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{{short description|Overview of law enforcement in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{short description|Overview of law enforcement in India}}


[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind with the Probationers of 70 RR (2017 Batch) of the Indian Police Service from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on October 12, 2018 (1).JPG|alt=Khaki-clad officers supervise a peaceful demonstration|thumb|The President of India Ram Nath Kovind with Indian Police Service Officers at the Rashtrapathi Bhavan in New Delhi, 2018.]]
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind with the Probationers of 70 RR (2017 Batch) of the Indian Police Service from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on October 12, 2018 (1).JPG|alt=Khaki-clad officers supervise a peaceful demonstration|thumb|The President of India Ram Nath Kovind with Indian Police Service Officers at the Rashtrapathi Bhavan in New Delhi, 2018.]]
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[[File:City of Taj Police Car.jpg|alt=A smiling constable|thumb|Agra Police Patrol Car]]
[[File:City of Taj Police Car.jpg|alt=A smiling constable|thumb|Agra Police Patrol Car]]
Authority over a state police force is held by the state's home department, led by a [[Chief secretary (India)|chief]] or [[Principal Secretary (India)|principal secretary]] (generally an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer). Each state and union territory has a state police force (headed by a [[Director General of Police]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer), which is responsible for maintaining law and order in the state's townships and rural areas.
Authority over a state police force is held by the state's home department, led by a [[Chief secretary (India)|chief]] or [[Principal Secretary (India)|principal secretary]] (generally an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer). Each state and union territory has a state police force (headed by a [[Director General of Police]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer), which is responsible for maintaining law and order in the state's townships and rural areas.
[[West Bengal]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Maharashtra]] have taken steps to train their law-enforcement personnel on modern policing norms. The [[Tamil Nadu Police]] Academy is seeking university status, and the [[Kerala Police]] is South Asia's first police force to adopt [[community policing]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}


The Police Act of 1861 established the principles of organization for police forces in India and, with minor modifications, continues in effect. Although state police forces are separate and may differ in quality of equipment and resources, their patterns of organization and operation are similar.
The Police Act of 1861 established the principles of organization for police forces in India and, with minor modifications, continues in effect. Although state police forces are separate and may differ in quality of equipment and resources, their patterns of organization and operation are similar.
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Important districts are headed by a senior [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]] (SSP), and other districts are headed by a superintendent of police (SP). If an SSP is heading the district, they are assisted by two (or more) SPs. If an SP is heading the district, they are generally assisted by one or two) SPs. Each district is divided into sub-divisions or circles, under a [[deputy superintendent of police]] (DSP). Each sub-division consists of several police stations commanded by an [[Inspector|inspector of police]], who is assisted by [[sub-inspector]]s (SIs) and [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|assistant sub-inspectors]] (ASIs). In rural areas, a sub-inspector is in charge of a police station; sub-inspectors (and higher) can file a charge sheet in court.
Important districts are headed by a senior [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]] (SSP), and other districts are headed by a superintendent of police (SP). If an SSP is heading the district, they are assisted by two (or more) SPs. If an SP is heading the district, they are generally assisted by one or two) SPs. Each district is divided into sub-divisions or circles, under a [[deputy superintendent of police]] (DSP). Each sub-division consists of several police stations commanded by an [[Inspector|inspector of police]], who is assisted by [[sub-inspector]]s (SIs) and [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|assistant sub-inspectors]] (ASIs). In rural areas, a sub-inspector is in charge of a police station; sub-inspectors (and higher) can file a charge sheet in court.
 
[[File:Police Constable.JPG|thumb|Police officers in [[Mumbai]]]]
District SPs are not empowered as executive magistrates. The [[District magistrate (India)|district magistrate]] (DM, an IAS officer) exercises these powers, which include promulgating Section 144 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] (CrPC) and issuing arms licenses.
District SPs are not empowered as executive magistrates. The [[District magistrate (India)|district magistrate]] (DM, an IAS officer) exercises these powers, which include promulgating Section 144 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] (CrPC) and issuing arms licenses.


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===Police Commissionerates===
===Police Commissionerates===
{{see also|Commissioner of Police (India)}}
{{see also|Commissioner of Police (India)}}
[[File:India - Kolkata traffic cop - 3661.jpg|alt=Two mounted-police officers|thumb|Traffic Police directing cars in Kolkata.]]
Some major metropolitan cities use the police commissionerate system (like [[Delhi Police|Delhi]], [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai]], [[Greater Chennai Police|Chennai]], [[Kolkata Police|Kolkata]], [[Bangalore City Police|Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad City Police|Ahmedabad]], [[Lucknow City Police|Lucknow]], [[Jaipur]] etc.), headed by a [[Police commissioner#India|police commissioner]]. Demand for this system is increasing as it gives police a free hand to act freely and take control of any situation. 68 large cities and suburban areas currently have this system in India.
Some cities use the police commissionerate system (like [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata]], [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]], [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai]], [[Delhi Police|Delhi]], [[Pune Police|Pune]] etc.), headed by a [[Police commissioner#India|police commissioner]]. Demand for this system is increasing as it gives police a free hand to act freely and take control of any situation. 68 large cities and suburban areas currently have this system in India. Even in British Raj, the presidency towns of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Chennai|Madras]] had commissionerate system. Reporting to the Police Commissioner (CP) are the Joint Police Commissioner (Joint CPs), Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCPs) and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACPs). Commissioners of police and their deputies are empowered as executive magistrates to enforce [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144 of the CrPC]] and issue arms licenses. Police commissionerates are subordinate to the state police except for the [[Kolkata Police Force]], which independently reports to the [[Department of Home (West Bengal)|Department of Home]] of [[Government of West Bengal]].
 
Even in British Raj, the presidency towns of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Chennai|Madras]] had commissionerate system.
 
Reporting to the Police Commissioner (CP) are the Joint Police Commissioner (Joint CPs), Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCPs) and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACPs). Commissioners of police and their deputies are empowered as executive magistrates to enforce [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144 of the CrPC]] and issue arms licenses.
 
Police commissionerates are subordinate to the state police except for the [[Kolkata Police]], which independently reports to the [[Department of Home (West Bengal)|Department of Home]] of [[Government of West Bengal]].


===Traffic police===
===Traffic police===
Highway police and [[traffic police]] in small towns are under the [[state police]]; traffic police in cities are under the metropolitan and state police. Traffic police maintain a smooth traffic flow and stop offenders. Highway police secure the highways and catch speeders. Accidents, registrations, and vehicle data are checked by traffic police.
[[File:India - Kolkata traffic cop - 3661.jpg|alt=Two mounted-police officers|thumb|Traffic Police directing cars in Kolkata.|180x180px]]
Highway police and [[traffic police]] in small towns are under the [[state police]]; traffic police in cities are under the metropolitan and state police.
 
Traffic police maintain a smooth traffic flow and stop offenders.
 
Highway police secure the highways and catch speeders. Accidents, registrations, and vehicle data are checked by traffic police.


==={{anchor|State armed police forces}}State Armed Police Forces===
==={{anchor|State armed police forces}}State Armed Police Forces===
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=={{anchor|Women in Law Enforcement}}Role of women==
=={{anchor|Women in Law Enforcement}}Role of women==
In 1972, [[Kiran Bedi]] became the first female Indian Police Service officer. Twenty years later, [[Asha Sinha]] was the first female commandant of the paramilitary forces. [[Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya]] was the first female director general of police in a state when she was appointed DGP of the [[Uttarakhand Police]]. In 2018, IPS Officer Archana Ramasundram became the first female paramilitary DGP ([[Sashastra Seema Bal]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajni-kant-mishra-takes-charge-as-ssb-dg/articleshow/60894141.cms|title=First ever woman chief of SSB retires; Rajni Kant Mishra takes charge|date=14 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210231819/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajni-kant-mishra-takes-charge-as-ssb-dg/articleshow/60894141.cms|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1972, [[Kiran Bedi]] became the first female Indian Police Service officer. Twenty years later, [[Asha Sinha]] was the first female commandant of the paramilitary forces. [[Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya]] was the first female director general of police in a state when she was appointed DGP of the [[Uttarakhand Police]]. In 2018, IPS Officer Archana Ramasundram became the first female paramilitary DGP ([[Sashastra Seema Bal]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajni-kant-mishra-takes-charge-as-ssb-dg/articleshow/60894141.cms|title=First ever woman chief of SSB retires; Rajni Kant Mishra takes charge|date=14 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210231819/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajni-kant-mishra-takes-charge-as-ssb-dg/articleshow/60894141.cms|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[File:Women Police 07172.JPG|thumb|Female police officers in [[Kolkata]]]]
Women had previously been limited to supervisory roles in the Central Armed Police Forces.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-allows-women-to-be-combat-officers-in-all-central-armed-police-forces/articleshow/51380021.cms|title=Government allows women to be combat officers in all Central Armed Police Forces|date=11 July 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001906/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-allows-women-to-be-combat-officers-in-all-central-armed-police-forces/articleshow/51380021.cms|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The parliamentary [[Parliamentary Committees of India#Other Standing Committees|Committee on Empowerment of Women]] recommended greater roles for women in the CAPF. In accordance with this recommendation, the Ministry of Home Affairs mandated preferential treatment for women in paramilitary constabularies and later declared that women could be combat officers in all five Central Armed Police Forces.<ref name="auto1"/> The Union Home Minister announced that female representation in the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and [[Central Industrial Security Force]] would be 15 percent and five percent in the [[Border Security Force]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] and Sashastra Seema Bal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/women-quota-in-crpf-cisf-to-be-made-15-per-cent/cid/1681181|title=Women quota in CRPF, CISF to be made 15 per cent|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051328/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/women-quota-in-crpf-cisf-to-be-made-15-per-cent/cid/1681181|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 January 2016, it was decided that 33 percent of CRPF and CISF constabulary posts would be reserved for women in the CRPF and the CISF, and 14-15 percent in the BSF, SSB and ITBP.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
Women had previously been limited to supervisory roles in the Central Armed Police Forces.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-allows-women-to-be-combat-officers-in-all-central-armed-police-forces/articleshow/51380021.cms|title=Government allows women to be combat officers in all Central Armed Police Forces|date=11 July 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001906/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-allows-women-to-be-combat-officers-in-all-central-armed-police-forces/articleshow/51380021.cms|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The parliamentary [[Parliamentary Committees of India#Other Standing Committees|Committee on Empowerment of Women]] recommended greater roles for women in the CAPF. In accordance with this recommendation, the Ministry of Home Affairs mandated preferential treatment for women in paramilitary constabularies and later declared that women could be combat officers in all five Central Armed Police Forces.<ref name="auto1"/> The Union Home Minister announced that female representation in the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and [[Central Industrial Security Force]] would be 15 percent and five percent in the [[Border Security Force]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] and Sashastra Seema Bal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/women-quota-in-crpf-cisf-to-be-made-15-per-cent/cid/1681181|title=Women quota in CRPF, CISF to be made 15 per cent|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051328/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/women-quota-in-crpf-cisf-to-be-made-15-per-cent/cid/1681181|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 January 2016, it was decided that 33 percent of CRPF and CISF constabulary posts would be reserved for women in the CRPF and the CISF, and 14-15 percent in the BSF, SSB and ITBP.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}


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The maintenance of Forest and Forest land falls within the ambit of respective Forest services of state who is headed by Indian Forest Service (IFoS) Officer. The main mandate of the service is the implementation of the National Forest Policy in order to ensure the ecological stability of the country through the protection and participatory sustainable management of natural resources. An IFoS officer is wholly independent of the district administration and exercises administrative, judicial and financial powers in his own domain. Positions in state forest department, such as [[District/Divisional Forest Officer]] (DFO), [[Conservator of Forests]] (CF), [[Chief Conservator of Forests]] (CCF) and [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] (PCCF) etc., are held only by IFoS officers. The highest ranking IFS official in each state is the [[Head of Forest Forces]] (HoFF). Apart from this Forest are regularly patrolled by Forest Rangers although they don't have arrest powers but they are task in detecting and stopping smugglers of Forest produce and poacher. Upon detection the accused/s are handed over to police for further process. The duties of the Forest Service are not confined to stopping of crimes but also have responsibility to develop tourism and also to look after villages falling under Forest land. Forest Services role came to forefront due to smuggling and poaching activities of Verrappan.
The maintenance of Forest and Forest land falls within the ambit of respective Forest services of state who is headed by Indian Forest Service (IFoS) Officer. The main mandate of the service is the implementation of the National Forest Policy in order to ensure the ecological stability of the country through the protection and participatory sustainable management of natural resources. An IFoS officer is wholly independent of the district administration and exercises administrative, judicial and financial powers in his own domain. Positions in state forest department, such as [[District/Divisional Forest Officer]] (DFO), [[Conservator of Forests]] (CF), [[Chief Conservator of Forests]] (CCF) and [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] (PCCF) etc., are held only by IFoS officers. The highest ranking IFS official in each state is the [[Head of Forest Forces]] (HoFF). Apart from this Forest are regularly patrolled by Forest Rangers although they don't have arrest powers but they are task in detecting and stopping smugglers of Forest produce and poacher. Upon detection the accused/s are handed over to police for further process. The duties of the Forest Service are not confined to stopping of crimes but also have responsibility to develop tourism and also to look after villages falling under Forest land. Forest Services role came to forefront due to smuggling and poaching activities of Verrappan.


There are reports of forest guards being overwhelmed by the animals and poachers and smuggler due to lack of equipment or obsolete equipment.  Forest Guards have been reported not able to fight back since they have been under heavy restrictions of usage of weapons and even if available they are no match to automatic weapons employed by the poachers and smugglers.<ref name="22 Oct">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forest-guard-dies-in-tiger-attack-in-corbett-third-such-death-this-year-in-reserve/articleshow/71693872.cms|title=Forest guard dies in tiger attack in Corbett, third such death this year in reserve|last=22 Oct|first=Shivani Azad {{!}} TNN {{!}}|last2=2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-18|last3=Ist|first3=10:40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/katni-news/forest-guards-at-risk-seek-protection-1255952/|title=हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर|website=Patrika News|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>
There are reports of forest guards being overwhelmed by the animals and poachers and smuggler due to lack of equipment or obsolete equipment.  Forest Guards have been reported not able to fight back since they have been under heavy restrictions of usage of weapons and even if available they are no match to automatic weapons employed by the poachers and smugglers.<ref name="22 Oct">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forest-guard-dies-in-tiger-attack-in-corbett-third-such-death-this-year-in-reserve/articleshow/71693872.cms|title=Forest guard dies in tiger attack in Corbett, third such death this year in reserve|last1=22 Oct|first1=Shivani Azad {{!}} TNN {{!}}|last2=2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-18|last3=Ist|first3=10:40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/katni-news/forest-guards-at-risk-seek-protection-1255952/|title=हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर|website=Patrika News|date=11 November 2014|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>


Although due to nature of the duty Forest guards is a male dominated profession more and more women have been recruited in forest services. This women guards are performing duty akin to their male counterparts. The role of women in Forest service is highlighted in [[Discovery Channel India]]'s four part documentary series "Lion Queens of India" based on forest guards of Gir wildlife sanctuary, Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cocktailzindagi.com/meet-the-shernis-indias-only-female-forest-guards-stationed-at-gir/|title=Meet The Shernis : India's Only Female Forest Guards Stationed at Gir|date=2017-08-09|website=Cocktail Zindagi|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>
Although due to nature of the duty Forest guards is a male dominated profession more and more women have been recruited in forest services. This women guards are performing duty akin to their male counterparts. The role of women in Forest service is highlighted in [[Discovery Channel India]]'s four part documentary series "Lion Queens of India" based on forest guards of Gir wildlife sanctuary, Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cocktailzindagi.com/meet-the-shernis-indias-only-female-forest-guards-stationed-at-gir/|title=Meet The Shernis : India's Only Female Forest Guards Stationed at Gir|date=2017-08-09|website=Cocktail Zindagi|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>
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|[[Royal Enfield Bullet|Royal Enfield 350/500]]
|[[Royal Enfield Bullet|Royal Enfield 350/500]]
|India
|India
|Used for patrolling and as intercepters, Acrobatic team, convey motorcycle.
|Used for patrolling and as intercepters, Acrobatic team, convoy motorcycle.
|[[File:Enfield Bullet 350, Kathgodam, India.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Royal Enfield Bullet 500 - 2002 model.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|-
|[[Harley-Davidson Street|Harley-Davidson Street 750]]
|[[Harley-Davidson Street|Harley-Davidson Street 750]]
|USA
|USA
|Exclusively used by Gujarat Police & Kolkata Police for piloting VIP convoys
|Exclusively used by Gujarat Police & Kolkata Police for piloting VIP convoys
|
|[[File:2014 Harley-Davidson Street 750 showroom side.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|-
|[[Bajaj Pulsar]] 150  
|[[Bajaj Pulsar]] 150  
|India
|India
|Used mainly by traffic police and for responding to Calls
|Used mainly by traffic police and for responding to Calls
|[[File:Bikes used by Traffic Police, Bangalore.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Red Bajaj Pulsar outside hotel in Goa.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|-
|[[Hero Splendor]]
|[[Hero Splendor]]
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|India
|India
|Used as an armoured personal carrier, riot control
|Used as an armoured personal carrier, riot control
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|Used by special forces of Nagaland and Karnataka Police for ops.
|Used by special forces of Nagaland and Karnataka Police for ops.
|[[File:Isuzu D-Max (Second Generation).jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Isuzu D-Max (Second Generation).jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|[[Ashok Leyland Defence Systems|Ashok Leyland MBPV]]
|India
|Used by [[Punjab Police SWAT Team]]
|[[File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Bullet Proof Vehicle.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|-
|-
|[[Mahindra Marksman]]
|[[Mahindra Marksman]]
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|Used by special forces like Riot control units of Delhi Police and Mumbai police, Karnataka police<br />
|Used by special forces like Riot control units of Delhi Police and Mumbai police, Karnataka police<br />
|[[File:WCI,police protection,TN536.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:WCI,police protection,TN536.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|Tata LATC
|India
|Used by special forces like Riot control units of Delhi Police and Mumbai police, Karnataka police<br />
|[[File:Delhi Police SWAT vehicle.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|-
|[[Tata Nexon]]
|[[Tata Nexon]]
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|[[Tata Telcoline|Tata Xenon]]
|[[Tata Telcoline|Tata Xenon]]
|India
|India
|used by NSG, Indian Army, and Several police Departments like Mumbai police, Madhya Pradesh police, and [[Uttar Pradesh police]], etc.  
|used by NSG, Indian Army, and Several police Departments like Lucknow police, Mumbai police, Madhya Pradesh police, etc.  
|[[File:Tata Xenon.JPG|frameless]]
|[[File:Tata Xenon.JPG|frameless]]
|-
|-
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|[[Mahindra TUV300|Mahindra TUV 300]]
|[[Mahindra TUV300|Mahindra TUV 300]]
|India
|India
|Used as patrol vehicle. It is used by Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh police.
|Used as patrol vehicle. It is used by Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Mumbai, [[Lucknow City Police|Lucknow]] and Andhra Pradesh police.
|[[File:Mahindra TUV 300 Chennai 2016 (1).JPG|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Mahindra TUV 300 Chennai 2016 (1).JPG|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|-
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| [[Ford Endeavor]]
| [[Ford Endeavor]]
| India, US
| India, US
| Used by ministers and some Police forces Like Mumbai police, Para-military, etc., for heavy-duty usage.
| Used by ministers and some Police forces Like Lucknow police, Mumbai police, Para-military, etc., for heavy-duty usage.
| [[File:EndevorFord.png|upright=1.2|frameless|alt=White SUV]]
| [[File:EndevorFord.png|upright=1.2|frameless|alt=White SUV]]
|-
|-
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| Japan, India
| Japan, India
| Used by ministers
| Used by ministers
| [[File:Pajero.png|upright=1.2|frameless|alt=White SUV]]
| [[File:Mitsubishi V98 Pajero Long Body Super Exceed 3200 DI-D.JPG|upright=1.2|frameless|alt=White SUV]]
|-
|-
| [[Maruti Gypsy]]
| [[Maruti Gypsy]]
| Japan, India
| Japan, India
| used by Delhi Police and The Indian Army as Squad cars and responding units, Tamil Nadu police
| used by Delhi Police, Tamil Nadu Police, Uttar Pradesh Police and The Indian Army as Squad cars and responding units.
| [[File:Wagahmps (85).JPG|upright=1.2|frameless|alt=White jeep]]
| [[File:Wagahmps (85).JPG|upright=1.2|frameless|alt=White jeep]]
|-
|-
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| India
| India
| Squad car and central excise-and-customs and state excise department officers
| Squad car and central excise-and-customs and state excise department officers
|[[File:Mahindra Bolero GLX Front.JPG|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[File:Mahindra Bolero Gen 3.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|-
|-
| [[Hyundai Accent]]
| [[Hyundai Accent]]
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Unlike other countries, state police forces rely on [[SUVs]]. The [[Mahindra Legend]] Jeep had been the most common police car in India; other SUVs, such as the [[Maruti Gypsy]], [[Mahindra Bolero]], [[Tata Sumo]], [[Tata Safari]], [[Chevrolet Tavera]] and [[Toyota Qualis]], are now used. SUVs are known for their capability in varied terrain.
Unlike other countries, state police forces rely on [[SUVs]]. The [[Mahindra Legend]] Jeep had been the most common police car in India; other SUVs, such as the [[Maruti Gypsy]], [[Mahindra Bolero]], [[Tata Sumo]], [[Tata Safari]], [[Chevrolet Tavera]] and [[Toyota Qualis]], are now used. SUVs are known for their capability in varied terrain.


[[Minivan]]s are used by police in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore, where the Chevrolet Tavera ([[Delhi]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]), Toyota Qualis ([[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]]) and Maruti Suzuki Ertiga ([[Bangalore]] and Pune) are extensively used. Although most cities use SUVs and minivans, Chennai has adopted [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]] such as the [[Hyundai Accent]]; [[Kolkata]] has adopted the [[Tata Indigo]]. In [[Kerala]] cities such as [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]] and [[Kozhikode]], the Pink Patrol (to protect women) uses the [[Toyota Etios]].
[[Minivan]]s are used by police in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Lucknow where the Chevrolet Tavera ([[Delhi]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]), Toyota Qualis ([[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]]) and Maruti Suzuki Ertiga ([[Bangalore]], [[Lucknow]] and Pune) are extensively used. Although most cities use SUVs and minivans, Chennai has adopted [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]] such as the [[Hyundai Accent]]; [[Kolkata]] has adopted the [[Tata Indigo]]. In [[Kerala]] cities such as [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]] and [[Kozhikode]], the Pink Patrol (to protect women) uses the [[Toyota Etios]]. [[Mumbai Police]] and [[Lucknow City Police|Lucknow Police]] use [[Mahindra TUV300|Mahindra TUV]] for Pink Police.


Depending upon the state, police vehicles may have revolving lights, strobes, or light bars. A modernization drive has ensured that vehicles are equipped with [[two-way radio]]s in communication with a central control room. Highway police vehicles generally have [[Speed limit enforcement|radar equipment]], [[Breathalyzer|breath analyzers]], and emergency [[first aid kit]]s. For traffic regulation and city patrol, [[motorcycle]]s are also used; most was the Indian version of the [[Royal Enfield Bullet]], but the [[Bajaj Pulsar]] and [[TVS Apache]] are also used.
Depending upon the state, police vehicles may have revolving lights, strobes, or light bars. A modernization drive has ensured that vehicles are equipped with [[two-way radio]]s in communication with a central control room. Highway police vehicles generally have [[Speed limit enforcement|radar equipment]], [[Breathalyzer|breath analyzers]], and emergency [[first aid kit]]s. For traffic regulation and city patrol, [[motorcycle]]s are also used; most was the Indian version of the [[Royal Enfield Bullet]], but the [[Bajaj Pulsar]] and [[TVS Apache]] are also used.


== Weapons and equipment ==
== Weapons and equipment ==
Weapons and equipment vary from state to state and agency to agency. Standard equipment for a [[constable]] on the [[Beat (police)|beat]] is the lathi, or baton—generally made of [[bamboo]], but currently also made of [[polymer]]. Riot police have other equipment, including [[tear gas]] and [[taser]]s.
Weapons and equipment vary from state to state and agency to agency. Standard equipment for a [[constable]] on the [[Beat (police)|beat]] is the [[Baton (law enforcement)#India|lathi]], or long baton—generally made of [[bamboo]], but currently also made of [[polymer]]. Riot police have other equipment, including [[tear gas]] and [[taser]]s.


Although police constables do not generally carry firearms on regular duty, they are available at police stations. Officers at and above the rank of [[sub-inspector]] or head constable are authorized to carry a [[Sidearm (weapon)|side arm]], generally a [[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]] or a [[Glock 17]]. Officers always carry side arms. Traffic police officers have fine books and other equipment.
Although police constables do not generally carry firearms on regular duty, they are available at police stations. Officers at and above the rank of [[sub-inspector]] or head constable are authorized to carry a [[Sidearm (weapon)|side arm]], generally a [[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]] or a [[Glock 17]]. Officers always carry side arms. Traffic police officers have fine books and other equipment.
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|-
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Handgun]]s
! colspan="6" |[[Handgun]]s
|-
|[[Beretta 92]]
|[[File:Beretta 92FS left.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
|[[9mm Parabellum|9×19mm Parabellum]]
|Italy
|Standard issue firearm
|-
|-
|[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]
|[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]
Line 539: Line 566:
|India
|India
|Standard issue firearm
|Standard issue firearm
|-
|[[CornerShot]]
|[[File:Cornershot eurosatory2006.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[weapon accessory]]
|
|Israel
|Used by SWAT Team.
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Shotgun]]
! colspan="6" |[[Shotgun]]
Line 563: Line 597:
|[[9mm Parabellum|9×19mm Parabellum]]
|[[9mm Parabellum|9×19mm Parabellum]]
|Germany
|Germany
|Used mainly by Police SWAT
|-
|[[Brügger & Thomet MP9]]
|[[File:MP9.png|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[Submachine gun]]
|[[9mm Parabellum|9×19mm Parabellum]]
|Switzerland
|Used mainly by Police SWAT  
|Used mainly by Police SWAT  
|-
|-
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|India
|India
|Mainly employed by Forest Departments
|Mainly employed by Forest Departments
|-
|[[SG 552 Commando|SG 552]]
|[[File:Stgw 90 kurz.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[Assault rifle]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
|Switzerland
|Being used by Mumbai police's Force One Commando and [[Punjab Police SWAT Team]]
|-
|-
|[[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]]
|[[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle]]
Line 622: Line 670:
|India
|India
|Mainstay of police force
|Mainstay of police force
|-
|[[Amogh carbine]]
|[[File:AMOGH - Carbine.JPG|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[Assault rifle|Assault Rifle]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
|India
|Used by Manipur police and Uttar Pradesh police.
|-
|[[Excalibur rifle]]
|[[File:Amogh & Excalibur.jpg|frameless|220x220px]]
|[[Assault rifle|Assault Rifle]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
|India
|Used by Manipur police,Karnataka police,Assam police and West Bengal police.
|-
|[[AK-103]]
|[[File:AK103 GP 34.jpg|frameless]]
|Assault rifle
|[[7.62×39mm]]
|Russia
|Used by Mizoram Police and Mumbai Police.
|-
|-
|[[Colt M4]]
|[[Colt M4]]
Line 628: Line 697:
|[[5.56 NATO]]
|[[5.56 NATO]]
|USA
|USA
|Used by Mizoram Police
|Used by Mizoram Police and Mumbai Police.
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Light Machine Gun
! colspan="6" |Light Machine Gun
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|USA
|USA
|used by Mumbai Police's Force One Commandos
|used by Mumbai Police's Force One Commandos
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch PSG1|PSG1]]
|[[File:PSG-1 rifle 2014 noBG.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Sniper rifle|Sniper Rifle]]
|[[7.62×51mm NATO]]
|Germany
|used by [[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations|OCTOPUS]] and [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds]]
|}
|}


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{{Main|Police Mitra scheme}}
{{Main|Police Mitra scheme}}
Informers (''mukhbir'') provide information for financial compensation. Police agencies budget for their ''mukhbir''s because they are "the eyes and ears of police", and help resolve cases. In 2012, the [[Delhi Police]] budgeted {{INR}} 40 lakh ({{INR}} 4 million) to pay their ''mukhbir'' ({{INR}} 2,000 per [[Inspector#India|inspector]]).<ref name=informer1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/delhi-cops-seek-bigger-fund-to-pay-informers/story-QrL46CvgCdU29J4HmqmZqJ.html Delhi cops seek bigger fund to pay informers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122659/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/delhi-cops-seek-bigger-fund-to-pay-informers/story-QrL46CvgCdU29J4HmqmZqJ.html |date=19 January 2019 }}, Hindustan Times, 16 May 2012.</ref>
Informers (''mukhbir'') provide information for financial compensation. Police agencies budget for their ''mukhbir''s because they are "the eyes and ears of police", and help resolve cases. In 2012, the [[Delhi Police]] budgeted {{INR}} 40 lakh ({{INR}} 4 million) to pay their ''mukhbir'' ({{INR}} 2,000 per [[Inspector#India|inspector]]).<ref name=informer1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/delhi-cops-seek-bigger-fund-to-pay-informers/story-QrL46CvgCdU29J4HmqmZqJ.html Delhi cops seek bigger fund to pay informers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122659/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/delhi-cops-seek-bigger-fund-to-pay-informers/story-QrL46CvgCdU29J4HmqmZqJ.html |date=19 January 2019 }}, Hindustan Times, 16 May 2012.</ref>
==Public perception==
In general, police in India lack public trust and are not viewed as legitimate authorities.<ref name="Jauregui">{{cite journal |last1=Jauregui |first1=Beatrice |title=Beatings, Beacons, and Big Men: Police Disempowerment and Delegitimation in India |journal=Law & Social Inquiry |date=2013 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=643–69 |doi=10.1111/lsi.12030 |jstor=24545738 |s2cid=145487010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24545738 |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> People generally do not go to the police for help if given the choice, and often specifically take pains to avoid them.<ref name="Jauregui"/> Oftentimes, when people do go to the police, it is "only for instrumental purposes, such as obtaining a [[First Information Report]] (FIR) as documentary evidence to be used to achieve some end".<ref name="Jauregui"/> People expect the police be unhelpful at best, and  corrupt or brutal "little tyrants" at worst.<ref name="Jauregui"/> Former [[Union Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]] characterised the police constable as "the most reviled public servant in India."<ref name="Jauregui"/> Even police officers themselves often lack faith in the institution, as illustrated by an [[apocryphal story]] popular among officers where "a self-styled 'honest cop'" asks a group of fellow officers if they would trust their coworkers to take care of a family member in trouble — to which none of them said yes.<ref name="Jauregui"/>
Scholars usually tend to attribute the police's poor reputation in India to two main factors.<ref name="Jauregui"/> First, the police as an institution in India was first developed by the British as an instrument of control.<ref name="Jauregui"/> The [[1861 Police Act]], which remains "the institutional bedrock across the country", configured the police to focus less on public service and crime investigation, and more on "coercive order keeping and crowd pacification".<ref name="Jauregui"/> Second, the police in postcolonial India are affected by the same corruption and abuse of power that has plagued the government in general.<ref name="Jauregui"/> Police have historically been known to apply [[excessive force]], [[Police extortion|extortion]], and arbitrary and often discriminatory use of authority.<ref name="Jauregui"/>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{div col |colwidth = 20em }}
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Judiciary of India]]
* [[Indian Penal Code]]
* [[Indian criminal law]]
* [[Government of India]]
* [[Mass surveillance in India]]
* [[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]
* [[National Counter Terrorism Centre]]
* [[Police Complaints Authority (India)]]
* [[Indian Police Foundation and Institute]]
* [[Indian Police Foundation and Institute]]
* [[Police Complaints Authority (India)]]
* [[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]
* [[Crime in India]]
* [[List of cases of police brutality in India]]
* [[List of cases of police brutality in India]]
* [[Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems]]
* [[Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems]]
* [[Mass surveillance in India]]
* [[Indian Penal Code]]
* [[National Counter Terrorism Centre]]
* [[List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers]]
* [[List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers]]
* [[Indian criminal law]]
{{div col end}}


== References ==
== References ==
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{{India topics}}
 
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Indian Penal Code navbox}}
{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Law}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}
{{Crime in Asia}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{India topics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Law Enforcement In India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Law Enforcement In India}}
[[Category:Law enforcement in India| ]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in India| ]]
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