Shrike

Shrikes
	Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio)
Scientific classification
:	[[Template:Taxonomy/Laniidae]]; Rafinesque, 1815
Genera
	Lanius; Eurocephalus;

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Shrikes (/ʃraɪk/) are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in two genera.

The family name, and that of the largest genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of the habit, particularly of males, of impaling prey onto plant spines within their territories. These larders have multiple functions, attracting females and serving as food stores.^[1] The common English name shrike is from Old English scrīc, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.^[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

The family Laniidae was introduced (as the subfamily Lanidia) in 1815 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. The type genus Lanius had been introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.^[3]^[4] As currently constituted the family contains 34 species in four genera. It includes the genus Eurocephalus with the two white-crowned shrikes.^[5] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 found that the white-crowned shrikes were more closely related to the crows in the family Corvidae than they are to the Laniidae and authors proposed that the genus Eurocephalus should be moved to its own family Eurocephalidae. The cladogram below is based on these results:^[6] Template:Clade

Distribution, migration, and habitat[edit]

Most shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the loggerhead and northern shrikes). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges, with some species, such as the great grey shrike, ranging across the Northern Hemisphere; to the Newton's fiscal, which is restricted to the island of São Tomé.^[7]

They inhabit open habitats, especially steppe and savannah. A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then migrate to warmer climes for the winter.

Description[edit]

Shrikes are medium-sized birds with grey, brown, or black-and-white plumage. Most species are between 16 cm (6.3 in) and 25 cm (9.8 in) in size; however, the genus Corvinella, with its extremely elongated tail-feathers, may reach up to 50 cm (20 in) in length. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a bird of prey, reflecting their carnivorous nature; their calls are strident.

Behaviour[edit]

A bee presumably caught and impaled by a shrike

Male shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling them on thorns, branches, the spikes on barbed-wire fences, or any available sharp point. These stores serves as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.^[8] The primary function of conspicuously impaling prey on thorny vegetation is however thought to be for males to display their fitness and the quality of the territory held to prospective mates.^[9] The impaling behavior increased during the onset of the breeding season.^[10] Female shrikes have been known to impale prey, but primarily to assist in dismembering prey.^[11] This behaviour may also serve secondarily as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. The bird waits 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it.^[12]

Loggerhead shrikes kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey.^[13]

Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.^[7] Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense.

Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals.

Breeding[edit]

Shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.^[7] Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella, as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.^[8]

Species in taxonomic order[edit]

FAMILY: LANIIDAE^[5]

Image	Genus	Living Species
	Eurocephalus A. Smith, 1836	Northern white-crowned shrike, Eurocephalus ruppelli Southern white-crowned shrike, Eurocephalus anguitimens
	Lanius Linnaeus, 1758	Yellow-billed shrike, Lanius corvinus Magpie shrike, Lanius melanoleucus Long-tailed fiscal, Lanius cabanisi Grey-backed fiscal, Lanius excubitoroides Taita fiscal, Lanius dorsalis Great grey shrike or northern shrike, Lanius excubitor Steppe grey shrike, Lanius excubitor pallidirostris Somali fiscal, Lanius somalicus Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus Giant grey shrike, Lanius giganteus Chinese grey shrike, Lanius sphenocercus Iberian grey shrike, Lanius meridionalis Northern shrike, Lanius borealis Masked shrike, Lanius nubicus São Tomé fiscal, Lanius newtoni Northern fiscal, Lanius humeralis Emin's shrike, Lanius gubernator Mackinnon's shrike, Lanius mackinnoni Souza's shrike, Lanius souzae Southern fiscal, Lanius collaris Uhehe fiscal, Lanius collaris marwitzi Lesser grey shrike, Lanius minor Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator Burmese shrike, Lanius collurioides Tiger shrike, Lanius tigrinus Bay-backed shrike, Lanius vittatus Isabelline shrike, Lanius isabellinus Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio Red-tailed shrike, Lanius phoenicuroides Mountain shrike or grey-capped shrike, Lanius validirostris Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus Bull-headed shrike, Lanius bucephalus Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach Grey-backed shrike, Lanius tephronotus

Birds with similar names[edit]

Other species with names including the word shrike, due to perceived similarities in morphology, are in the following families:

Vangidae, vangas, helmetshrikes, woodshrikes, flycatcher-shrikes, shrike-flycatchers and philentomas
Malaconotidae, bushshrikes, puffbacks, tchagras and boubous
Campephagidae, cuckooshrikes, trillers and cicadabirds
Falcunculidae, shriketits
Pachycephalidae, whistlers and shrikethrushes
Platylophidae, the crested shrikejay
Vireonidae, vireos, including Cyclarhis peppershrikes, Vireolanius shrike-vireos and Pteruthius shrike-babblers
Platysteiridae, wattle-eyes and batises, including the white-tailed shrike
Thraupidae, tanagers, including the shrike-like tanager and Lanio shrike-tanagers
Monarchidae, monarchs, including Clytorhynchus shrikebills
Thamnophilidae, antbirds, antshrikes, antwrens and antvireos
Tyrannidae tyrant flycatchers, including Agriornis shrike-tyrants
Tityridae, becards and allies, including Laniisoma shrike-like cotingas

The helmetshrikes and bushshrikes were formerly included in Laniidae, but they are now known to be not particularly closely related to true shrikes.

The Australasian butcherbirds are not shrikes, although they occupy a similar ecological niche.

References[edit]

↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
↑ "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Template:OEDsub
↑ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 150, 252.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
↑ McCullough, J.M.; Hruska, J.P.; Oliveros, C.H.; Moyle, R.G.; Andersen, M.J. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements support the elevation of a new avian family, Eurocephalidae, the white-crowned shrikes". Ornithology: ukad025. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad025.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Yosef, Reuven (2008). "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 732–773. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Clancey, P.A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 180. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
↑ Golawski, A.; Mroz, E.; Golawska, S. (2020). "The function of food storing in shrikes: the importance of larders for the condition of females and during inclement weather". The European Zoological Journal. 87 (1): 282–293. doi:10.1080/24750263.2020.1769208. ISSN 2475-0263.
↑ Yosef, Reuven; Pinshow, Berry (1989). "Cache Size in Shrikes Influences Female Mate Choice and Reproductive Success". The Auk. 106 (3): 418–421. ISSN 0004-8038.
↑ Ash, J.S. (1970). "Observations on a decreasing population of Red-backed Shrikes" (PDF). British Birds. 63 (5): 185=2-5.
↑ Yosef, Reuven; Whitman, Douglas W. (1992). "Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect". Evolutionary Ecology. 6 (6): 527–536. doi:10.1007/BF02270696. S2CID 23312866.
↑ Sustaita, Diego; Rubega, Margaret A.; Farabaugh, Susan M. (2018). "Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes". Biology Letters. 14 (9). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321. PMC 6170751. PMID 30185607.

External links[edit]

"Shrike" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.

Template:Laniidae

[job-1] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[OED-2] "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Template:OEDsub

[3] Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[4] Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 150, 252.

[ioc-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2023.

[6] McCullough, J.M.; Hruska, J.P.; Oliveros, C.H.; Moyle, R.G.; Andersen, M.J. (2023). "Ultraconserved elements support the elevation of a new avian family, Eurocephalidae, the white-crowned shrikes". Ornithology: ukad025. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad025.

[HBW-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Yosef, Reuven (2008). "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 732–773. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.

[EoB-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Clancey, P.A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 180. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.

[9] Golawski, A.; Mroz, E.; Golawska, S. (2020). "The function of food storing in shrikes: the importance of larders for the condition of females and during inclement weather". The European Zoological Journal. 87 (1): 282–293. doi:10.1080/24750263.2020.1769208. ISSN 2475-0263.

[10] Yosef, Reuven; Pinshow, Berry (1989). "Cache Size in Shrikes Influences Female Mate Choice and Reproductive Success". The Auk. 106 (3): 418–421. ISSN 0004-8038.

[11] Ash, J.S. (1970). "Observations on a decreasing population of Red-backed Shrikes" (PDF). British Birds. 63 (5): 185=2-5.

[12] Yosef, Reuven; Whitman, Douglas W. (1992). "Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect". Evolutionary Ecology. 6 (6): 527–536. doi:10.1007/BF02270696. S2CID 23312866.

[13] Sustaita, Diego; Rubega, Margaret A.; Farabaugh, Susan M. (2018). "Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes". Biology Letters. 14 (9). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321. PMC 6170751. PMID 30185607.

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