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{{Short description| also South Tibet, state in dispute between China and India}}
{{Short description|State in northeastern India}}
[[Image:Arunachal Pradesh in India (disputed hatched).svg|thumb|Arunachal Pradesh / South Tibet in light red. India in beige.]]
{{Redirect|Arunachal|the hill at Thiruvannamalai|Arunachala}}
'''Arunachal Pradesh''' or '''South Tibet''' is a state between [[India]] and [[China]]. The country that owns this region is disputed. [[People's Republic of China|China]] says that they own it and call it [[South Tibet]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39638543|title=China renames places disputed with India|date=2017-04-19|access-date=2019-07-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> (Zangnan 藏南). In 2017, China started renaming places in this territory.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019 China destroyed 30,000 "incorrect" world maps that showed South Tibet as part of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-destroys-30000-incorrect-world-maps/article26642135.ece|title=China destroys 30,000 ‘incorrect’ world maps|date=2019-03-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-24|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Arunachal Pradesh
| type = State
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a  = Golden Pagoda Namsai Arunachal Pradesh.jpg
| photo2a  = Tawang Monastery (Tibetan Buddhist).jpg
| photo2b  = Tutsa Dancers from Changlang District.jpg
| photo3a  = Ziro valley of Aruncahl in summer season.jpg
| photo3b  = A view of the PakkeTR AJTJ IMG7101.jpg
| photo4a  = Sela Pass .jpg
| size    = 280
| spacing  = 1
| position = centre
| border  = 0
| color    = white
}}
| image_caption            = From top left to right: [[Golden Pagoda, Namsai]], [[Tawang Monastery]], [[Tutsa Naga|Tutsa]] Dancers, Ziro valley, [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]], [[Sela Pass]]
| image_seal = Arunachal Pradesh Seal.svg
| etymology = Arunachal ('dawn-lit mountains') and Pradesh ('province or territory')
| anthem = [[Arunachal Hamara]] <br/>
(Our Arunachal) <ref name="Arunachal Observer">{{Cite web|url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2017/01/22/state-song-needs-to-mirror-unity-in-diversity/|title=State song needs to mirror unity in diversity!|work=Arunachal Observer|date=22 January 2017|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
| image_map = IN-AR.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06|93.37|region:IN-AR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = [[North-East Frontier Agency]]
| formation_date1 = 21 January 1972
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 20 February 1987<ref>[http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007041243/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>
| capital = Itanagar
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh|26]]
| government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |agency=ANI |title=Lt General Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik sworn - in as Arunachal Pradesh Governor |url=https://theprint.in/india/lt-general-kaiwalya-trivikram-parnaik-sworn-in-as-arunachal-pradesh-governor/1377280/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pema-khandu-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-arunachal-pradesh/article8862082.ece |title=Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/BJP-forms-govt-in-Arunachal-Pradesh/article16969345.ece |access-date=31 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Arunachal Pradesh |date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303125941/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/BJP-forms-govt-in-Arunachal-Pradesh/article16969345.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Governor = [[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Pema Khandu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| judiciary = [[Guwahati High Court|Guwahati High Court - Itanagar Bench]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 60 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 2 seats
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|others=Hosted by: G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development. Sponsored by: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt of India|title=Arunachal Pradesh: Physiography, At a glance|url=http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/Arunachal_glance.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=gbpihedenvis.nic.in|publisher=ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 83743
| area_rank = 14th
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=4 Reasons Why Arunachal Pradesh is a Natural Wonderland|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68025/4-reasons-arunachal-pradesh-natural-wonderland|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Outlook India Traveller|language=en|quote=We may as well call Arunachal a flowery paradise. Arunachal is also called Orchid State of India}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 7060
| population_total = 1,382,611
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 27th
| population_urban = 22.94%
| population_rural = 77.06%
| population_density = 17
| 0fficial_Langs = English<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WORKING IN HINDI LANGUAGE |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |website=rajbhasha.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{INRConvert|2.84|lc|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2019-20
| GDP_rank = 31th
| GDP_per_capita = {{INRConvert|192360|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 13th
| Growth_rate = 9.20
| Growth_year = 2016-2017
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI = 0.661<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subnational HDI|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019%2B2014%2B2009%2B2004%2B1999%2B1994%2B1990}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 24th
| literacy = 66.95%
| literacy_year = 2011
| sex_ratio = 997[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2021
| iso_code = IN-AR
| registration_plate = AR
| website = arunachalpradesh.gov.in
| emblem_blazon = Sunrise, Mountain peaks of the Himalayas and a Mithun bison's head
| foundation_day = Arunachal Pradesh Day
| mammal = [[Gayal|Mithun]]<ref name="ap2">{{cite web |url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/pdf/Basic_Statistical_Report_AP.pdf#page=2 |title=Basic Statistical Figure of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=27 January 2016 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202101141/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/pdf/Basic_Statistical_Report_AP.pdf#page=2 |archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="kiap">{{cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#ap |title=Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16 |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="ap">{{cite web |url=http://arunachalipr.gov.in/StateBStatistics.htm |title=Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=15 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311201209/http://arunachalipr.gov.in/StateBStatistics.htm | archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>
| bird = [[Hornbill]]<ref name="ap2" /><ref name="kiap" /><ref name="ap" />
| fish = Golden Mahseerref <ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
| flower = [[Foxtail orchid]]<ref name="ap2" /><ref name="kiap" /><ref name="ap" />
| tree = Hollong <ref name=flowers>{{Cite web |title=State Trees and Flowers of India |url=http://flowersofindia.net/misc/state_flora.html |website=flowersofindia.net|access-date = 27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416180150/http://www.flowersofindia.net/misc/state_flora.html|archive-date = 16 April 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bsienvis.nic.in/State_trees/Arunachal%20Pradesh%20State%20Tree%20-%20Final%20-%204.3.2014.pdf |title=State Tree of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=27 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050035/http://bsienvis.nic.in/State_trees/Arunachal%20Pradesh%20State%20Tree%20-%20Final%20-%204.3.2014.pdf | archive-date=3 February 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
 
'''Arunachal Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑːr|ə|ˌ|n|ɑː|tʃ|əl|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|ɛ|ʃ}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Arunachal_Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516154328/https://www.lexico.com/definition/arunachal_pradesh |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2021 |title=Arunachal Pradesh |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{Literal translation|Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains}})<ref>{{cite news |title='We Wake Up at 4&nbsp;am': Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu Wants Separate Time Zone |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308 |work=Outlook |date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152928/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is a landlocked [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[Northeast India]]. It was formed from the erstwhile [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. [[Itanagar]] is the state capital.
 
Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the [[Seven Sister States]] of [[Northeast India]] by area. It borders the states of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] to the south. It shares international borders with [[Bhutan]] in the west, [[Myanmar]] in the east, and a disputed 1,129&nbsp;km border with [[China]]'s [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in the north at the [[McMahon Line]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |title=Arunachal Residents Write To PM On Road Project, Quote National Security |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mapping India and China's disputed borders |url=https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2020/mapping-india-and-china-disputed-borders/index.html |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=10 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
 
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,382,611 and an area of {{convert|83743|km2|mi2}}. It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly [[Monpa people]] in the west, [[Tani people]] in the centre, [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] and [[Tai peoples|Tai people]] in the east, and [[Naga people]] in the southeast of the state. About 26 major tribes and 100 sub-tribes live in the state,{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} including [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Nyishi people|Nyshi]], [[Jingpo people|Singpho]], [[Galo tribe|Galo]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]] and [[Apatani people|Apatani]]. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi and Miju-Mishmi.
 
A major part of the state is claimed by both the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] as part of the region of “[[Sino-Indian border dispute|South Tibet]]”.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/> The [[People's Liberation Army]] briefly occupied parts of the state in 1962.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |editor-first1=M. |editor-last1=Mayilvaganan |editor-first2=Sourina |editor-last2=Bej |editor-first3=Nasima |editor-last3=Khatoon |page=155 |year=2020}}</ref>
 
==Toponymy==
Arunachal Pradesh means ''Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains'', which is the [[sobriquet]] for the state in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Discovery of North-East India |first=Usha |last=Sharma |isbn=978-81-8324-034-5 |page=65 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The territory's northern boundary is about 550 miles long. It is known as the [[McMahon Line]].   
===Ancient and Medieval period===
Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul, which flourished between 500 BCE and 600 CE. The [[Monpa people|Monpa]] and [[Sherdukpen]] keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. The remaining parts of the state, especially the foothills and the plains, were under the control of the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] kings of [[Assam]].
 
Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples, such as the 14th-century Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in [[West Siang]], indicate they were built during the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] reign. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar (built in the 8th century), has led to suggestions that the [[Chutia people]] had an advanced culture and administration. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old [[Tawang Monastery]] in the extreme north-west of the state, provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal people. The sixth [[Dalai Lama]] [[6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] was born in [[Tawang]].
 
The main archaeological sites of the state include:<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Swarnalata |title=Chutia Jaatir Buranji |year=2004 |publisher=Banalata Publications |location=Guwahati}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Site || Dated to || Built by
|-
| [[Bhismaknagar| Bhismaknagar Fort]], Roing || 8th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=https://roing.nic.in/tourism/|title=Tourism &#124; District Lower Dibang Valley, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. &#124; India}}</ref>|| [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia kings]]
|-
| Bolung Fort, Bolung || 13th century || Chutia kings
|-
| Dimachung-Betali, West Kameng || 13th century || Chutia kings
|-
| [[Gomsi]] Fort, East Siang || 13th century<ref>[http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201996_97%20A%20Review.pdf Indian Archeology-1996-97]</ref>
|| Chutia kings
|-
| Rukmini Fort, Roing || 14th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Tezu Fort, Roing || 14th-15th century<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf Chattopadhyay, S., ''History and archaeology of Arunachal Pradesh'', p. 71]</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
| Naksha Parbat ruins, East Kameng || 14th–15th century<ref>Borah,D.K.''Archaeological ruins of Naksabat'', p.32</ref>
|| Chutia kings
|-
| [[Ita Fort]], Itanagar || 14th–15th century<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itanagar.nic.in/tourist-place/ita-fort/|title=Ita Fort &#124; Itanagar Capital Complex |website=itanagar.nic.in |access-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
|Buroi Fort, Papum Pare|| 13th century<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2613|title=Early history of Kamarupa|first=Rai K. L.|last=Barua|date=27 January 1933|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>||Chutia kings
|-
| [[Malinithan]] Temple, Likabali || 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44144827|last=Thakur|first=A.K.|title=Pre-Historic Archaeological Remains of Arunachal Pradesh and People's Perception: An Overview|year=2004|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=65|pages=1185–1196|jstor=44144827|via=JSTOR}}</ref>|| Chutia kings
|-
| Ita Pukhuri, Ithili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto">[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1214_PART_A_DCHB_LOWER%20DIBANG%20VALLEY.pdf District Handbook of Lower Dibang District]</ref> || Chutia kings
|-
| Padum Pukhuri, Ithili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Kampona brick tank, Idili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Kanying brick tank, Idili || 13th–14th century<ref name="auto"/> || Chutia kings
|-
| Bolung brick canal, Bolung|| 13th–14th century<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/159414/8/08_chapter%203.pdf Chattopadhyay, S. "History and Archeology of Arunachal Pradesh Chapter3: Archeological remains",p.76.]</ref> || Chutia kings
|-Dibang fortifications, Dibang-Dikrung valley|| 13th–14th century<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124005#page/581/mode/1up Notes on ancient temples and other remains in the vicinity of Sadiya by Major S.F.Hannay]</ref> || Chutia kings
|-
| Dirang Dzong, West Kameng || 17th century || [[Monpa people|Monpa]]
|-
| [[Tawang Monastery]], Tawang || 17th century (1680–1681) || Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso
|}
 
===British India===
[[File:North-East Frontier in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The North-East Frontier Tracts in 1946]]
In 1912–13, the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] made agreements with the indigenous peoples of the Himalayas of northeastern India to establish the [[North-East Frontier Agency|North-East Frontier Tracts]]. It was divided into three sections, which eventually came to be called the Ballipara Frontier Tract, Lakhimpur Frontier Tract and Sadiya Frontier Tract.{{sfnp|State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh|2010|pp=1–2}}
 
==== The McMahon line ====
{{Main|McMahon Line}}
{{POV section|talk=McMahon Line section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:McMahon Line on 1936 Survey of India map of Tibet.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A 1936 map of Tibet by [[Survey of India]], showing the [[McMahon Line]]]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 280
| image1 = 1947 India showing Provinces, States and Districts by Survey of India (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = The first political map of India (1947)
| image2 = North-East Frontier in 1947 Political Map of India.jpg
| caption2 = The North-East Frontier Tracts in 1947
}}
In 1913–1914, representatives of the [[Tibet (1912–1951)|''de facto'' independent state of Tibet]] and Britain met in India to define the borders of 'Outer Tibet' (with respect to China). British administrator [[Sir Henry McMahon]] drew the {{convert|550|mi|km}} [[McMahon Line]] as the border between [[British India]] and Tibet, placing [[Tawang]] and other areas within British India. The Tibetan and British representatives devised the [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]] including the McMahon Line,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |title=Simla Convention |publisher=Tibetjustice.org |access-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215213927/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |archive-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the Chinese representatives did not concur.<ref name="Shakya1999">{{cite book |first=Tsering |last=Shakya |title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |year=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11814-9 |page=279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330183541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Simla Accord denies other benefits to China while it declines to assent to the Accord.<ref>Lamb, Alastair, ''The McMahon line: a study in the relations between India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914'', London, 1966, p529</ref>
 
The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China and could not sign treaties, so the Accord was invalid, like the Anglo-Chinese (1906) and Anglo-Russian (1907) conventions.<ref name="int">{{Cite book |title=Aspects of India's International relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |series=History of science, philosophy, and culture in Indian civilization: Towards independence |publisher=[[Pearson PLC]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |page=202}}</ref> British records show that the condition for the Tibetan government to accept the new border was that China must accept the Simla Convention. As Britain was not able to get an acceptance from China, Tibetans considered the MacMahon line invalid.<ref name="Shakya1999" />
 
In the time that China did not exercise power in Tibet, the line had no serious challenges. In 1935, a Deputy Secretary in the Foreign Department, [[Olaf Caroe]], "discovered" that the McMahon Line was not drawn on official maps. The [[Survey of India]] published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937.<ref name="Ray2007">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |page=203|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017012124/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1938, two decades after the Simla Conference, the British finally published the Simla Accord as a bilateral accord and the Survey of India published a detailed map showing the McMahon Line as a border of India. In 1944, Britain established administrations in the area, from Dirang Dzong in the west to [[Walong]] in the east.
 
=== Sino-Indian War ===
{{Main|Sino-Indian War}}
India became independent in 1947 and the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established in 1949. The new Chinese government still considered the McMahon Line invalid.<ref name="Shakya1999"/> In November 1950, the PRC was poised to take over Tibet by force, and India supported Tibet. Journalist Sudha Ramachandran argued that China claimed Tawang on behalf of Tibetans, though Tibetans did not claim Tawang is in Tibet.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01.html |title=China toys with India's border |first=Sudha |last=Ramachandran |date=27 June 2008 |work=South Asia |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20091122200123/http%3A//www%2Eatimes%2Ecom/atimes/South_Asia/JF27Df01%2Ehtml |archive-date=22 November 2009 | url-status= unfit}}</ref>
 
What is now Arunachal Pradesh was established as the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) in 1954 and [[Sino-Indian relations]] were cordial until 1960. Resurgence of the border disagreement was a factor leading to the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, during which China captured most of Arunachal Pradesh. During the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]], most of Arunachal Pradesh was captured and temporarily controlled by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/> However, China soon declared victory, withdrew back to the [[McMahon Line]] and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell">{{cite book |title=India's China War |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |year=1970 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |isbn=978-0224618878 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Noorani2">A.G. Noorani, "{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050326174852/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm Perseverance in peace process]}}", ''India's National Magazine'', 29 August 2003.</ref><ref name="Joshi">Manoj Joshi, "Line of Defence", ''Times of India'', 21 October 2000</ref>
 
The war resulted in the termination of [[barter trade]] with Tibet, although since 2007 the Indian government has shown signs of wanting to resume barter trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/061227/48/6amqn.html|title=PM to visit Arunachal in mid-Feb}}</ref>
 
===Renaming and statehood===
The North-East Frontier Agency was renamed Arunachal Pradesh by Bibhabasu Das Shastri, the Director of Research and K.A.A. Raja, the Chief Commissioner of Arunachal Pradesh on 20 January 1972, and it became a [[union territory]]. Arunachal Pradesh became a state on 20 February 1987.
 
=== Recent assertions ===
[[File:Tawang Monastery second largest monastery in Asia Arunachal Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|right|[[Tawang Monastery]] in Arunachal Pradesh, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], Tibet. It is one of the few monasteries of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] that have remained protected from [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s [[Cultural Revolution]] without any damage.{{Sfn|Richardson|1984|p=210}}]]
In January 2007, the Dalai Lama said that both Britain and Tibet had recognised the McMahon Line in 1914. In 2008, he said that "Arunchal Pradesh was a part of India under the [[Simla Accord (1914)|agreement]] signed by Tibetan and British representatives".<ref name="tpt">{{cite news |title=Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |date=4 June 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Dalai Lama, "In 1962 during the India-China war, the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) occupied all these areas (Arunachal Pradesh) but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew, accepting the current international boundary".<ref>"Dalai Lama's visit to Arunachal nostalgic: Top aide" [[Hindustan Times]] dated Dharamsala, 8 November 2009</ref>
 
In recent years, China has occasionally asserted its claims on [[Tawang]]. India has rebutted these claims and informed the Chinese government that Tawang is an integral part of India. India reiterated this to China when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009. A report that the [[Chinese Army]] had briefly invaded Arunachal Pradesh in 2016 was denied by India's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#List of Ministers of State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]], [[Kiren Rijiju]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003011521/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-date = 3 October 2016|title = Kiren Rijiju: News of Chinese incursion in Arunachal Pradesh incorrect: MoS Rijiju |website = [[The Times of India]]| date=28 September 2016 }}</ref> In April 2017, China strongly objected to a visit to Tawang by the Dalai Lama, as it had to an earlier visit by the US ambassador to India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |title=Dalai Lama in Tawang: What next |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424090023/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=live |date=15 April 2017}}</ref> China had objected to the Dalai Lama's previous visits to the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114542/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm|url-status=dead |title=Thousands flock to see Dalai Lama in Indian state. |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
 
=== Insurgency ===
{{Main|Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh}}
Arunachal Pradesh has faced threats from insurgent groups, notably the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of [[Changlang district|Changlang]] and [[Tirap district|Tirap]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp |title=Apang rules out Chakma compromise |date=12 August 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526000435/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp|archive-date=26 May 2011 |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> These groups seek to decrease the influence of Indian government in the region and merge part of Arunachal Pradesh into [[Nagaland]].
 
The [[Indian army]] is present along the Tibetan border to thwart any Chinese incursion. Under the [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)]], [[Inner Line Permit]]s (ILPs) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with [[Assam]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
 
==Politics==
{{see also|Political Parties in Arunachal Pradesh}}
Arunachal Pradesh suffered [[2015–16 Arunachal Pradesh political crisis|political crisis]] between April 2016 and December 2016. The [[Indian National Congress]] Chief Minister [[Nabam Tuki]] replaced [[Jarbom Gamlin]] as the [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]] on 1 November 2011 and continued until January 2016. After a political crisis in 2016, [[President's rule]] was imposed ending his tenure as the chief minister. In February 2016, [[Kalikho Pul]] became the Chief Minister when 14 disqualified MLAs were reinstated by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. On 13 July 2016, the Supreme Court quashed the Arunachal Pradesh Governor [[Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa|J.P. Rajkhowa]]'s order to advance the Assembly session from 14 January 2016 to 16 December 2015, which resulted in President's rule in Arunachal Pradesh. As a result, Nabam Tuki was reinstated as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 13 July 2016. But hours before floor test, he resigned as the chief minister on 16 July 2016. He was succeeded by [[Pema Khandu]] as the INC Chief Minister who later joined PPA in September 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Pema Khandu further joined BJP in December 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Arunachal Pradesh becomes 2nd NE state to achieve [[Open defecation#Open defecation free|ODF]] status.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |title=Arunachal becomes 2nd NE state to achieve ODF status |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125030743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:Mountains of Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Kettle (landform)|kettle lake]] at [[Sela Pass|Se La]] in [[Tawang district]].]]
 
Arunachal Pradesh is located between 26.28° N and 29.30° N latitude and 91.20° E and 97.30° E longitude and has an area of {{convert|83743|km2|abbr=on}}.
 
The highest peak in the state is [[Kangto]], at {{convert|7060|m|ft}}. Nyegi Kangsang, the main [[Gori Chen|Gorichen]] peak, and the Eastern Gorichen peak are other tall Himalaya peaks. The state's mountain ranges, in the extreme East of India, are described as "the place where the sun rises" in historical Indian texts and named the Aruna Mountains, which inspired the name of the state. The villages of [[Dong, Arunachal Pradesh|Dong]] (more accessible by car, and with a lookout favoured by tourists) and [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]] (on the edge of Myanmar) receive the first sunlight in all of India.
[[File:Salna Bari, Bhalukpong.jpg|thumb|A view from [[Bhalukpong]], a small town by the southern reaches of the Himalayas.]]
Major rivers of Arunachal Pradesh include the [[Kameng River|Kameng]], [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]], Siang ([[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]), [[Dibang River|Dibang]], [[Lohit River|Lohit]] and [[Noa Dihing]] rivers. Subsurface flows and summer snow melt contribute to the volume of water. Mountains until the Siang river are classified as the Eastern Himalayas. Those between the Siang and Noa Dihing are classified as the [[Mishmi Hills]] that may be part of the [[Hengduan Mountains]]. Mountains south of the Noa Dihing in [[Tirap District|Tirap]] and [[Longding district|Longding]] districts are part of the [[Patkai]] Range.
 
=== Climate ===
The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low-altitude areas have a [[humid subtropical climate]]. High-altitude areas (3500–5500 m) have a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives {{convert|2000|to|5000|mm}} of rainfall annually,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar |first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi |first2=S. |date=1 June 2004 |title=Rainfall distribution over the Arunachal Pradesh Himalayas |journal=Weather |language=en |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=155–157 |doi=10.1256/wea.87.03 |issn=1477-8696 |bibcode=2004Wthr...59..155D|s2cid=121748669 }}</ref> 70%–80% obtained between May and October.
 
=== Biodiversity ===
 
Arunachal Pradesh has among the highest diversity of mammals and birds in India. There are around 750 species of birds<ref name="Choudhury2006">{{cite book |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=A pocket guide to the birds of Arunachal Pradesh. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India |location=Guwahati, India |isbn=81-900866-5-0 |date=2006}}</ref> and more than 200 species of mammals<ref name="Choudhury2003">{{cite book |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=Regency Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788187498803 |date=2003}}</ref> in the state.
[[File:Clean ziro green ziro.jpeg|left|thumb|Ziro valley]] Arunachal's forests account for one-third of habitat area within the Himalayan biodiversity hot-spot.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hotspots revisited. |last=Mittermeier |first=Russell A. |publisher=Cemex |year=2004}}</ref> In 2013, {{convert|31273|km2|abbr=on}} of Arunachal's forests were identified as part of a vast area of continuous forests ({{convert|65730|km2|disp=or|abbr=on}}, including forests in Myanmar, China and Bhutan) known as [[Intact forest landscape]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Potapov |first1=Peter |last2=Hansen |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Laestadius |first3=Lars |last4=Turubanova |first4=Svetlana |last5=Yaroshenko |first5=Alexey |last6=Thies |first6=Christoph |last7=Smith |first7=Wynet |last8=Zhuravleva |first8=Ilona |last9=Komarova |first9=Anna |date=1 January 2017 |title=The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1600821 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1600821 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5235335 |pmid=28097216 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E0821P}}</ref> There are three tiger reserves in the state: a reserve in [[Namdapha National Park]], Mouling National Park and [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="Arunachal Forest">{{cite web |last1=PCCF Arunachal Pradesh |title=Protected Areas |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/protected_areas.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
 
===Flora===
In the year 2000 Arunachal Pradesh was covered with {{convert|63093|km2|abbr=on}} of tree cover<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=M. C. |last2=Potapov |first2=P. V. |last3=Moore |first3=R. |last4=Hancher |first4=M. |last5=Turubanova |first5=S. A. |last6=Tyukavina |first6=A. |last7=Thau |first7=D. |last8=Stehman |first8=S. V. |last9=Goetz |first9=S. J. |s2cid=23541992 |date=15 November 2013 |title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change |journal=Science |language=en |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=850–853 |doi=10.1126/science.1244693 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24233722 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..850H}}</ref> (77% of its land area).  It harbours over 5000 plants, about 85 terrestrial mammals, over 500 birds and many butterflies, insects and reptiles.<ref>Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. {{cite web |url=http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |title=Official Web Page of Government of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415005713/http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with [[Assam]], are [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]. Toward the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|Eastern]] and [[Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] followed by [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. It supports many medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=1315349 |pmid=16288657 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-1-11 |volume=1 |title=Ethnomedicinal botany of the Apatani in the Eastern Himalayan region of India |year=2005 |journal=J Ethnobiol Ethnomed |pages=11 |last1=Kala |first1=CP}}</ref> The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf [[rhododendron]], [[oak]], [[pine]], [[maple]] and [[fir]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A revised survey of the forest types of India(1968). |last1=Champion |first=HG |first2=Shiam Kishore |last2=Seth |year=1968}}</ref> The state has [[Mouling National Park|Mouling]] and [[Namdapha National Park|Namdapha]] national parks.
 
===Fauna===
 
The major animal species are [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[snow leopard]], [[Asian elephant]], [[sambar deer]], [[chital deer]], [[barking deer]], [[sloth bear]], [[Bos frontalis|mithun]] (''Bos frontalis''), [[gaur]], [[dhole]], [[giant squirrel]], [[marbled cat]], [[leopard cat]].<ref name="Arunachal Forestb">{{cite web |title=Flora and Fauna |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/wildlife_special.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> A new  subspecies of hoolock gibbon has been described from the state which has been named as the [[Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon]] (''H. h. mishmiensis'').<ref name="Choudhury2013b">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'' from North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=49–59 |year=2013}}</ref> Three new giant flying squirrels were also described from the state during the last one and half-decade. These were, [[Mechuka giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2007">{{cite journal|first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. |journal= The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation NE India |volume=7 |pages=26–32 |date=2007}}</ref> [[Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2009">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=One more new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation NE India |volume=8 |pages=27–35 |date=2009}}</ref> and [[Mebo giant flying squirrel]].<ref name="Choudhury2013a">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Siang basin, Arunachal Pradesh in North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=30–38 |date=2013}}</ref>
 
== Districts ==
{{Main|Districts of Arunachal Pradesh}}
Arunachal Pradesh comprises two divisions, namely, East and West, each headed by a [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] and twenty-five districts, each administered by a [[district magistrate|deputy commissioner]]. Arunachal Pradesh has a total of 25 districts, West Siang being the largest district in terms of area and Tawang being the smallest district. Papum is the largest district in terms of population and Diwang Valley is the smallest district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Districts |url=https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ |website=arunachalpradesh.gov.in |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!  Divisions !!  Districts<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%2520EOG%2520217%2520PERSONNEL.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224190501/https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/extraordinary_gazette/1513159055_2017%20EOG%20217%20PERSONNEL.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2021 |title=Administrative jurisdiction of divisions and districts |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| East (HQ:[[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai, Namsai District)]]|| [[Lohit District]], [[Anjaw District]], [[Changlang District]], [[Tirap District]], [[Lower Dibang Valley District]], [[East Siang District]], [[Upper Siang District]], [[Namsai District]], [[Siang District]], [[Longding District]], [[Dibang Valley District]]
|-
| West (HQ: Yazali, Lower Subansiri) || [[Tawang District]], [[West Kameng District]], [[East Kameng District]], [[Kurung Kumey District]], [[Kra Daadi District]], [[West Siang District]], [[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang District]], [[Upper Subansiri District]], [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare District]], [[Kamle district|Kamle District]], [[Lower Subansiri District]], [[Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang District]], [[Lepa-Rada district|Lepa-Rada District]], [[Shi-Yomi district|Shi-Yomi District]], [[Itanagar capital complex district|Itanagar]]
|}
{{Arunachal Pradesh districts}}
 
== Major towns ==
{{see also|List of cities and towns in Arunachal Pradesh}}
Below are the major towns in Arunachal Pradesh.
 
=== Municipal councils ===
* [[Itanagar|Itanagar Municipal Council]]
* [[Pasighat|Pasighat Municipal Council]]
 
=== Municipal boards ===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Aalo]]
* [[Seppa]]
* [[Tezu]]
* [[Daporijo]]
* [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]]
* [[Ziro]]
* [[Roing]]
* [[Tawang]]
* [[Khonsa]]
* [[Bomdila]]
* [[Pasighat]]
 
{{div col end}}
 
=== Towns ===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Jairampur]]
* [[Deomali]]
* [[Aalo]]
* [[Yingkiong]]
* [[Changlang]]
* [[Miao, Changlang|Miao]]
* [[Basar, Arunachal Pradesh|Basar]]
* [[Dirang]]
* [[Anini]]
* [[Koloriang]]
* [[Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh|Rupa]]
* [[Boleng]]
* [[Hawai, India|Hawai]]
* [[Sagalee]]
* [[Yupia]]
* [[Doimukh]]
* [[Gumto railway station|Gumto]]
* [[Longding]]
* [[Pangin]]
* [[Likabali]]
* [[Malinithan]]
* [[Bhalukpong]]
* [[Nampong]]
* [[Hayuliang]]
* [[Palin, Arunachal Pradesh|Palin]]
* [[Jamin, Arunachal Pradesh|Jamin]]
* [[Bhismaknagar]]
* [[Akshiganga]]
* [[Mechuka|Mechukha]]
* [[Pasighat]]
* [[Ziro]]
{{div col end}}
 
== Economy ==
{{see also|List of Indian states by GDP}}
The chart below displays the trend of the gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in billions of Indian Rupees.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Gross Domestic Product (Billion ₹)
|-
| 1980 || align=right|1.070
|-
| 1985 || align=right|2.690
|-
| 1990 || align=right|5.080
|-
| 1995 || align=right|11.840
|-
| 2000 || align=right|17.830
|-
| 2005 || align=right|31.880
|-
| 2010 || align=right|65.210
|-
| 2014|| align=right|155.880
|}
 
Arunachal Pradesh's [[Gross domestic product|gross state domestic product]] was estimated at US$706&nbsp;million at current prices in 2004 and US$1.75&nbsp;billion at current prices in 2012. Agriculture primarily drives the economy. Jhum, the local term used for shifting cultivation is being widely practised among the tribal groups, though owing to the gradual growth of other sources of income in the recent years, it is not being practised as prominently as it was earlier. Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of forests, and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units, and handloom handicrafts. [[Sawmill]]s and plywood trades are prohibited under law.<ref>[http://www.thisismyindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-economy.html Arunachal Pradesh Economy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508051639/http://www.thisismyindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-economy.html |date=8 May 2016 }}, ''This Is My India''</ref> There are many saw mills in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/economy.html |title=Economy of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027102248/http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/economy.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Arunachal Pradesh accounts for a large percentage share of India's untapped hydroelectric potential. In 2008, the government of Arunachal Pradesh signed numerous memorandum of understanding with various companies planning some 42 hydroelectric schemes that will produce electricity in excess of 27,000 MW.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2008/feb/env-arunachal.htm |title=Massive dam plans for Arunachal |date=17 February 2008 |publisher=Indiatogether.org |access-date=6 October 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Construction of the [[Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project]], which is expected to generate between 10,000 and 12,000 MW, began in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article53042.ece |title=India pre-empts Chinese design in Arunachal |work=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812234659/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article53042.ece|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Nishi tribal from Arunachal - Diganta Talukdar.jpg|thumb|left|Nyishi man in traditional dress]]
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1961 | 337000
| 1971 | 468000
| 1981 | 632000
| 1991 | 865000
| 2001 | 1098000
| 2011 | 1382611
}}
Arunachal Pradesh can be roughly divided into a set of semi-distinct cultural spheres, on the basis of tribal identity, language, religion and material culture: the [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]-speaking [[Monpa people|Monpa]] area bordering [[Bhutan]] in the west, the [[Tani people|Tani]] area in the centre of the state, the [[Mishmi Hills|Mishmi]] area to the east of the Tani area, the [[Tai peoples|Tai]]/[[Singpho people|Singpho]]/[[Tangsa]] area bordering Myanmar, and the [[Naga people|Naga]] area to the south, which also borders Myanmar. In between there are transition zones, such as the [[Aka (tribe)|Aka]]/[[Hruso people|Hruso]]/[[Miji people|Miji]]/[[Sherdukpen]] area, between the Tibetan Buddhist tribes and the animist [[Tani (tribes)|Tani hill tribes]]. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state, such as the Sulung.
 
Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees. Within the [[Tani people|Tani]] area, major tribes include the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]]. [[Apatani people|Apatani]] also live among the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], but are distinct. In the centre, one finds predominantly [[Galo people]], with the major sub-groups of Karka, Lodu, Bogum, Lare and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the [[Adi people|Adi]] with many subtribes including [[Padam tribe|Padam]], Pasi, [[Minyong]] and [[Bokar language|Bokar]], among others. [[Milang tribe|Milang]], while also falling within the general Adi sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]], [[Miju Mishmi tribe|Miju]] and [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaru]] make up the [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] cultural-linguistic area.
 
Moving southeast, the [[Tai peoples|Tai]] [[Khamti people|Khamti]] are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachalese tribes. They follow the [[Theravada]] sect of Buddhism.  They also exhibit considerable convergence with the [[Singpho people|Singpho]] and [[Tangsa]] Naga tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. They are one of the most recent people group migrated to Arunachal region from Burma. The [[Nocte language|Nocte]] Naga and [[Wancho language|Wancho]] Naga are another two major ethnic tribes. Both the tribes exhibit very much cultural similarities. Finally, the [[Deori people|Deori]] tribe is also a major community in the state, with their own distinctive identity. They are the descendants of the priestly class of [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia people]] who were allowed to continue their livelihood after the defeat of the Chutias. Deoris are one of the only Arunachal tribes in the historical records – which shows they are among the first ethnic groups to inhabit the Himalayas of the districts of Dibang Valley and Lohit, before the arrival of many other tribes in the region between 1600 and 1900.
 
[[File:BuddhaTwang.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Buddhism]] is practised by 12% of the population. Shown here is a statue of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]] in [[Tawang]], Arunachal Pradesh.]]
 
Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95% in 2011 from 54.74% in 2001. The literate population is said to number 789,943. The number of literate males is 454,532 (73.69%) and the number of literate females is 335,411 (59.57%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Table-2(3)_literacy.pdf |title=Census of India: Provisional Population Tables – Census 2011 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409075627/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Table-2%283%29_literacy.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>
 
=== Religion ===
{{main|Religion in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Arunachal Pradesh (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW12C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 30.26
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 29.04
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Donyi-Polo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=C-1 Appendix - 2011 Details Of Religious Community Shown Under 'other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table C-1 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref>
|value3 = 26.20
|color3 = Crimson
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 11.77
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Islam]]
|value5 = 1.95
|color5 = Green
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.78
|color6 = Gray
}}
 
The religious landscape of Arunachal Pradesh is diverse with no single religious group representing the majority of the population. A relatively large percentage of Arunachal's population are nature worshippers ([[indigenous religions]]), and follow their own distinct traditional institutions like the Nyedar Namlo by the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the Rangfrah by the [[Tangsa Naga|Tangsa]] & [[Nocte people|Nocte]], Medar Nelo by the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the Kargu Gamgi by the [[Galo tribe|Galo]] and Donyi-Polo Dere by the [[Adi people|Adi]] under the umbrella of the indigenous religion the Donyi-Polo. A small number of Arunachali people have traditionally identified as [[Hindu]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms |title=How churches in Arunachal Pradesh are facing resistance over conversion of tribals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201122855/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 November 2017 |last1=Katiyar |first1=Prerna}}</ref> although the number may grow as animist traditions are absorbed into Hinduism. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] predominates in the districts of [[Tawang]], [[West Kameng]], and isolated regions adjacent to [[Tibet]]. [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practised by groups living near the [[Myanmar]] border. Around 30% of the population are Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Buddhism arrived in Arunachal Pradesh in 8th century CE from Tibet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in | title=Theravada Buddhist Monasteries of Arunachal Pradesh: A Study of Art and Visual Culture }}</ref>
 
According to the 2011 Indian Census, the religions of Arunachal Pradesh break down as follows:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=27 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
 
* [[Christians]]: 418,732 (30.26%)
* [[Hindus]]: 401,876 (29.04%)
* Others: 362,553 (26.20%)
* [[Buddhists]]: 162,815 (11.77%)
* [[Muslims]]: 27,045 (1.95%)
* [[Sikhism|Sikhs]]: 3,287 (0.24%)
* [[Jainism|Jains]]: 771 (0.06%)
In 1971, the percentage of Christians in the state was 0.79%. This increased to 10.3% by 1991 and by 2011 it had crossed 30%.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bansal|first1=Samarth|last2=Ramachandran|first2=Smriti Kak|date=8 March 2017|title=Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/christian-population-on-the-rise-in-arunachal-pradesh-manipur/story-8Go2uITu2BLFJ547MPwohM.html|access-date=26 January 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Languages ===
{{see also|Arunachal languages}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Arunachal Pradesh in 2011<ref name="Census of India">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10194/download/13306/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Nyishi language|Nyishi]]
| value1 = 20.74
| color1 = teal
| label2 = [[Adi language|Adi]]
| value2 = 17.35
| color2 = firebrick
| label3 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value3 = 6.89
| color3 = goldenrod
| label4 = [[Bangni-Tagin language|Tagin]]
| value4 = 4.54
| color4 = White
| label5 = [[Bhotia language|Bhotia]]
| value5 = 4.52
| color5 = violet
| label6 = [[Wancho language|Wancho]]
| value6 = 4.23
| color6 = red
| label7 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| value7 = 3.89
| color7 = Peru
| label8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value8 = 3.66
| color8 = darkorchid
| label9 = [[Hindi]]
| value9 = 3.45
| color9 = orange
| label10 = [[Chakma language|Chakma]]
| value10 = 3.40
| color10 = peachpuff
| label11 = [[Apatani language|Apatani]]
| value11 = 3.21
| color11 = cornflowerblue
| label12 = [[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]
| value12 = 3.04
| color12 = darkgrey
| label13 = [[Tangsa language|Tangsa]]
| value13 = 2.64
| color13 = indianred
| label14 = [[Nocte language|Nocte]]
| value14 = 2.19
| color14 = darkgreen
| label15 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| value15 = 2.04
| color15 = darkorange
| label16 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]]
| value16 = 1.04
| color16 = palegoldenrod
| label17 = Others
| value17 = 13.16
| color17 = Grey
}}
 
The speakers of major languages of the state according to the 2011 census are [[Nishi language|Nyishi]] (20.74%), [[Adi people#Language|Adi]] (17.35%, includes Adi and [[Gallong language|Gallong]]), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (6.89%), [[Bangni-Tagin language|Tagin]] (4.54%), [[Bhotia language|Bhotia]] (4.51%), [[Wancho language|Wancho]] (4.23%), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (3.9%), [[Bangla language|Bangla]] (3.65%), [[Hindi]] (3.45%), [[Chakma language|Chakma]] (3.40%), [[Apatani language|Apatani]] (3.21%), [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] (3.04%), Tangsa (2.64%), Nocte (2.19%), [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (2.04%) and [[Sadri language|Sadri]] (1.03%).
 
The vast majority of Arunachal Pradesh speaks [[Tani languages]] of the [[Sino-Tibetan]] language family. [[Tani people]] are indigenous to central Arunachal Pradesh, including (moving from west to east) the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the [[Tagin people|Tagin]], the [[Galo people|Galo]], the [[Bokar language|Bokar]], the [[Adi people|Adi]], the [[Padam people|Padam]], the Pasi, and the [[Minyong people|Minyong]]. The Tani languages are noticeably characterised by an overall relative uniformity, suggesting relatively recent origin and dispersal within their present-day area of concentration. Most of the [[Tani languages]] are mutually intelligible with at least one other Tani language, meaning that the area constitutes a [[dialect chain]], as was once found in much of Europe; only [[Apatani language|Apatani]] and [[Milang language|Milang]] stand out as relatively unusual in the Tani context. Tani languages are among the better-studied languages of the region.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
 
To the east of the Tani area lie three virtually undescribed and highly endangered languages of the "[[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]" group of Tibeto-Burman: [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]], [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaru]] and [[Mishmi people]]. A number of speakers of these languages are also found in [[Tibet]]. The relationships of these languages, both amongst one another and to other area languages, are as yet uncertain. Further south, one finds the [[Jingpho language|Singpho (Kachin) language]], which is primarily spoken by large populations in [[Myanmar]]'s [[Kachin State]], and the [[Nocte language|Nocte]] and [[Wancho language]]s, which show affiliations to certain [[Naga languages]] spoken to the south in modern-day [[Nagaland]].
 
To the west and north of the Tani area are found at least one and possibly as many as four [[Bodic languages]], including [[Dakpa language|Dakpa]] and [[Tshangla language]]; within modern-day India, these languages go by the cognate but, in usage, distinct designations Monpa and [[Memba people|Memba]]. Most speakers of these languages or closely related Bodic languages are found in neighbouring [[Bhutan]] and [[Tibet]], and Monpa and Memba populations remain closely adjacent to these border regions.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
 
Between the Bodic and Tani areas lie many almost completely undescribed and unclassified languages, which, speculatively considered Tibeto-Burman, exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and a complex history of language contact with neighbouring populations. Among them are [[Sherdukpen language|Sherdukpen]], [[Bugun language|Bugun]], [[Hrusish languages|Hruso]], [[Koro language (India)|Koro]], [[Miji languages|Miji]], [[Bangru language|Bangru]] and [[Puroik language|Puroik]]/[[Sulung]]. The high linguistic significance these languages is belied by the extreme paucity of documentation and description of them, even in view of their highly endangered status. Puroik, in particular, is perhaps one of the most culturally and linguistically unique and significant populations in all of Asia from proto-historical and anthropological-linguistic perspectives, and yet virtually no information of any real reliability regarding their culture or language can be found in print.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
 
Finally, other than the Bodic and Tani groups, there are also certain migratory languages that are largely spoken by migratory and central government employees serving in the state in different departments and institutions in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} They are classified as Non-Tribal as per the provisions of the [[Constitution of India]].
 
Outside of Tibeto-Burman, one finds in Arunachal Pradesh a single representative of the [[Tai languages|Tai family]], spoken by [[Khamti people|Tai Khamti]], which is closely affiliated to the [[Shan language]] of [[Myanmar]]'s [[Shan State]]. Seemingly, Khampti is a recent arrival in Arunachal Pradesh whose presence dates to 18th and/or early 19th-century migrations from northern [[Myanmar]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
 
In addition to English, various Indo-Aryan languages [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and especially [[Hindi]] are making strong inroads into Arunachal Pradesh. Primarily as a result of the primary education system—in which classes are generally taught by Hindi-speaking migrant teachers from [[Bihar]] and other Hindi-speaking parts of northern India, a large and growing section of the population now speaks a semi-[[Creolization|creolised]] variety of Hindi as a mother tongue. Hindi acts as a lingua franca for most of the people in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |title=How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211120138/http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |archive-date=11 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite, or perhaps because of, the linguistic diversity of the region, English is the only official language recognised in the state.
 
== Transport ==
 
=== Air ===
[[Itanagar Airport]], a [[Greenfield project]] serving Itanagar is being constructed at Holongi at a cost of {{INR}}6.5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=PMO ends tussle between AAI and Arunachal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3696836.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2012 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730222350/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3696836.ece |archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] operates the only scheduled flights to the state flying from [[Kolkata]] via [[Guwahati]] to [[Pasighat Airport]]. This route commenced in May 2018 under the Government's Regional Connectivity Scheme [[UDAN]] following the completion of a passenger terminal at Pasighat Airport in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/arunachals-first-commercial-flight-lands-at-pasighat-airport/articleshow/64271968.cms |title=Arunachal's first commercial flight lands at Pasighat airport |website=The Times of India |language=en |date=22 May 2018}}</ref> State-owned [[Daporijo Airport]], [[Ziro Airport]], [[Along Airport]], and [[Tezu Airport]] are small and not in operation, but the government has proposed to develop them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt considering setting up of 3 greenfield airports in NE |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/govt-considering-setting-up-of-3-greenfield-airports-in-ne/article6312413.ece |date=13 August 2014 |work=[[Business Line|The Hindu Businessline]]}}</ref> Before the state was connected by roads, these airstrips were used to distribute food.
 
=== Roads ===
[[File:Parsuram.jpg|thumb|The road from Tinsukia to [[Parshuram Kund]]]]
[[File:Hunli Signboard Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Hunli Signboard]]
The main highway of Arunachal Pradesh is the [[Trans-Arunachal Highway]], [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] ({{convert|1293|km|abbr=on|adj=on}}; formerly NH-229 and NH-52). It originates in [[Tawang Town|Tawang]] and spans most of the width of Arunachal Pradesh, then crosses south into [[Assam]] and ends at [[Wakro]]. The project was announced by then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2008 for completion by 2015–16, but only became operational in 2018.
 
[[National Highway 15 (India)|NH-15]] through Assam follows the southern border of Arunachal Pradesh. Access to central Arunachal Pradesh has been facilitated by the [[Bogibeel Bridge]], an earthquake-resistant rail and road bridge over the [[Brahmaputra River]] in Assam, opened for public use on 25 December 2018 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. A spur highway numbered [[National Highway 415 (India)|NH-415]] services Itanagar.
 
State-owned [[Arunachal Pradesh State Transport Services]] (APSTS) runs daily bus service from [[Itanagar]] to most district headquarters including [[Tezpur]], [[Guwahati]] in Assam, [[Shillong]] in Meghalaya, and [[Dimapur]] in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |title=Itanagar-Dimapur bus service flagged off |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 December 2016 |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208223430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |archive-date=8 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170752/http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html|url-status=dead |title=Night coach bus services introduced |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |title=PSTS |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170146/http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040347/http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html|date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
 
{{as of|2007}}, every village is connected by road, thanks to funding provided by the central government. Every small town has its own bus station with daily bus service. Connections to [[Assam]] have increased commerce.
 
In 2014, two additional east–west highways were proposed: an [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|Industrial Corridor Highway]] in the lower foothills, and a [[Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road|Frontier Highway]] along the [[McMahon Line]].<ref name=BR1>{{cite news |title=Top officials to meet to expedite road building along China border |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms |work=Dipak Kumar Dash |date=16 October 2014 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018192037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR2>{{cite web |title=Narendra Modi government to provide funds for restoration of damaged highways |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106 |publisher=dnaindia |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027082007/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=live |date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR3>{{cite web |title=Indian Government Plans Highway Along Disputed China Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/ |work=Ankit Panda |publisher=thediplomat.com |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018054055/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR4>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |title=Govt planning road along McMohan line in Arunachal Pradesh: Kiren Rijiju |newspaper=Live Mint |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202035956/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |archive-date= 2 December 2014 |url-status= live}}</ref> The proposed alignment of the Frontier Highway has been published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225424/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
 
=== Railway ===
Arunachal Pradesh got its first railway line in late 2013 with the opening of the new link line from Harmuti on the main [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section|Rangpara North–Murkongselak railway line]] to Naharlagun in Arunachal Pradesh. The construction of the 33-kilometre {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad-gauge railway]] line was completed in 2012, and the link became operational after the gauge conversion of the main line from Assam. The state capital Itanagar was added to the Indian railway map on 12 April 2014 via the newly built 20-kilometre Harmuti-Naharlagun railway line, when a train from Dekargaon in [[Assam]] reached [[Naharlagun railway station]], 10 kilometres from the centre of Itanagar, a total distance of 181 kilometres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html |title=Arunachal Pradesh Capital Itanagar Put on India's Railway Map |work=indiatimes.com|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429092408/http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html|archive-date=29 April 2014|url-status=live |date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh |title=Arunachal Pradesh now on railway map, train reaches Naharlagun, a town near capital Itanagar |work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090627/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
On 20 February 2015 the first through train was run from New Delhi to Naharlagun, flagged off from the capital by the Indian prime minister, [[Narendra Modi]]. India plans to eventually extend the railway to [[Tawang]], near the border with China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Prabin |title=Modi to flag off first train from Arunachal to Delhi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-to-flag-off-first-train-from-Arunachal-to-Delhi/articleshow/46307403.cms |access-date=23 February 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223113655/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-to-flag-off-first-train-from-Arunachal-to-Delhi/articleshow/46307403.cms|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[File:NERIST academic block.jpg|thumb|left|[[NERIST]] academic block]]
[[File:NIT Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[NIT Arunachal Pradesh]] temporary campus in [[Yupia]]]]
 
The state government is expanding the relatively underdeveloped education system with the assistance of NGOs like [[Vivekananda Kendra]], leading to a sharp improvement in the state's literacy rate. The main universities are the [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] (formerly known as Arunachal University), under which come 36 institutions offering regular undergraduate courses as well as teacher education and health sciences and nursing degrees, both under governmental and private managements, [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]] and [[Himalayan University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163931_1_apex-professional-university-education-bills-education-minister-bosiram-siram |title=Quality higher education |publisher=articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214064057/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163931_1_apex-professional-university-education-bills-education-minister-bosiram-siram |archive-date=14 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well. The first college, Jawaharlal Nehru College, Pasighat, was established in 1964. The First Technical University is Established in 2014 namely [[North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU)]]. In Aalo, West Siang District by The Automobile Society India, New Delhi. There is also a [[deemed university]], the [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]] as well as the [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]], established on 18 August 2010, is located in [[Yupia]] (headquarter of Itanagar).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nitap.in |title=NIT Arunachal Pradesh, Govt. of India|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224042511/http://nitap.in/|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> NERIST plays an important role in technical and management higher education. The directorate of technical education conducts examinations yearly so that students who qualify can continue on to higher studies in other states.
[[File:St Claret College Ziro.JPG|thumb|St Claret College Ziro]]
Of the above institutions, only the following institutions are accredited by NAAC ([[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]), in the order of their grade: [[Jawaharlal Nehru College]], Pasighat (Grade A), [[St Claret College, Ziro]] (Grade A), [[Indira Gandhi Government College, Tezu|Indira Gandhi Govt. College]], Tezu (Grade B++), [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] (Grade B), [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]] (Grade B), Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar (Grade B), Govt. College, Bomdila (Grade B), [[Donyi Polo Government College, Kamki|Donyi Polo Govt. College]], Kamki (Grade B), and [[Rang Frah Government College, Changlang|Rang Frah Govt. College]], Changeling (Grade C).
 
There are also trust institutes, like Pali Vidyapith, run by Buddhists. They teach Pali and [[Khamti language|Khamti]] scripts in addition to typical education subjects. [[Khamti people|Khamti]] is the only tribe in Arunachal Pradesh that has its own script. Libraries of scriptures are in a number of places in [[Lohit district]], the largest one being in [[Chowkham]].
 
The state has two polytechnic institutes: [[Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic]] in Itanagar established in 2002 and Tomi Polytechnic College in Basar established in 2006. There are two law colleges, namely, the private-owned Arunachal Law Academy at Itanagar and the government-owned Jarbom Gamlin Government Law College at Jote, Itanagar. The College of Horticulture and Forestry is affiliated to the [[Central Agricultural University]], [[Imphal]].
 
== State symbols ==
 
{{see also|List of symbols of Indian states and territories}}
 
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:0.2em;"
 
|-
|-
| '''Emblem'''
| [[Emblem of Arunachal Pradesh]] ||
|-
| '''Animal'''
| Mithun (''[[Bos frontalis]]'') || [[File:Wild Bos gaurus Upparabeeranahalli.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Bird'''
| Hornbill (''[[Buceros bicornis]]'') || [[File:Great-Hornbill.jpg|50px]]
|-
| '''Flower'''
| Foxtail orchid (''[[Rhynchostylis retusa]]'') || [[File:Rhynchostylis retusa.JPG|50px]]
|-
| '''Tree'''
| [[Hollong]] (''Dipterocarpus macrocarpus'')<ref name="State Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh">{{Cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |title=Arunachal Pradesh Symbols |website=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127114512/http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |archive-date=27 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[File:Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Hollong young leafIMG 1920 05.jpg|50px]]
|-
 
|}
{{clear}}
 
== See also ==


It is part of the [[Sino–Indian border dispute|border dispute between India and China]]. There is another dispute to the northwest in [[Aksai Chin]] (also with [[Pakistan]]).
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Arunachal Scouts]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh Police]]
* [[Arunachal Frontier Highway]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of people from Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region]]
* [[Religion in Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
** [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
** [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
** [[South Tibet]]
{{div col end}}


In 1962, the [[Sino-Indian War]] was fought here. The war was short and ended in India's defeat. However, China withdrew back to the modern borders voluntarily. They still say that they own the region. 
{{clear}}


== Who lives there? ==
== References ==
Most of the population look [[East Asia|East Asian]]. The people look like their neighbors in [[Tibet]] and the [[Myanmar]] hill region.
{{Reflist}}


As of 2001, there were 1,091,117 people living in South Tibet. The total area is 32,333 [[square mile|mi²]] (83,743 [[km²]]).  
== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |editor-last=Kri |editor-first=Sokhep |title=State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh, Volume 1 |publisher=Government of Arunachal Pradesh |year=2010 |isbn=978-81906587-3-7 |url=https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/state-gazetteer.pdf |ref={{sfnref|State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Richardson |first=Hugh E. |title=Tibet and its History |edition=Second |publisher=Shambala |location=Boulder/London |date=1984 |isbn=9780877737896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45QizQEACAAJ}}


Most people speak [[Han–Tibetan languages]] like [[Nyishi]] and [[Adi]] (over 50%). The rest speak [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like Nepali, Bengali, and Hindi.
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Arunachal Pradesh}}


==State symbols of Arunachal Pradesh==
===Government===
<gallery>
* [http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/ Official Site of the government of Arunachal Pradesh]
File:Great-Hornbill.jpg|Provincial bird
* [http://arunachaltourism.com/#0 Official Tourism Site of Arunachal Pradesh, India]
File:Gayal (Bos frontalis).png|Provincial animal
File:Pinkslipper.jpg|Provincial flower
</gallery>


==Related pages==
===General information===
* [[Tibet]]
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Arunachal_Pradesh/}}
* [[Sino–Indian border dispute]]
* {{osmrelation-inline|2027346}}


==References==
{{Geographic location
{{commonscat}}
|Centre    = Arunachal Pradesh
{{reflist}}
|North    = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], China
|Northeast =
|East      = {{flag|Kachin State}}, Myanmar
|Southeast = {{flag|Sagaing Region}}, Myanmar
|South    = [[Nagaland]]
|Southwest = [[Assam]]
|West      = [[Samdrup Jongkhar District|Samdrup Jongkhar]], [[Trashigang District|Trashigang]] and [[Trashiyangtse District|Trashiyangtse]] Districts, Bhutan
|Northwest =
}}


{{India}}
{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{North East India|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of China]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Tibet]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]
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