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Bavarian Senate
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The Bavarian Senate (German Bayerischer Senat) was the corporative upper chamber of Bavaria's parliamentary system from 1946 to 1999, when it was abolished by a popular vote (referendum) changing the Constitution of Bavaria.
Composition[edit]
The 60 members of the Senate had to be at least 40 years of age and could not be a member of the Landtag (the other and more important chamber of the Bavarian parliament). Every other year, a third of the Senate's members would be elected by corporations representing social, economic, municipal or cultural groups or appointed by religious denominations for a term of six years. The number of seats representing each group was fixed by the constitution of Bavaria:
- 11 representatives of agriculture or forestry
- 5 representatives of industry and commerce
- 5 representatives of craftsmen
- 11 representatives of unions
- 4 representatives of professions
- 5 representatives of cooperatives
- 5 representatives of religious denominations
- 5 representatives of social welfare organisations
- 3 representatives of universities and colleges
- 6 representatives of municipalities and municipal associations
Internationally, the Senate's composition was similar to the Vocational panels in the Irish senate. It also bore remnants of council-democratic ideas.
Role[edit]
The Senate's main role was consulting other state institutions and delivering legal opinion. It also had the power to delay state legislation passed by the Landtag within a month (one week for urgent acts). However, the Landtag could overturn the veto by a simple majority, the same majority required to pass a law in the first place.
Criticism and dissolution[edit]
In the 1990s, public opinion in Germany turned towards leaner government. The Senate, because it was essentially powerless, was regarded by many as an unnecessary expenditure.
In June 1997, a popular initiative petition sponsored by the Ecological Democratic Party gained 927,047 signatures (10.5% of those entitled to vote). In the following referendum on 8 February 1998, which yielded a turnout of 39.9%, a majority of 69.2% voted for the law amending the State Constitution to abolish the Senate. A counter-proposal by the ruling Christian Social Union, which would have changed the composition of the Senate, only received 23.6%.
On 1 January 2000, the law abolishing the Senate came into effect.
Presidents of the Senate of Bavaria[edit]
| Name | Period |
|---|---|
| Josef Singer | 1947–1967 |
| Hippolyt Baron Poschinger of Frauenau | 1968–1982 |
| Hans Weiß | 1982–1993 |
| Walter Schmitt Glaeser | 1994–1996 |
| Heribert Thallmair | 1996–1999 |
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Gegenentwurf des Landtags zum Volksentscheid am 8. Februar 1998 (Senatsreformgesetz) (pdf) (34 kB) (in German) The counter-proposal by the Christian Social Union
- Amtliche Ergebnisse des Volksentscheids „Abschaffung des Senats“ am 8. Februar 1998 (in German) Official voting results
- Urteil des Bayerischen Verfassungsgerichtshofes nach dem Volksentscheid zur Abschaffung des Bayerischen Senats (in German) Court ruling on the abolishment of the Senate