.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Alcantara y Antonio, Teresita (1999). Mga hispanismo sa Filipino: batay sa komunikasyong pangmadla ng Filipinas : pag-aaral lingguwistiko. Diliman, Quezon City : Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. ISBN 978-9718781777.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Muñiz, Adolfo Cuadrado; Iberoamericana, Oficina de Educación (1972). Hispanismos en el tagalo (in español). Oficina de Educación Iberoamericana.
  8. Quilis, Antonio (1992). La lengua española en cuatro mundos (in español). Editiorial MAPFRE. p. 135. ISBN 978-84-7100-522-9.
  9. Lopez, Cecilio (January 1, 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 481. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN 0024-3841.
  10. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – d". www.trussel2.com. Apparently a phonologically modified borrowing of Spanish tinta 'dye'.
  11. Torres Panganiban, Consuelo (1952). "Spanish Elements in the Tagalog Language". Unitas. University of Santo Tomás. 25: 108.
  12. Vidal, José Montero y (1894). Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestras días (in español). M. Tello. p. 128. Con motivo de la escasez que había en Manila de monedas de cobre, el regidor decano del Ayuntamiento, D. Domingo Gómez de la Sierra, pidió autorización en 1766 para fabricar dichas monedas, con el nombre de barrillas, porque su figura era la de un paralelogramo.
  13. 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.29 13.30 13.31 13.32 13.33 Potet, Jean-Paul (2016). Tagalog borrowings and cognates. Jean-Paul G. Potet. ISBN 978-1-326-61579-6. OCLC 962269309.
  14. Lopez, Cecilio (January 1, 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 480. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN 0024-3841. T. ladrilyo : laryo 'brick. tile'
  15. Villanueva, Joaquín A. García-Medall (2013). "En torno a los primeros préstamos hispánicos en Tagalo". Cuaderno Internacional de Estudios Humanísticos y Literatura (CIEHL) (19): 51–66. ISSN 1521-8007.
  16. Sayahi, Lotfi; Westmoreland, Maurice (2005). "Code-switching or Borrowing? No sé so no puedo decir, you know (John M. Lipski)". Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-57473-405-8. A number of indigenous languages that have coexisted with Spanish for long periods of time have fully incorporated Spanish functional words, at times producing syntactic innovations that depart significantly from the base structures of the borrowing language. Thus Tagalog has pirmi < firme `always,' para (sa) `for the benefit of' (e.g. Ito ay álaala ko para sa aking iná `this is my gift for my mother'), puwede `can, may, [to be] possible' gustó `like, desire,' siguro `maybe,' por eso, pero, puwés < pues `therefore,' etc. (Oficina de Educación Iberoamericana 1972).
  17. Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T (1983). Tagalog reference grammar. University of California Press. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-520-04943-7. OCLC 9371508. Kumusta, which is derived from Spanish cómo está 'how is', is used as the interrogative substitute for an adjective of quality.
  18. Ramos, Teresita V.; Cena, Resty M. (1990). Modern Tagalog. University of Hawaii Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8248-1332-1. Non-Equality mas, sa/ kaysa (sa)/ (kaysa) kay
  19. Gallego, Maria Kristina S. (2015). "Ang mga Nominal Marker ng Filipino at Ivatan". Daluyan: Journal Ng Wikang Filipino (in Tagalog). 21 (1): 86. ISSN 2244-6001. Retrieved September 5, 2019. Ang comparison o paghahambing ay ipinapahayag gamit ang kumpara, kaysa, o katulad kasama ng nominal marker. Ang paghahambing sa (63a) ay nagpapakita ng pagkakaiba, samantalang ang sa (63b) ay nagpapakita ng pagkakatulad.
  20. Sabbagh, Joseph (June 1, 2011). "Adjectival passives and the structure of VP in Tagalog". Lingua. 121 (8): 1439. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.006. ISSN 0024-3841. Significantly, there is a way to express a meaning that is quite similar to the sentences in (42), using the adverbial pareho ('same'). Consider the examples in (43).
  21. Martin, J.R. (June 1990). "Interpersonal Grammatization: Mood and Modality in Tagalog" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 21: 23. Modulation (or deontic modality) is concerned with inclination, obligation and ability. In Tagalog, modulation is grammaticized through what Schachter and Otanes (1972:261-73) refer to as 'pseudo-verbs', which for them are a subclass of adjectivals.
  22. Asarina, Alya; Holt, Anna (September 2005). "Syntax and Semantics of Tagalog Modals" (PDF). UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics: 13. Puwede and maaari may both be translated as 'can'. There seems to be little semantic difference between the two.
  23. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 38–39. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803. ISSN 1656-152X. I have to disagree with Patrick Steinkrüger's assumption that "none of the numerous discourse particles in Tagalog are of Spanish origin".
  24. Tanangkingsing, Michael (2013). "A Study of Second-Position Enclitics in Cebuano". Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (1): 224. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0015. ISSN 0029-8115. JSTOR 43286767. S2CID 145347214. = siguro (epistemic)
  25. Lee, Celeste Chia Yen (January 24, 2013). "Clitic pronouns in Masbatenyo". SIL International: 5. siguro 'probably'
  26. Blake, Frank R. (Frank Ringgold) (1925). A grammar of the Tagálog language, the chief native idiom of the Philippine Islands. New Haven, Conn., American oriental society. p. 77. Retrieved September 8, 2019. kun 'or'.
  27. Elli, Vea. "ON THE STUDY OF TAGALOG, KAPAMPANGAN, IBANAG AND ITAWIS COORDINATING CONSTRUCTIONS". Retrieved September 8, 2019. Adversative conjunctions often are optional orzero-morpheme coordinators in these languages. In Tagalog, there are coordinators like 'pero', 'kaso', 'kaya lang', 'subalit', 'datapwat', 'bagkus', and 'ngunit'.
  28. Cardoso, Hugo C.; Baxter, Alan N.; Nunes, Mário Pinharanda (2012). "Nenang, nino, nem não, ni no: Similarities and differences (Mauro Fernandez)". Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 228. ISBN 9789027252692. There are two formats in Tagalog for expressing the scalar value 'not even'. The first and possibly the older configuration consists of the addition of the particle man to the negator, followed by the particle lang ('only, just'): for example, "hindi man lang tumawag si John 'John didn't even call'" (De Vos 20I0:322). The second schema, described in the reference grammar compiled by Schachter & Otanes (1972), involves the loan particle ni from Spanish, stripped of all coordinate value and supplemented by a second negator.
  29. Cardoso, Hugo C.; Baxter, Alan N.; Nunes, Mário Pinharanda (2012). ""'Maskin', 'maski', 'masque' ... in the Spanish and Portuguese creoles of Asia: Same particle, same provenance?" (Mauro Fernandez)". Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 187. ISBN 9789027252692. It is worth noting that in no instance was maski ever used to replace a corresponding concessive conjunction in the indigenous language. Still in use, therefore, are Kapampangan bista, Tagalog kahit, Bikol minsan, Visaya bisan and others, to cite just one equivalent conjunction among many still found in each of these languages.
  30. Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T (1983). Tagalog reference grammar. University of California Press. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-520-04943-7. OCLC 9371508. Porke is used only in informal contexts, and expresses an ironic or critical attitude (often expressible in English by 'just because').
  31. "Common Names Summary – Lactarius lactarius". www.fishbase.de. Remarks: Also spelled 'Algudon'. 'algodon' borrowed from Spanish 'algodón', i.e., cotton.
  32. "alpahór". CulturEd: Philippine Cultural Education Online. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021.
  33. "GabbyDictionary.com". www.gabbydictionary.com. mouse pad -- almohadilya (Sp.: almohadilla)
  34. Zorc, R. David. "Tagalog slang" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Linguistics. Linguistic Society of the Philippines. 21 (1990): 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2019. asar upset, angry [Sp. asar 'roast']
  35. 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 35.18 Zorc, R. David Paul; San Miguel, Rachel L.; Sarra, Annabella M. (1991). Tagalog Slang Dictionary. Dunwoody Press. ISBN 978-0-931745-56-0.
  36. Orosa, Rosalinda L. "Victory Liner takes you to 'Perya Nostalgia' | Philstar.com". philstar.com. In this day and age of throwbacks and flashbacks on social media, perya enthusiasts would be pleased to still find classic carnival rides like the tsubibo (carousel), ruweda (Ferris wheel), the tame rollercoaster dubbed the Caterpillar, the topsy-turvy Octopus, and the Flying Swing.
  37. Bundang, Rebekah (1997). Spanish Loanwords in Tagalog (PDF) (B.A.). Swarthmore College. Dept. of Linguistics. p. 10. Some Spanish loanwords appear in Tagalog in what would be their plural form in Spanish, marked with -s or -es; therefore, when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i. e., by placing the morpheme mga
  38. 38.0 38.1 Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-291-45726-1.
  39. Blanco, Manuel (1837). Flora de Filipinas: según el sistema sexual de Linneo (in español). en la imprenta de Sto. Thomas, por Candido Lopez. p. 326. El fruto del lanzón cultivado, no deja ser sabroso: su corteza despide una leche pegajosa, y las semillas son verdes y amargas. Es conocido de todos en las Islas; pero ignoro si la palabra lanzones ó lansones es extranjera ó del país: ella tiene semejanza con lasona, que es cebolla
  40. Colmeiro y Penido, Miguel (1871). Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo, con la correspondencia científica y la indicacion abreviada de los unos é igualmente de la familia á que pertenece cada planta (in español). G. Alhambra. p. 173.
  41. Garcia, J. Neil C (2008). Philippine gay culture: binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM. University of the Philippines Press. p. 134. ISBN 9789715425773. OCLC 300977671. It roughly translates to "bisexual", although as with bakla, the cultural marker of this particular variety of sexual being is mostly not sexuality per se, but predictably enough, gender: the silahis is a male who looks every bit like a "real man" – he may even be married and with a family – but who, in all this time, would rather swish and wear skirts and scream "like a woman".
  42. Lopez, Cecilio (January 1, 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". Lingua. 14: 477. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN 0024-3841.
  43. Santos, Lope K. (2019). Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa (PDF) (in Tagalog) (4 ed.). Komisyon Sa Wikang Filipino. p. 21. ISBN 9786218064577. Retrieved February 2, 2020. dupikál (repicar)
  44. Cariño, Linda Grace. "How Swardspeak was born, truly-ly! | Philstar.com". philstar.com.
  45. Bello, Walden F.; Guzman, Alfonso de (1971). Modernization: Its Impact in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 39. The state of the body A, together with the state of nature B, leads to disorder X; e.g., hunger together with getting wet causes pasmá (< Spanish pasmar 'to astonish, to cause spasms').
  46. Baklanova, Ekaterina (January 24, 2013). "Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog". SIL International: 10. While adopting a borrowing the recipient language may replace some part of the borrowing (mostly the root or its part) with the native lexical material, thus making a HYBRID LOANWORD. In the case of Tagalog borrowed morphemes may be substituted with those of PREVIOUSLY ASSIMILATED loanwords, thus some of the Tagalog hybrid loans consist only of borrowed material
  47. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 42–43. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803.
  48. Baklanova, Ekaterina (January 24, 2013). "Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog". SIL International: 10. There are much more HYBRID NEOLOGISMS (CREATIONS) in the modern Tagalog, i.e. new words invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated borrowed material.
  49. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 45. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803.
  50. 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.10 50.11 50.12 50.13 50.14 50.15 50.16 50.17 50.18 50.19 50.20 50.21 50.22 50.23 50.24 50.25 50.26 50.27 50.28 50.29 50.30 50.31 50.32 50.33 50.34 https://www.amosbooks.net/pdf_dictionary/English_Tagalog_Tagalog_English_Dictionary.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
  51. "Computer in Tagalog – English-Tagalog Dictionary | Glosbe".
  52. 52.0 52.1 Sawikaan 2007: Mga Salita ng Taon. 2008. ISBN 9789715425834.
  53. "SELPON: Tagalog to English: Dictionary Online ▷". February 2, 2021.
  54. "SYOTA... Saan nagmula ang salitang ito?". August 2020.
  55. Santos, Lope K.; Bernardo, Gabriel A. (1938). Sources and means for further enrichment of Tagalog as our national language. University of the Philippines. p. 26. The late linguist, Eusebio Daluz, was the first among our modern Tagalog writers to add Malay loan-words to our dictionary. Some of the loan-words that he proposed to adopt found general acceptance, although many others were not accepted. Of those words may be mentioned bansa (nation), gurò (teacher), arang (individual), nama (name or noun), dalam (royal household), burong (bird), etc.
  56. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 42. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803. ISSN 1656-152X.
  57. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – r". www.trussel2.com.
  58. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2018). Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs. Lulu.com. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-244-34873-1.
  59. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing, most likely from Malay. Under this hypothesis the consistent partial reduplication in Philippine forms is unexplained, but no borrowing hypothesis in the other direction appears plausible.
  60. Hall, D. G. E; Cowan, C. D; Wolters, O. W (1976). Southeast Asian history and historiography: essays presented to D.G.E. Hall. Cornell University Press. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-8014-0841-0. OCLC 2185469.
  61. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay.
  62. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-291-45726-1.
  63. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – r". www.trussel2.com. possibly ultimately from Malay ganti 'replacement by succession or substitution'
  64. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – o". www.trussel2.com.
  65. Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). "Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino". Kritika Kultura (28): 37. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803. ISSN 1656-152X. Mal. /kanan/ (< *ka-wanan) [Wolff 1976]
  66. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – w". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Tamil.
  67. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – m". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *kulambu 'curtain'.
  68. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – t". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing of Malay gergaji 'a saw; to saw'.
  69. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – s". www.trussel2.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. This extremely widespread loanword appears to be of Mon-Khmer origin (Thurgood 1999:360). It evidently was acquired by Malay as a result of contacts on the mainland of Southeast Asia, and then spread throughout much of western Indonesia-Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan through trade contacts, perhaps mediated by the Dutch presence in southwest Taiwan from 1624–1661, and the Spanish presence in northeast Taiwan from 1626–1642 (the latter out of Manila).
  70. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – m". www.trussel2.com. Also Balinese pijar 'borax, solder'. Borrowing from Malay.
  71. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – u". www.trussel2.com. Also Balinese takeh 'measure (large amount)', takeh-an 'a measure of volume'. Borrowing from Malay.
  72. Odé, Cecilia (1997). Proceedings of the seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Leiden 22-27 August 1994. Rodopi. p. 607. ISBN 9789042002531. OCLC 38290304. Tag tangháliʔ 'noon' represents *tengáq + *qaRi but is clearly a loan from Malay tengah hari.
  73. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – g". www.trussel2.com. The forms cited here are conspicuous for their multiple phonological irregularities and apparent morphological reanalyses. This strongly suggests that the form has been borrowed, probably from Malay. According to Alton L. Becker (p.c.) a similar folk belief is found in Burma. If true it is tempting to hypothesize that the puntianak belief was ultimately borrowed by speakers of an early form of Malay from a mainland Southeast Asian source and subsequently disseminated through much of island Southeast Asia.
  74. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff's (1934–38) inclusion of Fijian vosa 'speak, talk' under a reconstruction *ucap 'speak, converse with' appears unjustified.
  75. Haspelmath, Martin (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 724. ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5.
  76. Hoogervorst, Tom; Blench, Roger; Landmann, Alexandra (March 10, 2017). 9. The Role of "Prakrit" in Maritime Southeast Asia through 101 Etymologies. ISEAS Publishing. doi:10.1355/9789814762779-011. ISBN 978-981-4762-77-9.
  77. 77.00 77.01 77.02 77.03 77.04 77.05 77.06 77.07 77.08 77.09 77.10 77.11 77.12 Hoogervorst, Tom (April 15, 2015). "Detecting pre-modern lexical influence from South India in Maritime Southeast Asia". Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien (89): 63–93. doi:10.4000/archipel.490. ISSN 0044-8613.
  78. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. pp. 285–286. ISBN 978-1-291-45726-1.
  79. Donoso, Isaac J. (2010). "The Hispanic Moros y Cristianos and the Philippine Komedya". Philippine Humanities Review. 11: 87–120. ISSN 0031-7802. Thus, Arabic words became integrated into Philippine languages through Spanish (e.g., alahas (alhaja, al- haja), alkalde (alcalde, al-qadi), alkampor (alcanfor, al-kafiir), alkansiya (alcancia, al-kanziyya), aldaba (aldaba, al-dabba), almires (almirez, al-mihras), baryo (barrio, al-barri), kapre (cafre, kafir), kisame (zaquizami, saqf fassami), etc.);
  80. Asbaghi, Asya (1988). Persische Lehnwörter im Arabischen. Wiesbaden: O. Harrasowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-02757-1. OCLC 19588893.
  81. Donoso Jiménez, Isaac (2017). "Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo". Revista Filipina. ISSN 1496-4538. El préstamo más reseñable es anakura, cuya etimología procede incuestionablemente del persa nājūdā / ناخوذا.
  82. 82.0 82.1 Donoso Jiménez, Isaac (2017). "Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo". Revista Filipina. ISSN 1496-4538. Igualmente persas son las palabras tagalas pingan, "plato" (desde pinggaan / ﭙﻨﮔان) y salawal, "pantalones" (desde sirvaal / سروال).
  83. Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-291-45726-1.
  84. Albala, Ken (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9. Pancit (also spelled pansit), or noodles, is a main-stay ingredient that has undergone significant adaptations in the preparation process. Filipinos use different types of noodles, such as those made from rice, egg, wheat, and mung beans, to make various pancit dishes. Introduced by the Chinese during the Spanish period, the dish has been Filipinized, and various regions have come up with their own versions as well.
  85. Pacho, Arturo (1986). "The Chinese Community in the Philippines: Status and Conditions". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 1 (1): 76–91. doi:10.1355/SJ1-1E. JSTOR 41056696.
  86. Wickberg, Edgar (1962). "Early Chinese Economic Influence in the Philippines, 1850–1898". Pacific Affairs. 35 (3): 275–285. JSTOR 2753187. It is known that the arrival of the Spanish in the late sixteenth century provided attractive economic opportunities which stimulated Chinese immigration to the Philippines in much greater volume than ever before. By the beginning of the seventeenth century there were over 20,000 Chinese in the Manila area – a number many times that of the Spanish settler.
  87. Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2016). Sabores que cruzaron los océanos = Flavors that sail across the seas. AECID Biblioteca Digital AECID. p. 64. OCLC 973021471.
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  89. Joaquin, Nick (2004). Culture and history. Pasig. p. 42. ISBN 978-9712714269. OCLC 976189040.
  90. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 283/261.
  91. Chu, Richard T. (2012). Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s. p. 187. ISBN 9789047426851.
  92. 92.0 92.1 Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 170/151.
  93. Chu, Richard T. (2012). Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s. p. 187. ISBN 9789047426851.
  94. Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-9715501354. OCLC 433091144.
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  96. 96.0 96.1 Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. pp. 23/10.
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  101. Chu, Richard T. (2012). Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s. p. 1. ISBN 9789047426851.
  102. "Kikiam". April 5, 2013.
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  104. Chee-Beng, Tan (2012). Chinese Food and Foodways in Southeast Asia and Beyond. NUS Press. p. 129. ISBN 9789971695484.
  105. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – a". www.trussel2.com. Borrowing of Hokkien pú-thâu 'axe'. This comparison was pointed out by Daniel Kaufman.
  106. Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum. Vol. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomás Archives. 1604. p. 170/151.
  107. "ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c". www.trussel2.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. Borrowed from Hokkien.
  108. Philippine Journal of Linguistics. 1974. p. 50. Hok. /thàng/ 'worm', /à/ 'diminutive particle' in Tag. /tanga/, 'clothes moth'
  109. Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 9, 2013). "Making useless information useful". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. The trade and cultural exchange between the Philippines and Japan runs deep. In prewar Manila, Tansan was a popular brand of fizzy water ("tansan" in Japanese refers to carbonated mineral water). It was sold with the distinct metal bottle caps that have since been called tansan by Filipinos.
  110. Ocampo, Ambeth R. (June 27, 2014). "Japan under our skin". Philippine Daily Inquirer. The childhood game "jak en poy," with a nonsense rhyme in Filipino that accompanies the hand gestures of rock, scissors, and paper, traces its origin to the Japanese "janken pon."
  111. "You will never guess these Filipino words came from Japanese terms". October 10, 2016.
  112. "Meaning of Toto - Tagalog Dictionary".
  113. 113.0 113.1 Albalá, Paloma (2003). "Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines". Philippine Studies. 51 (1): 125–146. JSTOR 42633639.
  114. Panganiban, José Villa (1964). "Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo". Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 264. JSTOR 25135261. ATOLE (MLP), en México, bebida preparada con sustancias harinosas y no-alcohólica. En Filipinas atole significa actualmente una pasta de harina, empleada como adhesivo, no comestible.
  115. 115.0 115.1 León-Portilla, Miguel (1960). "Algunos nahuatlismos en el castellano de Filipinas". Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (in español) (2): 135–138. ISSN 0071-1675.
  116. Panganiban, José Villa (1964). "Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo". Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 268. ISSN 0185-0172. JSTOR 25135261. NANA (MLP), azteca "nantli" (madre), en tagalo nanay significa "madre" o "abuela".
  117. Casado-Fresnillo, Antonio Quilis, Celia; Casado Fresnillo, Celia (2008). La lengua española en Filipinas : historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos (1st ed.). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. p. 410. ISBN 978-8400086350.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  118. Albalá, Paloma (March 1, 2003). "Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 51 (1): 133. ISSN 2244-1638. petate "woven palm-matting" > Ceb. petate, Tag. petate;
  119. Albalá, Paloma (March 1, 2003). "Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 51 (1): 133. ISSN 2244-1638. tapanco "raised platform for storing lumber" > Kap. tapanko, Tag. tapangko;
  120. Panganiban, José Villa (1964). "Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo". Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 270. ISSN 0185-0172. JSTOR 25135261. TATA (MLP), azteca "tahtli" (padre). Tata, tatay y tatang son denominaciones comunes de "padre" en diversos idiomas de Filipinas
  121. Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines Page 136-137
  122. "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."