Brahmic scripts

This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Template:Alphabet Template:Officially used writing systems in India

The letters of the official scripts of the Indian Republic of the "Indic/Brahmic family" used by the official languages of India –
(top row: Kannada/Telugu, Tamil, Gujarati;
middle row: Meitei, Devanagari, Eastern Nagari;
bottom row: Odia, Malayalam, Gurmukhi)

A Sanskrit phrase in different Brahmic scripts.

The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.^[1]

History[edit]

Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts, but there are some earlier epigraphy found on pottery in Porunthal in Kongu Nadu and in Sri Lanka. The short Brahmi inscriptions dated to the 6th century BCE from Porunthal^[2] in Kongu Nadu and the Sri Lankan Anuradhapura inscription from the 4th century BCE and published by Coningham et al. (1996).^[3] Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.

The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.^[1]

Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.^[4] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.^[5]

A fragment of Ashoka's 6th pillar edict, in Brahmi, the ancestor of all Brahmic scripts
Spread of Brahmic family of scripts (and Kharosthi) from India

Characteristics[edit]

Template:Calligraphy Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:

Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short ‘ə’ (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phoneme is /ɔ/ due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel.
Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.

Comparison[edit]

Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:

The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.

The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.

Consonants[edit]

ISO^{[lower-alpha 1]}	ka	kha	ga	gha	ṅa	ca	cha	ja	jha	ña	ṭa	ṭha	ḍa	ḍha	ṇa	ta	tha	da	dha	na	ṉa	pa	pha	ba	bha	ma	ya	ẏa	ra	ṟa	la	ḷa	ḻa	va	śa	ṣa	sa	ha	ṯa
Ashoka Brahmi	𑀓	𑀔	𑀕	𑀖	𑀗	𑀘	𑀙	𑀚	𑀛	𑀜	𑀝	𑀞	𑀟	𑀠	𑀡	𑀢	𑀣	𑀤	𑀥	𑀦		𑀧	𑀨	𑀩	𑀪	𑀫	𑀬		𑀭		𑀮	𑀴		𑀯	𑀰	𑀱	𑀲	𑀳
Devanagari	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण	त	थ	द	ध	न	ऩ	प	फ	ब	भ	म	य	य़	र	ऱ	ल	ळ	ऴ	व	श	ष	स	ह
Bengali- Assamese	ক	খ	গ	ঘ	ঙ	চ	ছ	জ	ঝ	ঞ	ট	ঠ	ড	ঢ	ণ	ত	থ	দ	ধ	ন		প	ফ	ব	ভ	ম	য	য়	র,ৰ		ল			ৱ	শ	ষ	স	হ
Gurmukhi	ਕ	ਖ	ਗ	ਘ	ਙ	ਚ	ਛ	ਜ	ਝ	ਞ	ਟ	ਠ	ਡ	ਢ	ਣ	ਤ	ਥ	ਦ	ਧ	ਨ		ਪ	ਫ	ਬ	ਭ	ਮ	ਯ		ਰ		ਲ	ਲ਼		ਵ	ਸ਼		ਸ	ਹ
Gujarati	ક	ખ	ગ	ઘ	ઙ	ચ	છ	જ	ઝ	ઞ	ટ	ઠ	ડ	ઢ	ણ	ત	થ	દ	ધ	ન		પ	ફ	બ	ભ	મ	ય		ર		લ	ળ		વ	શ	ષ	સ	હ
Odia	କ	ଖ	ଗ	ଘ	ଙ	ଚ	ଛ	ଜ	ଝ	ଞ	ଟ	ଠ	ଡ	ଢ	ଣ	ତ	ଥ	ଦ	ଧ	ନ		ପ	ଫ	ବ	ଭ	ମ	ଯ	ୟ	ର		ଲ	ଳ		ୱ	ଶ	ଷ	ସ	ହ
Tamil	க				ங	ச		ஜ		ஞ	ட				ண	த				ந	ன	ப				ம	ய		ர	ற	ல	ள	ழ	வ	ஶ	ஷ	ஸ	ஹ
Telugu	క	ఖ	గ	ఘ	ఙ	చ	ఛ	జ	ఝ	ఞ	ట	ఠ	డ	ఢ	ణ	త	థ	ద	ధ	న		ప	ఫ	బ	భ	మ	య		ర	ఱ	ల	ళ	ೞ	వ	శ	ష	స	హ
Kannada	ಕ	ಖ	ಗ	ಘ	ಙ	ಚ	ಛ	ಜ	ಝ	ಞ	ಟ	ಠ	ಡ	ಢ	ಣ	ತ	ಥ	ದ	ಧ	ನ		ಪ	ಫ	ಬ	ಭ	ಮ	ಯ		ರ	ಱ	ಲ	ಳ	ೞ	ವ	ಶ	ಷ	ಸ	ಹ
Malayalam	ക	ഖ	ഗ	ഘ	ങ	ച	ഛ	ജ	ഝ	ഞ	ട	ഠ	ഡ	ഢ	ണ	ത	ഥ	ദ	ധ	ന	ഩ	പ	ഫ	ബ	ഭ	മ	യ		ര	റ	ല	ള	ഴ	വ	ശ	ഷ	സ	ഹ	ഺ
Sinhala	ක	ඛ	ග	ඝ	ඞ	ච	ඡ	ජ	ඣ	ඤ	ට	ඨ	ඩ	ඪ	ණ	ත	ථ	ද	ධ	න		ප	ඵ	බ	භ	ම	ය		ර		ල	ළ		ව	ශ	ෂ	ස	හ
Tibetan	ཀ	ཁ	ག	གྷ	ང	ཅ	ཆ	ཇ	ཛྷ	ཉ	ཊ	ཋ	ཌ	ཌྷ	ཎ	ཏ	ཐ	ད	དྷ	ན		པ	ཕ	བ	བྷ	མ	ཡ		ར	ཬ^{[lower-alpha 2]}	ལ			ཝ	ཤ	ཥ	ས	ཧ
ʼPhags-pa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa		Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa		Template:Phagspa		Template:Phagspa			Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa		Template:Phagspa	Template:Phagspa
Meitei Mayek^{[lower-alpha 3]}	ꯀ	ꯈ	ꯒ	ꯘ	ꯉ	ꯆ	ꫢ	ꯖ	ꯓ	ꫣ	ꫤ	ꫥ	ꫦ	ꫧ	ꫨ	ꯇ	ꯊ	ꯗ	ꯙ	ꯅ		ꯄ	ꯐ	ꯕ	ꯚ	ꯃ	ꯌ		ꯔ		ꯂ			ꯋ	ꫩ	ꫪ	ꯁ	ꯍ
Lepcha	ᰀ	ᰂ	ᰃ		ᰅ	ᰆ	ᰇ	ᰈ		ᰉ	ᱍ	ᱎ	ᱏ			ᰊ	ᰋ	ᰌ		ᰍ		ᰎ	ᰐ	ᰓ		ᰕ	ᰚ		ᰛ		ᰜ			ᰟ	ᰡ	ᰡ᰷	ᰠ	ᰝ
Limbu	ᤁ	ᤂ	ᤃ	ᤄ	ᤅ	ᤆ	ᤇ	ᤈ	ᤉ	ᤊ						ᤋ	ᤌ	ᤍ	ᤎ	ᤏ		ᤐ	ᤑ	ᤒ	ᤓ	ᤔ	ᤕ		ᤖ		ᤗ			ᤘ	ᤙ	ᤚ	ᤛ	ᤜ
Tirhuta	𑒏	𑒐	𑒑	𑒒	𑒓	𑒔	𑒕	𑒖	𑒗	𑒘	𑒙	𑒚	𑒛	𑒜	𑒝	𑒞	𑒟	𑒠	𑒡	𑒢		𑒣	𑒤	𑒥	𑒦	𑒧	𑒨		𑒩		𑒪				𑒬	𑒭	𑒮	𑒯
Kaithi	𑂍	𑂎	𑂏	𑂐	𑂑	𑂒	𑂓	𑂔	𑂕	𑂖	𑂗	𑂘	𑂙	𑂛	𑂝	𑂞	𑂟	𑂠	𑂡	𑂢		𑂣	𑂤	𑂥	𑂦	𑂧	𑂨		𑂩		𑂪			𑂫	𑂬	𑂭	𑂮	𑂯
Grantham	𑌕	𑌖	𑌗	𑌘	𑌙	𑌚	𑌛	𑌜	𑌝	𑌞	𑌟	𑌠	𑌡	𑌢	𑌣	𑌤	𑌥	𑌦	𑌧	𑌨		𑌪	𑌫	𑌬	𑌭	𑌮	𑌯		𑌰		𑌲	𑌳		𑌵	𑌶	𑌷	𑌸	𑌹
Sylheti Nagari	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti		Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti		Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti		Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti		Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti			Template:Script/Syloti		Template:Script/Syloti						Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti
Chakma^{[lower-alpha 4]}	𑄇	𑄈	𑄉	𑄊	𑄋	𑄌	𑄍	𑄎	𑄏	𑄐	𑄑	𑄒	𑄓	𑄔	𑄕	𑄖	𑄗	𑄘	𑄙	𑄚		𑄛	𑄜	𑄝	𑄞	𑄟	𑄠	𑄡	𑄢		𑄣	𑅄		𑄤			𑄥	𑄦
Burmese	က	ခ	ဂ	ဃ	င	စ	ဆ	ဇ	ဈ	ဉ / ည	ဋ	ဌ	ဍ	ဎ	ဏ	တ	ထ	ဒ	ဓ	န		ပ	ဖ	ဗ	ဘ	မ	ယ		ရ		လ	ဠ		ဝ	ၐ	ၑ	သ	ဟ
Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer		Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer		Template:Script/Khmer		Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer		Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer	Template:Script/Khmer
Thai	ก	ข,ฃ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	ค,ฅ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	ฆ	ง	จ	ฉ	ช,ซ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	ฌ	ญ	ฎ,^{[lower-alpha 5]}ฏ	ฐ	ฑ	ฒ	ณ	ด,^{[lower-alpha 5]}ต	ถ	ท	ธ	น		บ,^{[lower-alpha 5]}ป	ผ,ฝ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	พ,ฟ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	ภ	ม	ย		ร		ล	ฬ		ว	ศ	ษ	ส	ห,ฮ^{[lower-alpha 5]}
Lao	ກ	ຂ	ຄ	ຆ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ງ	ຈ	ຉ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຊ	ຌ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຎ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຏ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຐ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຑ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຒ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຓ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ດ,ຕ	ຖ	ທ	ຘ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ນ		ບ,ປ	ຜ,ຝ	ພ,ຟ	ຠ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ມ	ຍ		ຣ		ລ	ຬ^{[lower-alpha 6]}		ວ	ຨ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ຩ^{[lower-alpha 6]}	ສ	ຫ
Cham	ꨆ	ꨇ	ꨈ	ꨉ	ꨋ	ꨌ	ꨍ	ꨎ	ꨏ	ꨑ						ꨓ	ꨔ	ꨕ	ꨖ	ꨘ		ꨚ	ꨜ	ꨝ	ꨞ	ꨠ	ꨢ		ꨣ		ꨤ			ꨥ		ꨦ	ꨧ	ꨨ
Kawi	𑼒	𑼓	𑼔	𑼕	𑼖	𑼗	𑼘	𑼙	𑼚	𑼛	𑼜	𑼝	𑼞	𑼟	𑼠	𑼡	𑼢	𑼣	𑼤	𑼥	𑼳	𑼦	𑼧	𑼨	𑼩	𑼪	𑼫		𑼬		𑼭			𑼮	𑼯	𑼰	𑼱	𑼲
Balinese	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal		Template:Bal		Template:Bal			Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal	Template:Bal
Javanese^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav		Template:Jav		Template:Jav			Template:Jav	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Template:Jav	Template:Jav
Sundanese	Template:Sund	Template:Sund^{[lower-alpha 8]}	Template:Sund		Template:Sund	Template:Sund		Template:Sund		Template:Sund						Template:Sund		Template:Sund		Template:Sund		Template:Sund		Template:Sund	Template:Sund^{[lower-alpha 9]}	Template:Sund	Template:Sund		Template:Sund		Template:Sund			Template:Sund	Template:Sund^{[lower-alpha 10]}		Template:Sund	Template:Sund
Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara						Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara		Template:Script/Lontara			Template:Script/Lontara			Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara
Makasar	𑻠		𑻡		𑻢	𑻩		𑻪		𑻫						𑻦		𑻧		𑻨		𑻣		𑻤		𑻥	𑻬		𑻭		𑻮			𑻯			𑻰	𑻱
Rejang	ꤰ		ꤱ		ꤲ	ꤹ		ꤺ		ꤻ						ꤳ		ꤴ		ꤵ		ꤶ		ꤷ		ꤸ	ꤿ		ꤽ		ꤾ			ꥀ			ꤼ	ꥁ
Batak (Toba)	Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak			Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak/Template:Script/Batak						Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak			Template:Script/Batak		Template:Script/Batak			Template:Script/Batak			Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak
Baybayin	Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin											Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin	Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin		Template:Script/Baybayin			Template:Script/Baybayin			Template:Script/Baybayin	Template:Script/Baybayin
Buhid	ᝃ		ᝄ		ᝅ											ᝆ		ᝇ		ᝈ		ᝉ		ᝊ		ᝋ	ᝌ		ᝍ		ᝎ			ᝏ			ᝐ	ᝑ
Hanunuo	ᜣ		ᜤ		ᜥ											ᜦ		ᜧ		ᜨ		ᜩ		ᜪ		ᜫ	ᜬ		ᜭ		ᜮ			ᜯ			ᜰ	ᜱ
Tagbanwa	ᝣ		ᝤ		ᝥ											ᝦ		ᝧ		ᝨ		ᝩ		ᝪ		ᝫ	ᝬ				ᝮ			ᝯ			ᝰ
ISO	ka	kha	ga	gha	ṅa	ca	cha	ja	jha	ña	ṭa	ṭha	ḍa	ḍha	ṇa	ta	tha	da	dha	na	ṉa	pa	pha	ba	bha	ma	ya	ẏa	ra	ṟa	la	ḷa	ḻa	va	śa	ṣa	sa	ha	ṯa

Notes

↑ This list tries to include characters of same origins, not same sounds. In Bengali র is pronounced as rô but it is originally va which is still used for wa sound in Mithilakshar and modern Assamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ) which are pronounced as jô, jô and yô in Bengali and zô, zô and yô in Assamese respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya) and it is still pronounced as "ya" in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.
↑ Letter used in Balti.
↑ includes supplementary consonants not in contemporary use
↑ inherent vowel is ā
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 Modified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in Thai; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.
↑ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 These letters are obsolete, but were used mainly for Sanskrit and Pali in the Lao script.
↑ ^7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 Letters used in Old Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.
↑ Invented new character to represent the Arabic letter خ.
↑ Letter used in Old Sundanese. It is now obsolete.
↑ Invented new character. Actually to represent the Arabic letter ش, which has similar pronunciation with śa.

Vowels[edit]

Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.

ISO	a		ā		ê		ô		i		ī		u		ū		e		ē		ai		o		ō		au		ə		r̥		r̥̄ ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		l̥ ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		l̥̄ ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		ṁ		ḥ
ISO	a	ka	ā	kā	ê	kê	ô	kô	i	ki	ī	kī	u	ku	ū	kū	e	ke	ē	kē	ai	kai	o	ko	ō	kō	au	kau	ə	kə	r̥	kr̥	r̥̄	kr̥̄	l̥	kl̥	l̥̄	kl̥̄	ṁ	kaṁ	ḥ	kaḥ	k
Ashoka Brahmi	𑀅	𑀓	𑀆	𑀓𑀸					𑀇	𑀓𑀺	𑀈	𑀓𑀻	𑀉	𑀓𑀼	𑀊	𑀓𑀽			𑀏	𑀓𑁂	𑀐	𑀓𑁃			𑀑	𑀓𑁄	𑀒	𑀓𑁅			𑀋	𑀓𑀾	𑀌	𑀓𑀿	𑀍	𑀓𑁀	𑀎	𑀓𑁁	𑀅𑀁	𑀓𑀁	𑀅𑀂	𑀓𑀂	𑀓𑁆
Devanagari	अ	क	आ	का	ॲ	कॅ	ऑ	कॉ	इ	कि	ई	की	उ	कु	ऊ	कू	ऎ	कॆ	ए	के	ऐ	कै	ऒ	कॊ	ओ	को	औ	कौ	ॳ	कऺ	ऋ	कृ	ॠ	कॄ	ऌ	कॢ	ॡ	कॣ	अं	कं	अः	कः	क्
Bengali- Assamese	অ	ক	আ	কা	অ্য	ক্য	অ্যা	ক্যা	ই	কি	ঈ	কী	উ	কু	ঊ	কূ			এ	কে	ঐ	কৈ			ও	কো	ঔ	কৌ			ঋ	কৃ	ৠ	কৄ	ঌ	কৢ	ৡ	কৣ	অং	কং	অঃ	কঃ	ক্
Gujarati	અ	ક	આ	કા					ઇ	કિ	ઈ	કી	ઉ	કુ	ઊ	કૂ			એ	કે	ઐ	કૈ			ઓ	કો	ઔ	કૌ			ઋ	કૃ	ૠ	કૄ	ઌ	કૢ	ૡ	કૣ	અં	કં	અઃ	કઃ	ક્,ક્‍
Odia	ଅ	କ	ଆ	କା					ଇ	କି	ଈ	କୀ	ଉ	କୁ	ଊ	କୂ			ଏ	କେ	ଐ	କୈ			ଓ	କୋ	ଔ	କୌ			ଋ	କୃ	ୠ	କୄ	ଌ	କୢ	ୡ	କୣ	ଂ	କଂ	ଃ	କଃ	କ୍
Gurmukhi	ਅ	ਕ	ਆ	ਕਾ					ਇ	ਕਿ	ਈ	ਕੀ	ਉ	ਕੁ	ਊ	ਕੂ			ਏ	ਕੇ	ਐ	ਕੈ			ਓ	ਕੋ	ਔ	ਕੌ											ਅਂ	ਕਂ	ਅਃ	ਕਃ	ਕ੍
Meitei Mayek^{[lower-alpha 2]}	ꯑ	ꯀ	ꯑꯥ	ꯀꯥ					ꯏ	ꯀꯤ	ꯑꫫ	ꯀꫫ	ꯎ	ꯀꯨ	ꯑꫬ	ꯀꫬ			ꯑꯦ	ꯀꯦ	ꯑꯩ	ꯀꯩ			ꯑꯣ	ꯀꯣ	ꯑꯧ	ꯀꯧ											ꯑꯪ	ꯀꯪ	ꯑꫵ	ꯀꫵ	ꯛ
Tibetan^{[lower-alpha 3]}	ཨ	ཀ	ཨཱ	ཀཱ					ཨི	ཀི	ཨཱི	ཀཱི	ཨུ	ཀུ	ཨཱུ	ཀཱུ			ཨེ	ཀེ	ཨཻ	ཀཻ			ཨོ	ཀོ	ཨཽ	ཀཽ			རྀ	ཀྲྀ	རཱྀ	ཀཷ	ལྀ	ཀླྀ	ལཱྀ	ཀླཱྀ	ཨཾ	ཀཾ	ཨཿ	ཀཿ	ཀ྄
Lepcha	ᰣ	ᰀ	ᰣᰦ	ᰀᰦ					ᰣᰧ	ᰀᰧ	ᰣᰧᰶ	ᰀᰧᰶ	ᰣᰪ	ᰀᰪ	ᰣᰫ	ᰀᰫ			ᰣᰬ	ᰀᰬ					ᰣᰨ	ᰀᰨ	ᰣᰩ	ᰀᰩ											ᰣᰴ	ᰀᰴ
Limbu	ᤀ	ᤁ	ᤀᤠ	ᤁᤠ					ᤀᤡ	ᤁᤡ	ᤀᤡ᤺	ᤁᤡ᤺	ᤀᤢ	ᤁᤢ	ᤀ᤺ᤢ	ᤁ᤺ᤢ	ᤀᤧ	ᤁᤧ	ᤀᤣ	ᤁᤣ	ᤀᤤ	ᤁᤤ	ᤀᤨ	ᤁᤨ	ᤀᤥ	ᤁᤥ	ᤀᤦ	ᤁᤦ											ᤀᤲ	ᤁᤲ			ᤁ᤻
Tirhuta	𑒁	𑒏	𑒂	𑒏𑒰					𑒃	𑒏𑒱	𑒄	𑒏𑒲	𑒅	𑒏𑒳	𑒆	𑒏𑒴		𑒏𑒺	𑒋	𑒏𑒹	𑒌	𑒏𑒻		𑒏𑒽	𑒍	𑒏𑒼	𑒎	𑒏𑒾			𑒇	𑒏𑒵	𑒈	𑒏𑒶	𑒉	𑒏𑒷	𑒊	𑒏𑒸	𑒁𑓀	𑒏𑓀	𑒁𑓁	𑒏𑓁	𑒏𑓂
Kaithi	𑂃	𑂍	𑂄	𑂍𑂰					𑂅	𑂍𑂱	𑂆	𑂍𑂲	𑂇	𑂍𑂳	𑂈	𑂍𑂴			𑂉	𑂍𑂵	𑂊	𑂍𑂶			𑂋	𑂍𑂷	𑂌	𑂍𑂸											𑂃𑂁	𑂍𑂁	𑂃𑂂	𑂍𑂂	𑂍𑂹
Sylheti Nagari		Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti					Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti			Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti					Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti			Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti													Template:Script/Syloti	Template:Script/Syloti			Template:Script/Syloti
Tamil	அ	க	ஆ	கா					இ	கி	ஈ	கீ	உ	கு	ஊ	கூ	எ	கெ	ஏ	கே	ஐ	கை	ஒ	கொ	ஓ	கோ	ஔ	கௌ											அஂ	கஂ	அஃ	கஃ	க்
Kannada	ಅ	ಕ	ಆ	ಕಾ					ಇ	ಕಿ	ಈ	ಕೀ	ಉ	ಕು	ಊ	ಕೂ	ಎ	ಕೆ	ಏ	ಕೇ	ಐ	ಕೈ	ಒ	ಕೊ	ಓ	ಕೋ	ಔ	ಕೌ			ಋ	ಕೃ	ೠ	ಕೄ	ಌ	ಕೢ	ೡ	ಕೣ	అం	ಕಂ	అః	ಕಃ	ಕ್
Telugu	అ	క	ఆ	కా					ఇ	కి	ఈ	కీ	ఉ	కు	ఊ	కూ	ఎ	కె	ఏ	కే	ఐ	కై	ఒ	కొ	ఓ	కో	ఔ	కౌ			ఋ	కృ	ౠ	కౄ	ఌ	కౢ	ౡ	కౣ	అం	కం	అః	కః	క్
Sinhala	අ	ක	ආ	කා	ඇ	කැ	ඈ	කෑ	ඉ	කි	ඊ	කී	උ	කු	ඌ	කූ	එ	කෙ	ඒ	කේ	ඓ	කෛ	ඔ	කො	ඕ	කෝ	ඖ	කෞ			ඍ	කෘ	ඎ	කෲ	ඏ	කෟ	ඐ	කෳ	අං	කං	අඃ	කඃ	ක්
Malayalam	അ	ക	ആ	കാ					ഇ	കി	ഈ	കീ	ഉ	കു	ഊ	കൂ	എ	കെ	ഏ	കേ	ഐ	കൈ	ഒ	കൊ	ഓ	കോ	ഔ	കൗ			ഋ	കൃ	ൠ	കൄ	ഌ	കൢ	ൡ	കൣ	അം	കം	അഃ	കഃ	ക്,ക്‍
Chakma	𑄃𑄧	𑄇𑄧	𑄃	𑄇	𑄃𑄬𑄬	𑄇𑄬𑄬	𑄃𑅅	𑄇𑅅	𑄄, 𑄃𑄨	𑄇𑄨	𑄃𑄩	𑄇𑄩	𑄅, 𑄃𑄪	𑄇𑄪	𑄃𑄫	𑄇𑄫			𑄆, 𑄃𑄬	𑄇𑄬	𑄃𑄰	𑄇𑄰			𑄃𑄮	𑄇𑄮	𑄃𑄯	𑄇𑄯											𑄃𑄧𑄁	𑄇𑄧𑄁	𑄃𑄧𑄂	𑄇𑄧𑄂	𑄇𑄴
Burmese	အ	က	အာ	ကာ					ဣ	ကိ	ဤ	ကီ	ဥ	ကု	ဦ	ကူ			ဧ	ကေ	အဲ	ကဲ	ဩ	ကော			အောင်	ကောင်			ၒ	ကၖ	ၓ	ကၗ	ၔ	ကၘ	ၕ	ကၙ	အံ	ကံ	အး	ကး	က်
Khmer^{[lower-alpha 4]}	អ	ក	អា	កា					ឥ	កិ	ឦ	កី	ឧ	កុ	ឩ	កូ			ឯ	កេ	ឰ	កៃ			ឱ	កោ	ឳ	កៅ			ឫ	ក្ឫ	ឬ	ក្ឬ	ឭ	ក្ឭ	ឮ	ក្ឮ	អំ	កំ	អះ	កះ	ក៑
Thai^{[lower-alpha 3]}	อ (อะ)	ก (กะ)	อา	กา	แอ	แก	(ออ)	(กอ)	อิ	กิ	อี	กี	อุ	กุ	อู	กู	(เอะ)	(เกะ)	เอ	เก	ไอ,ใอ	ไก,ใก	(โอะ)	(โกะ)	โอ	โก	เอา	เกา			ฤ	กฺฤ	ฤๅ	กฺฤๅ	ฦ	กฺฦ	ฦๅ	กฺฦๅ	อํ	กํ	อะ (อะฮฺ)	กะ (กะฮฺ)	กฺ (ก/ก์)
Lao^{[lower-alpha 3]}	ອະ	ກະ	ອາ	ກາ	ແອ	ແກ	(ອອ)	(ກອ)	ອິ	ກິ	ອີ	ກີ	ອຸ	ກຸ	ອູ	ກູ	(ແອະ)	(ແກະ)	ເອ	ເກ	ໄອ,ໃອ	ໄກ,ໃກ	(ໂອະ)	(ໂກະ)	ໂອ	ໂກ	ເອົາ,ອາວ	ເກົາ,ກາວ											ອํ	ກํ	ອະ	ກະ	ກ
Cham	ꨀ	ꨆ	ꨀꨩ	ꨆꨩ					ꨁ	ꨆꨪ	ꨁꨩ	ꨆꨫ	ꨂ	ꨆꨭ	ꨂꨩ	ꨆꨭꨩ			ꨃ	ꨆꨯꨮ	ꨄ	ꨆꨰ			ꨅ	ꨆꨯ	ꨀꨯꨱ	ꨆꨯꨱ			ꨣꨮ	ꨆꨴꨮ	ꨣꨮꨩ	ꨆꨴꨮꨩ	ꨤꨮ	ꨆꨵꨮ	ꨤꨮꨩ	ꨆꨵꨮꨩ	ꨀꩌ	ꨆꩌ	ꨀꩍ	ꨆꩍ	ꩀ
Kawi	𑼄	𑼒	𑼅	𑼒𑼴					𑼆	𑼒𑼶	𑼇	𑼒𑼷	𑼈	𑼒𑼸	𑼉	𑼒𑼹	𑼎	𑼒𑼾			𑼏	𑼒𑼿	𑼐	𑼒𑼾𑼴			𑼐𑼴	𑼒𑼿𑼴	𑼄𑽀	𑼒𑽀	𑼊	𑼒𑼺	𑼊𑼴	𑼒𑼺𑼴	𑼌	𑼒𑽂𑼌	𑼍	𑼒𑽂𑼭𑽀𑼴	𑼄𑼁	𑼒𑼁	𑼄𑼃	𑼒𑼃	𑼒𑽁
Balinese	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali					Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali			Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali			Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali	Template:Script/Bali
Javanese	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav					Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav			Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav			Template:Jav	Template:Jav	ꦄꦼ	ꦏꦼ	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav	Template:Jav
Sundanese	Template:Sund	Template:Sund							Template:Sund	Template:Sund			Template:Sund	Template:Sund			Template:Sund	Template:Sund					Template:Sund	Template:Sund					Template:Sund	Template:Sund	Template:Sund^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Template:Sund^{[lower-alpha 5]}			Template:Sund^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Template:Sund^{[lower-alpha 5]}			Template:Sund	Template:Sund	Template:Sund	Template:Sund	Template:Sund
Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara							Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara			Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara			Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara					Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara					Template:Script/Lontara	Template:Script/Lontara
Makasar	𑻱	𑻠							𑻱𑻳	𑻠𑻳			𑻱𑻴	𑻠𑻴			𑻱𑻵	𑻠𑻵					𑻱𑻶	𑻠𑻶
Rejang	ꥆ	ꤰ			ꥆꥎ	ꤰꥎ	ꥆꥍ	ꤰꥍ	ꥆꥇ	ꤰꥇ			ꥆꥈ	ꤰꥈ			ꥆꥉ	ꤰꥉ			ꥆꥊ	ꤰꥊ	ꥆꥋ	ꤰꥋ			ꥆꥌ	ꤰꥌ											ꥆꥏ	ꤰꥏ	ꥆꥒ	ꤰꥒ	ꤰ꥓
Batak (Toba)	Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak							Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak			Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak				Template:Script/Batak						Template:Script/Batak															Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak	Template:Script/Batak
Baybayin	ᜀ	ᜃ							ᜁ	ᜃᜒ			ᜂ	ᜃᜓ			ᜁ	ᜃᜒ					ᜂ	ᜃᜓ																			ᜃ᜔
Buhid	ᝀ	ᝃ							ᝁ	ᝃᝒ			ᝂ	ᝃᝓ
Hanunuo	ᜠ	ᜣ							ᜡ	ᜣᜲ			ᜢ	ᜣᜳ																													ᜣ᜴
Tagbanwa	ᝠ	ᝣ							ᝡ	ᝣᝲ			ᝢ	ᝣᝳ
ISO	a	ka	ā	kā	ê	kê	ô	kô	i	ki	ī	kī	u	ku	ū	kū	e	ke	ē	kē	ai	kai	o	ko	ō	kō	au	kau	ə	kə	r̥	kr̥	r̥̄	kr̥̄	l̥	kl̥	l̥̄	kl̥̄	ṁ	kṁ	ḥ	kḥ	k
ISO	a		ā		ê		ô		i		ī		u		ū		e		ē		ai		o		ō		au		ə		r̥		r̥̄		l̥		l̥̄		ṁ		ḥ

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Letters for r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ and a few others are obsolete or very rarely used.
↑ includes supplementary vowels not in contemporary use
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Tibetan, Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms. For syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant (ཨ, อ or ອ respectively) is used to represent the glottal stop /ʔ/.
↑ When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either an a or an o as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Letters used in Old Sundanese. They are now obsolete.

Numerals[edit]

Hindu-Arabic	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Brahmi numbers		𑁒	𑁓	𑁔	𑁕	𑁖	𑁗	𑁘	𑁙	𑁚
Brahmi digits	𑁦	𑁧	𑁨	𑁩	𑁪	𑁫	𑁬	𑁭	𑁮	𑁯
Bengali- Assamese	০	১	২	৩	৪	৫	৬	৭	৮	৯
Tirhuta	𑓐	𑓑	𑓒	𑓓	𑓔	𑓕	𑓖	𑓗	𑓘	𑓙
Odia	୦	୧	୨	୩	୪	୫	୬	୭	୮	୯
Devanagari	०	१	२	३	४	५	६	७	८	९
Gujarati	૦	૧	૨	૩	૪	૫	૬	૭	૮	૯
Modi	𑙐‎	𑙑‎	𑙒	𑙓‎	𑙔‎	𑙕	𑙖‎	𑙗	𑙘‎	𑙙
Sharada	𑇐	𑇑	𑇒	𑇓	𑇔	𑇕	𑇖	𑇗	𑇘	𑇙
Takri	𑛀	𑛁	𑛂	𑛃	𑛄	𑛅	𑛆	𑛇	𑛈	𑛉
Gurmukhi	੦	੧	੨	੩	੪	੫	੬	੭	੮	੯
Khudabadi	𑋰	𑋱	𑋲	𑋳	𑋴	𑋵	𑋶	𑋷	𑋸	𑋹
Meitei (Manipuri)	꯰	꯱	꯲	꯳	꯴	꯵	꯶	꯷	꯸	꯹
Pracalit	𑑐‎	𑑑‎	𑑒‎	𑑓‎	𑑔‎	𑑕‎	𑑖‎	𑑗‎	𑑘‎	𑑙
Tibetan	༠	༡	༢	༣	༤	༥	༦	༧	༨	༩
Mongolian^{[lower-alpha 1]}	᠐	᠑	᠒	᠓	᠔	᠕	᠖	᠗	᠘	᠙
Lepcha	᱀	᱁	᱂	᱃	᱄	᱅	᱆	᱇	᱈	᱉
Limbu	᥆	᥇	᥈	᥉	᥊	᥋	᥌	᥍	᥎	᥏
Sinhala astrological numbers	෦	෧	෨	෩	෪	෫	෬	෭	෮	෯
Sinhala archaic numbers		𑇡	𑇢	𑇣	𑇤	𑇥	𑇦	𑇧	𑇨	𑇩
Tamil	೦	௧	௨	௩	௪	௫	௬	௭	௮	௯
Telugu	౦	౧	౨	౩	౪	౫	౬	౭	౮	౯
Kannada	೦	೧	೨	೩	೪	೫	೬	೭	೮	೯
Malayalam	൦	൧	൨	൩	൪	൫	൬	൭	൮	൯
Saurashtra	꣐	꣑	꣒	꣓	꣔	꣕	꣖	꣗	꣘	꣙
Ahom	𑜰	𑜱	𑜲	𑜳	𑜴	𑜵	𑜶	𑜷	𑜸	𑜹
Chakma	𑄶	𑄷	𑄸	𑄹	𑄺	𑄻	𑄼	𑄽	𑄾	𑄿
Burmese	၀	၁	၂	၃	၄	၅	၆	၇	၈	၉
Shan	႐	႑	႒	႓	႔	႕	႖	႗	႘	႙
Khmer	០	១	២	៣	៤	៥	៦	៧	៨	៩
Thai	๐	๑	๒	๓	๔	๕	๖	๗	๘	๙
Lao	໐	໑	໒	໓	໔	໕	໖	໗	໘	໙
Cham	꩐	꩑	꩒	꩓	꩔	꩕	꩖	꩗	꩘	꩙
Tai Tham^{[lower-alpha 2]}	᪐	᪑	᪒	᪓	᪔	᪕	᪖	᪗	᪘	᪙
Tai Tham Astrological Numbers^{[lower-alpha 3]}	᪀	᪁	᪂	᪃	᪄	᪅	᪆	᪇	᪈	᪉
New Tai Lue	᧐	᧑	᧒	᧓	᧔	᧕	᧖	᧗	᧘	᧙
Balinese	᭐	᭑	᭒	᭓	᭔	᭕	᭖	᭗	᭘	᭙
Javanese	꧐	꧑	꧒	꧓	꧔	꧕	꧖	꧗	꧘	꧙
Sundanese	᮰	᮱	᮲	᮳	᮴	᮵	᮶	᮷	᮸	᮹
Hindu-Arabic	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Notes

↑ Mongolian numerals are derived from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script
↑ for liturgical use
↑ for everyday use

List of Brahmic scripts[edit]

Historical[edit]

The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.^{[citation needed]}

IAST	Ashoka	Girnar	Chandra -gupta	Gujarat	Allahabad	Narbada	Kistna
Early Brahmic scripts
a
ā
i
ī
u
ū
ṛ
e
ai
o
au
k
kh
g
gh
ṅ
c
ch
j
jh
ñ
ṭ
ṭh
ḍ
ḍh
ṇ
t
th
d
dh
n
p
ph
b
bh
m
y
r
l
v
ś
ṣ
s
h

Northern Brahmic[edit]

A map of Indo-Aryan languages using their respective Brahmic family scripts (except dark blue colored Khowar, Pashai, Kohistani, and Urdu, not marked here, which use Arabic-derived scripts).

Gupta, 4th century
- Sharada
  - Landa
    - Gurmukhi
    - Khojki
    - Khudabadi
    - Mahajani
    - Multani
  - Takri
    - Chamba
    - Dogri
    - Sirmauri
- Siddhaṃ
- Tibetan
  - Meetei Mayek
  - Lepcha
    - Limbu
  - Khema
  - 'Phags-pa
    - Zanabazar square
  - Marchen
    - Marchung
    - Pungs-chen
    - Pungs-chung
    - Drusha
- Dives Akuru
- Kalinga
- Bhaiksuki
Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)

Southern Brahmic[edit]

A map of Dravidian languages using their respective Brahmic family scripts (except Brahui, which uses an Arabic-derived script).

Tamil-Brahmi, 2nd century BC
- Pallava
  - Tamil
  - Grantha
  - Khmer
    - Khom Thai
    - Proto-Tai script?
      - Sukhothai
        Thai
        
        Fakkham
        Thai Noi
        Lao
      - Tai Viet
      - Dai Don
      - Lai Tay
      - Lai Pao
  - Cham
  - Kawi
    - Balinese
    - Batak
    - Buda
    - Javanese
    - Old Sundanese
      - Sundanese
    - Lontara
    - Makasar
    - Ulu scripts
      - Incung
      - Lampung
      - Lembak
      - Ogan
      - Pasemah
      - Rejang
      - Serawai
    - Baybayin
      - Buhid
      - Hanunó'o
      - Tagbanwa
      - Kulitan
      - Basahan
  - Mon–Burmese
    - Modern Mon
    - Burmese
      - Chakma
      - S'gaw Karen
      - Shan
      - Tanchangya
      - Lik-Tai scripts
        Ahom
        
        Khamti
        
        Tai Le
    - Tai Tham
      - New Tai Lue
  - Pyu
- Vatteluttu
  - Kolezhuthu
  - Malayanma
Sinhala
Bhattiprolu
- Kadamba
  - Telugu-Kannada
    - Kannada
      - Goykanadi
    - Telugu

Unicode of Brahmic scripts[edit]

As of Unicode version 15.0, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

script	derivation	Period of derivation	usage notes	ISO 15924	Unicode range(s)	sample
Ahom	Burmese^[7]	13th century	Extinct Ahom language	Ahom	U+11700–U+1174F	Template:Script/Ahom
Balinese	Kawi	11th century	Balinese language	Bali	U+1B00–U+1B7F	ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ
Batak	Pallava	14th century	Batak languages	Batk	U+1BC0–U+1BFF	Template:Script/Batak
Baybayin	Kawi	14th century	Tagalog, other Philippine languages	Tglg	U+1700–U+171F	Template:Script/Baybayin
Bengali-Assamese (Eastern Nagari)	Siddhaṃ	11th century	Angika, Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")^[8]	Beng	U+0980–U+09FF	অসমীয়া লিপি বাংলা লিপি
Bhaiksuki	Gupta	11th century	Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit	Bhks	U+11C00–U+11C6F	𑰥𑰹𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰲𑰎𑰱
Buhid	Kawi	14th century	Buhid language	Buhd	U+1740–U+175F	Template:Script/Buhid
Mon-Burmese	Pallava	11th century	Burmese language, Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan	Mymr	U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F	Template:Script/Mymr
Chakma	Burmese	8th century	Chakma language	Cakm	U+11100–U+1114F	𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦
Cham	Pallava	8th century	Cham language	Cham	U+AA00–U+AA5F	Template:Script/Cham
Devanagari	Nagari	13th century	Several Indo-Aryan languages (Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Bhili, Sindhi, Gujarati etc), Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo, Nepal Bhasa, Sherpa etc.), Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others.	Deva	U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5F	देवनागरी
Dhives Akuru	Gupta	Before 6th-8th century	Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.^[9]	Diak	U+11900–U+1195F	𑤞𑥂𑤧𑤭𑥂
Dogra	Takri		Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.^[10]	Dogr	U+11800–U+1184F	𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬
Grantha	Pallava	6th century	Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam.	Gran	U+11300–U+1137F	𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥
Gujarati	Nagari	17th century	Gujarati language, Kutchi language	Gujr	U+0A80–U+0AFF	ગુજરાતી લિપિ
Gunjala Gondi		16th century	Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.^[11]	Gong	U+11D60–U+11DAF	𑵶𑶍𑶕𑶀𑵵𑶊 𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋
Gurmukhi	Sharada	16th century	Punjabi language	Guru	U+0A00–U+0A7F	ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
Hanunó'o	Kawi	14th century	Hanuno'o language	Hano	U+1720–U+173F	Template:Script/Hanunoo
Javanese	Kawi	16th century	Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language	Java	U+A980–U+A9DF	Template:Script/Java
Kaithi	Nagari	16th century	Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records.	Kthi	U+11080–U+110CF	Template:Script/Kaithi
Kannada	Telugu-Kannada	Around 4th-6th century	Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, others	Knda	U+0C80–U+0CFF	ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ
Kawi	Pallava	8th century	Kawi was found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.^[12]	Kawi	U+11F00–U+11F5F	𑼒𑼮𑼶
Khmer	Pallava	11th century	Khmer language	Khmr	U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF	Template:Script/Khmer
Khojki	Landa	16th century	Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature.	Khoj	U+11200–U+1124F	𑈉𑈲𑈐𑈈𑈮
Khudawadi	Landa	16th century	Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records.	Sind	U+112B0–U+112FF	𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢
Lao	Khmer	14th century	Lao language, others	Laoo	U+0E80–U+0EFF	ອັກສອນລາວ
Lepcha	Tibetan	8th century	Lepcha language	Lepc	U+1C00–U+1C4F	ᰛᰩᰴ
Limbu	Lepcha	9th century	Limbu language	Limb	U+1900–U+194F	Template:Script/Limbu
Lontara	Kawi	17th century	Buginese language, others	Bugi	U+1A00–U+1A1F	Template:Script/Lontara
Mahajani	Landa	16th century	Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records.	Mahj	U+11150–U+1117F	𑅬𑅱𑅛𑅧𑅑‎
Makasar	Kawi	17th century	Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.^[13] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.^[14]	Maka	U+11EE0–U+11EFF	𑻪𑻢𑻪𑻢
Malayalam	Grantha	12th century	Malayalam	Mlym	U+0D00–U+0D7F	മലയാളലിപി
Marchen	Tibetan	7th century	Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language	Marc	U+11C70–U+11CBF	𑱳𑲁𑱽𑱾𑲌𑱵𑲋𑲱𑱴𑱶𑲱𑲅𑲊𑱱
Meetei Mayek	Tibetan Template:Vn	6th century^[15]	officially used for Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"^[16]	Mtei	U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF	ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
Modi	Nāgarī	17th century	Was used to write the Marathi language	Modi	U+11600–U+1165F	𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲
Multani	Landa		Was used to write the Multani language	Mult	U+11280–U+112AF	𑊠𑊣𑊖𑊚
Nandinagari	Nāgarī	7th century	Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India	Nand	U+119A0–U+119FF	𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓
New Tai Lue	Tai Tham	1950s	Tai Lü language	Talu	U+1980–U+19DF	Template:Script/New Tai Lue
Odia	Siddhaṃ	13th century	Odia language	Orya	U+0B00–U+0B7F	ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର
ʼPhags-pa	Tibetan	13th century	Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty.	Phag	U+A840–U+A87F	Template:Phagspa
Prachalit (Newa)	Nepal		Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili languages	Newa	U+11400–U+1147F	𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟
Rejang	Kawi	18th century	Rejang language, mostly obsolete	Rjng	U+A930–U+A95F	Template:Script/Rejang
Saurashtra	Grantha	20th century	Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete	Saur	U+A880–U+A8DF	ꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ
Sharada	Gupta	8th century	Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri	Shrd	U+11180–U+111DF	𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳
Siddham	Gupta	7th century	Was used for writing Sanskrit	Sidd	U+11580–U+115FF	𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
Sinhala	Brahmi^[17]	4th century^[18]	Sinhala language	Sinh	U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF	ශුද්ධ සිංහල
Sundanese	Kawi	14th century	Sundanese language	Sund	U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF	Template:Script/Sund
Sylheti Nagari	Nagari	16th century	Historically used for writing the Sylheti language	Sylo	U+A800–U+A82F	Template:Script/Syloti
Tagbanwa	Kawi	14th century	Various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct	Tagb	U+1760–U+177F	Template:Script/Tagbanwa
Tai Le	Mon	13th century	Tai Nüa language	Tale	U+1950–U+197F	ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ
Tai Tham	Mon	13th century	Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language	Lana	U+1A20–U+1AAF	Template:Script/Tai Tham
Tai Viet	Thai	16th century	Tai Dam language	Tavt	U+AA80–U+AADF	Template:Script/Tai Viet
Takri	Sharada	16th century	Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages	Takr	U+11680–U+116CF	𑚔𑚭𑚊𑚤𑚯
Tamil	Pallava	2nd century	Tamil language	Taml	U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF	தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி
Telugu	Telugu-Kannada	5th century	Telugu language	Telu	U+0C00–U+0C7F	తెలుగు లిపి
Thai	Old Khmer	13th century	Thai language	Thai	U+0E00–U+0E7F	อักษรไทย
Tibetan	Gupta	8th century	Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha, Ladakhi language	Tibt	U+0F00–U+0FFF	བོད་ཡིག་
Tirhuta	Siddham	13th century	Historically used for the Maithili language	Tirh	U+11480–U+114DF	𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6.
↑ "Tamil-Brahmi (Tamili) Pottery Shards of Tamil Nadu A Study". www.researchgate.net.
↑ Coningham, R. A. E.; Allchin, F. R.; Batt, C. M.; Lucy, D. (April 1996). "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 6 (1): 73–97. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001608. S2CID 161465267.
↑ Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445–449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Sproat, Richard (20 July 2006). "Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness". Written Language and Literacy. 9 (1): 45–66. doi:10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr. ISSN 1387-6732.
↑ Terwiel; Khamdaengyodtai (2003). Shan Manuscripts, Part 1. p. 13.
↑ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
↑ Pandey, Anshuman (23 January 2018). "L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode" (PDF).
↑ Pandey, Anshuman (4 November 2015). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script" (PDF).
↑ "Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
↑ Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi
↑ "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
↑ Pandey, Anshuman (2 November 2015). "L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode" (PDF).
↑ Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1. The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
↑ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
↑ Daniels (1996), p. 379.
↑ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 389.

External links[edit]

Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts
Windows Indic Script Support
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
South Asian Writing Systems
Enhanced Indic Transliterator Archived 8 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
Indian Transliterator A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts.
Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor
Brahmi Script
Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages
Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts Archived 1 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine – a Firefox add-on

Template:Writing systems Template:Kawi family

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[iso-6] This list tries to include characters of same origins, not same sounds. In Bengali র is pronounced as rô but it is originally va which is still used for wa sound in Mithilakshar and modern Assamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ) which are pronounced as jô, jô and yô in Bengali and zô, zô and yô in Assamese respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya) and it is still pronounced as "ya" in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.

[Tibt-7] Letter used in Balti.

[Meitei-8] udes supplementary consonants not in contemporary use

[Chakma-9] rent vowel is ā

[thai-10] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 Modified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in Thai; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.

[lao-11] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 These letters are obsolete, but were used mainly for Sanskrit and Pali in the Lao script.

[jav-12] 7.00 ^7.01 ^7.02 ^7.03 ^7.04 ^7.05 ^7.06 ^7.07 ^7.08 ^7.09 ^7.10 ^7.11 ^7.12 ^7.13 Letters used in Old Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.

[su-kha-13] Invented new character to represent the Arabic letter خ.

[su-old-14] Letter used in Old Sundanese. It is now obsolete.

[su-sya-15] Invented new character. Actually to represent the Arabic letter ش, which has similar pronunciation with śa.

[vrare-16] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Letters for r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ and a few others are obsolete or very rarely used.

[Meitei-17] udes supplementary vowels not in contemporary use

[noindvowel-18] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Tibetan, Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms. For syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant (ཨ, อ or ອ respectively) is used to represent the glottal stop /ʔ/.

[vkhmer-19] When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either an a or an o as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.

[su-vowel-20] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Letters used in Old Sundanese. They are now obsolete.

[Mongolian-21] Mongolian numerals are derived from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script

[Tham-22] r liturgical use

[Hora-23] r everyday use

[Frellesvig-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6.

[2] "Tamil-Brahmi (Tamili) Pottery Shards of Tamil Nadu A Study". www.researchgate.net.

[Coningham_1996-3] Coningham, R. A. E.; Allchin, F. R.; Batt, C. M.; Lucy, D. (April 1996). "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 6 (1): 73–97. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001608. S2CID 161465267.

[Court-4] Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[Spread-5] Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445–449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[:0-24] 6.0 ^6.1 Sproat, Richard (20 July 2006). "Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness". Written Language and Literacy. 9 (1): 45–66. doi:10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr. ISSN 1387-6732.

[25] Terwiel; Khamdaengyodtai (2003). Shan Manuscripts, Part 1. p. 13.

[26] "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.

[27] Pandey, Anshuman (23 January 2018). "L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode" (PDF).

[L215234-28] Pandey, Anshuman (4 November 2015). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script" (PDF).

[29] "Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.

[bayu-30] Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi

[31] "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.

[32] Pandey, Anshuman (2 November 2015). "L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode" (PDF).

[33] Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1. The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[34] "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.

[35] Daniels (1996), p. 379.

[diringer-36] Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 389.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]

[lower-alpha 4]

[lower-alpha 5]

[lower-alpha 6]

[lower-alpha 7]

[lower-alpha 8]

[lower-alpha 9]

[lower-alpha 10]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]

[lower-alpha 4]

[lower-alpha 5]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]